금속 주조물의 결함을 식별하고, 가볍고 튼튼한 주조 부품을 위해 새로운 재료로 부품을 설계하거나, 최적의 설계를 위해 반복적인 설계 작업을 수행하는 것은 고객이 당사의 소프트웨어를 사용하여 작업 요구 사항을 충족하고, 고철 비율을 줄임으로써 조직의 비용을 절감하는 일부 방법입니다.
이를 통해 제품 개발 시간을 단축함으로써 제품의 시장 출시 및 경쟁 우위를 위한 시간 확보가 용이해 집니다.
아래는 FSI의 금속 주조 참고 문헌에 수록된 기술 논문 모음입니다. 이 모든 논문에는 FLOW-3D CAST 해석 결과가 수록되어 있습니다. FLOW-3D CAST를 사용하여 금속 주조 산업의 응용 프로그램을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.
Below is a collection of technical papers in our Metal Casting Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D CAST results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D CAST can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Metal Casting Industry.
20-20 Wu Yue, Li Zhuo and Lu Rong, Simulation and visual tester verification of solid propellant slurry vacuum plate casting, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2020. doi.org/10.1002/prep.201900411
17-20 C.A. Jones, M.R. Jolly, A.E.W. Jarfors and M. Irwin, An experimental characterization of thermophysical properties of a porous ceramic shell used in the investment casting process, Supplimental Proceedings, pp. 1095-1105, TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, San Diego, CA, February 23-27, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_102
12-20 Franz Josef Feikus, Paul Bernsteiner, Ricardo Fernández Gutiérrez and Michal Luszczak , Further development of electric motor housings, MTZ Worldwide, 81, pp. 38-43, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s38313-019-0176-z
09-20 Mingfan Qi, Yonglin Kang, Yuzhao Xu, Zhumabieke Wulabieke and Jingyuan Li, A novel rheological high pressure die-casting process for preparing large thin-walled Al–Si–Fe–Mg–Sr alloy with high heat conductivity, high plasticity and medium strength, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 776, art. no. 139040, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139040
07-20 Stefan Heugenhauser, Erhard Kaschnitz and Peter Schumacher, Development of an aluminum compound casting process – Experiments and numerical simulations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 279, art. no. 116578, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116578
05-20 Michail Papanikolaou, Emanuele Pagone, Mark Jolly and Konstantinos Salonitis, Numerical simulation and evaluation of Campbell running and gating systems, Metals, 10.1, art. no. 68, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10010068
102-19 Ferencz Peti and Gabriela Strnad, The effect of squeeze pin dimension and operational parameters on material homogeneity of aluminium high pressure die cast parts, Acta Marisiensis. Seria Technologica, 16.2, 2019. doi.org/0.2478/amset-2019-0010
94-19 E. Riedel, I. Horn, N. Stein, H. Stein, R. Bahr, and S. Scharf, Ultrasonic treatment: a clean technology that supports sustainability incasting processes, Procedia, 26th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, May 7-9, 2019.
93-19 Adrian V. Catalina, Liping Xue, Charles A. Monroe, Robin D. Foley, and John A. Griffin, Modeling and Simulation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi- and AlCu-based Alloys, Transactions, 123rd Metalcasting Congress, Atlanta, GA, USA, April 27-30, 2019.
84-19 Arun Prabhakar, Michail Papanikolaou, Konstantinos Salonitis, and Mark Jolly, Sand casting of sheet lead: numerical simulation of metal flow and solidification, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, pp. 1-13, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04522-3
71-19 Sebastian Findeisen, Robin Van Der Auwera, Michael Heuser, and Franz-Josef Wöstmann, Gießtechnische Fertigung von E-Motorengehäusen mit interner Kühling (Casting production of electric motor housings with internal cooling), Geisserei, 106, pp. 72-78, 2019 (in German).
58-19 Von Malte Leonhard, Matthias Todte, and Jörg Schäffer, Realistic simulation of the combustion of exothermic feeders, Casting, No. 2, pp. 28-32, 2019. In English and German.
47-19 Bing Zhou, Shuai Lu, Kaile Xu, Chun Xu, and Zhanyong Wang, Microstructure and simulation of semisolid aluminum alloy castings in the process of stirring integrated transfer-heat (SIT) with water cooling, International Journal of Metalcasting, Online edition, pp. 1-13, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00357-6
31-19 Zihao Yuan, Zhipeng Guo, and S.M. Xiong, Skin layer of A380 aluminium alloy die castings and its blistering during solution treatment, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1906-1916, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.05.011
25-19 Stefano Mascetti, Raul Pirovano, and Giulio Timelli, Interazione metallo liquido/stampo: Il fenomeno della metallizzazione, La Metallurgia Italiana, No. 4, pp. 44-50, 2019. In Italian.
20-19 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Campbellology for runner system design, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 187-199, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_19
19-19 Chengcheng Lyu, Michail Papanikolaou, and Mark Jolly, Numerical process modelling and simulation of Campbell running systems designs, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 53-64, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_5
18-19 Adrian V. Catalina, Liping Xue, and Charles Monroe, A solidification model with application to AlSi-based alloys, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 201-213, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_20
17-19 Fu-Yuan Hsu and Yu-Hung Chen, The validation of feeder modeling for ductile iron castings, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 227-238, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_22
02-19 Jingying Sun, Qichi Le, Li Fu, Jing Bai, Johannes Tretter, Klaus Herbold and Hongwei Huo, Gas entrainment behavior of aluminum alloy engine crankcases during the low-pressure-die-casting-process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 266, pp. 274-282, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.016
92-18Fast, Flexible… More Versatile, Foundry Management Technology, March, 2018.
82-18 Xu Zhao, Ping Wang, Tao Li, Bo-yu Zhang, Peng Wang, Guan-zhou Wang and Shi-qi Lu, Gating system optimization of high pressure die casting thin-wall AlSi10MnMg longitudinal loadbearing beam based on numerical simulation, China Foundry, Vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 436-442, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s41230-018-8052-z
80-18 Michail Papanikolaou, Emanuele Pagone, Konstantinos Salonitis, Mark Jolly and Charalampos Makatsoris, A computational framework towards energy efficient casting processes, Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2018: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Design and Manufacturing (KES-SDM-18), Gold Coast, Australia, June 24-26 2018, SIST 130, pp. 263-276, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04290-5_27
51-18 Xue-feng Zhu, Bao-yi Yu, Li Zheng, Bo-ning Yu, Qiang Li, Shu-ning Lü and Hao Zhang, Influence of pouring methods on filling process, microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 Mg alloy pipe by horizontal centrifugal casting, China Foundry, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.196-202, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s41230-018-7256-6
47-18 Santosh Reddy Sama, Jiayi Wang and Guha Manogharan, Non-conventional mold design for metal casting using 3D sand-printing, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 34-B, pp. 765-775, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.03.049
42-18 M. Koru and O. Serçe, The Effects of Thermal and Dynamical Parameters and Vacuum Application on Porosity in High-Pressure Die Casting of A383 Al-Alloy, International Journal of Metalcasting, pp. 1-17, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0214-7
41-18 Abhilash Viswanath, S. Savithri, U.T.S. Pillai, Similitude analysis on flow characteristics of water, A356 and AM50 alloys during LPC process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 257, pp. 270-277, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.031
29-18 Seyboldt, Christoph and Liewald, Mathias, Investigation on thixojoining to produce hybrid components with intermetallic phase, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1960, no. 1, 2018. doi.org/10.1063/1.5034992
28-18 Laura Schomer, Mathias Liewald and Kim Rouven Riedmüller, Simulation of the infiltration process of a ceramic open-pore body with a metal alloy in semi-solid state to design the manufacturing of interpenetrating phase composites, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1960, no. 1, 2018. doi.org/10.1063/1.5034991
88-16 M.C. Carter, T. Kauffung, L. Weyenberg and C. Peters, Low Pressure Die Casting Simulation Discovery through Short Shot, Cast Expo & Metal Casting Congress, April 16-19, 2016, Minneapolis, MN, Copyright 2016 American Foundry Society.
20-16 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Bifilm Defect Formation in Hydraulic Jump of Liquid Aluminum, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016, Band: 47, Heft 3, 1634-1648.
15-16 Mingfan Qia, Yonglin Kanga, Bing Zhoua, Wanneng Liaoa, Guoming Zhua, Yangde Lib,and Weirong Li, A forced convection stirring process for Rheo-HPDC aluminum and magnesium alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 234 (2016) 353–367
112-15 José Miguel Gonçalves Ledo Belo da Costa, Optimization of filling systems for low pressure by FLOW-3D, Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica, 2015.
88-15 Peng Zhang, Zhenming Li, Baoliang Liu, Wenjiang Ding and Liming Peng, Improved tensile properties of a new aluminum alloy for high pressure die casting, Materials Science & Engineering A651(2016)376–390, Available online, November 2015.
82-15 J. Müller, L. Xue, M.C. Carter, C. Thoma, M. Fehlbier and M. Todte, A Die Spray Cooling Model for Thermal Die Cycling Simulations, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015
81-15 M. T. Murray, L.F. Hansen, L. Chilcott, E. Li and A.M. Murray, Case Studies in the Use of Simulation- Improved Yield and Reduced Time to Market, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015
80-15 R. Bhola, S. Chandra and D. Souders, Predicting Castability of Thin-Walled Parts for the HPDC Process Using Simulations, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015
76-15 Prosenjit Das, Sudip K. Samanta, Shashank Tiwari and Pradip Dutta, Die Filling Behaviour of Semi Solid A356 Al Alloy Slurry During Rheo Pressure Die Casting, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, pp 1-6, October 2015
74-15 Murat KORU and Orhan SERÇE, Yüksek Basınçlı Döküm Prosesinde Enjeksiyon Parametrelerine Bağlı Olarak Döküm Simülasyon, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science, Science Journal (CSJ), Vol. 36, No: 5 (2015) ISSN: 1300-1949, May 2015
69-15 A. Viswanath, S. Sivaraman, U. T. S. Pillai, Computer Simulation of Low Pressure Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 45-48, September 2015
68-15 J. Aneesh Kumar, K. Krishnakumar and S. Savithri, Computer Simulation of Centrifugal Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 53-56, September 2015
59-15 F. Hosseini Yekta and S. A. Sadough Vanini, Simulation of the flow of semi-solid steel alloy using an enhanced model, Metals and Materials International, August 2015.
138-14 Christopher Thoma, Wolfram Volk, Ruben Heid, Klaus Dilger, Gregor Banner and Harald Eibisch, Simulation-based prediction of the fracture elongation as a failure criterion for thin-walled high-pressure die casting components, International Journal of Metalcasting, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 47-54, 2014. doi.org/10.1007/BF03355594
107-14 Mehran Seyed Ahmadi, Dissolution of Si in Molten Al with Gas Injection, ProQuest Dissertations And Theses; Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Toronto (Canada), 2014; Publication Number: AAT 3637106; ISBN: 9781321195231; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-02(E), Section: B.; 191 p.
92-14 Warren Bishenden and Changhua Huang, Venting design and process optimization of die casting process for structural components; Part II: Venting design and process optimization, Die Casting Engineer, November 2014
90-14 Ken’ichi Kanazawa, Ken’ichi Yano, Jun’ichi Ogura, and Yasunori Nemoto, Optimum Runner Design for Die-Casting using CFD Simulations and Verification with Water-Model Experiments, Proceedings of the ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2014, November 14-20, 2014, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, IMECE2014-37419
89-14 P. Kapranos, C. Carney, A. Pola, and M. Jolly, Advanced Casting Methodologies: Investment Casting, Centrifugal Casting, Squeeze Casting, Metal Spinning, and Batch Casting, In Comprehensive Materials Processing; McGeough, J., Ed.; 2014, Elsevier Ltd., 2014; Vol. 5, pp 39–67.
68-14 L. Xue, M.C. Carter, A.V. Catalina, Z. Lin, C. Li, and C. Qiu, Numerical Simulation of Core Gas Defects in Steel Castings, Copyright 2014 American Foundry Society, 118th Metalcasting Congress, April 8 – 11, 2014, Schaumburg, IL
51-14 Jesus M. Blanco, Primitivo Carranza, Rafael Pintos, Pedro Arriaga, and Lakhdar Remaki, Identification of Defects Originated during the Filling of Cast Pieces through Particles Modelling, 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM XI), 5th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM V), 6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD VI), E. Oñate, J. Oliver and A. Huerta (Eds)
47-14 B. Vijaya Ramnatha, C.Elanchezhiana, Vishal Chandrasekhar, A. Arun Kumarb, S. Mohamed Asif, G. Riyaz Mohamed, D. Vinodh Raj , C .Suresh Kumar, Analysis and Optimization of Gating System for Commutator End Bracket, Procedia Materials Science 6 ( 2014 ) 1312 – 1328, 3rd International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterisation (ICMPC 2014)
20-14 Johannes Hartmann, Tobias Fiegl, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foams with tailored density profile by adapted blowing agents, Applied Physics A, doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8377-4, March 2014.
