Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump

낮은 레이놀즈 수 유압 점프의 수치 모델링에서 OpenFOAM 및 FLOW-3D의 성능 평가

ArnauBayon^a DanielValero^b RafaelGarcía-Bartual^a Francisco JoséVallés-Morán^a P. AmparoLópez-Jiménez^a

Abstract

A comparative performance analysis of the CFD platforms OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D is presented, focusing on a 3D swirling turbulent flow: a steady hydraulic jump at low Reynolds number. Turbulence is treated using RANS approach RNG k-ε. A Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method is used to track the air–water interface, consequently aeration is modeled using an Eulerian–Eulerian approach. Structured meshes of cubic elements are used to discretize the channel geometry. The numerical model accuracy is assessed comparing representative hydraulic jump variables (sequent depth ratio, roller length, mean velocity profiles, velocity decay or free surface profile) to experimental data. The model results are also compared to previous studies to broaden the result validation. Both codes reproduced the phenomenon under study concurring with experimental data, although special care must be taken when swirling flows occur. Both models can be used to reproduce the hydraulic performance of energy dissipation structures at low Reynolds numbers.

CFD 플랫폼 OpenFOAM 및 FLOW-3D의 비교 성능 분석이 3D 소용돌이치는 난류인 낮은 레이놀즈 수에서 안정적인 유압 점프에 초점을 맞춰 제시됩니다. 난류는 RANS 접근법 RNG k-ε을 사용하여 처리됩니다.

VOF(Volume Of Fluid) 방법은 공기-물 계면을 추적하는 데 사용되며 결과적으로 Eulerian-Eulerian 접근 방식을 사용하여 폭기가 모델링됩니다. 입방체 요소의 구조화된 메쉬는 채널 형상을 이산화하는 데 사용됩니다. 수치 모델 정확도는 대표적인 유압 점프 변수(연속 깊이 비율, 롤러 길이, 평균 속도 프로파일, 속도 감쇠 또는 자유 표면 프로파일)를 실험 데이터와 비교하여 평가됩니다.

모델 결과는 또한 결과 검증을 확장하기 위해 이전 연구와 비교됩니다. 소용돌이 흐름이 발생할 때 특별한 주의가 필요하지만 두 코드 모두 실험 데이터와 일치하는 연구 중인 현상을 재현했습니다. 두 모델 모두 낮은 레이놀즈 수에서 에너지 소산 구조의 수리 성능을 재현하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

Keywords

CFDRANS, OpenFOAM, FLOW-3D ,Hydraulic jump, Air–water flow, Low Reynolds number

PDF View

References

Ahmed, F., Rajaratnam, N., 1997. Three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers: a
review. J. Hydraulic Res. 35 (1), 81e98.
Ashgriz, N., Poo, J., 1991. FLAIR: Flux line-segment model for advection and interface
reconstruction. Elsevier J. Comput. Phys. 93 (2), 449e468.
Bakhmeteff, B.A., Matzke, A.E., 1936. .The hydraulic jump in terms dynamic similarity. ASCE Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 101 (1), 630e647.
Balachandar, S., Eaton, J.K., 2010. Turbulent dispersed multiphase flow. Annu. Rev.
Fluid Mech. 42 (2010), 111e133.
Bayon, A., Lopez-Jimenez, P.A., 2015. Numerical analysis of hydraulic jumps using

OpenFOAM. J. Hydroinformatics 17 (4), 662e678.
Belanger, J., 1841. Notes surl’Hydraulique, Ecole Royale des Ponts et Chaussees
(Paris, France).
Bennett, N.D., Crok, B.F.W., Guariso, G., Guillaume, J.H.A., Hamilton, S.H.,
Jakeman, A.J., Marsili-Libelli, S., Newhama, L.T.H., Norton, J.P., Perrin, C.,
Pierce, S.A., Robson, B., Seppelt, R., Voinov, A.A., Fath, B.D., Andreassian, V., 2013.
Characterising performance of environmental models. Environ. Model. Softw.
40, 1e20.
Berberovic, E., 2010. Investigation of Free-surface Flow Associated with Drop
Impact: Numerical Simulations and Theoretical Modeling. Imperial College of
Science, Technology and Medicine, UK.
Bidone, G., 1819. Report to Academie Royale des Sciences de Turin, s eance. Le
Remou et sur la Propagation des Ondes, 12, pp. 21e112.
Biswas, R., Strawn, R.C., 1998. Tetrahedral and hexahedral mesh adaptation for CFD
problems. Elsevier Appl. Numer. Math. 26 (1), 135e151.
Blocken, B., Gualtieri, C., 2012. Ten iterative steps for model development and
evaluation applied to computational fluid dynamics for environmental fluid
mechanics. Environ. Model. Softw. 33, 1e22.
Bombardelli, F.A., Meireles, I., Matos, J., 2011. Laboratory measurements and multiblock numerical simulations of the mean flow and turbulence in the nonaerated skimming flow region of steep stepped spillways. Springer Environ.
Fluid Mech. 11 (3), 263e288.
Bombardelli, F.A., 2012. Computational multi-phase fluid dynamics to address flows
past hydraulic structures. In: 4th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic
Structures, 9e11 February 2012, Porto, Portugal, 978-989-8509-01-7.
Borges, J.E., Pereira, N.H., Matos, J., Frizell, K.H., 2010. Performance of a combined
three-hole conductivity probe for void fraction and velocity measurement in
airewater flows. Exp. fluids 48 (1), 17e31.
Borue, V., Orszag, S., Staroslesky, I., 1995. Interaction of surface waves with turbulence: direct numerical simulations of turbulent open channel flow. J. Fluid
Mech. 286, 1e23.
Boussinesq, J., 1871. Theorie de l’intumescence liquide, applelee onde solitaire ou de
translation, se propageantdans un canal rectangulaire. Comptes Rendus l’Academie Sci. 72, 755e759.
Bradley, J.N., Peterka, A.J., 1957. The hydraulic design of stilling Basins : hydraulic
jumps on a horizontal Apron (Basin I). In: Proceedings ASCE, J. Hydraulics
Division.
Bradshaw, P., 1996. Understanding and prediction of turbulent flow. Elsevier Int. J.
heat fluid flow 18 (1), 45e54.
Bung, D.B., 2013. Non-intrusive detection of airewater surface roughness in selfaerated chute flows. J. Hydraulic Res. 51 (3), 322e329.
Bung, D., Schlenkhoff, A., 2010. Self-aerated Skimming Flow on Embankment
Stepped Spillways-the Effect of Additional Micro-roughness on Energy Dissipation and Oxygen Transfer. IAHR European Congress.
Caisley, M.E., Bombardelli, F.A., Garcia, M.H., 1999. Hydraulic Model Study of a Canoe
Chute for Low-head Dams in Illinois. Civil Engineering Studies, Hydraulic Engineering Series No-63. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Carvalho, R., Lemos, C., Ramos, C., 2008. Numerical computation of the flow in
hydraulic jump stilling basins. J. Hydraulic Res. 46 (6), 739e752.
Celik, I.B., Ghia, U., Roache, P.J., 2008. Procedure for estimation and reporting of
uncertainty due to discretization in CFD applications. ASME J. Fluids Eng. 130
(7), 1e4.
Chachereau, Y., Chanson, H., 2011. .Free-surface fluctuations and turbulence in hydraulic jumps. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 35 (6), 896e909.
Chanson, H. (Ed.), 2015. Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Structures. CRC Press.
Chanson, H., 2007. Bubbly flow structure in hydraulic jump. Eur. J. Mechanics-B/
Fluids 26.3(2007) 367e384.
Chanson, H., Carvalho, R., 2015. Hydraulic jumps and stilling basins. Chapter 4. In:
Chanson, H. (Ed.), Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Structures. CRC Press, Taylor
& Francis Group, ABalkema Book.
Chanson, H., Gualtieri, C., 2008. Similitude and scale effects of air entrainment in
hydraulic jumps. J. Hydraulic Res. 46 (1), 35e44.
Chanson, H., Lubin, P., 2010. Discussion of “Verification and validation of a
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for air entrainment at spillway
aerators” Appears in the Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36(5): 826-838.
Can. J. Civ. Eng. 37 (1), 135e138.
Chanson, H., 1994. Drag reduction in open channel flow by aeration and suspended
load. Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 32, 87e101.
Chanson, H., Montes, J.S., 1995. Characteristics of undular hydraulic jumps: experimental apparatus and flow patterns. J. hydraulic Eng. 121 (2), 129e144.
Chanson, H., Brattberg, T., 2000. Experimental study of the airewater shear flow in
a hydraulic jump. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 26 (4), 583e607.
Chanson, H., 2013. Hydraulics of aerated flows: qui pro quo? Taylor & Francis
J. Hydraulic Res. 51 (3), 223e243.
Chaudhry, M.H., 2007. Open-channel Flow, Springer Science & Business Media.
Chen, L., Li, Y., 1998. .A numerical method for two-phase flows with an interface.
Environ. Model. Softw. 13 (3), 247e255.
Chow, V.T., 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, New
York.
Daly, B.J., 1969. A technique for including surface tension effects in hydrodynamic
calculations. Elsevier J. Comput. Phys. 4 (1), 97e117.
De Padova, D., Mossa, M., Sibilla, S., Torti, E., 2013. 3D SPH modeling of hydraulic
jump in a very large channel. Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 51 (2), 158e173.
Dewals, B., Andre, S., Schleiss, A., Pirotton, M., 2004. Validation of a quasi-2D model
for aerated flows over stepped spillways for mild and steep slopes. Proc. 6th Int.
Conf. Hydroinformatics 1, 63e70.
Falvey, H.T., 1980. Air-water flow in hydraulic structures. NASA STI Recon Tech. Rep.
N. 81, 26429.
Fawer, C., 1937. Etude de quelquesecoulements permanents
a filets courbes (‘Study
of some Steady Flows with Curved Streamlines’). Thesis. Imprimerie La Concorde, Lausanne, Switzerland, 127 pages (in French).
Gualtieri, C., Chanson, H., 2007. .Experimental analysis of Froude number effect on
air entrainment in the hydraulic jump. Springer Environ. Fluid Mech. 7 (3),
217e238.
Gualtieri, C., Chanson, H., 2010. Effect of Froude number on bubble clustering in a
hydraulic jump. J. Hydraulic Res. 48 (4), 504e508.
Hager, W., Sinniger, R., 1985. Flow characteristics of the hydraulic jump in a stilling
basin with an abrupt bottom rise. Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 23 (2),
101e113.
Hager, W.H., 1992. Energy Dissipators and Hydraulic Jump, Springer.
Hager, W.H., Bremen, R., 1989. Classical hydraulic jump: sequent depths. J. Hydraulic
Res. 27 (5), 565e583.
Hartanto, I.M., Beevers, L., Popescu, I., Wright, N.G., 2011. Application of a coastal
modelling code in fluvial environments. Environ. Model. Softw. 26 (12),
1685e1695.
Hirsch, C., 2007. Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows: the Fundamentals of Computational Fluid Dynamics. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1.
Hirt, C., Nichols, B., 1981. .Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free
boundaries. J. Comput. Phys. 39 (1), 201e225.
Hyman, J.M., 1984. Numerical methods for tracking interfaces. Elsevier Phys. D.
Nonlinear Phenom. 12 (1), 396e407.
Juez, C., Murillo, J., Garcia-Navarro, P., 2013. Numerical assessment of bed-load
discharge formulations for transient flow in 1D and 2D situations.
J. Hydroinformatics 15 (4).
Keyes, D., Ecer, A., Satofuka, N., Fox, P., Periaux, J., 2000. Parallel Computational Fluid
Dynamics’ 99: towards Teraflops, Optimization and Novel Formulations.
Elsevier.
Kim, J.J., Baik, J.J., 2004. A numerical study of the effects of ambient wind direction
on flow and dispersion in urban street canyons using the RNG keε turbulence
model. Atmos. Environ. 38 (19), 3039e3048.
Kim, S.-E., Boysan, F., 1999. Application of CFD to environmental flows. Elsevier
J. Wind Eng. Industrial Aerodynamics 81 (1), 145e158.
Liu, M., Rajaratnam, N., Zhu, D.Z., 2004. Turbulence structure of hydraulic jumps of
low Froude numbers. J. Hydraulic Eng. 130 (6), 511e520.
Lobosco, R., Schulz, H., Simoes, A., 2011. Analysis of Two Phase Flows on Stepped
Spillways, Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools. Available from. :
http://www.intechopen.com/books/hyd rodynamics-optimizing-methods-andtools/analysis-of-two-phase-flows-on-stepped-spillways. Accessed February
27th 2014.
Long, D., Rajaratnam, N., Steffler, P.M., Smy, P.R., 1991. Structure of flow in hydraulic
jumps. Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 29 (2), 207e218.
Ma, J., Oberai, A.A., Lahey Jr., R.T., Drew, D.A., 2011. Modeling air entrainment and
transport in a hydraulic jump using two-fluid RANS and DES turbulence
models. Heat Mass Transf. 47 (8), 911e919.
Matos, J., Frizell, K., Andre, S., Frizell, K., 2002. On the performance of velocity
measurement techniques in air-water flows. Hydraulic Meas. Exp. Methods
2002, 1e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40655(2002)58.
Meireles, I.C., Bombardelli, F.A., Matos, J., 2014. .Air entrainment onset in skimming
flows on steep stepped spillways: an analysis. J. Hydraulic Res. 52 (3), 375e385.
McDonald, P., 1971. The Computation of Transonic Flow through Two-dimensional
Gas Turbine Cascades.
Mossa, M., 1999. On the oscillating characteristics of hydraulic jumps, Journal of
Hydraulic Research. Taylor &Francis 37 (4), 541e558.
Murzyn, F., Chanson, H., 2009a. Two-phase Gas-liquid Flow Properties in the Hydraulic Jump: Review and Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers.
Murzyn, F., Chanson, H., 2009b. Experimental investigation of bubbly flow and
turbulence in hydraulic jumps. Environ. Fluid Mech. 2, 143e159.
Murzyn, F., Mouaze, D., Chaplin, J.R., 2007. Airewater interface dynamic and free
surface features in hydraulic jumps. J. Hydraulic Res. 45 (5), 679e685.
Murzyn, F., Mouaze, D., Chaplin, J., 2005. Optical fiber probe measurements of
bubbly flow in hydraulic jumps. Elsevier Int. J. Multiph. Flow 31 (1), 141e154.
Nagosa, R., 1999. Direct numerical simulation of vortex structures and turbulence
scalar transfer across a free surface in a fully developed turbulence. Phys. Fluids
11, 1581e1595.
Noh, W.F., Woodward, P., 1976. SLIC (Simple Line Interface Calculation), Proceedings
of the Fifth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics
June 28-July 2. 1976 Twente University, Enschede, pp. 330e340.
Oertel, M., Bung, D.B., 2012. Initial stage of two-dimensional dam-break waves:
laboratory versus VOF. J. Hydraulic Res. 50 (1), 89e97.
Olivari, D., Benocci, C., 2010. Introduction to Mechanics of Turbulence. Von Karman
Institute for Fluid Dynamics.
Omid, M.H., Omid, M., Varaki, M.E., 2005. Modelling hydraulic jumps with artificial
neural networks. Thomas Telford Proc. ICE-Water Manag. 158 (2), 65e70.
OpenFOAM, 2011. OpenFOAM: the Open Source CFD Toolbox User Guide. The Free
Software Foundation Inc.
Peterka, A.J., 1984. Hydraulic design of spillways and energy dissipators. A water
resources technical publication. Eng. Monogr. 25.
Pope, S.B., 2000. Turbulent Flows. Cambridge university press.
Pfister, M., 2011. Chute aerators: steep deflectors and cavity subpressure, Journal of
hydraulic engineering. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 137 (10), 1208e1215.
Prosperetti, A., Tryggvason, G., 2007. Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow.
Cambridge University Press.
Rajaratnam, N., 1965. The hydraulic jump as a Wall Jet. Proc. ASCE, J. Hydraul. Div. 91
(HY5), 107e132.
Resch, F., Leutheusser, H., 1972. Reynolds stress measurements in hydraulic jumps.
Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 10 (4), 409e430.
Romagnoli, M., Portapila, M., Morvan, H., 2009. Computational simulation of a
hydraulic jump (original title, in Spanish: “Simulacioncomputacional del
resaltohidraulico”), MecanicaComputacional, XXVIII, pp. 1661e1672.
Rouse, H., Siao, T.T., Nagaratnam, S., 1959. Turbulence characteristics of the hydraulic jump. Trans. ASCE 124, 926e966.
Rusche, H., 2002. Computational Fluid Dynamics of Dispersed Two-phase Flows at
High Phase Fractions. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UK.
Saint-Venant, A., 1871. Theorie du movement non permanent des eaux, avec
application aux crues des riviereset a l’introduction de mareesdansleurslits.
Comptesrendus des seances de l’Academie des Sciences.
Schlichting, H., Gersten, K., 2000. Boundary-layer Theory. Springer.
Spalart, P.R., 2000. Strategies for turbulence modelling and simulations. Int. J. Heat
Fluid Flow 21 (3), 252e263.
Speziale, C.G., Thangam, S., 1992. Analysis of an RNG based turbulence model for
separated flows. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 30 (10), 1379eIN4.
Toge, G.E., 2012. The Significance of Froude Number in Vertical Pipes: a CFD Study.
University of Stavanger, Norway.
Ubbink, O., 1997. Numerical Prediction of Two Fluid Systems with Sharp Interfaces.
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UK.
Valero, D., García-Bartual, R., 2016. Calibration of an air entrainment model for CFD
spillway applications. Adv. Hydroinformatics 571e582. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1007/978-981-287-615-7_38. P. Gourbesville et al. Springer Water.
Valero, D., Bung, D.B., 2015. Hybrid investigations of air transport processes in
moderately sloped stepped spillway flows. In: E-Proceedings of the 36th IAHR
World Congress, 28 June e 3 July, 2015 (The Hague, the Netherlands).
Van Leer, B., 1977. Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme III. Upstream-centered finite-difference schemes for ideal compressible flow. J.
Comput. Phys 23 (3), 263e275.
Von Karman, T., 1930. MechanischeAhnlichkeit und Turbulenz, Nachrichten von der
Gesellschaft der WissenschaftenzuGottingen. Fachgr. 1 Math. 5, 58 € e76.
Wang, H., Murzyn, F., Chanson, H., 2014a. Total pressure fluctuations and two-phase
flow turbulence in hydraulic jumps. Exp. Fluids 55.11(2014) Pap. 1847, 1e16
(DOI: 10.1007/s00348-014-1847-9).
Wang, H., Felder, S., Chanson, H., 2014b. An experimental study of turbulent twophase flow in hydraulic jumps and application of a triple decomposition
technique. Exp. Fluids 55.7(2014) Pap. 1775, 1e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
s00348-014-1775-8.
Wang, H., Chanson, H., 2015a. .Experimental study of turbulent fluctuations in
hydraulic jumps. J. Hydraul. Eng. 141 (7) http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)
HY.1943-7900.0001010. Paper 04015010, 10 pages.
Wang, H., Chanson, H., 2015b. Integral turbulent length and time scales in hydraulic
jumps: an experimental investigation at large Reynolds numbers. In: E-Proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress 28 June e 3 July, 2015, The
Netherlands.
Weller, H., Tabor, G., Jasak, H., Fureby, C., 1998. A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques. Comput. Phys.
12, 620e631.
Wilcox, D., 1998. Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW Industries. La Canada, California (USA).
Witt, A., Gulliver, J., Shen, L., June 2015. Simulating air entrainment and vortex
dynamics in a hydraulic jump. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 72, 165e180. ISSN 0301-

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.02.012. http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301932215000336.
Wood, I.R., 1991. Air Entrainment in Free-surface Flows, IAHR Hydraulic Design
Manual No.4, Hydraulic Design Considerations. Balkema Publications, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Yakhot, V., Orszag, S., Thangam, S., Gatski, T., Speziale, C., 1992. Development of
turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique, Physics of
Fluids A: fluid Dynamics (1989-1993). AIP Publ. 4 (7), 1510e1520.
Youngs, D.L., 1984. An interface tracking method for a 3D Eulerian hydrodynamics
code. Tech. Rep. 44 (92), 35e35.
Zhang, G., Wang, H., Chanson, H., 2013. Turbulence and aeration in hydraulic jumps:
free-surface fluctuation and integral turbulent scale measurements. Environ.
fluid Mech. 13 (2), 189e204.
Zhang, W., Liu, M., Zhu, D.Z., Rajaratnam, N., 2014. Mean and turbulent bubble
velocities in free hydraulic jumps for small to intermediate froude numbers.
J. Hydraulic Eng.

Figure 17. Longitudinal turbulent kinetic energy distribution on the smooth and triangular macroroughnesses: (A) Y/2; (B) Y/6.

Numerical Simulations of the Flow Field of a Submerged Hydraulic Jump over Triangular Macroroughnesses

Triangular Macroroughnesses 대한 잠긴 수압 점프의 유동장 수치 시뮬레이션

by Amir Ghaderi^1,2 ,Mehdi Dasineh³,Francesco Aristodemo² andCostanza Aricò^4,*¹Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 537138791, Iran²Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy³Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 8311155181, Iran⁴Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy^*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.Academic Editor: Anis YounesWater2021, 13(5), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050674

Abstract

The submerged hydraulic jump is a sudden change from the supercritical to subcritical flow, specified by strong turbulence, air entrainment and energy loss. Despite recent studies, hydraulic jump characteristics in smooth and rough beds, the turbulence, the mean velocity and the flow patterns in the cavity region of a submerged hydraulic jump in the rough beds, especially in the case of triangular macroroughnesses, are not completely understood. The objective of this paper was to numerically investigate via the FLOW-3D model the effects of triangular macroroughnesses on the characteristics of submerged jump, including the longitudinal profile of streamlines, flow patterns in the cavity region, horizontal velocity profiles, streamwise velocity distribution, thickness of the inner layer, bed shear stress coefficient, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and energy loss, in different macroroughness arrangements and various inlet Froude numbers (1.7 < Fr₁ < 9.3). To verify the accuracy and reliability of the present numerical simulations, literature experimental data were considered.