08-14 FY Hsu, SW Wang, and HJ Lin, The External and Internal Shrinkages in Aluminum Gravity Castings, Shape Casting: 5th International Symposium 2014. Available online at Google Books
103-13 B. Fuchs, H. Eibisch and C. Körner, Core Viability Simulation for Salt Core Technology in High-Pressure Die Casting, International Journal of Metalcasting, July 2013, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp 39–45
84-13 Körner, C., Schwankl, M., Himmler, D., Aluminum-Aluminum compound castings by electroless deposited zinc layers, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.12.01483-13.
77-13 Antonio Armillotta & Raffaello Baraggi & Simone Fasoli, SLM tooling for die casting with conformal cooling channels, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5523-7, December 2013.
64-13 Johannes Hartmann, Christina Blümel, Stefan Ernst, Tobias Fiegl, Karl-Ernst Wirth, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foam castings with microcellular cores by nano-functionalization, J Mater Sci, doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7668-z, September 2013.
42-13 Yang Yue, William D. Griffiths, and Nick R. Green, Modelling of the Effects of Entrainment Defects on Mechanical Properties in a Cast Al-Si-Mg Alloy, Materials Science Forum, 765, 225, 2013.
39-13 J. Crapps, D.S. DeCroix, J.D Galloway, D.A. Korzekwa, R. Aikin, R. Fielding, R. Kennedy, C. Unal, Separate effects identification via casting process modeling for experimental measurement of U-Pu-Zr alloys, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 15 July 2013.
09-13 M.C. Carter and L. Xue, Simulating the Parameters that Affect Core Gas Defects in Metal Castings, Copyright 2012 American Foundry Society, Presented at the 2013 CastExpo, St. Louis, Missouri, April 2013
08-13 C. Reilly, N.R. Green, M.R. Jolly, J.-C. Gebelin, The Modelling Of Oxide Film Entrainment In Casting Systems Using Computational Modelling, Applied Mathematical Modelling, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.03.061, April 2013.
03-13 Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A fast simulation of transient metal flow and solidification in a narrow channel. Part II. Model validation and parametric study, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.061.
02-13 Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A fast simulation of transient metal flow and solidification in a narrow channel. Part I: Model development using lubrication approximation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.060.
116-12 Jufu Jianga, Ying Wang, Gang Chena, Jun Liua, Yuanfa Li and Shoujing Luo, “Comparison of mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ91D alloy motorcycle wheels formed by die casting and double control forming, Materials & Design, Volume 40, September 2012, Pages 541-549.
103-12 WU Shu-sen, ZHONG Gu, AN Ping, WAN Li, H. NAKAE, Microstructural characteristics of Al−20Si−2Cu−0.4Mg−1Ni alloy formed by rheo-squeeze casting after ultrasonic vibration treatment, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 22 (2012) 2863-2870, November 2012. Full paper available online.
97-12 Hong Zhou and Li Heng Luo, Filling Pattern of Step Gating System in Lost Foam Casting Process and its Application, Advanced Materials Research, Volumes 602-604, Progress in Materials and Processes, 1916-1921, December 2012.
93-12 Liangchi Zhang, Chunliang Zhang, Jeng-Haur Horng and Zichen Chen, Functions of Step Gating System in the Lost Foam Casting Process, Advanced Materials Research, 591-593, 940, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.591-593.940, November 2012.
91-12 Hong Yan, Jian Bin Zhu, Ping Shan, Numerical Simulation on Rheo-Diecasting of Magnesium Matrix Composites, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.192-193.287, Solid State Phenomena, 192-193, 287.
89-12 Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A Fast Numerical Simulation for Modeling Simultaneous Metal Flow and Solidification in Thin Cavities Using the Lubrication Approximation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications: An International Journal of Computation and Methodology, 63:2, 75-100, November 2012.
82-12 Jufu Jiang, Gang Chen, Ying Wang, Zhiming Du, Weiwei Shan, and Yuanfa Li, Microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-wall and high-rib parts of AM60B Mg alloy formed by double control forming and die casting under the optimal conditions, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.086, October 2012.
65-12 X.H. Yang, T.J. Lu, T. Kim, Influence of non-conducting pore inclusions on phase change behavior of porous media with constant heat flux boundary, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Available online 10 October 2012. Available online at SciVerse.
55-12 Hejun Li, Pengyun Wang, Lehua Qi, Hansong Zuo, Songyi Zhong, Xianghui Hou, 3D numerical simulation of successive deposition of uniform molten Al droplets on a moving substrate and experimental validation, Computational Materials Science, Volume 65, December 2012, Pages 291–301.
52-12 Hongbing Ji, Yixin Chen and Shengzhou Chen, Numerical Simulation of Inner-Outer Couple Cooling Slab Continuous Casting in the Filling Process, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 557-559), Advanced Materials and Processes II, pp. 2257-2260, July 2012.
47-12 Petri Väyrynen, Lauri Holappa, and Seppo Louhenkilpi, Simulation of Melting of Alloying Materials in Steel Ladle, SCANMET IV – 4th International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking, Lulea, Sweden, June 10-13, 2012.
45-12 D.R. Gunasegaram, M. Givord, R.G. O’Donnell and B.R. Finnin, Improvements engineered in UTS and elongation of aluminum alloy high pressure die castings through the alteration of runner geometry and plunger velocity, Materials Science & Engineering.
41-12 Deniece R. Korzekwa, Cameron M. Knapp, David A. Korzekwa, and John W. Gibbs, Co-Design – Fabrication of Unalloyed Plutonium, LA-UR-12-23441, MDI Summer Research Group Workshop Advanced Manufacturing, 2012-07-25/2012-07-26 (Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States)
29-12 Dario Tiberto and Ulrich E. Klotz, Computer simulation applied to jewellery casting: challenges, results and future possibilities, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.33 012008. Full paper available at IOP.
28-12 Y Yue and N R Green, Modelling of different entrainment mechanisms and their influences on the mechanical reliability of Al-Si castings, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33,012072.Full paper available at IOP.
27-12 E Kaschnitz, Numerical simulation of centrifugal casting of pipes, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33 012031, Issue 1. Full paper available at IOP.
15-12 C. Reilly, N.R Green, M.R. Jolly, The Present State Of Modeling Entrainment Defects In The Shape Casting Process, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Available online 27 April 2012, ISSN 0307-904X, 10.1016/j.apm.2012.04.032.
12-12 Andrei Starobin, Tony Hirt, Hubert Lang, and Matthias Todte, Core drying simulation and validation, International Foundry Research, GIESSEREIFORSCHUNG 64 (2012) No. 1, ISSN 0046-5933, pp 2-5
04-12 J. Spangenberg, N. Roussel, J.H. Hattel, H. Stang, J. Skocek, M.R. Geiker, Flow induced particle migration in fresh concrete: Theoretical frame, numerical simulations and experimental results on model fluids, Cement and Concrete Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.007, February 2012.
01-12 Lee, B., Baek, U., and Han, J., Optimization of Gating System Design for Die Casting of Thin Magnesium Alloy-Based Multi-Cavity LCD Housings, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Springer New York, Issn: 1059-9495, 10.1007/s11665-011-0111-1, Volume 1 / 1992 – Volume 21 / 2012. Available online at Springer Link.
104-11 Fu-Yuan Hsu and Huey Jiuan Lin, Foam Filters Used in Gravity Casting, Metall and Materi Trans B (2011) 42: 1110. doi:10.1007/s11663-011-9548-8.
99-11 Eduardo Trejo, Centrifugal Casting of an Aluminium Alloy, thesis: Doctor of Philosophy, Metallurgy and Materials School of Engineering University of Birmingham, October 2011. Full paper available upon request.
71-11 Fu-Yuan Hsu and Yao-Ming Yang Confluence Weld in an Aluminum Gravity Casting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Available online 23 November 2011, ISSN 0924-0136, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.11.006.
46-11 Daniel Einsiedler, Entwicklung einer Simulationsmethodik zur Simulation von Strömungs- und Trocknungsvorgängen bei Kernfertigungsprozessen mittels CFD (Development of a simulation methodology for simulating flow and drying operations in core production processes using CFD), MSc thesis at Technical University of Aalen in Germany (Hochschule Aalen), 2011.
31-11 Johannes Hartmann, André Trepper, Carolin Körner, Aluminum Integral Foams with Near-Microcellular Structure, Advanced Engineering Materials, 13: n/a. doi: 10.1002/adem.201100035, June 2011.
21-11 Thang Nguyen, Vu Nguyen, Morris Murray, Gary Savage, John Carrig, Modelling Die Filling in Ultra-Thin Aluminium Castings, Materials Science Forum (Volume 690), Light Metals Technology V, pp 107-111, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.690.107, June 2011.
15-11 J. J. Hernández-Ortega, R. Zamora, J. López, and F. Faura, Numerical Analysis of Air Pressure Effects on the Flow Pattern during the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity, AIP Conf. Proc., Volume 1353, pp. 1238-1243, The 14th International Esaform Conference on Material Forming: Esaform 2011; doi:10.1063/1.3589686, May 2011. Available online.
08-11 Hai Peng Li, Chun Yong Liang, Li Hui Wang, Hong Shui Wang, Numerical Simulation of Casting Process for Gray Iron Butterfly Valve, Advanced Materials Research, 189-193, 260, February 2011.
48-10 J. J. Hernández-Ortega, R. Zamora, J. Palacios, J. López and F. Faura, An Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Patterns and Air Entrapment Phenomena During the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., October 2010, Volume 132, Issue 5, 05101, doi:10.1115/1.4002535.
41-10 Pamela J. Waterman, Understanding Core-Gas Defects, Desktop Engineering, October 2010. Available online at Desktop Engineering. Also published in the Foundry Trade Journal, November 2010.
32-10 Guan Hai Yan, Sheng Dun Zhao, Zheng Hui Sha, Parameters Optimization of Semisolid Diecasting Process for Air-Conditioner’s Triple Valve in HPb59-1 Alloy, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 129 – 131), Vol. Material and Manufacturing Technology, pp. 936-941, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.129-131.936, August 2010.
29-10 Zheng Peng, Xu Jun, Zhang Zhifeng, Bai Yuelong, and Shi Likai, Numerical Simulation of Filling of Rheo-diecasting A357 Aluminum Alloy, Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys, DOI: CNKI:SUN:TZZZ.0.2010-01-024, 2010.
15-10 David H. Kirkwood, Michel Suery, Plato Kapranos, Helen V. Atkinson, and Kenneth P. Young, Semi-solid Processing of Alloys, 2010, XII, 172 p. 103 illus., 19 in color., Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-642-00705-7.
09-10 Shannon Wetzel, Fullfilling Da Vinci’s Dream, Modern Casting, April 2010.
08-10 B.I. Semenov, K.M. Kushtarov, Semi-solid Manufacturing of Castings, New Industrial Technologies, Publication of Moscow State Technical University n.a. N.E. Bauman, 2009 (in Russian)
07-10 Carl Reilly, Development Of Quantitative Casting Quality Assessment Criteria Using Process Modelling, thesis: The University of Birmingham, March 2010 (Available upon request)
60-09 Somlak Wannarumon, and Marco Actis Grande, Comparisons of Computer Fluid Dynamic Software Programs applied to Jewelry Investment Casting Process, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 55 2009.
59-09 Marco Actis Grande and Somlak Wannarumon, Numerical Simulation of Investment Casting of Gold Jewelry: Experiments and Validations, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol:3 2009-07-24
51-09 In-Ting Hong, Huan-Chien Tung, Chun-Hao Chiu and Hung-Shang Huang, Effect of Casting Parameters on Microstructure and Casting Quality of Si-Al Alloy for Vacuum Sputtering, China Steel Technical Report, No. 22, pp. 33-40, 2009.
42-09 P. Väyrynen, S. Wang, S. Louhenkilpi and L. Holappa, Modeling and Removal of Inclusions in Continuous Casting, Materials Science & Technology 2009 Conference & Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, October 25-29, 2009
7-09 Andrei Starobin, Simulation of Core Gas Evolution and Flow, presented at the North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
6-09 A.Pari, Optimization of HPDC PROCESS: Case Studies, North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
09-07 Alexandre Reikher and Michael Barkhudarov, Casting: An Analytical Approach, Springer, 1st edition, August 2007, Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-84628-849-4. U.S. Order Form; Europe Order Form.
02-07 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Mark R. Jolly and John Campbell, The Design of L-Shaped Runners for Gravity Casting, Shape Casting: 2nd International Symposium, Edited by Paul N. Crepeau, Murat Tiryakioðlu and John Campbell, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), Orlando, FL, Feb 2007
6-06 M. Barkhudarov, and G. Wei, Modeling of the Coupled Motion of Rigid Bodies in Liquid Metal, Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes – XI, May 28 – June 2, 2006, Opio, France, eds. Ch.-A. Gandin and M. Bellet, pp 71-78, 2006.