Keywords: submerged hydraulic jump; triangular macroroughnesses; TKE; bed shear stress coefficient; velocity; FLOW-3D model

수중 유압 점프는 강한 난류, 공기 동반 및 에너지 손실로 지정된 초임계에서 아임계 흐름으로의 급격한 변화입니다. 최근 연구에도 불구하고, 특히 삼각형 거시적 거칠기의 경우, 평활 및 거친 베드에서의 수압 점프 특성, 거친 베드에서 잠긴 수압 점프의 공동 영역에서 난류, 평균 속도 및 유동 패턴이 완전히 이해되지 않았습니다.

이 논문의 목적은 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 스트림 방향 속도 분포, 두께를 포함하여 서브머지드 점프의 특성에 대한 삼각형 거시 거칠기의 영향을 FLOW-3D 모델을 통해 수치적으로 조사하는 것이었습니다.

내부 층의 층 전단 응력 계수, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE) 및 에너지 손실, 다양한 거시 거칠기 배열 및 다양한 입구 Froude 수(1.7 < Fr1 < 9.3). 현재 수치 시뮬레이션의 정확성과 신뢰성을 검증하기 위해 문헌 실험 데이터를 고려했습니다.

Introduction

격렬한 난류 혼합과 기포 동반이 있는 수압 점프는 초임계에서 아임계 흐름으로의 변화 과정으로 간주됩니다[1]. 자유 및 수중 유압 점프는 일반적으로 게이트, 배수로 및 둑과 같은 수력 구조 아래의 에너지 손실에 적합합니다. 매끄러운 베드에서 유압 점프의 특성은 널리 연구되었습니다[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].

베드의 거칠기 요소가 매끄러운 베드와 비교하여 수압 점프의 특성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 예측하기 위해 거시적 거칠기에 대한 자유 및 수중 수력 점프에 대해 여러 실험 및 수치 연구가 수행되었습니다. Ead와 Rajaratnam[10]은 사인파 거대 거칠기에 대한 수리학적 점프의 특성을 조사하고 무차원 분석을 통해 수면 프로파일과 배출을 정규화했습니다.

Tokyayet al. [11]은 두 사인 곡선 거대 거칠기에 대한 점프 길이 비율과 에너지 손실이 매끄러운 베드보다 각각 35% 더 작고 6% 더 높다는 것을 관찰했습니다. Abbaspur et al. [12]는 6개의 사인파형 거대 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 연구했습니다. 그 결과, 꼬리수심과 점프길이는 평상보다 낮았고 Froude 수는 점프길이에 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다.

Shafai-Bejestan과 Neisi[13]는 수압 점프에 대한 마름모꼴 거대 거칠기의 영향을 조사했습니다. 결과는 마름모꼴 거시 거칠기를 사용하면 매끄러운 침대와 비교하여 꼬리 수심과 점프 길이를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났습니다. Izadjoo와 Shafai-Bejestan[14]은 다양한 사다리꼴 거시 거칠기에 대한 수압 점프를 연구했습니다.

그들은 전단응력계수가 평활층보다 10배 이상 크고 점프길이가 50% 감소하는 것을 관찰하였습니다. Nikmehr과 Aminpour[15]는 Flow-3D 모델 버전 11.2[16]를 사용하여 사다리꼴 블록이 있는 거시적 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 조사했습니다. 결과는 거시 거칠기의 높이와 거리가 증가할수록 전단 응력 계수뿐만 아니라 베드 근처에서 속도가 감소하는 것으로 나타났습니다.

Ghaderi et al. [17]은 다양한 형태의 거시 거칠기(삼각형, 정사각형 및 반 타원형)에 대한 자유 및 수중 수력 점프 특성을 연구했습니다. 결과는 Froude 수의 증가에 따라 자유 및 수중 점프에서 전단 응력 계수, 에너지 손실, 수중 깊이, 미수 깊이 및 상대 점프 길이가 증가함을 나타냅니다.

자유 및 수중 점프에서 가장 높은 전단 응력과 에너지 손실은 삼각형의 거시 거칠기가 존재할 때 발생했습니다. Elsebaie와 Shabayek[18]은 5가지 형태의 거시적 거칠기(삼각형, 사다리꼴, 2개의 측면 경사 및 직사각형이 있는 정현파)에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 연구했습니다. 결과는 모든 거시적 거칠기에 대한 에너지 손실이 매끄러운 베드에서보다 15배 이상이라는 것을 보여주었습니다.

Samadi-Boroujeni et al. [19]는 다양한 각도의 6개의 삼각형 거시 거칠기에 대한 수력 점프를 조사한 결과 삼각형 거시 거칠기가 평활 베드에 비해 점프 길이를 줄이고 에너지 손실과 베드 전단 응력 계수를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났습니다.

Ahmed et al. [20]은 매끄러운 베드와 삼각형 거시 거칠기에서 수중 수력 점프 특성을 조사했습니다. 결과는 부드러운 침대와 비교할 때 잠긴 깊이와 점프 길이가 감소했다고 밝혔습니다. 표 1은 다른 연구자들이 제시한 과거의 유압 점프에 대한 실험 및 수치 연구의 세부 사항을 나열합니다.

Table 1. Main characteristics of some past experimental and numerical studies on hydraulic jumps.

Reference	Shape Bed-Channel Type- Jump Type	Channel Dimension (m)	Roughness (mm)	Fr₁	Investigated Flow Properties
Ead and Rajaratnam [10]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL¹ = 7.60 CW² = 0.44 CH³ = 0.60	-Corrugated sheets (RH⁴ = 13 and 22)	4–10	-Upstream and tailwater depths-Jump length-Roller length-Velocity-Water surface profile
Tokyay et al. [11]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL = 10.50 CW = 0.253 CH = 0.432	-Two sinusoidal corrugated (RH = 10 and 13)	5–12	-Depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss
Izadjoo and Shafai-Bejestan [14]	-Smooth and rough beds-Two rectangular-channel-Free jump	CL = 1.2, 9 CW = 0.25, 0.50 CH = 0.40	Baffle with trapezoidal cross section (RH: 13 and 26)	6–12	-Upstream and tailwater depths-Jump length-Velocity-Bed shear stress coefficient
Abbaspour et al. [12]	-Horizontal bed with slope 0.002-Rectangular channel—smooth and rough beds-Free jump	CL = 10 CW = 0.25 CH = 0.50	-Sinusoidal bed (RH = 15,20, 25 and 35)	3.80–8.60	-Water surface profile-Depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss-Velocity profiles-Bed shear stress coefficient
Shafai-Bejestan and Neisi [13]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL = 7.50 CW = 0.35 CH = 0.50	Lozenge bed	4.50–12	-Sequent depth-Jump length
Elsebaie and Shabayek [18]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-With side slopes of 45 degrees for two trapezoidal and triangular macroroughnesses and of 60 degrees for other trapezoidal macroroughnesses-Free jump	CL = 9 CW = 0.295 CH = 0.32	-Sinusoidal-Triangular-Trapezoidal with two side-Rectangular-(RH = 18 and corrugation wavelength = 65)	50	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Bed shear stress coefficient
Samadi-Boroujeni et al. [19]	-Rectangular channel-Smooth and rough beds-Free jump	CL = 12 CW = 0.40 CH = 0.40	-Six triangular corrugated (RH = 2.5)	6.10–13.10	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Energy loss-Velocity profiles-Bed shear stress coefficient
Ahmed et al. [20]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Submerged jump	CL = 24.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular corrugated sheet (RH = 40)	1.68–9.29	-Conjugated and tailwater depths-Submerged ratio-Deficit depth-Relative jump length-Jump length-Relative roller jump length-Jump efficiency-Bed shear stress coefficient
Nikmehr and Aminpour [15]	-Horizontal bed with slope 0.002-Rectangular channel-Rough bed-Free jump	CL = 12 CW = 0.25 CH = 0.50	-Trapezoidal blocks (RH = 2, 3 and 4)	5.01–13.70	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Roller length-Velocity
Ghaderi et al. [17]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free and submerged jump	CL = 4.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular, square and semi-oval macroroughnesses (RH = 40 and distance of roughness of I = 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200)	1.70–9.30	-Horizontal velocity distributions-Bed shear stress coefficient-Sequent depth ratio and submerged depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss
Present study	Rectangular channel Smooth and rough beds Submerged jump	CL = 4.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular macroroughnesses (RH = 40 and distance of roughness of I = 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200)	1.70–9.30	-Longitudinal profile of streamlines-Flow patterns in the cavity region-Horizontal velocity profiles-Streamwise velocity distribution-Bed shear stress coefficient-TKE-Thickness of the inner layer-Energy loss

CL¹: channel length, CW²: channel width, CH³: channel height, RH⁴: roughness height.

이전에 논의된 조사의 주요 부분은 실험실 접근 방식을 기반으로 하며 사인파, 마름모꼴, 사다리꼴, 정사각형, 직사각형 및 삼각형 매크로 거칠기가 공액 깊이, 잠긴 깊이, 점프 길이, 에너지 손실과 같은 일부 자유 및 수중 유압 점프 특성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 조사합니다.

베드 및 전단 응력 계수. 더욱이, 저자[17]에 의해 다양한 형태의 거시적 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프에 대한 이전 발표된 논문을 참조하면, 삼각형의 거대조도는 가장 높은 층 전단 응력 계수 및 에너지 손실을 가지며 또한 가장 낮은 잠긴 깊이, tailwater를 갖는 것으로 관찰되었습니다.

다른 거친 모양, 즉 정사각형 및 반 타원형과 부드러운 침대에 비해 깊이와 점프 길이. 따라서 본 논문에서는 삼각형 매크로 거칠기를 사용하여(일정한 거칠기 높이가 T = 4cm이고 삼각형 거칠기의 거리가 I = 4, 8, 12, 16 및 20cm인 다른 T/I 비율에 대해), 특정 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE) 및 흐름 방향 속도 분포와 같은 연구가 필요합니다.

CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) 방법은 자유 및 수중 유압 점프[21]와 같은 복잡한 흐름의 모델링 프로세스를 수행하는 중요한 도구로 등장하며 수중 유압 점프의 특성은 CFD 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 정확하게 예측할 수 있습니다 [22,23 ].

본 논문은 초기에 수중 유압 점프의 주요 특성, 수치 모델에 대한 입력 매개변수 및 Ahmed et al.의 참조 실험 조사를 제시합니다. [20], 검증 목적으로 보고되었습니다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 내부 층의 두께, 베드 전단 응력 계수, TKE 및 에너지 손실과 같은 특성을 조사할 것입니다.

Figure 1. Definition sketch of a submerged hydraulic jump at triangular macroroughnesses.

Table 2. Effective parameters in the numerical model.

Bed Type	Q (l/s)	I (cm)	T (cm)	d (cm)	y₁ (cm)	y₄ (cm)	Fr₁= u₁/(gy₁)^0.5	S	Re₁= (u₁y₁)/υ
Smooth	30, 45	–	–	5	1.62–3.83	9.64–32.10	1.7–9.3	0.26–0.50	39,884–59,825
Triangular macroroughnesses	30, 45	4, 8, 12, 16, 20	4	5	1.62–3.84	6.82–30.08	1.7–9.3	0.21–0.44	39,884–59,825

Figure 2. Longitudinal profile of the experimental flume (Ahmed et al. [20]).

Table 3. Main flow variables for the numerical and physical models (Ahmed et al. [20]).