2-06 J.-C. Gebelin, M.R. Jolly and F.-Y. Hsu, ‘Designing-in’ Controlled Filling Using Numerical Simulation for Gravity Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys, Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2006, Vol.19 No.1
30-05 H. Xue, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, R.A. Miller, Modeling Dynamic Cavity Pressure and Impact Spike in Die Casting, Cast Expo ’05, April 16-19, 2005
22-05 Blas Melissari & Stavros A. Argyropoulous, Measurement of Magnitude and Direction of Velocity in High-Temperature Liquid Metals; Part I, Mathematical Modeling, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 36B, October 2005, pp. 691-700
21-05 M.R. Jolly, State of the Art Review of Use of Modeling Software for Casting, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 337-346
20-05 J-C Gebelin, M.R. Jolly & F-Y Hsu, ‘Designing-in’ Controlled Filling Using Numerical Simulation for Gravity Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 355-364
19-05 F-Y Hsu, M.R. Jolly & J Campbell, Vortex Gate Design for Gravity Castings, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 73-82
18-05 M.R. Jolly, Modelling the Investment Casting Process: Problems and Successes, Japanese Foundry Society, JFS, Tokyo, Sept. 2005
6-05 Birgit Hummler-Schaufler, Fritz Hirning, Jurgen Schaufler, A World First for Hatz Diesel and Schaufler Tooling, Die Casting Engineer, May 2005, pp. 18-21
4-05 Rolf Krack, The W35 Topic—A World First, Die Casting World, March 2005, pp. 16-17
36-04 Ik Min Park, Il Dong Choi, Yong Ho Park, Development of Light-Weight Al Scroll Compressor for Car Air Conditioner, Materials Science Forum, Designing, Processing and Properties of Advanced Engineering Materials, 449-452, 149, March 2004.
30-04 Haijing Mao, A Numerical Study of Externally Solidified Products in the Cold Chamber Die Casting Process, thesis: The Ohio State University, 2004 (Available upon request)
23-04State of the Art Use of Computational Modelling in the Foundry Industry, 3rd International Conference Computational Modelling of Materials III, Sicily, Italy, June 2004, Advances in Science and Technology, Eds P. Vincenzini & A Lami, Techna Group Srl, Italy, ISBN: 88-86538-46-4, Part B, pp 479-490
22-04 Jerry Fireman, Computer Simulation Helps Reduce Scrap, Die Casting Engineer, May 2004, pp. 46-49
21-04 Joerg Frei, Simulation—A Safe and Quick Way to Good Components, Aluminium World, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 42-43
14-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov, Charles H. Sherwin, and Ruel A. Overfelt, Hot Distortion Studies In Phenolic Urethane Cold Box System, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA
13-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov and Ruel A. Overfelt, First V-Process Casting of Magnesium, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA
5-04 C. Schlumpberger & B. Hummler-Schaufler, Produktentwicklung auf hohem Niveau (Product Development on a High Level), Druckguss Praxis, January 2004, pp 39-42 (in German).
3-04 Charles Bates, Dealing with Defects, Foundry Management and Technology, February 2004, pp 23-25
1-04 Laihua Wang, Thang Nguyen, Gary Savage and Cameron Davidson, Thermal and Flow Modeling of Ladling and Injection in High Pressure Die Casting Process, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 16 No 4 2003, pp 409-417
21-03 E F Brush Jr, S P Midson, W G Walkington, D T Peters, J G Cowie, Porosity Control in Copper Rotor Die Castings, NADCA Indianapolis Convention Center, Indianapolis, IN September 15-18, 2003, T03-046
10-03 Gebelin., J-C and Jolly, M.R., Modeling of the Investment Casting Process, Journal of Materials Processing Tech., Vol. 135/2-3, pp. 291 – 300
9-03 Cox, M, Harding, R.A. and Campbell, J., Optimised Running System Design for Bottom Filled Aluminium Alloy 2L99 Investment Castings, J. Mat. Sci. Tech., May 2003, Vol. 19, pp. 613-625
8-03 Von Alexander Schrey and Regina Reek, Numerische Simulation der Kernherstellung, (Numerical Simulation of Core Blowing), Giesserei, June 2003, pp. 64-68 (in German)
7-03 J. Zuidema Jr., L Katgerman, Cyclone separation of particles in aluminum DC Casting, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 607-614
6-03 Jean-Christophe Gebelin and Mark Jolly, Numerical Modeling of Metal Flow Through Filters, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 431-438
5-03 N.W. Lai, W.D. Griffiths and J. Campbell, Modelling of the Potential for Oxide Film Entrainment in Light Metal Alloy Castings, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 415-422
21-02 Boris Lukezic, Case History: Process Modeling Solves Die Design Problems, Modern Casting, February 2003, P 59
16-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Lost Foam Process, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 319-324
15-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Inclusion Tracking, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 341-346
14-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Advanced Simulation of the Flow and Heat Transfer of an Alternator Housing, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 219-228
7-02 A Habibollah Zadeh, and J Campbell, Metal Flow Through a Filter System, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-020, Kansas City, MO
6-02 Phil Ward, and Helen Atkinson, Final Report for EPSRC Project: Modeling of Thixotropic Flow of Metal Alloys into a Die, GR/M17334/01, March 2002, University of Sheffield
5-02 S. I. Bakhtiyarov and R. A. Overfelt, Numerical and Experimental Study of Aluminum Casting in Vacuum-sealed Step Molding, Auburn University, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-050, Kansas City, MO
4-02 J. C. Gebelin and M. R. Jolly, Modelling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society AFS Transactions 02-079, Kansas City, MO
3-02 Mark Jolly, Mike Cox, Jean-Christophe Gebelin, Sam Jones, and Alex Cendrowicz, Fundamentals of Investment Casting (FOCAST), Modelling the Investment Casting Process, Some preliminary results from the UK Research Programme, IRC in Materials, University of Birmingham, UK, AFS2001
49-01 Hua Bai and Brian G. Thomas, Bubble formation during horizontal gas injection into downward-flowing liquid, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 1143-1159, 2001. doi.org/10.1007/s11663-001-0102-y
45-01 Jan Zuidema; Laurens Katgerman; Ivo J. Opstelten;Jan M. Rabenberg, Secondary Cooling in DC Casting: Modelling and Experimental Results, TMS 2001, New Orleans, Louisianna, February 11-15, 2001
43-01 James Andrew Yurko, Fluid Flow Behavior of Semi-Solid Aluminum at High Shear Rates,Ph.D. thesis; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2001. Abstract only; full thesis available at http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8451 (for a fee).
33-01 Juang, S.H., CAE Application on Design of Die Casting Dies, 2001 Conference on CAE Technology and Application, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, November 2001, (article in Chinese with English-language abstract)
32-01 Juang, S.H. and C. M. Wang, Effect of Feeding Geometry on Flow Characteristics of Magnesium Die Casting by Numerical Analysis, The Preceedings of 6th FADMA Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, July 2001, Chinese language with English abstract
21-01 P. Scarber Jr., Using Liquid Free Surface Areas as a Predictor of Reoxidation Tendency in Metal Alloy Castings, presented at the Steel Founders’ Society of American, Technical and Operating Conference, October 2001
20-01 P. Scarber Jr., J. Griffin, and C. E. Bates, The Effect of Gating and Pouring Practice on Reoxidation of Steel Castings, presented at the Steel Founders’ Society of American, Technical and Operating Conference, October 2001
18-01 Rajiv Shivpuri, Venkatesh Sankararaman, Kaustubh Kulkarni, An Approach at Optimizing the Ingate Design for Reducing Filling and Shrinkage Defects, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Presented by North American Die Casting Association, Oct 29-Nov 1, 2001, Cincinnati, TO1-052
2-01 J. Grindling, Customized CFD Codes to Simulate Casting of Thermosets in Full 3D, Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding 2000 Conference, October 31-November 2, 20
20-00 Richard Schuhmann, John Carrig, Thang Nguyen, Arne Dahle, Comparison of Water Analogue Modelling and Numerical Simulation Using Real-Time X-Ray Flow Data in Gravity Die Casting, Australian Die Casting Association Die Casting 2000 Conference, September 3-6, 2000, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
15-00 M. Sirvio, Vainola, J. Vartianinen, M. Vuorinen, J. Orkas, and S. Devenyi, Fluid Flow Analysis for Designing Gating of Aluminum Castings, Proc. NADCA Conf., Rosemont, IL, Nov 6-8, 1999
14-00 X. Yang, M. Jolly, and J. Campbell, Reduction of Surface Turbulence during Filling of Sand Castings Using a Vortex-flow Runner, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000
13-00 H. S. H. Lo and J. Campbell, The Modeling of Ceramic Foam Filters, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000
12-00 M. R. Jolly, H. S. H. Lo, M. Turan and J. Campbell, Use of Simulation Tools in the Practical Development of a Method for Manufacture of Cast Iron Camshafts,” Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August, 2000
14-99 J Koke, and M Modigell, Time-Dependent Rheological Properties of Semi-solid Metal Alloys, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Aachen University of Technology, Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 3: 15-30, 1999
12-99 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, Schneider, Wolfgang, Ray, Steven, Marthinusen, Jan-Olaf, Recent Improvements in Ceramic Foam Filter Design by Coupled Heat and Fluid Flow Modeling, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1999, pp. 1041-1047
10-99 Bongcheol Park and Jerald R. Brevick, Computer Flow Modeling of Cavity Pre-fill Effects in High Pressure Die Casting, NADCA Proceedings, Cleveland T99-011, November, 1999
8-99 Brad Guthrie, Simulation Reduces Aluminum Die Casting Cost by Reducing Volume, Die Casting Engineer Magazine, September/October 1999, pp. 78-81
19-98 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Numerical Modeling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in the Launder-integrated Tool Within Casting Unit Development, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1998, pp. 1175-1182
18-98 X. Yang & J. Campbell, Liquid Metal Flow in a Pouring Basin, Int. J. Cast Metals Res, 1998, 10, pp. 239-253
15-98 R. Van Tol, Mould Filling of Horizontal Thin-Wall Castings, Delft University Press, The Netherlands, 1998
14-98 J. Daughtery and K. A. Williams, Thermal Modeling of Mold Material Candidates for Copper Pressure Die Casting of the Induction Motor Rotor Structure, Proc. Int’l Workshop on Permanent Mold Casting of Copper-Based Alloys, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Oct. 15-16, 1998
10-98 C. W. Hirt, and M.R. Barkhudarov, Lost Foam Casting Simulation with Defect Prediction, Flow Science Inc, presented at Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VIII Conference, June 7-12, 1998, Catamaran Hotel, San Diego, California
9-98 M. R. Barkhudarov and C. W. Hirt, Tracking Defects, Flow Science Inc, presented at the 1st International Aluminum Casting Technology Symposium, 12-14 October 1998, Rosemont, IL
3-98 P. Kapranos, M. R. Barkhudarov, D. H. Kirkwood, Modeling of Structural Breakdown during Rapid Compression of Semi-Solid Alloy Slugs, Dept. Engineering Materials, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. and Flow Science Inc, USA, Presented at the 5th International Conference Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 23-25 June 1998
1-98 U. Jerichow, T. Altan, and P. R. Sahm, Semi Solid Metal Forming of Aluminum Alloys-The Effect of Process Variables Upon Material Flow, Cavity Fill and Mechanical Properties, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, published in Die Casting Engineer, p. 26, Jan/Feb 1998
8-97 Michael Barkhudarov, High Pressure Die Casting Simulation Using FLOW-3D, Die Casting Engineer, 1997
14-97 M. Ranganathan and R. Shivpuri, Reducing Scrap and Increasing Die Life in Low Pressure Die Casting through Flow Simulation and Accelerated Testing, Dept. Welding and Systems Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, presented at 19th International Die Casting Congress & Exposition, November 3-6, 1997
13-97 J. Koke, Modellierung und Simulation der Fließeigenschaften teilerstarrter Metallegierungen, Livt Information, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen, October 1997
8-97 H. Grazzini and D. Nesa, Thermophysical Properties, Casting Simulation and Experiments for a Stainless Steel, AT Systemes (Renault) report, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.
7-97 R. Van Tol, L. Katgerman and H. E. A. Van den Akker, Horizontal Mould Filling of a Thin Wall Aluminum Casting, Laboratory of Materials report, Delft University, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.
22-96 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich & Schneider, Wolfgang, 3-D Modeling of the Start-up Phase of DC Casting of Sheet Ingots, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1996, pp. 971-981
4-96 C. W. Hirt, A Computational Model for the Lost Foam Process, Flow Science final report, February 1996 (FSI-96-57-R2)
3-96 M. R. Barkhudarov, C. L. Bronisz, C. W. Hirt, Three-Dimensional Thixotropic Flow Model, Flow Science report, FSI-96-00-1, published in the proceedings of (pp. 110- 114) and presented at the 4th International Conference on Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, The University of Sheffield, 19-21 June 1996
1-96 M. R. Barkhudarov, J. Beech, K. Chang, and S. B. Chin, Numerical Simulation of Metal/Mould Interfacial Heat Transfer in Casting, Dept. Mech. & Process Engineering, Dept. Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield and Flow Science Inc, 9th Int. Symposium on Transport Phenomena in Thermal-Fluid Engineering, June 25-28, 1996, Singapore
10-95 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Optimal Design of a Distribution Pan for Level Pour Casting, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1995, pp. 1061-1070
9-95 E. Masuda, I. Itoh, K. Haraguchi, Application of Mold Filling Simulation to Die Casting Processes, Honda Engineering Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan, presented at the Modelling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1995
6-95 K. Venkatesan, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters on the Erosive Wear of Die Casting Dies, presented for Ph.D. degree at Ohio State University, 1995
5-95 J. Righi, A. F. LaCamera, S. A. Jones, W. G. Truckner, T. N. Rouns, Integration of Experience and Simulation Based Understanding in the Die Design Process, Alcoa Technical Center, Alcoa Center, PA 15069, presented by the North American Die Casting Association, 1995
2-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation and Comparison with Water Modeling Studies of the Inertia Dominated Cavity Filling in Die Casting, NUMIFORM, 1995
13-94 Deniece Korzekwa and Paul Dunn, A Combined Experimental and Modeling Approach to Uranium Casting, Materials Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, presented at the Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting, El Dorado Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1994
12-94 R. van Tol, H. E. A. van den Akker and L. Katgerman, CFD Study of the Mould Filling of a Horizontal Thin Wall Aluminum Casting, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, HTD-Vol. 284/AMD-Vol. 182, Transport Phenomena in Solidification, ASME 1994
11-94 M. R. Barkhudarov and K. A. Williams, Simulation of ‘Surface Turbulence’ Fluid Phenomena During the Mold Filling Phase of Gravity Castings, Flow Science Technical Note #41, November 1994 (FSI-94-TN41)
16-93 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation of Die Cavity Filling in Die Castings and an Evaluation of Process Parameters on Die Wear, Dept. of Industrial Systems Engineering, Presented by: N.A. Die Casting Association, Cleveland, Ohio, October 18-21, 1993
15-93 K. Venkatesen and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Modeling of Filling and Solidification for Improved Quality of Die Casting: A Literature Survey (Chapters II and III), Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing, Report C-93-07, August 1993, Ohio State University
1-93 P-E Persson, Computer Simulation of the Solidification of a Hub Carrier for the Volvo 800 Series, AB Volvo Technological Development, Metals Laboratory, Technical Report No. LM 500014E, Jan. 1993
13-92 D. R. Korzekwa, M. A. K. Lewis, Experimentation and Simulation of Gravity Fed Lead Castings, in proceedings of a TMS Symposium on Concurrent Engineering Approach to Materials Processing, S. N. Dwivedi, A. J. Paul and F. R. Dax, eds., TMS-AIME Warrendale, p. 155 (1992)
12-92 M. A. K. Lewis, Near-Net-Shaiconpe Casting Simulation and Experimentation, MST 1992 Review, Los Alamos National Laboratory
2-92 M. R. Barkhudarov, H. You, J. Beech, S. B. Chin, D. H. Kirkwood, Validation and Development of FLOW-3D for Casting, School of Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, presented at the TMS/AIME Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992
1-92 D. R. Korzekwa and L. A. Jacobson, Los Alamos National Laboratory and C.W. Hirt, Flow Science Inc, Modeling Planar Flow Casting with FLOW-3D, presented at the TMS/AIME Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992
12-91 R. Shivpuri, M. Kuthirakulathu, and M. Mittal, Nonisothermal 3-D Finite Difference Simulation of Cavity Filling during the Die Casting Process, Dept. Industrial and Systems Engineering, Ohio State University, presented at the 1991 Winter Annual ASME Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Dec. 1-6, 1991
11-90 N. Saluja, O.J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Melts, accepted in J. Appl. Physics, 1990
10-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Molds in Continuous Castings, presented at the 6th Iron and Steel Congress of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Nagoya, Japan, October 1990
9-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow in Phenomena in the Electromagnetic Stirring of Continuous Casting Systems, Part I. The Behavior of a Cylindrically Shaped, Laboratory Scale Installation, accepted for publication in Steel Research, 1990
8-89 C. W. Hirt, Gravity-Fed Casting, Flow Science Technical Note #20, July 1989 (FSI-89-TN20)
6-89 E. W. M. Hansen and F. Syvertsen, Numerical Simulation of Flow Behaviour in Moldfilling for Casting Analysis, SINTEF-Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Report No. STS20 A89001, June 1989
1-88 C. W. Hirt and R. P. Harper, Modeling Tests for Casting Processes, Flow Science report, Jan. 1988 (FSI-88-38-01)
2-87 C. W. Hirt, Addition of a Solidification/Melting Model to FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, April 1987 (FSI-87-33-1)
Lost Foam Casting Workspace(소실모형주조) 는 Lost Foam Casting에 필요한 충진, 응고 및 냉각 하위 프로세스를 시뮬레이션하는 모든 도구를 제공합니다. 각 하위 프로세스는 해석 엔지니어가 사용하기 쉬운 인터페이스를 제공하도록 맞춤화된 템플릿 디자인을 기반으로합니다.
Lost Foam Casting 의 결함은 충진 프로파일에서 추적할 수 있기 때문에 FLOW-3D CAST 의 용탕유동 및 소실모형(foam)의 연소 시뮬레이션의 탁월한 정확도는 고품질의 Lost Foam Casting 주물을 생산하는 데 귀중한 통찰력을 제공합니다. 기포. 잔류물 형성과 같은 주입 결함은 최종 주조에서 정확하게 추적되고 처리됩니다.
Gravity Die Casting Workspace(중력주조)는 엔지니어가 FLOW-3D CAST를 사용하여 중력주조 제품을 성공적으로 모델링할 수 있도록 설계된 직관적인 모델링 환경입니다.
Ladle 모션, 벤트 및 배압이 충진해석에 포함되어 공기 갇힘 및 미세 응고수축공의 정확한 예측과 금형온도분포 및 상태 예측이 가능합니다.-첨단 응고 모델은 Workspace의 하위 프로세스 아키텍처를 통해 충준해석기능에 원활하게 연결됩니다. Gravity Die Casting Workspace는 다목적 모델링 환경에서 시뮬레이션의 모든 측면을 위한 완전하고 정확한 솔루션을 제공합니다.
PROCESSES MODELED
Gravity die casting
Vacuum die casting
FLEXIBLE MESHING
FAVOR™ simple mesh generation tool
Multi-block meshing
Nested meshing
MOLD MODELING
Localized die heating elements and cooling channels
Spray cooling of the die surface
Ceramic filters
Air vents
ADVANCED SOLIDIFICATION
Porosity
Shrinkage
Hot spots
Mechanical property
Microstructure
SAND CORES
Core gas evolution
Material definitions for core properties
DIE THERMAL MANAGEMENT
Thermal die cycling
Heat saturation
Full heat transfer
LADLE MOTION
6 degrees of freedom motion definition
DEFECT PREDICTION
Macro and micro porosity
Gas porosity
Early solidification
Oxide formation
Surface defect analysis
VACUUM AND VENTING
Interactive probe placement
Area and loss coefficient calculator
MACRO AND MICRO POROSITY
Gas porosity
Early solidification
Oxide formation
Surface defect analysis
FILLING ACCURACY
Gas and bubble entrapment
Surface oxide calculation
RNG and LES turbulence models
Backpressure
COMPLETE ANALYSIS PACKAGE
Animations with multi-viewports – 3D, 2D, history plots, volume rendering
Porosity analysis tool
Side-by-side simulation results comparison
Sensors for measuring melt temperature, solid fraction
Continuous Casting Workspace는 연속형 빌릿 주조 및 직접 냉간 연속 주조 등 일반적으로 사용되는 모든 주조 공장 공정을 시뮬레이션할 수 있는 사용하기 쉬운 도구를 지속적으로 주조 사용자에게 제공합니다. 새로운 Continuous Casting Workspace를 통해 사용자는 연속 주조 공정을 모델링하고 공정 파라미터를 최적화하는 데 필요한 도구를 찾을 수 있습니다.
멀티 블록 메쉬는 주조물의 높은 전단 및 고온 구배 영역에서 훨씬 더 높은 정확도를 제공하는 효율적인 방법을 제공합니다. Mold 및 Billlet 냉각, 용해 유량, 과열 및 Mold 형상과 같은 공정 매개변수가 분석에 포함됩니다. 용탕 표면의 운동과 몰드의 온동은 후처리 중에 빠르게 시각화되며, 이 과정에서 충진 및 응고 패턴도 쉽게 평가되므로 공정 수정을 자신 있게 구현할 수 있습니다.
What You Should Know About CFD Modeling when Selecting a CFD Package
유체 흐름 및 열 전달 해석용 소프트웨어 패키지에는 여러 형태가 있습니다. 물리적 근사와 수치 해법의 기법이 패키지마다 크게 다르기 때문에 적절한 패키지를 선택하는 것은 매우 어렵습니다. 다음 설명에서는 열유동 시뮬레이션 소프트웨어를 선택할 때 고려해야 할 중요한 몇 가지를 소개합니다.
Software packages for fluid flow and heat transfer analysis come in many forms. These packages differ greatly in their physical approximations and numerical solution techniques, which makes the selection of a suitable package a challenging proposition. The following discussion covers some important items to consider when choosing flow simulation software.
Meshing and Geometry
유한 요소 또는 “body-fitted coordinates”를 채용하고 있는 수치해석 방법은 유체 영역의 기하학적 형상에 적합한 격자를 생성해야 합니다. 정확한 수치 근사치를 얻기 위해 허용 할 수 있는 요소 크기 및 형상에서 이러한 격자를 생성하는 것은 매우 중요한 작업입니다.
복잡한 경우에는 이와 같은 방법으로 격자를 생성하면 며칠 또는 몇 주가 걸릴 수 있습니다. 어떤 프로그램은 사각형의 격자 요소만을 사용함으로써 문제를 해결하려고 하지만, 그럴 경우에는 경계부분에 계단이 생기고 흐름과 열전달 특성이 달라지는 문제에 직면하게 됩니다.
FLOW-3D는 FAVOR™(면적율 / 부피 비율)법 을 사용하여 지오메트리의 특성을 원활하게 포함하므로써, 간단한 사각형 격자만으로도 두 문제를 해결할 수 있습니다. 또한, 간단하고 강력한 솔리드 모델러가 FLOW-3D 패키지에 기본 포함되어 있으며, CAD 프로그램에서 생성한 기하형상 데이터를 가져올 수 있습니다.
Solution methods that employ finite-element or “body-fitted coordinates” require the generation of a solution grid that conforms to the geometry of the flow region. It is a non-trivial task to generate these grids with acceptable element sizes and shapes for accurate numerical approximations. In complicated cases this type of grid generation may consume days or even weeks of effort. Some programs attemptto eliminate this generation problem by using only rectangular grid elements, but then they must contend with “stair-step” boundaries that alter flow and heat-transfer properties. FLOW-3D solves both problems by using easy-to-generate rectangular grids in which geometric features are smoothly embedded using the FAVOR™ (fractional area/volume) method. A simple and powerful solids modeler is packaged with FLOW-3D or users may import geometric data from a CAD program.
Momentum Equation vs. Approximate Flow Models
유체 운동량의 정확한 처리가 중요한 몇 가지 이유가 있습니다. 첫째, 이것은 복잡한 기하학적 형상에서 유체가 어떻게 흐르는지를 예측하는 유일한 방법입니다. 둘째, 액체에 의하여 걸린 동적인 힘(압력)은 운동량에서만 계산할 수 있습니다. 마지막으로, 열 에너지의 대류 수송을 계산하려면 다른 유체 입자 및 경계에 대한 개별 유체 입자의 상대적인 움직임을 정확하게 파악하는 것이 필요합니다. 이것은 운동량의 정확한 처리를 의미합니다. 운동량 보존을 대충 근사하기만 한 CFD 모델은 FLOW-3D에서는 사용되지 않습니다. 이러한 모델은 현실적인 유체 구성 및 온도 분포 예측에 사용할 수 없기 때문입니다.
An accurate treatment of fluid momentum is important for several reasons. First, it is the only way to predict how fluid will flow through complicated geometry. Second, the dynamic forces (i.e., pressures) exerted by the fluid can only be computed from momentum considerations. Finally, to compute the convective transport of thermal energy, it is necessary to have an accurate picture of how individual fluid particles move in relation to other fluid particles and confining boundaries. This implies an accurate treatment of momentum. Simplified flow models that only crudely approximate the conservation of momentum are not used in FLOW-3D because they cannot be used to predict realistic fluid configurations and temperature distributions.
Liquid-Solid Heat Transfer Area
액체와 고체 사이 (금속 주형 등)의 열전달은 경계면 면적의 정확한 추정이 필요합니다. 경계가 계단 모양으로 되어 있는 경우, 보통 이 면적이 크게 추정됩니다. 예를 들어, 실린더의 표면적은 약 27 %정도 크게 추정됩니다. FLOW-3D의 경우 정확한 경계면 면적은 FAVOR™법에 따라 FLOW-3D 전처리기에서 컨트롤 볼륨마다 자동으로 계산됩니다.
Heat transfer between a liquid and a solid (e.g., metal-to-mold) requires an accurate estimate of the interfacial area. Stair-step boundaries over-estimate this area; for example, the surface area of a cylinder would be over-estimated by a factor of 27%. Accurate interfacial areas are automatically computed by the FAVOR™ method for each control volume in the FLOW-3D pre-processor.