Models	Bed Type	Q (l/s)	d (cm)	y₁ (cm)	u₁ (m/s)	Fr₁
Numerical and Physical	Smooth	45	5	1.62–3.83	1.04–3.70	1.7–9.3
	T/I = 0.5	45	5	1.61–3.83	1.05–3.71	1.7–9.3
	T/I = 0.25	45	5	1.60–3.84	1.04–3.71	1.7–9.3

Figure 3. The boundary conditions governing the simulations.

Table 4. Characteristics of the computational grids.

Mesh	Nested Block Cell Size (cm)	Containing Block Cell Size (cm)
1	0.55	1.10
2	0.65	1.30
3	0.85	1.70

Table 5. The numerical results of mesh convergence analysis.

Parameters	Amounts
f_s₁ (-)	7.15
f_s₂ (-)	6.88
f_s₃ (-)	6.19
K (-)	5.61
E₃₂ (%)	10.02
E₂₁ (%)	3.77
GCI₂₁ (%)	3.03
GCI₃₂ (%)	3.57
GCI₃₂/r^p GCI₂₁	0.98

Figure 5. Time changes of the flow discharge in the inlet and outlet boundaries conditions (A): Q = 0.03 m3/s (B): Q = 0.045 m3/s.

Figure 6. The evolutionary process of a submerged hydraulic jump on the smooth bed—Q = 0.03 m3/s.

Figure 7. Numerical versus experimental basic parameters of the submerged hydraulic jump. (A): y3/y1; and (B): y4/y1.

Figure 8. Velocity vector field and flow pattern through the gate in a submerged hydraulic jump condition: (A) smooth bed; (B) triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 9. Velocity vector distributions in the x–z plane (y = 0) within the cavity region.

Figure 10. Typical vertical distribution of the mean horizontal velocity in a submerged hydraulic jump [46].

Figure 11. Typical horizontal velocity profiles in a submerged hydraulic jump on smooth bed and triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 12. Horizontal velocity distribution at different distances from the sluice gate for the different T/I for Fr1 = 6.1

Figure 13. Stream-wise velocity distribution for the triangular macroroughnesses with T/I = 0.5 and 0.25.

Figure 14. Dimensionless horizontal velocity distribution in the submerged hydraulic jump for different Froude numbers in triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 15. Spatial variations of (umax/u1) and (δ⁄y1).

Figure 16. The shear stress coefficient (ε) versus the inlet Froude number (Fr1).

Figure 18. The energy loss (EL/E3) of the submerged jump versus inlet Froude number (Fr1).

Conclusions

본 논문에서는 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 공동 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 스트림 방향 속도 분포, 내부 층의 두께, 베드 전단 응력 계수, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE)를 포함하는 수중 유압 점프의 특성을 제시하고 논의했습니다. ) 및 삼각형 거시적 거칠기에 대한 에너지 손실. 이러한 특성은 FLOW-3D® 모델을 사용하여 수치적으로 조사되었습니다. 자유 표면을 시뮬레이션하기 위한 VOF(Volume of Fluid) 방법과 난류 RNG k-ε 모델이 구현됩니다. 본 모델을 검증하기 위해 평활층과 삼각형 거시 거칠기에 대해 수치 시뮬레이션과 실험 결과를 비교했습니다. 본 연구의 다음과 같은 결과를 도출할 수 있다.
개발 및 개발 지역의 삼각형 거시 거칠기의 흐름 패턴은 수중 유압 점프 조건의 매끄러운 바닥과 비교하여 더 작은 영역에서 동일합니다. 삼각형의 거대 거칠기는 거대 거칠기 사이의 공동 영역에서 또 다른 시계 방향 와류의 형성으로 이어집니다.
T/I = 1, 0.5 및 0.33과 같은 거리에 대해 속도 벡터 분포는 캐비티 영역에서 시계 방향 소용돌이를 표시하며, 여기서 속도의 크기는 평균 유속보다 훨씬 작습니다. 삼각형 거대 거칠기(T/I = 0.25 및 0.2) 사이의 거리를 늘리면 캐비티 영역에 크기가 다른 두 개의 소용돌이가 형성됩니다.
삼각형 거시조도 사이의 거리가 충분히 길면 흐름이 다음 조도에 도달할 때까지 속도 분포가 회복됩니다. 그러나 짧은 거리에서 흐름은 속도 분포의 적절한 회복 없이 다음 거칠기에 도달합니다. 따라서 거시 거칠기 사이의 거리가 감소함에 따라 마찰 계수의 증가율이 감소합니다.
삼각형의 거시적 거칠기에서, 잠수 점프의 지정된 섹션에서 최대 속도는 자유 점프보다 높은 값으로 이어집니다. 또한, 수중 점프에서 두 가지 유형의 베드(부드러움 및 거친 베드)에 대해 깊이 및 와류 증가로 인해 베드로부터의 최대 속도 거리는 감소합니다. 잠수 점프에서 경계층 두께는 자유 점프보다 얇습니다.
매끄러운 베드의 난류 영역은 게이트로부터의 거리에 따라 생성되고 자유 표면 롤러 영역 근처에서 발생하는 반면, 거시적 거칠기에서는 난류가 게이트 근처에서 시작되어 더 큰 강도와 제한된 스위프 영역으로 시작됩니다. 이는 반시계 방향 순환의 결과입니다. 거시 거칠기 사이의 공간에서 자유 표면 롤러 및 시계 방향 와류.
삼각 거시 거칠기에서 침지 점프의 베드 전단 응력 계수와 에너지 손실은 유입구 Froude 수의 증가에 따라 증가하는 매끄러운 베드에서 발견된 것보다 더 큽니다. T/I = 0.50 및 0.20에서 최고 및 최저 베드 전단 응력 계수 및 에너지 손실이 평활 베드에 비해 거칠기 요소의 거리가 증가함에 따라 발생합니다.
거의 거칠기 요소가 있는 삼각형 매크로 거칠기의 존재에 의해 주어지는 점프 길이와 잠긴 수심 및 꼬리 수심의 감소는 결과적으로 크기, 즉 길이 및 높이가 감소하는 정수조 설계에 사용될 수 있습니다.
일반적으로 CFD 모델은 다양한 수력 조건 및 기하학적 배열을 고려하여 잠수 점프의 특성 예측을 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 캐비티 영역의 흐름 패턴, 흐름 방향 및 수평 속도 분포, 베드 전단 응력 계수, TKE 및 유압 점프의 에너지 손실은 수치적 방법으로 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 그러나 거시적 차원과 유동장 및 공동 유동의 변화에 대한 다양한 배열에 대한 연구는 향후 과제로 남아 있다.

References

White, F.M. Viscous Fluid Flow, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill University of Rhode Island: Montreal, QC, Canada, 1991. [Google Scholar]
Launder, B.E.; Rodi, W. The turbulent wall jet. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 1979, 19, 81–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
McCorquodale, J.A. Hydraulic jumps and internal flows. In Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics; Cheremisinoff, N.P., Ed.; Golf Publishing: Houston, TX, USA, 1986; pp. 120–173. [Google Scholar]
Federico, I.; Marrone, S.; Colagrossi, A.; Aristodemo, F.; Antuono, M. Simulating 2D open-channel flows through an SPH model. Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids 2012, 34, 35–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Khan, S.A. An analytical analysis of hydraulic jump in triangular channel: A proposed model. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A 2013, 94, 83–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mortazavi, M.; Le Chenadec, V.; Moin, P.; Mani, A. Direct numerical simulation of a turbulent hydraulic jump: Turbulence statistics and air entrainment. J. Fluid Mech. 2016, 797, 60–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Daneshfaraz, R.; Ghahramanzadeh, A.; Ghaderi, A.; Joudi, A.R.; Abraham, J. Investigation of the effect of edge shape on characteristics of flow under vertical gates. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 2016, 108, 425–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Azimi, H.; Shabanlou, S.; Kardar, S. Characteristics of hydraulic jump in U-shaped channels. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2017, 42, 3751–3760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
De Padova, D.; Mossa, M.; Sibilla, S. SPH numerical investigation of characteristics of hydraulic jumps. Environ. Fluid Mech. 2018, 18, 849–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ead, S.A.; Rajaratnam, N. Hydraulic jumps on corrugated beds. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2002, 128, 656–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tokyay, N.D. Effect of channel bed corrugations on hydraulic jumps. In Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005, Anchorage, AK, USA, 15–19 May 2005; pp. 1–9. [Google Scholar]
Abbaspour, A.; Dalir, A.H.; Farsadizadeh, D.; Sadraddini, A.A. Effect of sinusoidal corrugated bed on hydraulic jump characteristics. J. Hydro-Environ. Res. 2009, 3, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shafai-Bejestan, M.S.; Neisi, K. A new roughened bed hydraulic jump stilling basin. Asian J. Appl. Sci. 2009, 2, 436–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Izadjoo, F.; Shafai-Bejestan, M. Corrugated bed hydraulic jump stilling basin. J. Appl. Sci. 2007, 7, 1164–1169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nikmehr, S.; Aminpour, Y. Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Jump over Rough Beds. Period. Polytech. Civil Eng. 2017, 64, 396–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Flow Science Inc. FLOW-3D V 11.2 User’s Manual; Flow Science Inc.: Santa Fe, NM, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
Ghaderi, A.; Dasineh, M.; Aristodemo, F.; Ghahramanzadeh, A. Characteristics of free and submerged hydraulic jumps over different macroroughnesses. J. Hydroinform. 2020, 22, 1554–1572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Elsebaie, I.H.; Shabayek, S. Formation of hydraulic jumps on corrugated beds. Int. J. Civil Environ. Eng. IJCEE–IJENS 2010, 10, 37–47. [Google Scholar]
Samadi-Boroujeni, H.; Ghazali, M.; Gorbani, B.; Nafchi, R.F. Effect of triangular corrugated beds on the hydraulic jump characteristics. Can. J. Civil Eng. 2013, 40, 841–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ahmed, H.M.A.; El Gendy, M.; Mirdan, A.M.H.; Ali, A.A.M.; Haleem, F.S.F.A. Effect of corrugated beds on characteristics of submerged hydraulic jump. Ain Shams Eng. J. 2014, 5, 1033–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Viti, N.; Valero, D.; Gualtieri, C. Numerical simulation of hydraulic jumps. Part 2: Recent results and future outlook. Water 2019, 11, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gumus, V.; Simsek, O.; Soydan, N.G.; Akoz, M.S.; Kirkgoz, M.S. Numerical modeling of submerged hydraulic jump from a sluice gate. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 2016, 142, 04015037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Jesudhas, V.; Roussinova, V.; Balachandar, R.; Barron, R. Submerged hydraulic jump study using DES. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2017, 143, 04016091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rajaratnam, N. The hydraulic jump as a wall jet. J. Hydraul. Div. 1965, 91, 107–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hager, W.H. Energy Dissipaters and Hydraulic Jump; Kluwer Academic Publisher: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992; pp. 185–224. [Google Scholar]
Long, D.; Steffler, P.M.; Rajaratnam, N. LDA study of flow structure in submerged Hydraulic jumps. J. Hydraul. Res. 1990, 28, 437–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chow, V.T. Open Channel Hydraulics; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1959. [Google Scholar]
Wilcox, D.C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD, 3rd ed.; DCW Industries, Inc.: La Canada, CA, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
Hirt, C.W.; Nichols, B.D. Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. J. Comput. Phys. 1981, 39, 201–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pourshahbaz, H.; Abbasi, S.; Pandey, M.; Pu, J.H.; Taghvaei, P.; Tofangdar, N. Morphology and hydrodynamics numerical simulation around groynes. ISH J. Hydraul. Eng. 2020, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Choufu, L.; Abbasi, S.; Pourshahbaz, H.; Taghvaei, P.; Tfwala, S. Investigation of flow, erosion, and sedimentation pattern around varied groynes under different hydraulic and geometric conditions: A numerical study. Water 2019, 11, 235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Zhenwei, Z.; Haixia, L. Experimental investigation on the anisotropic tensorial eddy viscosity model for turbulence flow. Int. J. Heat Technol. 2016, 34, 186–190. [Google Scholar]
Carvalho, R.; Lemos Ramo, C. Numerical computation of the flow in hydraulic jump stilling basins. J. Hydraul. Res. 2008, 46, 739–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bayon, A.; Valero, D.; García-Bartual, R.; López-Jiménez, P.A. Performance assessment of Open FOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump. Environ. Model. Softw. 2016, 80, 322–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Daneshfaraz, R.; Ghaderi, A.; Akhtari, A.; Di Francesco, S. On the Effect of Block Roughness in Ogee Spillways with Flip Buckets. Fluids 2020, 5, 182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ghaderi, A.; Abbasi, S. CFD simulation of local scouring around airfoil-shaped bridge piers with and without collar. Sādhanā 2019, 44, 216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ghaderi, A.; Daneshfaraz, R.; Dasineh, M.; Di Francesco, S. Energy Dissipation and Hydraulics of Flow over Trapezoidal–Triangular Labyrinth Weirs. Water 2020, 12, 1992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ghaderi, A.; Abbasi, S.; Abraham, J.; Azamathulla, H.M. Efficiency of trapezoidal labyrinth shaped stepped spillways. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2020, 72, 101711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yakhot, V.; Orszag, S.A. Renormalization group analysis of turbulence. I. basic theory. J. Sci. Comput. 1986, 1, 3–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Biscarini, C.; Di Francesco, S.; Ridolfi, E.; Manciola, P. On the simulation of floods in a narrow bending valley: The malpasset dam break case study. Water 2016, 8, 545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ghaderi, A.; Daneshfaraz, R.; Abbasi, S.; Abraham, J. Numerical analysis of the hydraulic characteristics of modified labyrinth weirs. Int. J. Energy Water Resour. 2020, 4, 425–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Alfonsi, G. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations for turbulence modeling. Appl. Mech. Rev. 2009, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Abbasi, S.; Fatemi, S.; Ghaderi, A.; Di Francesco, S. The Effect of Geometric Parameters of the Antivortex on a Triangular Labyrinth Side Weir. Water 2021, 13, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Celik, I.B.; Ghia, U.; Roache, P.J. Procedure for estimation and reporting of uncertainty due to discretization in CFD applications. J. Fluids Eng. 2008, 130, 0780011–0780013. [Google Scholar]
Khan, M.I.; Simons, R.R.; Grass, A.J. Influence of cavity flow regimes on turbulence diffusion coefficient. J. Vis. 2006, 9, 57–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Javanappa, S.K.; Narasimhamurthy, V.D. DNS of plane Couette flow with surface roughness. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Sci. Appl. Math. 2020, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nasrabadi, M.; Omid, M.H.; Farhoudi, J. Submerged hydraulic jump with sediment-laden flow. Int. J. Sediment Res. 2012, 27, 100–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pourabdollah, N.; Heidarpour, M.; Abedi Koupai, J. Characteristics of free and submerged hydraulic jumps in different stilling basins. In Water Management; Thomas Telford Ltd.: London, UK, 2019; pp. 1–11. [Google Scholar]
Rajaratnam, N. Turbulent Jets; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1976. [Google Scholar]
Aristodemo, F.; Marrone, S.; Federico, I. SPH modeling of plane jets into water bodies through an inflow/outflow algorithm. Ocean Eng. 2015, 105, 160–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shekari, Y.; Javan, M.; Eghbalzadeh, A. Three-dimensional numerical study of submerged hydraulic jumps. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2014, 39, 6969–6981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Khan, A.A.; Steffler, P.M. Physically based hydraulic jump model for depth-averaged computations. J. Hydraul. Eng. 1996, 122, 540–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
De Dios, M.; Bombardelli, F.A.; García, C.M.; Liscia, S.O.; Lopardo, R.A.; Parravicini, J.A. Experimental characterization of three-dimensional flow vortical structures in submerged hydraulic jumps. J. Hydro-Environ. Res. 2017, 15, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