Control Volume Effects on Liquid-Solid Heat Transfer
컨트롤 볼륨의 크기가 액체와 고체 사이에서 교환되는 열 비율과 양에 영향을 줄 수 있습니다. 이것은 열이 액체와 고체의 경계면을 포함하는 컨트롤 볼륨을 흐를 필요가 있기 때문입니다. FLOW-3D는 액체와 고체의 경계면에 걸쳐 열 전달률을 계산할 때 컨트롤 볼륨의 크기와 전도율이 고려됩니다.
The size of control volumes can influence the rate and amount of heat exchanged between a liquid and solid because heat must also flow in the control volumes containing the liquid/solid interface. In FLOW-3D control volume sizes and their conductivities are accounted for when computing heat transfer rates across liquid-solid interfaces.
Implicitness and Accuracy
비선형 방정식과 결합 방정식의 Implicit 방법은 반복 될 때마다 under-relaxation 특성을 갖는 반복적 해법이 필요합니다. 이 동작은 상황에 따라 심각한 오류 (또는 수렴 속도의 급격한 하락)가 발생할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 비율이 큰 컨트롤 볼륨을 사용하는 경우나, 실제로는 중요하지 않은 효과를 예상하고 암시적인 해법을 사용하는 경우 등입니다. FLOW-3D는 가능한 명시적인 수치해법이 사용되고 있습니다. 이것은 필요한 계산량이 적고, 수치 안정성의 요구 사항이 요구된 정밀도에 상응하기 때문입니다. 자세한 내용은 “암시적인 수치해법과 명시적인 수치해법“을 참조하십시오.
Implicit methods for nonlinear and coupled equations require iterative solution methods that have the character of an under-relaxation in each iteration. This behavior can cause significant errors (or very slow convergence) in some situations, for example, when using control volumes with large aspect ratios or when the implicitness is used in anticipation of an effect that is not actually significant. In FLOW-3D explicit numerical methods are used whenever possible because they require less computational effort, and their numerical stability requirements are equivalent to accuracy requirements. Read more in the Implicit vs. Explicit Numerical Methods article.
Implicit Numerical Methods For Convective Transport
모든 크기의 타임 스텝 크기를 계산에 사용할 수 있는 암시적인 수치 기법은 CPU 시간을 줄이기 위해 많이 사용되는 방법입니다. 불행하게도, 이 방법은 대류 현상 해석에 대해 정확하지 않습니다. 암시적인 해법은 근사 방정식에 확산 효과를 도입함으로써 시간 단계의 독립성을 획득합니다. 수치 확산을 물리적 확산 (열전도 등)에 추가해도 확산율이 변경될 뿐이므로 심각한 문제가 되지 않을 수 있습니다. 그러나 수치 확산(발산)을 대류 과정에 추가하면 모델링 대상의 물리 현상의 특성은 완전히 다르게 됩니다. FLOW-3D는 시간의 정확한 근사치를 보장하기 위해 프로그램에 의해 time step이 자동으로 제어됩니다.
Implicit numerical techniques that allow arbitrarily large time-step sizes to be used in calculations are a popular way to reduce CPU time requirements. Unfortunately, these methods are not accurate for convective processes. Implicit methods gain their time-step independence by introducing diffusive effects into the approximating equations. The addition of numerical diffusion to physical diffusion, e.g., to heat conduction, may not cause a serious problem as it only modifies the diffusion rate. However, adding numerical diffusion to convective processes completely changes the character of the physical phenomena being modeled. In FLOW-3D time steps are automatically controlled by the program to ensure time-accurate approximations.
Relaxation and Convergence Parameters
암시적으로 근사치를 사용하는 수치법은 하나 이상의 수렴 및 완화(이완)의 매개 변수를 선택해야 합니다. 이러한 매개 변수를 신중하게 선택하지 않으면 발산하거나 수렴에 시간이 걸리는 경우가 있습니다. FLOW-3D를 융합하는 매개 변수와 완화(이완) 매개 변수를 하나씩만 사용하여 두 매개 변수는 프로그램에 의해 동적으로 선택됩니다. 수치 해법을 제어하는 매개 변수를 사용자가 설정할 필요는 없습니다.
Numerical methods that use implicit approximations also require the selection of one or more convergence and relaxation parameters. Making poor choices for these parameters can lead to either divergences or slow convergence rates. Only one convergence and one relaxation parameter are used in FLOW-3D, and both parameters are dynamically selected by the program. Users are not required to set any parameters controlling the numerical solver.
Free-Surface Tracking
액체와 기체의 경계면 (자유 표면 등)의 모델링에 사용되는 방법은 두 가지가 있습니다. 하나는 액체, 기체 두 영역의 흐름을 계산하고 경계면을 유체 밀도의 급격한 변화로 처리하는 방법입니다.
일반적으로 밀도의 불연속은 고차 수치 근사를 사용하여 모델링됩니다. 불행하게도 이 프로세스는 소수의 격자 셀에서 경계면이 평탄화되고, 이러한 경계면에 보통 존재하는 유체흐름의 접선 속도의 급격한 변화는 고려되지 않습니다.
기체가 계산 영역에 들어가는 액체로 대체되는 경우에는 이 방법에는 기체의 출구 포트 또는 출구 싱크도 보충 할 필요가 있습니다. 또한 이러한 방법은 일반적으로 유체의 비압축성를 충족하기 위해 더 많은 노력이 필요합니다. 이것이 발생하는 기체 영역에 거의 균일 한 압력 조정이 필요하며, 이를 통해 계산 수렴 시간이 소요되기 때문입니다.
FLOW-3D는 VOF (Volume-of-Fluid) 법 이라는 독창적인 방법이 사용되고 있습니다. 이것은 진정한 3 차원 경계면 추적 방식으로, 경계면을 3 차원 인터페이스로 추적하는 체계입니다. 또한 옵션의 표면 장력을 포함한 일반적인 접선 응력 경계 조건은 경계면에 적용됩니다. 기체 영역은 모델에 포함하도록 사용자가 요청하지 않는 한 계산되지 않습니다.
There are two methods used to model liquid-gas interfaces (i.e., free surfaces). One of these is to compute flow in both the liquid and gas regions and to treat the interface as a sharp change in fluid density. Typically, the density discontinuity is modeled using higher-order numerical approximations. Unfortunately, this treatment allows the interface to smooth out over a few grid cells and does not account for a corresponding sharp change in tangential flow velocity that generally exists at such interfaces. This technique must also be supplemented with escape ports or sinks for the gas if it is to be replaced by liquid entering a computational region. Further, such methods must typically work harder to satisfy the incompressibility of the fluids. This happens because gas regions must have nearly uniform pressure adjustments which tend to slow down the solution convergence rate. A different technique, the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method, is used in FLOW-3D. This is a true three-dimensional interface tracking scheme in which the interface is closely maintained as a step discontinuity. Moreover, normal and tangential stress boundary conditions, including optional surface tension forces, are applied at the interface. Gas regions are not computed unless the user requests these regions to be included in the model.
본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.
공동 또는 다공성 결함은 일반적으로 마지막 응고 위치에서 형성됩니다. 라이저는 일반적으로 주조물이 굳을 때 녹은 금속을 주조물에 제공하여 이러한 결함을 방지하는데 사용됩니다. 그러나 라이저가 효과를 발휘하려면 적절한 크기에 적절한 위치에 배치하여 수축량을 보상할 수 있는 충분한 재료를 포함해야 합니다. FLOW-3D CAST에서는 캐스터가 결점 없는 주물을 위한 냉각 및 공급 시스템을 설계할 수 있도록 두 가지 새로운 도구가 개발되었습니다. 즉, 마지막으로 응고될 장소의 예측과 열 계수 계산입니다.
Last Places to Freeze
마지막으로 응고딜 장소는 주물 내 가장 늦게 응고되는 위치와 수축 다공성 결함이 형성될 가능성이 있는 위치를 직접 표시합니다. 이러한 장소는 고체 분율 진화 또는 응고 시간으로부터 파생될 수 있지만, 보다 직접적인 시각화 방법이 항상 선호됩니다.
특수 유형의 고정 입자는 “핫 스폿”이라고 불리는 마지막 응고 위치를 식별하고 시각화하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 출력은 응고 모델을 사용할 때 자동으로 생성됩니다. 핫 스폿 입자는 그림 1에 도식적으로 나타난 바와 같이, 모든 인접 영역이 고체화된 후에 응고될 때 셀에 삽입됩니다.
이러한 입자는 최종 자유도 위치를 파악하는 것 외에 이러한 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함의 가능성과 크기를 결정하는 데 사용할 수 있는 다른 속성을 가지고 있습니다. 즉, 셀 응고 시간, 핫 스폿 ID 및 핫 스폿크기, 셀이 응고되는 시간입니다. 핫 스폿 ID는 핫 스폿이 첫번째 지점, 두번째 지점인 순서를 나타냅니다. 마지막으로 핫 스팟크기는 다음 공식으로 계산됩니다.
이 입자들은 마지막으로 동결된 위치를 식별하는 것 외에도 이러한 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함의 가능성 및 크기, 즉 셀 응고 시간, 핫 스폿 ID 및 핫 스폿 크기를 결정하는 데 사용할 수 있는 다른 속성을 가지고 있습니다. 셀 응고 시간은 셀이 응고되는 시간입니다. 핫 스폿 ID는 핫 스폿이 굳어지는 순서를 나타냅니다. 1은 첫 번째, 2는 두 번째 등. 마지막으로, 핫 스폿 크기는 다음 방정식으로 계산됩니다.
hsm(i) 는 입자 i에 대한 핫스팟 크기입니다.
t0 는 입자 위치에서의 세포 응고 시간입니다.
νliq(t) 는 시간 t에서 입자를 포함하는 액체 영역의 부피입니다.
Figure 1. A hot spot particle is inserted at the center of a cell when it solidifies after its immediate neighbors become solid.
Figure 2. 핫스팟 입자를 포함하는 액체 부피의 진행상태 예시 : t3> t2> t1.
그림 2는 연결된 액체 지역의 부피가 입자 속도의 함수로서 어떻게 변하는지를 보여 준다. 그런 다음 계산된 양을 정규화하여 모든 핫 스팟 크기 값을 0과 1사이의 범위로 가져옵니다. 이를 통해 다공성 형성에 미치는 잠재적인 영향과 관련하여 주물 내 여러 핫 스폿을 간단하게 비교 분석할 수 있습니다. 값이 높을수록 응고하는 동안 연결된 액체 영역이 커지며 최종-동결 위치에서 다공성 결함이 줄어들 가능성이 높아집니다.
The Thermal Modulus Method
열 계수 법은 일반적인 라이저 설계 시 가장 많이 사용되는 방법 중 하나이며, 특히 알루미늄 합금 및 강철 주물에 사용됩니다. 주어진 주물 부품의 경우, 그 계수는 다음과 같이 정의됩니다.
V는 주조 부품의 체적이며
A는 주조 부품의 표면적입니다.
주물의 기하학적 계수는 구체나 블록과 같은 정규 형상에 대해 계산하기 쉽습니다. 그보다 더 복잡한 것은 보통 모양으로 주조 섹션을 지루하게 근사치를 구하는 것입니다. 또한, 기하학적 계수형 접근 방식은 주물의 기하학적 구조에 전적으로 의존합니다.
실제 주조물은 냉각제와 절연체를 사용하여 응고 진행을 제어합니다. 이러한 형상은 기하 계수 접근 방식에서는 무시된다. 계수 계산을 자동화하고, 동결 융해, 단열 및 기타 주형 변형과 관련된 열 영향을 고려하기 위해 열 계수라고 하는 혁신적인 접근법이 라이저 디자인에 사용된다.
열 계수 접근 방식의 경우 먼저 주조물의 응고 시뮬레이션이 실행됩니다. 시뮬레이션이 완료되면, Cavorinov의 규칙에 근거한 응고 시간으로부터 주물 전체의 등가 계수를 계산할 수 있습니다. 이 접근법을 사용하여 계산된 등가 계수를 열 계수라고 한다. 그것은 라이저 설계를 가이드하기 위해 기하학적 계수와 동일한 방법으로 사용될 수 있다.
Chvorinov의 법칙은 응고 시간과의 관계를 나타내며 그 계수는 다음과 같이 쓸 수 있습니다.
t is the casting solidification time,
N is a constant (usually equal to 2), and
B is the mold constant. It can be calculated using the following formula:
주조 공정을 설계할 때 라이저는 적절한 유동을 위해 라이저의 응고 시간이 인접 주조 섹션의 응고 시간보다 긴 방식으로 설계됩니다. Chvorinov의 규칙에 따르면 응고 시간은 주물의 계수에 정비례합니다. 따라서 응고 시간을 비교할 때 모듈화를 직접 비교할 수 있습니다. 모듈형은 기하학적인 양이기 때문에, 모듈형의 비교는 훨씬 단순하게 설계를 할수있습니다. 금속 주조 엔지니어는 실제 주조 공정의 세부 사항을 고려하지 않고도 부품을 적절하게 이송할 수 있도록 계수가 큰 라이저를 설계할 수 있습니다.
Application of the New Tools to Cooling and Feeding System Design
예를 들어, 새로운 도구를 사용하는 증기 터빈 실린더의 절반에 대한 냉각 및 공급 시스템 설계가 제공되고 이 섹션에서 Flow Science China 도움을 받아 논의됩니다. 부품의 외부 치수는 2.83×2.34×1.10미터이고 총 부피는 아래와 같이 약 0.95 세제곱미터입니다. 주물 재료는 탄소강이며 주입 온도는 150°C입니다.