PDF View

Fig. 3. Breakwaters model in Flow-3D with meshing geometry and boundary (a) circular slots (b) square slots.

Study of Unconventional Alternatives to Vertical Breakwater

수직 방파제에 대한 비전통적 대안 연구

Karim Badr Hussein and Mohamed Ibrahim
Lecturer of Irrigation and Hydraulics, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University
Corresponding author E-mail: badrkarim713@yahoo.com

Abstract

방파제의 주요 목적은 항만 내부의 안정을 유지하여 선박의 안전과 운영의 용이성을 달성하는데 도움이 되기 때문에 강한 파도와 폭풍으로부터 항만, 해변 또는 해변 시설을 보호하는 것입니다.

이 연구는 수직 방파제에 대한 비전통적인 대안을 연구하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 이 연구에서는 유체역학적 성능의 연구 및 평가를 위해 구현된 수직파 장벽의 두 가지 다른 모델을 선택했습니다.

첫 번째 모델은 원형 슬롯이 있는 수직 벽이고 두 번째 모델은 사각형 슬롯이 있는 수직 벽입니다. 두 모델을 비교한 결과 정사각형 슬롯은 원형 슬롯보다 파동의 전송을 5~20% 감소시키는 것으로 나타났습니다.

두 개의 원형 홈이 있는 벽을 사용하면 단일 벽에 비해 파동 전송이 최대 30% 감소하고 파동 에너지 분산이 최대 40% 증가합니다. 상대 길이(h/L)가 증가함에 따라 수평파력이 증가합니다.

다공성 = 0.25에서 상대파력(F/Fo)은 다공성 = 0.50에서보다 10~30% 더 컸습니다. 개구부에서 파동 속도가 높고 파동 에너지 소산 계수도 높습니다. 파동 진폭이 클수록 파동 에너지 소산 계수가 커집니다.

Key words: Coastal, Breakwater, FLOW-3D, Numerical Models, Energy Dissipation, Vertical Wall.

Introduction

모든 국가에서 해안 지역은 가장 중요하고 중요한 지역 중 하나입니다. 연안지역과 항만은 대외무역 촉진, 연안관광 개발 및 활성화 등 다양한 분야에 기여하고 있어 경제적 파급효과가 매우 크며, 일자리 창출은 물론 도시근린 정착 및 안정에도 기여한다. 젊은이들에게 강력한 수익을 제공하는 가능성과 어항을 건설하여 어획량을 늘리는 것입니다. [1].

그러나 해안선 부근의 파도, 바람, 조수, 조류 등의 자연 현상은 해변과 해안 지역의 안정성에 영향을 미칩니다. 따라서 연안 보전 서비스는 연안 환경의 균형을 유지하고 보존하는 데 중요한 역할을 합니다. 거센 파도로부터 항구와 해변 시설을 보호하는 방파제 방파제. 방파제는 선박이 안전하게 정박할 수 있는 조용한 지역을 제공하고 건설 및 석유 및 광물 발견 동안 임시 보호를 제공합니다.

파도는 방파제에 부딪힐 때 많은 에너지를 잃습니다. 방파제는 눈에 보이거나 떠 있거나 수중일 수 있으며 다양한 크기, 재료 및 출력 표준이 있습니다[11]. 전통적인 장벽 또는 눈에 보이는 격벽은 매우 효율적이지만 해변의 미적 비전을 가립니다. 많은 건축 자재가 필요하고 건설 비용이 증가합니다[9].

이에 반해 부유방벽은 자재가 필요없고 공사비가 저렴하지만 그 효과는 제한적입니다. 결과적으로 수중 파티션은 이러한 종류의 단점을 방지하기 때문에 더 나은 옵션 중 하나로 간주됩니다.

수중 방벽은 가장 중요한 해변 방어 시설 중 하나이며, 수중 방벽의 장점 중 하나는 투명 방벽에 비해 건설 비용이 비교적 저렴하고 물이 앞에서 뒤로 흐를 수 있다는 것입니다[3].

멤브레인 아래에서 물이 재생됩니다. 또한 바다의 미적 이미지를 왜곡하지 않고 조망을 방해하지 않아 인근 해변에 미치는 영향도 미미하다[18]. 반면에 잠긴 방파제는 건설 후 가라앉으면서 파도 에너지를 분산시키고 해안선을 방어하는 효과를 잃습니다. 장벽의 품질은 높은 수위의 영향도 받습니다.

결과적으로 해안 보호의 가장 중요한 측면 중 하나는 수중 방파제의 효율성을 향상시키는 것입니다. 수직 방파제 이러한 유형의 방파제는 바다를 향한 수직면이 있는 설비입니다[10]. 이러한 장벽은 파도 에너지의 일부가 해안이나 보호할 수역에 도달하는 것을 방지하여 파도를 진정시키는 역할을 합니다[16].

수직 방파제는 블록, 케이슨, 시트 파일 또는 셀룰러로 구성될 수 있습니다. 이 연구는 정사각형 및 원형 구멍이 있는 천공된 수직 방파제의 유체역학적 성능에 대한 연구를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 합니다.

이 논문은 또한 제안된 모델의 유체역학적 효율뿐만 아니라 이 분야의 유사한 연구와 비교되었습니다. 이것은 다음 헤드라인으로 이 백서에 나와 있습니다.

 Materials and methods.
 Results and discussion.
 Conclusions and recommendations.

Fig. 2. Breakwaters model (a) perforated wall with circular slots and (b) perforated wall with square slots.

Fig. 4. Details and dimensions of proposed breakwater

Fig 5 .Wave profiles using (Flow-3D) at wave period (T) = 1.2 sec for perforated walls with circular slots at behind model (Ht).

Fig. 11. Velocity distribution through slots at (a) quarter wave period, (b) half wave period and (c) three quarters wave period.

Fig. 13. Velocity vectors at front, between and behind barriers.

Conclusion & Recommendations

얻어진 결과에 대한 이전 분석을 바탕으로 도달한 결론은 다음과 같습니다.
 결과와 연구에 따르면 FLOW-3D는 수직으로 구멍이 뚫린 벽이 있는 선형 파동과 파동의 관계를 설명하는 강력한 능력을 가지고 있습니다. 또한 실험실 데이터 및 반분석 결과의 가장 중요한 측면을 복제할 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D에 의해 생성된 수치적 결과는 훌륭합니다.
 사각슬롯은 원형슬롯에 비해 파동의 투과율이 5:20% 감소합니다.
 한 쌍의 원형 슬롯 벽을 사용하면 단일 벽에 비해 파동 투과율이 최대 30% 감소하고 파동 에너지 분산이 최대 40% 증가합니다.
 수평파력은 상대길이(h/L)가 증가할수록 증가한다. 다공성 = 0.25에서 상대파력(F/Fo)은 다공성 = 0.50에서보다 10~30% 더 높았다.
 파도가 원 모양으로 움직이고 큰 원이 위쪽에 있었다가 점차 아래쪽으로 내려갑니다.  개구부에서 파동 속도가 높았고 파동 에너지 소산 계수도 높았습니다. 파동 진폭이 높을수록 파동 에너지 소산 계수가 높아집니다.