Figure 3. Casting part geometry
첫째, 냉각제와 라이저가 없는 주조물의 응고 시뮬레이션을 실행합니다. 그 목적은 핫 스폿 위치를 확인하고 응고 건조기 및 라이저의 위치와 라이저의 크기를 결정하는 것입니다. 두개의 새로운 도구는 냉기와 라이저 설계를 개선하는 데 사용됩니다.
입자를 응고할 마지막 위치는 각각 셀 응고 시간, 입자 ID 및 핫 스폿 크기로 표시된 다음 그림과 같습니다. 이러한 그림을 통해 핫 스폿 위치와 수축 다공성 결함을 형성할 가능성을 직접 확인할 수 있습니다. 주물의 기하학적 특성에 기초하여, 라이저를 배치하는 위치는 그림의 마지막 프레임과 같이 쉽게 확인할 수 있습니다.
그러나 하단 쉘에 몇개의 핫 스폿이 있으며 이는 라이저를 배치하는 데 적합하지 않습니다. 이러한 위치에서 다공성 결함의 수축을 방지하기 위해 냉각제를 사용하여 응고 패턴을 변경하고 마지막으로 라이저 영역까지 응고시킬 수 있습니다.
Figure 4. Hot spot locations colored by three attributes (clockwise from top left): hot spot solidification time, particle id and hot spot magnitude.
Thermal Modulus Computation
계산 된 thermal modulus는 오른쪽에 표시됩니다. 더 큰 값은 응고될 마지막 위치와 일치합니다. 또한 열 모듈러스를 사용하여 핫스팟 위치에서 라이저의 크기를 결정할 수 있습니다.
냉각 및 라이저가 결정되면 냉각 및 라이저 설계를 확인하기 위해 냉각 및 라이저가 포함된 두 번째 응고 시뮬레이션이 실행됩니다. 핫스팟 크기로 채색된 마지막 응고 위치 입자와 thermal modulus가 그림 6에 나와 있습니다. 냉각이 마지막 장소를 라이저 영역으로 성공적으로 응고시키는 것을 볼 수 있습니다. 그러나 라이저 아래에는 여전히 위험한 핫 스팟이 있습니다. 실제로 실제 주조는 아래 그림에 표시된 것처럼 핫스팟 입자로 식별된 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함을 보여줍니다.
Figure 5. Calculated thermal modulus
Calculated thermal modulus 마지막으로 동결할 장소는 라이저가 아닌 주물 안에 있습니다. 즉, 라이저 위치와 크기가 올바르게 결정되더라도 주물이 라이저 쪽 방향으로 굳지 않도록 응고 패턴이 올바르지 않다는 것을 의미합니다. 한 가지 해결책은 발열 라이저 슬리브를 사용하여 응고 패턴을 수정하는 것입니다. 이것은 본 기사의 범위를 벗어나기 때문에, 더 이상 논의되지 않을 것입니다.
Figure 6. 핫 스폿 위치(왼쪽 위), 계측된 주조물을 사용하여 계산된 열적 계수(오른쪽 위) 및 수축 결함이 관찰된 위치
Filling
– Permeable molds
– Moisture evaporation in molds
– Gas generation in cores
– Ladle model Solidification
– Exothermic sleeves
– Chills
– Cast iron solidification Cooling
LOST FOAM CASTING SUITE
Process Workspaces
Lost Foam Sand Casting Low Pressure Sand Casting
Features
Filling
– Permeable molds
– Moisture evaporation in molds
– Gas generation in cores
– Ladle model
– Lost foam pattern evaporation models (Fast model and Full model)
– Lost foam defect prediction Solidification
– Exothermic sleeves
– Chills
– Cast iron solidification Cooling
ALL SUITES INCLUDE THESE CORE FEATURES:
Solver Engine
TruVOF – The most accurate filling simulation tool in the industry
Heat transfer and solidification
Shrinkage – Rapid Shrinkage model and Shrinkage with flow model
ALL NEW FLOW-3DCAST v5 는 금속 주조 시뮬레이션 및 공정 모델링에 있어 큰 발전입니다. 이제 FLOW-3D CAST는 시뮬레이션 할 프로세스를 선택할 수 있으며, 소프트웨어는 적절한 프로세스 매개 변수, 지오메트리 유형 및 합리적인 기본 값을 제공합니다. 이렇게 하면 시뮬레이션 설정이 상당히 간소화됩니다. 또한 FLOW-3D CAST의 강력한 시뮬레이션 엔진과 결함 예측을 위한 새로운 도구는 설계 주기를 단축하고 비용을 절감하는 통찰력을 제공합니다. 대표적인 개발 기능으로 응고 시뮬레이션을 위한 열 계수 및 핫 스팟 식별 출력, 갇혀 있는 가스를 식별하고 환기 효율을 예측하기 위한 결함 채우기 도구 등이 포함됩니다. 그리고 더 빠르고 더 강력한 압력과 및 응력 해소 기능이 모두 포함합니다.
ALL NEW FLOW-3DCAST v5 는 관련 프로세스가 포함된 Suite제품으로 제공됩니다. 영구 금형 제품군은 중력 다이 캐스팅, 저압 다이캐스팅(LPDC), 틸트 주입 주조와 같은 프로세스 작업 공간을 포함합니다. 각 프로세스에 대해 사용자 인터페이스는 특정 프로세스와 관련된 내용만 표시합니다. 모래 주조 Suite에는 중력 사형 주조 및 저압 사형 주조(LPSC)와 같은 프로세스가 포함되어 있습니다. 소실 폼 제품 군에는 사형 주조 Suite의 모든 것과 소실 폼 공정 작업 공간이 포함됩니다. HPDC 제품군은 열 응력 및 변형을 포함하여 고압 다이 캐스팅과 관련된 모든 것을 포함합니다. 각 프로세스 작업 공간 내에서 채우기, 응고 및 냉각과 같은 하위 프로세스는 서로 연결된 시뮬레이션으로, 처음부터 끝까지 차례로 전체 프로세스를 모델링 합니다. 사용자가 그것을 작업장 바닥에서 하는 것처럼. 사용자는 레들을 용융 풀 안에 담갔다가, 숏 슬리브 또는 주입 컵에 옮겨, 전체 이동 및 주입과 같은 단계를 포함하도록 프로세스를 확장할 수 있습니다. LPDC의 경우 프로세스 엔지니어는 도가니의 가압 및 금속 흐름을 주형으로 모델링 할 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D CAST v5를 사용하면 가능성이 무한해 집니다.
WYSIWYN Process Workspaces
What-You-See-Is-What-You-Need (WYSIWYN) 프로세스 작업 공간은 FLOW-3D CAST의 다기능성을 간소화하여 사용 편의성과 탁월한 솔루션입니다. 대부분의 인터페이스는 사용자가 제공해야 하는 정보만을 요구하고, 사용자 설계 원칙을 적용하여 단순화되었습니다.
FLOW-3D CAST v4.2에 도입된 프로세스 중심 작업 공간은 중력 다이 주조, 저압 주조 및 경사 주입, 모래 등과 같은 영구 금형 공정으로 확장되었습니다. 중력 모래 주조, 저압 모래 주조 및 소실 폼과 같은 주조 공정 지속적인 주조, 투자 주조, 모래 코어 제작, 원심 주조를 포함한 더 많은 공정 작업 공간이 현재 진행 중에 있습니다.
Simulation setup is simplified by only showing the components applicable for a given process.
Types of casting components available in a HPDC simulation. Mold pieces available in a high pressure die casting include cover and ejector dies, sliders, and shot sleeves.
Defect Prediction / 결함 예측
Identify Filling Defects using Particles 결함 예측 및 입자를 이용한 주입 결함 식별
파티클을 사용하는 FLOW-3D CAST v5를 통해 유입된 가스로 인한 충전 결함을 식별하는 것이 훨씬 쉬워 졌습니다. 결함을 식별하기가 훨씬 용이할 뿐만 아니라, 결함 예측에 따른 계산 비용도 크게 절감되었습니다.
붕괴된 가스 지역을 나타내는 보이드 입자가 도입되었습니다. 이전에 붕괴된 가스 영역은 너무 압축되어 수치 메쉬에서 해결할 수 없으면 시뮬레이션에서 사라졌습니다. 보이드 입자는 작은 기포처럼 작용하며 드래그와 압력을 통해 금속과 상호 작용합니다. 주변의 금속 압력에 따라 크기가 변하며, 주입이 끝난 후 최종 위치를 보면 공기 침투 및 산화물로 인한 잠재적인 결함이 있음을 알 수 있습니다.
Predict filling defects caused by entrapped gas using the Particle Model.
Metal/Wall Contact Time 금속/벽 접촉 시간
벽면 접촉 시간은 금형 표면에서 다른 부위보다 금속에 더 오래 노출된 부위를 식별하는 데 유용합니다. 금속 접촉 시간은 금속이 고체 구성 요소와 접촉한 시간을 나타냅니다. 예를 들어 모래 입자가 핵분해 부위의 역할을 하기 때문에 미세 먼지가 발생할 수 있습니다. 개별 솔리드 구성 요소와의 금속 접촉 시간 출력이 모든 구성 요소와의 접촉 시간을 포함하도록 확장되었습니다. 접촉 시간 계산은 출력 탭에서 벽 접촉 시간을 선택하여 활성화합니다.
Identify solidification defects with the new Thermal Modulus output.
Solidification Defect Identification 응고 결함 식별
일반적으로 라이저 크기 조정에 사용되는 열 모듈은 이제 응고 시뮬레이션에서 출력됩니다.
Risers will likely need to be placed on the circled regions.
Hot Spots 핫 스팟
또 다른 결과인 “핫 스팟”은 라이저를 찾고 크기를 조정하며, 응고 관련 결함의 가능성을 식별하는 데 유용합니다. 핫 스팟은 최종적으로 응고된 부위를 나타냅니다. 이것들은 입자들로 표현되고 뜨거운 점 크기에 의해 색깔이 변하기도 합니다. 라이저는 핫 스팟 크기가 가장 큰 곳에 배치해야 합니다.
Porosity Analysis Tool
FlowSight의 새로운 Porosity Analysis Tool은 실제적인 측면에서 porosity-related 결점을 식별합니다. 결점은 이제 순 볼륨, 최대 선형 범위, 모양 인자 및 total count로 식별됩니다.
New defect identification tools allow users to analyze porosity.
Arbitrary 2D Clips 임의 2D 클립
기능 지향적인 2D 클립은 결함을 찾기 위해 전면적으로 살펴 볼 때 유용합니다. 이전에는 클립에 표시된 금속 영역이 솔리드에 의해 점유된 셀로 확장되었습니다. 잡식의 FLOW-3D CAST v5에서 이 클립은 구성 요소를 숨기는 옵션을 선택해야만 열린 공간(예:주조 부품)의 금속을 보여 줄 수 있습니다.
Intensification Pressure 강화 압력
고압 주조 시뮬레이션에 지정된 강화 압력은 이제 매크로 및 마이크로 Porosity모델 모두에 결합되어 형성 사이의 보다 현실적인 관계를 형성합니다. 이러한 결함의 크기 및 플런저에 의해 가해지는 압력의 크기입니다.
Adjusting Shrinkage Porosity 수축 기공 조절
사용자가 금속의 특성을 수정할 필요 없이 수축 다공성의 양과 크기를 미세 조정할 수 있도록 수축 조정 계수가 추가되었습니다. 계수를 사용하면 응고 중에 체적 수축의 양을 전화로 설정하거나 줄일 수 있습니다.
Gas Pressure and Venting Efficiency 가스 압력 및 밴트 효율성 검토
사용자가 충전 결함을 식별하고 다이캐스트에서 밴트 시스템을 설계하는 데 도움을 주기 위해 마지막 국부적인 가스 압력 및 밴트 효율성 검토 결과가 주조 시뮬레이션 출력에 추가되었습니다. 가스 압력은 셀이 금속으로 채워지기 전에 셀의 마지막 보이드 압력을 기록하며, 밴트 효율은 환기구를 배치하는 것이 밴트 위치에서 공기를 배출하는 데 가장 효율적인 영역을 보여 줍니다.
Databases 데이터베이스
주조 공정에서 일반적으로 사용되는 정보의 데이터베이스는 설정 오류를 줄이고 시뮬레이션 workflow 를 개선합니다.
Configurable Simulation Monitor 구성 가능한 시뮬레이션 모니터
시뮬레이션을 실행할 때 발생하는 중요하지만 종종 힘든 작업은 시뮬레이션을 모니터링하는 것입니다. FLOW-3D CAST를 사용하면 다음과 같은 일반적인 시뮬레이션 목표를 모니터링할 수 있습니다.
게이트 속도
주형 내 고상 분율
최저/최고 용탕 온도 및 금형 온도
다양한 프로브 위치에서의 온도
시뮬레이션 진단(예:시간 스텝, 안정성 한계)
Plotting Capabilities Plotting기능
이제 시뮬레이션 관리자에는 더 많은 플롯 기능이 포함됩니다. 플롯은 사용자가 구성할 수 있으며 구성은 다른 시뮬레이션에서 사용하기 위해 데이터베이스에 저장됩니다. 사용자는 시뮬레이션 런타임 그래프와 history-data 에서 모니터링할 이력 데이터 변수를 지정할 수 있습니다. 다중 변수를 각 그래프에 입력합니다.
Conforming Meshes
임의 형상의 활성 계산 영역을 정의할 수 있도록 적합한 메쉬 기능이 확장되었습니다. 이는 메쉬 블록이 준수할 수 있는 열린 볼륨과 솔리드 볼륨을 모두 포함하여 계산 도메인의 영역을 정의하는 meshing구성 요소라고 하는 새로운 유형의 지오메트리 구성 요소를 사용합니다.
메쉬 블록은 냉각 채널이나 공동에 선택적으로 조합할 수 있어 사용자가 이러한 기하학적 객체에 대해 최적의 해상도를 선택할 수 있습니다. 이제 확인할 수 있는 메쉬가 FAVORize 탭에 표시될 수 있습니다.
Summary Views of Components/Cooling Channels
FLOW-3D CAST v5의 인터페이스는 주조 시뮬레이션에서 다양한 형상 구성 요소를 꽉 차게 보여줍니다. 2개의 새로운 형상 요약 뷰인 구성 요소 요약 뷰와 냉각 채널 요약 뷰는 기하학적 구성 요소 및 냉각 채널의 플라이 아웃을 제공하여 사용자가 신속하게 수행할 수 있도록 합니다. 중요 설정을 한 눈에 파악하고 필요한 경우 변경 할 수 있습니다.
Under the Hood
FLOW-3D CAST의 많은 강력한 구성 요소들은 Solver Engine이라고 부르는 것 들에서 중요합니다. 아래에서는 이면에서 무거운 작업을 수행하는 데 도움이 되는 몇가지 중요한 사항을 설명합니다.
Thermal Die Cycling (TDC) Model TDC(열 다이 사이클)모델
열 다이 사이클 시뮬레이션의 주입/응고 단계는 균일하지 않은 캐비티 온도를 사용하여 개선할 수 있습니다. 이제 캐비티에 있는 금속의 초기 온도는 재시작 중에 채우기 시뮬레이션을 통해 지정하거나 초기 유체 영역을 사용하는 사용자 정의 분포에서 지정할 수 있습니다. 이 기능은 옵션으로 사용할 수 있는 균일한 초기 금속 온도에 비해 다이 사이클링의 열해석의 정확성과 현실성을 높여줍니다.
Melt temperatures in the casting cavity read from a filling simulation are applied to ejector die during filling/solidification stage of thermal die cycling simulation.
Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculator for Spray Cooling 분사 냉각을 위한 열 전달 계수 계산기
스프레이 유체와 다이 표면 사이의 열 전달 계수(HTC)를 추정하는 것은 어려운 일입니다. 계산 또는 측정을 통해 값을 사용할 수 있는 경우 사용자는 이러한 값을 스프레이 거리 및 각도의 함수로 직접 지정할 수 있습니다. 새로운 기능을 통해 노즐의 스프레이 액의 유량을 기준으로 HTC를 동적으로 계산할 수 있습니다. 단일 조정 계수를 통해 스프레이 유출량을 기준으로 HTC를 미세 조정할 수 있습니다.
Overview
The making of resin-bonded sand castings has made great strides in quality over its long history. Even so, there remain some process-related defects that are not fully understood and can cause quality issues. For instance, chemical binders in the sand can produce gas when heated by the molten metal and if not vented adequately, the gas may flow into the metal resulting in a gas porosity defect. This is most likely with cores that form thin interior features of castings that heat up quickly and have long venting paths.
The core gas model in FLOW-3D1 is designed to predict the possibility of such gas defects and is intended to help design core venting that would evacuate safely all the binder product gas
from the cores.
Two major types of binders are used in core making practice: resin-based organic binders and inorganic binders such as sodium silicate [1]. The organic binders are either thermosetting, or cured at room temperature with an aid of a catalyst. These are favored in many applications due to their complete degradation even at aluminum casting temperatures and for the ease of subsequent sand shake out. The core gas model is developed with these binders in mind, but can be extended to inorganic binders if appropriate data on their decomposition is available.
Overview
Making foam patterns for use in the lost foam casting process is a difficult business. To make a pattern foam beads are blown into a mold containing discrete vent locations for the displaced air and steam. This makes the density of the packed beads difficult to control. Patterns typically show final density variations of ±20%. Much larger variations are not uncommon.
One goal of the Lost Foam Consortium is to evaluate techniques for improving the uniformity of patterns. A related goal is to determine to what extent density variations in patterns are significant with respect to the quality of the parts produced.
Recent real-time X-Ray observations of the metal filling process reported by Dr. Wayne Sun (Advanced Lost Foam Casting Technology-Phase V Meeting, June 20-21, 2001) revealed several interesting facts about the behavior of foam patterns. In particular, when the foam has a low degree of fusion metal is observed to move very fast into the foam (e.g., 4 to 5 times faster than in normal fusion foam). The advancement of the metal is typically in the form of fingers, which subsequently spread sideways causing the meeting of metal fronts that result in many fold defects. Furthermore, the location of the fingering is significantly affected by density variations in the foam pattern.
In contrast, when the foam patterns consisted of normal fusion foam, the metal front moved smoothly (i.e., no fingering) and considerably fewer fold defects occur. Also, the presence of density variations in the foam has little effect on the propagation of the metal fronts.
Based on these findings it was concluded that no attempt should be made to model low fusion foam because this in not likely to be choice for production work. Instead, we report here the development and testing of a model for adding a variable foam density to the FLOW-3D® software package from Flow Science, Inc.
Porosity is a common but serious casting defect. One type of porosity is a result of core gas that has evolved and been trapped in the casting during solidification. In order to reduce or eliminate core gas related defects, detailed information regarding the core gas generation, flow, and venting in the core, and the metal flow and solidification behavior in the mold is needed. In this paper, numerical simulations are conducted based on a prototype design, which is a steel casting part from Caterpillar. The core gas in the core and the porosity defects in the casting are analyzed and discussed, and then compared with the real casting results. Using simulations to determine porosity defects can help in optimizing the design.
Keywords: Porosity, Core Gas Defects, Steel Castings, Numerical Simulation, PUCB
다음은 Microfluidics Bibliography의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 결과를 특징으로 합니다. 미세 유체 공정 및 장치 를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하기 위해 FLOW-3D 를 사용 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오 .
Below is a collection of technical papers in our Microfluidics Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate microfluidic processes and devices.
08-20 Li Yong-Qiang, Dong Jun-Yan and Rui Wei, Numerical simulation for capillary driven flow in capsule-type vane tank with clearances under microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s12217-019-09773-z
89-19 Tim Dreckmann, Julien Boeuf, Imke-Sonja Ludwig, Jorg Lumkemann, and Jorg Huwyler, Low volume aseptic filling: impact of pump systems on shear stress, European Journal of Pharmeceutics and Biopharmeceutics, in press, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.006
88-19 V. Amiri Roodan, J. Gomez-Pastora, C. Gonzalez-Fernandez, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani, and I. Ortiz, CFD analysis of the generation and manipulation of ferrofluid droplets, TechConnect Briefs, pp. 182-185, 2019. TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Boston, Massachussetts, USA, June 17-19, 2019.
55-19 Julio Aleman, Sunil K. George, Samuel Herberg, Mahesh Devarasetty, Christopher D. Porada, Aleksander Skardal, and Graça Almeida‐Porada, Deconstructed microfluidic bone marrow on‐a‐chip to study normal and malignant hemopoietic cell–niche interactions, Small, 2019. doi: 10.1002/smll.201902971
37-19 Feng Lin Ng, Miniaturized 3D fibrous scaffold on stereolithography-printed microfluidic perfusion culture, Doctoral Thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 2019.
32-19 Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Ioannis H. Karampelas, Eugenio Bringas, Edward P. Furlani, and Inmaculada Ortiz, Numerical analysis of bead magnetophoresis from flowing blood in a continuous-flow microchannel: Implications to the bead-fluid interactions, Nature: Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 7265, 2019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43827-x
01-19 Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Computational analysis of self-similar capillary-driven thinning and pinch-off dynamics during dripping using the volume-of-fluid method, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 31, 2019. doi: 10.1063/1.5061715
75-18 Tobias Ladner, Sebastian Odenwald, Kevin Kerls, Gerald Zieres, Adeline Boillon and Julien Bœuf, CFD supported investigation of shear induced by bottom-mounted magnetic stirrer in monoclonal antibody formulation, Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 35, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2492-4
53-18 Venoos Amiri Roodan, Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Aditi Verma, Eugenio Bringas, Inmaculada Ortiz and Edward P. Furlani, Computational analysis of magnetic droplet generation and manipulation in microfluidic devices, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, Niagara Falls, Canada, June 7 – 9, 2018; Paper no. 154, 2018. doi: 10.11159/ffhmt18.154
35-18 Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Cristina González Fernández, Marcos Fallanza, Eugenio Bringas and Inmaculada Ortiz, Flow patterns and mass transfer performance of miscible liquid-liquid flows in various microchannels: Numerical and experimental studies, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 344, pp. 487-497, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.110
15-17 I.H. Karampelas, S. Vader, Z. Vader, V. Sukhotskiy, A. Verma, G. Garg, M. Tong and E.P. Furlani, Drop-on-Demand 3D Metal Printing, Informatics, Electronics and Microsystems TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 4
102-16 J. Brindha, RA.G. Privita Edwina, P.K. Rajesh and P.Rani, “Influence of rheological properties of protein bio-inks on printability: A simulation and validation study,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 3, no.10, pp. 3285-3295, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.10.010
99-16 Ioannis H. Karampelas, Kai Liu, Fatema Alali, and Edward P. Furlani, Plasmonic Nanoframes for Photothermal Energy Conversion, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 120 (13), pp 7256–7264
98-16 Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Drop formation, pinch-off dynamics and liquid transfer of simple and complex fluids, http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2016.MAR.B53.12, APS March Meeting 2016, Volume 61, Number 2, March 14–18, 2016, Baltimore, Maryland
67-16 Vahid Bazargan and Boris Stoeber, Effect of substrate conductivity on the evaporation of small sessile droplets, PHYSICAL REVIEW E 94, 033103 (2016), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.033103
39-16 Chien-Hsun Wang, Ho-Lin Tsai, Yu-Che Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, Investigation of molten metal droplet deposition and solidification for 3D printing techniques, IOP Publishing, J. Micromech. Microeng. 26 (2016) 095012 (14pp), doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/9/095012, July 8, 2016
02-16 Stephen D. Hoath (Editor), Fundamentals of Inkjet Printing: The Science of Inkjet and Droplets, ISBN: 978-3-527-33785-9, 472 pages, February 2016 (see chapters 2 and 3 for FLOW-3D results)
125-15 J. Berthier, K.A. Brakke, E.P. Furlani, I.H. Karampelas, V. Poher, D. Gosselin, M. Cubinzolles and P. Pouteau, Whole blood spontaneous capillary flow in narrow V-groove microchannels, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 206, pp. 258-267, 2015.
63-15 Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Washington, D.C., June 14-17, 2015
28-15 Yongqiang Li, Mingzhu Hu, Ling Liu, Yin-Yin Su, Li Duan, and Qi Kang, Study of Capillary Driven Flow in an Interior Corner of Rounded Wall Under Microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, June 2015
11-15 Cheng-Han Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, The effect of process condition of the ink-jet printing process on the molten metallic droplet formation through the analysis of fluid propagation direction, Canadian Journal of Physics, 2015. doi: 10.1139/cjp-2014-0259
03-15 Hanchul Cho, Sivasubramanian Somu, Jin Young Lee, Hobin Jeong and Ahmed Busnaina, High-Rate Nanoscale Offset Printing Process Using Directed Assembly and Transfer of Nanomaterials, Adv. Materials, doi: 10.1002/adma.201404769, February 2015
122-14 Albert Chi, Sebastian Curi, Kevin Clayton, David Luciano, Kameron Klauber, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Sebastián D’hers and Noel M Elman, Rapid Reconstitution Packages (RRPs) implemented by integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D printed microfluidics, Research Gate, doi: 10.1007/s13346-014-0198-7, July 2014
61-14 Chenxu Liu, A Computational Model for Predicting Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Dynamics and Self-Assembly for Magnetic Particle Applications, Master’s Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 2014, 75 pages; 1561583, http://gradworks.umi.com/15/61/1561583.html
41-14 Albert Chi, Sebastian Curi, Kevin Clayton, David Luciano, Kameron Klauber, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Sebastian D’hers, and Noel M. Elman, Rapid Reconstitution Packages (RRPs) implemented by integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D printed microfluidics, Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res., DOI 10.1007/s13346-014-0198-7, # Controlled Release Society 2014. Available for purchase online at SpringerLink.
21-14 Suk-Hee Park, Ung Hyun Koh, Mina Kim, Dong-Yol Yang, Kahp-Yang Suh and Jennifer Hyunjong Shin, Hierarchical multilayer assembly of an ordered nanofibrous scaffold via thermal fusion bonding, Biofabrication 6 (2014) 024107 (10pp), doi:10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024107, IOP Publishing, 2014. Available for purchase online at IOP.