REFERENCES

[1] Bahaa Elsharnouby and Mohamed, E. (2012). “Study of environment
friendly porous suspended breakwater for the Egyptian Northwestern
Coast” J. of Ocean Engineering, Vol. 48, 47-58.
[2] Huang Z. (2007) “Wave interaction with one or two rows of closely
spaced rectangular cylinders” J. Ocean Eng Vol. 34,1584–1591.
[3] Huang, C. J.; Chang, H. H.; and Hwung, H. H., 2003. “Structural
permeability effects on the interaction of a solitary wave and a
submerged breakwater,” Coastal Engineering. Vol. 49, pp. 1-24.
[4] Hsu, H-H. & Wu, Y-C., 1999. “Numerical solution for the second-order
wave interaction with porous structures.” International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 29 Issue 3, pp. 265-288.
[5] Isaacson, M., Baldwim, J., Premasiro, S. and Yang, G., (1999) “Wave
interaction with double slotted barriers.” J. Applied Ocean Research,
Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 81-91.
[6] Isaacson, M., Premasiro, S. and Yang, G. (1998) “Wave Interaction with
Vertical Slotted Barrier” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Eng.,
ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 3.
[7] Ji, C.H. and Suh, K.D. (2010) “Wave interactions with multiple-row
curtainwall-pile breakwaters” J.Coastal Engineering vol. 57 issue 5, p.
500-512.
[8] Koraim, A. S., Iskander, M.M. and Elsayed, W. R. (2014)
“Hydrodynamic performance of double rows of piles suspending
horizontal c shaped bars” J. Coastal Engineering, Vol. 84, P. 81-96.
[9] Koraim, A. S., Iskander, M.M. and Elsayed, W. R. (2013)
“Hydrodynamic performance of double rows of piles suspending
horizontal c shaped bars” J. Coastal Engineering, Vol. 84, P. 81-96.
[10] Koraim, A. S. and Salem, T. N. (2012) “The hydrodynamic
characteristics of a single suspended row of half pipes under regular
waves” J. Ocean Engineering, Vol. 50, P. 1-9.
[11] Laju, K., Sundar, V. & Sundaravadivelu, R., 2011. “Hydrodynamic
characteristics of pile supported skirt breakwater models.” Journal of
Ocean Re, 33,12-22.
[12] Lin, P.; and Karunarathna, .S.A., 2007. “Numerical study of solitary
wave interaction with porous breakwaters,” J. of waterway, port,
coastal and ocean engineering. , pp. 352-363.
[13] Moh. Ibrahim (2017) “Linear Wave Interaction with Permeable
Breakwaters” A Thesis Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of Doctor of
Philosophy Degree in Civil Eng., al-Azhar University.
[14] Mansard, E .P. D. & Funke, E. R., 1980. “The measurement of incident
and reflected spectra using a least squares method.” In Proc. 17th
Coastal Eng. Conf., Sydney, Australia, pp 159-174.
[15] Nadji Chioukh et al (2017) “Reflection and Transmission of Regular
Waves from/Through Single and Double Perforated Thin Walls”
China Ocean Eng., 2017, Vol. 31, No. 4, P. 466–475.
[16] Rageh, O., Koraim, A. (2010b). “Hydraulic performance of vertical
walls with horizontal slots used as breakwater”. J.Coastal Engineering,
Vol. 57, 745–746. 12.
[17] Suh KD, Jung HY and Pyun CK (2007) “Wave reflection and
transmission by curtain wall–pile breakwaters using circular piles”. J.
Ocean Eng,Vol. 34(14–15), 2100–2106.
[18] Suh, K. D., Shin, S. & Cox, D. T., 2006. “Hydrodynamic
characteristics of Pile-Supported vertical wall breakwaters.” J. of
Waterways, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol.132, No.2,
pp.83-96.

PDF View

FLOW-3D 모형을 이용한 해상풍력기초 세굴현상 분석

박영진¹, 김태원^2*1 서일대학교 토목공학과, ² (주)지티이

Analysis of Scour Phenomenon around Offshore Wind Foundation using Flow-3D Mode

Abstract

국내․외에서 다양한 형태의 석유 대체에너지는 온실효과 가스를 배출하지 않는 청정에너지로 개발되고 있으며, 특히 해상풍력은 풍력 자원이 풍부하고 육상보다 풍력 감소가 상대적으로 작아 다양하게 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 해상 풍력기초의 세굴현상을 분석하기 위해서 Flow-3D 모형을 이용하여 모노 파일과 삼각대 파일 기초에 대하여 수치모의를 수행 하였다. 직경이 다른(D=5.0 m, d=1.69 m) 모노 파일 형식과 직경이 동일한(D=5.0 m) 모노파일에 대하여 세굴현상을 평가하 였다. 수치해석 결과, 동일한 직경을 가진 모노파일에서 하강류가 증가되었으며, 최대세굴심은 약 1.7배 이상 발생하였다. 삼각대 파일에 대하여 관측유속과 극치파랑 조건을 상류경계조건으로 각각 적용한 후 세굴현상을 평가하였다. 극치파랑조건 을 적용한 경우 최대 세굴심은 약 1.3배 정도 깊게 발생하였다. LES 모형을 적용하였을 경우 세굴심은 평형상태에 도달한 반면, RNG  모형은 해석영역 내 전반적으로 세굴현상이 발생하였으며, 세굴심은 평형상태에 도달하지 않았다. 해상풍 력기초에 대하여 세굴현상을 평가하기 위해서 수치모형 적용시 파랑조건 및 LES 난류모형을 적용하는 것이 타당할 것으로 판단된다.

Various types of alternative energy sources to petroleum are being developed both domestically and internationally as clean energy that does not emit greenhouse gases. In particular, offshore wind power has been studied because the wind resources are relatively limitless and the wind power is relatively smaller than onshore. In this study, to analyze the scour phenomenon around offshore wind foundations, mono pile and tripod pile foundations were simulated using a FLOW-3D model. The scour phenomenon was evaluated for mono piles: one is a pile with a 5 m diameter and d=1.69 m and the other is a pile with a 5 m diameter. Numerical analysis showed that in the latter, the falling-flow increased and the maximum scour depth occurred more than 1.7 times. For a tripod pile foundation, the measured velocity and the maximum wave condition were applied to the upstream boundary condition, respectively, and the scour phenomenon was evaluated. When the maximum wave condition was applied, the maximum scour depth occurred more than about 1.3 times. When the LES model was applied, the scour depth reached equilibrium, whereas the numerical results of the RNG model show that the scour phenomenon occurred in the entire boundary area and the scour depth did not reach equilibrium. To evaluate the scour phenomenon around offshore wind foundations, it is reasonable to apply the wave condition and the LES turbulence model to numerical model applications.

Keywords : Flow-3D, LES model, Mono pile, Offshore wind foundation, RNG k-e model, Scour phenomenon, Tripod pile

서론

지구환경문제에 대한 관심이 증가되고 있는 현실에 서, 풍력발전은 석유 대체에너지로서 뿐만 아니라, 이산 화탄소 등 온실효과 가스를 배출하지 않는 청청에너지의 발전방식으로 국내․외에서 개발이 증가되고 있다. 특 히, 해상풍력은 풍력 자원이 풍부하고, 육상보다 풍력 감 소가 상대적으로 작아 전기 출력량이 크기 때문에 신재 생에너지원 확보 차원에서 국내․외 해상풍력단지 사업 계획이 수립되어 추진되고 있는 실정이다. Fig. 1은 세계 최대 네델란드 해상풍력단지인 Nysted Offshore Wind Farm의 사진이다.

하천 내 교각 주변에서 세굴 현상은 발생하며 교각의 안정성 측면에서 세굴보호공을 설치한다. 해양에서 해상 풍력발전 기초를 설치할 경우 구조물로 인해 교란된 흐 름은 세굴을 유발시킨다. 따라서 해상풍력기초를 계획할 경우 안정성 측면에서 세굴현상을 검토할 필요가 있다. 특히 하천의 경우 교각 세굴보호공에 대하여 다양한 공 법들이 설계에 반영되고 있으나, 해양구조물 기초에 대 한 연구는 미흡한 상태이다.

이에 본 연구에서는 수치모 형을 이용하여 해상풍력기초에 대한 세굴현상을 분석하 였다. 수치모형을 이용하여 세굴현상을 예측함에 있어서 본 연구와 연관된 연구동향으로는 양원준과 최성욱(2002) 은 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용하여 세굴영향 평가를 함에 있어서 난류모형을 비교․분석 하였다. 전반적으로 수리 모형실험 자료와 좀 더 잘 일치하는 난류모형은 LES 모 형으로 분석되었다[1]. 여창건 등(2010)은 세굴영향 평 가를 위해 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용할 경우 세굴에 미치 는 중요한 인자에 대하여 매개변수 민감도분석을 수행하 였다.

검토결과, 세굴에 민감한 변수는 유사의 입경, 세 굴조절계수, 안식각 등의 순서로 민감한 것으로 검토되 었다[2]. 오명학 등(2012)은 해상풍력발전기초 시설 주 변에서 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용하여 세굴영향 검토를 수 행하였다. 오명학 등이 검토한 지역은 본 연구 지역과 동 일한 지역이나 경계조건 및 세굴평가에서 가장 중요한 평균입경이 다르다. 세굴검토를 위해 수치모형에 입력한 경계조건은 대조기 창조 최강유속 1.0 m/s을 상류경계조 건으로, 평균입경은 0.0353 mm를 적용하였다. 이와 같은 조건에서 모노파일에서 발생하는 최대세굴심은 약 5.24 m로 분석되었다[3].

Stahlmann과 Schlurmann(2010)은 본 과업에서 적용할 해상풍력기초와 유사한 기초를 가진 구조물에 대하여 수리모형실험을 수행하였다. 연구대상 지역은 독일 해안가에 의한 해상풍력단지에 대하여 삼각 대 형식의 해상풍력기초에 대하여 1/40과 1/12 축척으로 각각 수리모형실험을 수행하였다. 1/40과 1/12 축척에 따라서 세굴분포양상 및 최대세굴심의 위치가 다르게 관 측되었다[4].