10-13 Pamela J. Waterman, CFD: Shaping the Medical World, Desktop Engineering, April 2013. Full article available online at Desktop Engineering.
90-12 Charles R. Ortloff and Martin Vogel, Spray Cooling Heat Transfer- Test and CFD Analysis, Electronics Cooling, June 2012. Available online at Electronics Cooling.
55-12 Hejun Li, Pengyun Wang, Lehua Qi, Hansong Zuo, Songyi Zhong, Xianghui Hou, 3D numerical simulation of successive deposition of uniform molten Al droplets on a moving substrate and experimental validation, Computational Materials Science, Volume 65, December 2012, Pages 291–301. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.
22-12 R.A. Sultanov, D. Guster, Numerical Modeling and Simulations of Pulsatile Human Blood Flow in Different 3D-Geometries, Book chapter #21 in Fluid Dynamics, Computational Modeling and Applications (2012), ISBN: 978-953-51-0052-2, p. 475 [18 pages]. Available online at INTECH.
21-12 Guo-Wei Huang, Tzu-Yi Hung, and Chin-Tai Chen, Design, Simulation, and Verification of Fluidic Light-Guide Chips with Various Geometries of Micro Polymer Channels, NEMS 2012, Kyoto, Japan, March 5-8, 2012. Available for purchase online at IEEE.
77-11 Ge Bai, W. Thomas Leach, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) insights into agitation stress methods in biopharmaceutical development, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Available online 8 December 2011, ISSN 0378-5173, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.044. Available online at SciVerse.
72-11 M.R. Barkhudarov, C.W. Hirt, D. Milano, and G. Wei, Comments on a Comparison of CFD Software for Microfluidic Applications, Flow Science Technical Note #93, FSI-11-TN93, December 2011
45-11 Chang-Wei Kang, Jiak Kwang Tan, Lunsheng Pan, Cheng Yee Low and Ahmed Jaffar, Numerical and experimental investigations of splat geometric characteristics during oblique impact of plasma spraying, Applied Surface Science, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 20 July 2011, ISSN 0169-4332, DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.081. Available to purchase online at SciVers
32-11 Lu, Cong and Mills, James K., Three cell separation design for realizing automatic cell injection, Complex Medical Engineering (CME), 2011 IEEE/ICME, pp: 599 – 603, Harbin, China, 10.1109/ICCME.2011.5876811, June 2011. Available online at IEEEXplore.
25-11 Issam M. Bahadur, James K. Mills, Fluidic vacuum-based biological cell holding device with piezoelectrically induced vibration, Complex Medical Engineering (CME), 2011 IEEE/ICME International Conference on, 22-25 May 2011, pp: 85 – 90, Harbin, China. Available online at: IEEE Xplore.
14-11 Edward P. Furlani, Roshni Biswas, Alexander N. Cartwright and Natalia M. Litchinitser, Antiresonant guiding optofluidic biosensor, doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2011.04.014, Optics Communication, April 2011
05-11 Hyeju Eom and Keun Park, Integrated numerical analysis to evaluate replication characteristics of micro channels in a locally heated mold by selective induction, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 12, Number 1, 53-60, DOI: 10.1007/s12541-011-0007-x, 2011. Available online at: SpringerLink.
70-10 I.N. Volnov, V.S. Nagornyi, Modeling Processes for Generation of Streams of Monodispersed Fluid Droplets in Electro-inkjet Applications, Science and Technology News, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 4, pp 294-300, 2010. In Russian.
62-10 F. Mobadersani, M. Eskandarzade, S. Azizi and S. Abbasnezhad, Effect of Ambient Pressure on Bubble Growth in Micro-Channel and Its Pumping Effect, ESDA2010-24436, pp. 577-584, doi:10.1115/ESDA2010-24436, ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA2010), Istanbul, Turkey, July 12–14, 2010. Available online at the ASME Digital Library.
51-10 Regina Bleul, Marion Ritzi-Lehnert, Julian Höth, Nico Scharpfenecker, Ines Frese, Dominik Düchs, Sabine Brunklaus, Thomas E. Hansen-Hagge, Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes, Klaus S. Drese, Compact, cost-efficient microfluidics-based stopped-flow device, Anal Bioanal Chem, DOI 10.1007/s00216-010-4446-5, Available online at Springer, November 2010
55-09 R.A. Sultanov, and D. Guster, Computer simulations of pulsatile human blood flow through 3D models of the human aortic arch, vessels of simple geometry and a bifurcated artery, Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS (Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society), Minneapolis, September 2-6, 2009, p.p. 4704-4710.
23-07 A K Sen and J Darabi, Droplet ejection performance of a monolithic thermal inkjet print head, Journal of Micromechanical and Microengineering,vol.17, pp.1420-1427 (2007) doi:10.1088/0960-1317/17/8/002; Abstract only.
12-07 Krishnendu Chakrabarty and Jun Zeng, (2005), Automated top-down design for microfluidic biochips, ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 1(3), 2005, 186–223.
23-06 John J. Uebbing, Stephan Hengstler, Dale Schroeder, Shalini Venkatesh, and Rick Haven, Heat and Fluid Flow in an Optical Switch Bubble, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 15, No. 6, December 2006
20-06 J. de Jong, H. Reinten, M. van den Berg, H. Wijshoff, M. Versluis, G. de Bruin, A. Prosperetti and D. Lohse, Air entrapment in piezo-driven inkjet printheads, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120(3), 1257 (2006)
11-06 A. K. Sen, J. Darabi, D. R. Knapp and J. Liu, Modeling and Characterization of a Carbon Fiber Emitter for Electrospray Ionization, 1 MEMS and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, 2 Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying, Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70
19-04 G. F. Yao, Modeling of Electroosmosis Without Resolving Physics Inside a Electric Double Layer, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-04-TN69)
12-04 Jun Zeng and Tom Korsmeyer, Principles of Droplet Electrohydrodynamics for Lab-on-a-Chip, Lab. Chip. Journal, 2004, 4(4), 265-277
9-04 Constantine N. Anagnostopoulos, James M. Chwalek, Christopher N. Delametter, Gilbert A. Hawkins, David L. Jeanmaire, John A. Lebens, Ali Lopez, and David P. Trauernicht, Micro-Jet Nozzle Array for Precise Droplet Metering and Steering Having Increased Droplet Deflection, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Solid State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, sponsored by IEEE, Boston, June 8-12, 2003, pp. 368-71
6-04 D. Vadillo*, G. Desie**, A Soucemarianadin*, Spreading Behavior of Single and Multiple Drops, *Laboratoire des Ecoulements Geophysiques et Industriels (LEGI), and **AGFA-Gevaert Group N.V., XXI ICTAM, 15-21 August 2004, Warsaw, Poland
1-02 Feixia Pan, Joel Kubby, and Jingkuang Chen, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Structure Interaction in a MEMS Diaphragm Drop Ejector, Xerox Wilson Research Center, Institute of Physics Publishing, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 12 (2002), PII: SO960-1317(02)27439-2, pp. 70-76
48-01 Rainer Gruber, Radial Mass Transfer Enhancement in Bubble-Train Flow, PhD thesis in Engineering Sciences, Rheinisch- Westf alischen Technische Hochschule Aachen, December 2001.
12-01 C. N. Delametter, Eastman Kodak Company, Micro Resolution, Mechanical Engineering, Col 123/No 7, July 2001, pp 70-72
11-01 C. N. Delametter, Eastman Kodak Company, Surface Tension Induced Instability of Viscous Liquid Jets, Technical Proceeding of the Fourth International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, April 2001
9-01 Aman Khan, Unipath Limited Research and Development, Effects of Reynolds Number on Surface Rolling in Small Drops, PVP-Col 431, Emerging Technologies for Fluids, Structures and Fluids, Structures and Fluid Structure Interaction — 2001
2-00 Narayan V. Deshpande, Significance of Inertance and Resistance in Fluidics of Thermal Ink-Jet Transducers, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, Volume 40, Number 5, Sept./Oct. 1996, pp.457-461
4-98 D. Deitz, Connecting the Dots with CFD, Mechanical Engineering Magazine, pp. 90-91, March 1998
14-94 M. P. O’Hare, N. V. Deshpande, and D. J. Drake, Drop Generation Processes in TIJ Printheads, Xerox Corporation, Adv. Imaging Business Unit, IS&T’s Tenth International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing, Tech. 1994
FLOW-3D/MP v6.1 은 FLOW-3D v11.1 솔버에 기초하여 물리 모델, 특징 및 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스가 동일합니다. FLOW-3D v11.1의 새로운 기능은 아래 파란색으로 표시되어 있으며 FLOW-3D/MP v6.1 에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 새로운 개발 기능에 대한 자세한 설명은 FLOW-3D v11.1에서 새로운 기능을 참조하십시오.
Meshing & Geometry
Structured finite difference/control volume meshes for fluid and thermal solutions
Finite element meshes in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates for structural analysis
Multi-Block gridding with nested, linked, partially overlapping and conforming mesh blocks
Fractional areas/volumes (FAVOR™) for efficient & accurate geometry definition
Mesh quality checking
Basic Solids Modeler
Import CAD data
Import/export finite element meshes via Exodus-II file format
Grid & geometry independence
Cartesian or cylindrical coordinates
Flow Type Options
Internal, external & free-surface flows
3D, 2D & 1D problems
Transient flows
Inviscid, viscous laminar & turbulent flows
Hybrid shallow water/3D flows
Non-inertial reference frame motion
Multiple scalar species
Two-phase flows
Heat transfer with phase change
Saturated & unsaturated porous media
Physical Modeling Options
Fluid structure interaction
Thermally-induced stresses
Plastic deformation of solids
Granular flow
Moisture drying
Solid solute dissolution
Sediment transport and scour
Cavitation (potential, passive tracking, active tracking)
Phase change (liquid-vapor, liquid-solid)
Surface tension
Thermocapillary effects
Wall adhesion
Wall roughness
Vapor & gas bubbles
Solidification & melting
Mass/momentum/energy sources
Shear, density & temperature-dependent viscosity
Thixotropic viscosity
Visco-elastic-plastic fluids
Elastic membranes & walls
Evaporation residue
Electro-mechanical effects
Dielectric phenomena
Electro-osmosis
Electrostatic particles
Joule heating
Air entrainment
Molecular & turbulent diffusion
Temperature-dependent material properties
Spray cooling
Flow Definition Options
General boundary conditions
Symmetry
Rigid and flexible walls
Continuative
Periodic
Specified pressure
Specified velocity
Outflow
Grid overlay
Hydrostatic pressure
Volume flow rate
Non-linear periodic and solitary surface waves
Rating curve and natural hydraulics
Wave absorbing layer
Restart from previous simulation
Continuation of a simulation
Overlay boundary conditions
Change mesh and modeling options
Change model parameters
Thermal Modeling Options
Natural convection
Forced convection
Conduction in fluid & solid
Fluid-solid heat transfer
Distributed energy sources/sinks in fluids and solids
Radiation
Viscous heating
Orthotropic thermal conductivity
Thermally-induced stresses
Turbulence Models
RNG model
Two-equation k-epsilon model
Two-equation k-omega model
Large eddy simulation
Metal Casting Models
Thermal stress & deformations
Iron solidification
Sand core blowing
Sand core drying
Permeable molds
Solidification & melting
Solidification shrinkage with interdendritic feeding
Micro & macro porosity
Binary alloy segregation
Thermal die cycling
Surface oxide defects
Cavitation potential
Lost-foam casting
Semi-solid material
Core gas generation
Back pressure & vents
Shot sleeves
PQ2 diagram
Squeeze pins
Filters
Air entrainment
Temperature-dependent material properties
Cooling channels
Fluid/wall contact time
Numerical Modeling Options
TruVOF Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method for fluid interfaces
First and second order advection
Sharp and diffuse interface tracking
Implicit & explicit numerical methods
GMRES, point and line relaxation pressure solvers
User-defined variables, subroutines & output
Utilities for runtime interaction during execution
Fluid Modeling Options
One incompressible fluid – confined or with free surfaces
Two incompressible fluids – miscible or with sharp interfaces
주조제품, 금형의 설계 과정에서 FLOW-3D의 사용은 회사의 수익성 개선에 직접적인 영향을 줍니다.
(주)에스티아이씨앤디에서는 FLOW-3D를 통해 해결한 수많은 경험과 전문 지식을 엔지니어와 설계자에게 제공합니다.
품질 및 생산성 문제는 빠른 시간 안에 시뮬레이션을 통해 예측하므로써 낮은 비용으로 해결 될 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D는 특별히 주조해석의 정확성향상을 위한 다양한 설계 물리 모델들을 포함하고 있습니다.
이 모델에는 lost foam 주조, Non-newtonian 유체 및 금형의 다이싸이클링 해석에 대한 알고리즘등을 포함하고 있습니다.
시뮬레이션의 정확성과 주조 제품의 품질을 향상시키고자 한다면, FLOW-3D는 여러분들의 이러한 요구를 충족시키는 제품입니다.