본 연구에서는 3차원 수치모형인 Flow-3D를 이용하 여 세굴현상을 평가함에 있어서, 파일 형상 변화, 경계조 건이 다른 경우 및 서로 다른 난류모형을 적용하였을 경 우에 대하여 수치해석이 국부세굴 현상에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이와 같은 연구는 향후 수치모형을 이용하 여 해상풍력발전 기초에 대하여 세굴현상을 평가함에 있 어서 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Fig. 3. Boundary Area and Grid of Flow-3D

Fig. 5. Velocity Development around Monopile

Fig. 6. Flow Phenomenon and Scour around Tripod Pile Foundation

Fig. 7. Scour according to Turbulence Models(RNG k-e & LES Model)

결론

본 연구에서는 해상풍력기초 형식이 모노파일과 삼각 대 파일일 경우 세굴현상을 평가하기 위해서 3차원 수치 모형인 Flow-3D를 이용하였다. 직경이 서로 다른(D=5.0 m, d=1.69 m) 모노파일과 직경이 동일한(D=5.0 m) 모노파일에 대하여 LES 모형 을 적용하여 세굴현상을 평가하였다. 서로 다른 직경을 가진 모노파일 주변에서 최대 세굴심은 4.13 m, 동일한 직경을 가진 모노파일 주변에서는 7.13 m의 최대 세굴 심이 발생하였다. 또한 동일한 직경을 가진 파일에서 하 강류가 증가되어 최대세굴심이 증가된 것으로 분석되었 다. 수치해석 결과, 세굴에 대한 기초의 안정성 측면에서 서로 다른 직경을 가진 기초 형식이 유리한 것으로 분석 되었다. 수치모형을 이용하여 세굴현상을 평가함에 있어서 경 계조건 및 난류모형의 선정은 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 직경을 가진 삼각대 형식의 해상풍력기초에 대하여 상류경계조건으로 관측유속과 극치파랑조건을 각각 적용하였을 경우 세굴현상을 평가하였다. 극치파랑 조건을 적용하였을 경우가 최대세굴심이 약 1.3배 정도 깊게 발생하였다. 또한 극치파랑조건에서 RNG 과 LES 모형을 적용하여 세굴현상을 평가하였다. LES 모 형을 적용하였을 경우 파일 주변에서 세굴현상이 발생하 였으며, 세굴심은 일정시간이 경과된 후에는 증가되지 않는 평형상태에 도달하였다. 그러나 RNG 모형을 적용한 경우는 평형상태에 도달하지 않고 계속해서 세굴 이 진행되어 세굴심을 평가할 수 없었다. 현재 해양구조 물 기초에 대한 세굴현상 연구는 미흡한 상태로 하천에 서 교각 세굴현상을 검토하기 위해서 적용되는 경계조건 을 적용하기보다는 해상 조건인 파랑조건을 적용하여 검 토하는 것이 기초의 안정성 측면에서 유리할 것으로 판 단된다. 또한 정확한 세굴현상을 예측하기 위해서는 RNG 모형보다는 LES 모형을 적용하는 것이 타당 할 것으로 판단된다. 향후 해상풍력기초에 대한 세굴관측을 수행하여 수치 모의 결과와 비교․분석이 필요하며, 또한 다양한 파랑 조건에서 난류모형에 대한 비교․분석이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

References

[1] W. J. Yang, S. U. Choi. “Three- Dimensional Numerical
Simulation of Local Scour around the Bridge Pier using
Large Eddy Simulation”, Journal of KWRA, vol. 22, no.
4-B, pp. 437-446, 2002.
[2] C. G. Yeo, J. E. Lee, S. O. Lee, J. W. Song. “Sensitivity
Analysis of Sediment Scour Model in Flow-3D”,
Proceedings of KWRA, pp. 1750-1754, 2010.
[3] M. H. Oh, O. S. Kwon, W. M. Jeong, K. S. Lee.
“FLOW-3D Analysis on Scouring around Offshore Wind
Foundation”, Journal of KAIS, vol. 13, no. 3, pp.
1346-1351, 2012.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2012.13.3.1346

[4] A. Stahlmann, T. Schlurmann, “Physical Modeling of
Scour around Tripod Foundation Structures for Offshore
Wind Energy Converters”, Proceedings of 32nd
Conference on Coastal Engineering, Shanghai, China,
no. 32, pp. 1-12, 2010.
[5] Flow Science. Flow-3D User’s Manual. Los Alamos,
NM, USA, 2016.
[6] KEPRI. 『Test Bed for 2.5GW Offshore Wind Farm at
Yellow Sea』 Interim Design Report(in Korea), 2014.
[7] Germanischer Lloyd. Guideline for the Certification of
Offshore Wind Turbines. Hamburg, Germany, 2005.
[8] B. M. Sumer, J. Fredsøe, The Mechanics of Scour in the
Marine Environment. World Scientific Publishing Co.
Pte. Ltd. 2002.
[9] S. J. Ahn, U. Y. Kim, J. K. Lee. “Experimental Study
for Scour Protection around Bridge Pier by Falling-Flow
Interruption”, Journal of KSCE, vol. 19, no. II-1, pp.
57-65, 1999.
[10] V. Yakhot, S. A. Orszag, S. Thangam, T. B. Gatski, C.
G. Speziale, “Development of turbulence models for
shear flows by a double expansion technique”, Physics
of Fluids, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 1510-1520, 1992.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.858424

PDF View

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig1

A survey of electromagnetic metal casting computation designs, present approaches, future possibilities, and practical issues

The European Physical Journal Plus volume 136, Article number: 704 (2021) Cite this article

15 Accesses
Metrics

Abstract

Electromagnetic metal casting (EMC) is a casting technique that uses electromagnetic energy to heat metal powders. It is a faster, cleaner, and less time-consuming operation. Solid metals create issues in electromagnetics since they reflect the electromagnetic radiation rather than consume it—electromagnetic energy processing results in sounded pieces with higher-ranking material properties and a more excellent microstructure solution. For the physical production of the electromagnetic casting process, knowledge of electromagnetic material interaction is critical. Even where the heated material is an excellent electromagnetic absorber, the total heating quality is sometimes insufficient. Numerical modelling works on finding the proper coupled effects between properties to bring out the most effective operation. The main parameters influencing the quality of output of the EMC process are: power dissipated per unit volume into the material, penetration depth of electromagnetics, complex magnetic permeability and complex dielectric permittivity. The contact mechanism and interference pattern also, in turn, determines the quality of the process. Only a few parameters, such as the environment’s temperature, the interference pattern, and the rate of metal solidification, can be controlled by AI models. Neural networks are used to achieve exact outcomes by stimulating the neurons in the human brain. Additive manufacturing (AM) is used to design mold and cores for metal casting. The models outperformed the traditional DFA optimization approach, which is susceptible to local minima. The system works only offline, so real-time analysis and corrections are not yet possible.

Korea Abstract

전자기 금속 주조 (EMC)는 전자기 에너지를 사용하여 금속 분말을 가열하는 주조 기술입니다. 더 빠르고 깨끗하며 시간이 덜 소요되는 작업입니다.

고체 금속은 전자기 복사를 소비하는 대신 반사하기 때문에 전자기학에서 문제를 일으킵니다. 전자기 에너지 처리는 더 높은 등급의 재료 특성과 더 우수한 미세 구조 솔루션을 가진 사운드 조각을 만듭니다.

전자기 주조 공정의 물리적 생산을 위해서는 전자기 물질 상호 작용에 대한 지식이 중요합니다. 가열된 물질이 우수한 전자기 흡수재인 경우에도 전체 가열 품질이 때때로 불충분합니다. 수치 모델링은 가장 효과적인 작업을 이끌어 내기 위해 속성 간의 적절한 결합 효과를 찾는데 사용됩니다.

EMC 공정의 출력 품질에 영향을 미치는 주요 매개 변수는 단위 부피당 재료로 분산되는 전력, 전자기의 침투 깊이, 복합 자기 투과성 및 복합 유전율입니다. 접촉 메커니즘과 간섭 패턴 또한 공정의 품질을 결정합니다. 환경 온도, 간섭 패턴 및 금속 응고 속도와 같은 몇 가지 매개 변수 만 AI 모델로 제어 할 수 있습니다.

신경망은 인간 뇌의 뉴런을 자극하여 정확한 결과를 얻기 위해 사용됩니다. 적층 제조 (AM)는 금속 주조용 몰드 및 코어를 설계하는 데 사용됩니다. 모델은 로컬 최소값에 영향을 받기 쉬운 기존 DFA 최적화 접근 방식을 능가했습니다. 이 시스템은 오프라인에서만 작동하므로 실시간 분석 및 수정은 아직 불가능합니다.

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig2

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig3

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig4

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig5

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig6

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig7

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig8

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig9

References

1.J. Sun, W. Wang, Q. Yue, Review on electromagnetic-matter interaction fundamentals and efficient electromagnetic-associated heating strategies. Materials 9(4), 231 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040231 ADS Article Google Scholar
2.E. Ghasali, A. Fazili, M. Alizadeh, K. Shirvanimoghaddam, T. Ebadzadeh, Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-TiC metal matrix composite prepared by conventional, electromagnetic and spark plasma sintering methods. Materials 10(11), 1255 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10111255 ADS Article Google Scholar
3.D. Agrawal, Latest global developments in electromagnetic materials processing. Mater. Res. Innov. 14(1), 3–8 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1179/143307510×12599329342926 Article Google Scholar
4.S. Singh, P. Singh, D. Gupta, V. Jain, R. Kumar, S. Kaushal, Development and characterization of electromagnetic processed cast iron joint. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.10.012 Article Google Scholar
5.S. Singh, D. Gupta, V. Jain, Electromagnetic melting and processing of metal–ceramic composite castings. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf. 232(7), 1235–1243 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405416666900 Article Google Scholar
6.S. Singh, D. Gupta, V. Jain, Novel electromagnetic composite casting process: theory, feasibility and characterization. Mater. Des. 111, 51–59 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.08.071 Article Google Scholar
7.J. Lucas, J, What are electromagnetics? LiveScience. (2018). https://www.livescience.com/50259-Electromagnetics.html
8.R. Samyal, A.K. Bagha, R. Bedi, the casting of materials using electromagnetic energy: a review. Mater. Today Proc. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.255 Article Google Scholar
9.S. Singh, D. Gupta, V. Jain, Processing of Ni-WC-8Co MMC casting through electromagnetic melting. Mater. Manuf. Process. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1291954 Article Google Scholar
10.R. Singh, S. Singh, V. Mahajan, Investigations for dimensional accuracy of investment casting process after cycle time reduction by advancements in shell moulding. Procedia Mater. Sci. 6, 859–865 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.103 Article Google Scholar
11.R.R. Mishra, A.K. Sharma, On melting characteristics of bulk Al-7039 alloy during in-situ electromagnetic casting. Appl. Therm. Eng. 111, 660–675 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.122 Article Google Scholar
12.S. Zhang, 10 Different types of casting process. (2021). MachineMfg.com, https://www.machinemfg.com/types-of-casting/
13.Envirocare, Foundry health risks. (2013). https://envirocare.org/foundry-health-risks/
14.S.S. Gajmal, D.N. Raut, A review of opportunities and challenges in electromagnetic assisted casting. Recent Trends Product. Eng. 2(1) (2019)
15.R.R. Mishra, A.K. Sharma, Electromagnetic-material interaction phenomena: heating mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in material processing. Compos. Part A (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.035 Article Google Scholar
16.S. Chandrasekaran, T. Basak, S. Ramanathan, Experimental and theoretical investigation on electromagnetic melting of metals. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 211(3), 482–487 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.11.001 Article Google Scholar
17.C.R. Bird, J.M. Mertz, U.S. Patent No. 4655276. (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, 1987)
18.R.R. Mishra, A.K. Sharma, Experimental investigation on in-situ electromagnetic casting of copper. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 346, 012052 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/346/1/012052 Article Google Scholar
19.V. Gangwar, S. Kumar, V. Singh, H. Singh, Effect of process parameters on hardness of AA-6063 in-situ electromagnetic casting by using taguchi method, in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 804(1) (IOP Publishing, 2020), p. 012019
20.X. Ye, S. Guo, L. Yang, J. Gao, J. Peng, T. Hu, L. Wang, M. Hou, Q. Luo, New utilization approach of electromagnetic thermal energy: preparation of metallic matrix diamond tool bit by electromagnetic hot-press sintering. J. Alloy. Compd. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.183 Article Google Scholar
21.S. Das, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, S. Datta, D. Basu, Prospects of Electromagnetic processing: an overview. Bull. Mater. Sci. 32(1), 1–13 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-009-0001-4 Article Google Scholar
22.K.L. Glass, D.M. Ashby, U.S. Patent No. 9050656. (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, 2015)
23.S. Verma, P. Gupta, S. Srivastava, S. Kumar, A. Anand, An overview: casting/melting of non ferrous metallic materials using domestic electromagnetic oven. J. Mater. Sci. Mech. Eng. 4(4), (2017). p-ISSN: 2393-9095; e-ISSN: 2393-9109
24.S.S. Panda, V. Singh, A. Upadhyaya, D. Agrawal, Sintering response of austenitic (316L) and ferritic (434L) stainless steel consolidated in conventional and electromagnetic furnaces. Scripta Mater. 54(12), 2179–2183 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.02.034 Article Google Scholar
25.Y. Zhang, S. Yang, S. Wang, X. Liu, L. Li, Microwave/freeze casting assisted fabrication of carbon frameworks derived from embedded upholder in tremella for superior performance supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.08.006 Article Google Scholar
26.D. Thomas, P. Abhilash, M.T. Sebastian, Casting and characterization of LiMgPO4 glass free LTCC tape for electromagnetic applications. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33(1), 87–93 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.08.002 Article Google Scholar
27.M.H. Awida, N. Shah, B. Warren, E. Ripley, A.E. Fathy, Modeling of an industrial Electromagnetic furnace for metal casting applications. 2008 IEEE MTT-S Int. Electromagn. Symp. Digest. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2008.4633143 Article Google Scholar
28.P.K. Loharkar, A. Ingle, S. Jhavar, Parametric review of electromagnetic-based materials processing and its applications. J. Market. Res. 8(3), 3306–3326 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.04.004 Article Google Scholar
29.E.B. Ripley, J.A. Oberhaus, WWWeb search power page-melting and heat treating metals using electromagnetic heating-the potential of electromagnetic metal processing techniques for a wide variety of metals and alloys is. Ind. Heat. 72(5), 65–70 (2005)Google Scholar
30.J. Campbell, Complete Casting Handbook: Metal Casting Processes, Metallurgy, Techniques and Design (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2015)Google Scholar
31.B. Ravi, Metal Casting: Computer-Aided Design and Analysis, 1st edn. (PHI Learning Ltd, 2005)Google Scholar
32.D.E. Clark, W.H. Sutton, Electromagnetic processing of materials. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 26(1), 299–331 (1996)ADS Article Google Scholar
33.A.D. Abdullin, New capabilities of software package ProCAST 2011 for modeling foundry operations. Metallurgist 56(5–6), 323–328 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-012-9578-8 Article Google Scholar
34.J. Ha, P. Cleary, V. Alguine, T. Nguyen, Simulation of die filling in gravity die casting using SPH and MAGMAsoft, in Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on CFD in Minerals & Process Industries (1999) pp. 423–428
35.M. Sirviö, M. Woś, Casting directly from a computer model by using advanced simulation software FLOW-3D Cast Ž. Arch. Foundry Eng. 9(1), 79–82 (2009)Google Scholar
36.NOVACAST Systems, Nova-Solid/Flow Brochure, NOVACAST, Ronneby (2015)
37.AutoCAST-X1 Brochure, 3D Foundry Tech, Mumbai
38.EKK, Inc. Metal Casting Simulation Software and Consulting Services, CAPCAST Brochure
39.P. Muenprasertdee, Solidification modeling of iron castings using SOLIDCast (2007)
40.CasCAE, CT-CasTest Inc. Oy, Kerava
41.E. Dominguez-Tortajada, J. Monzo-Cabrera, A. Diaz-Morcillo, Uniform electric field distribution in electromagnetic heating applicators by means of genetic algorithms optimization of dielectric multilayer structures. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Theory Tech. 55(1), 85–91 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2006.886913 ADS Article Google Scholar
42.B. Warren, M.H. Awida, A.E. Fathy, Electromagnetic heating of metals. IET Electromagn. Antennas Propag. 6(2), 196–205 (2012)Article Google Scholar
43.S. Ashouri, M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, M. Moradi, M. Iranpour, Semi-solid microstructure evolution during reheating of aluminum A356 alloy deformed severely by ECAP. J. Alloy. Compd. 466(1–2), 67–72 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.11.010 Article Google Scholar
44.Penn State, Metal Parts Made In The Electromagnetic Oven. ScienceDaily. (1999) Retrieved May 8, 2021, from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/06/990622055733.htm
45.R.R. Mishra, A.K. Sharma, A review of research trends in electromagnetic processing of metal-based materials and opportunities in electromagnetic metal casting. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 41(3), 217–255 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2016.1142421 ADS Article Google Scholar
46.D.K. Ghodgaonkar, V.V. Varadan, V.K. Varadan, Free-space measurement of complex permittivity and complex permeability of magnetic materials at Electromagnetic frequencies. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 39(2), 387–394 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1109/19.52520 Article Google Scholar
47.J. Baker-Jarvis, E.J. Vanzura, W.A. Kissick, Improved technique for determining complex permittivity with the transmission/reflection method. Microw. Theory Tech. IEEE Trans. 38, 1096–1103 (1990)ADS Article Google Scholar
48.M. Bologna, A. Petri, B. Tellini, C. Zappacosta, Effective magnetic permeability measurementin composite resonator structures. Instrum. Meas. IEEE Trans. 59, 1200–1206 (2010)Article Google Scholar
49.B. Ravi, G.L. Datta, Metal casting–back to future, in 52nd Indian Foundry Congress, (2004)
50.D. El Khaled, N. Novas, J.A. Gazquez, F. Manzano-Agugliaro. Microwave dielectric heating: applications on metals processing. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 2880–2892 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.043 Article Google Scholar
51.H. Sekiguchi, Y. Mori, Steam plasma reforming using Electromagnetic discharge. Thin Solid Films 435, 44–48 (2003)ADS Article Google Scholar
52.J. Sun, W. Wang, C. Zhao, Y. Zhang, C. Ma, Q. Yue, Study on the coupled effect of wave absorption and metal discharge generation under electromagnetic irradiation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 2042–2051 (2014)Article Google Scholar
53.K.I. Rybakov, E.A. Olevsky, E.V. Krikun, Electromagnetic sintering: fundamentals and modeling. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 96(4), 1003–1020 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.12278 Article Google Scholar
54.A.K. Shukla, A. Mondal, A. Upadhyaya, Numerical modeling of electromagnetic heating. Sci. Sinter. 42(1), 99–124 (2010)Article Google Scholar
55.M. Chiumenti, C. Agelet de Saracibar, M. Cervera, On the numerical modeling of the thermomechanical contact for metal casting analysis. J. Heat Transf. 130(6), (2008). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2897923 Article MATH Google Scholar
56.B. Ravi, Metal Casting: Computer-Aided Design and Analysis. (PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2005)
57.J.H. Lee, S.D. Noh, H.-J. Kim, Y.-S. Kang, Implementation of cyber-physical production systems for quality prediction and operation control in metal casting. Sensors 18, 1428 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051428 ADS Article Google Scholar
58.B. Aksoy, M. Koru, Estimation of casting mold interfacial heat transfer coefficient in pressure die casting process by artificial intelligence methods. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 45, 8969–8980 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04648-7 Article Google Scholar
59.S.S. Miriyala, V.R. Subramanian, K. Mitra, TRANSFORM-ANN for online optimization of complex industrial processes: casting process as case study. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 264(1), 294–309 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.05.026 MathSciNet Article MATH Google Scholar
60.J.K. Kittu, G.C.M. Patel, M. Parappagoudar, Modeling of pressure die casting process: an artificial intelligence approach. Int. J. Metalcast. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-015-0001-7 Article Google Scholar
61.W. Chen, B. Gutmann, C.O. Kappe, Characterization of electromagnetic-induced electric discharge phenomena in metal-solvent mixtures. ChemistryOpen 1, 39–48 (2012)Article Google Scholar
62.J. Walker, A. Prokop, C. Lynagh, B. Vuksanovich, B. Conner, K. Rogers, J. Thiel, E. MacDonald, Real-time process monitoring of core shifts during metal casting with wireless sensing and 3D sand printing. Addit. Manuf. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.02.018 Article Google Scholar
63.G.C. Manjunath Patel, A.K. Shettigar, M.B. Parappagoudar, A systematic approach to model and optimize wear behaviour of castings produced by squeeze casting process. J. Manuf. Process. 32, 199–212 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.02.004 Article Google Scholar
64.G.C. Manjunath Patel, P. Krishna, M.B. Parappagoudar, An intelligent system for squeeze casting process—soft computing based approach. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 86, 3051–3065 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8416-8 Article Google Scholar
65.M. Ferguson, R. Ak, Y.T. Lee, K.H. Law, Automatic localization of casting defects with convolutional neural networks, in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data) (Boston, MA, USA, 2017), pp. 1726–1735. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData.2017.8258115.
66.P.K.D.V. Yarlagadda, Prediction of die casting process parameters by using an artificial neural network model for zinc alloys. Int. J. Prod. Res. 38(1), 119–139 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1080/002075400189617 Article MATH Google Scholar
67.G.C. ManjunathPatel, A.K. Shettigar, P. Krishna, M.B. Parappagoudar, Back propagation genetic and recurrent neural network applications in modelling and analysis of squeeze casting process. Appl. Soft Comput. 59, 418–437 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2017.06.018 Article Google Scholar
68.J. Zheng, Q. Wang, P. Zhao et al., Optimization of high-pressure die-casting process parameters using artificial neural network. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 44, 667–674 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1886-6 Article Google Scholar
69.E. Mares, J. Sokolowski, Artificial intelligence-based control system for the analysis of metal casting properties. J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng. 40, 149–154 (2010)Google Scholar
70.K.S. Senthil, S. Muthukumaran, C. Chandrasekhar Reddy, Suitability of friction welding of tube to tube plate using an external tool process for different tube diameters—a study. Exp. Tech. 37(6), 8–14 (2013)Article Google Scholar
71.N.K. Bhoi, H. Singh, S. Pratap, P.K. Jain, Electromagnetic material processing: a clean, green, and sustainable approach. Sustain. Eng. Prod. Manuf. Technol. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816564-5.00001-3 Article Google Scholar
72.K.S. Senthil, D.A. Daniel, An investigation of boiler grade tube and tube plate without block by using friction welding process. Mater. Today Proc. 5(2), 8567–8576 (2018)Article Google Scholar
73.E. Hetmaniok, D. Słota, A. Zielonka, Restoration of the cooling conditions in a three-dimensional continuous casting process using artificial intelligence algorithms. Appl. Math. Modell. 39(16), 4797–4807 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2015.03.056 Article MATH Google Scholar
74.C.V. Kumar, S. Muthukumaran, A. Pradeep, S.S. Kumaran, Optimizational study of friction welding of steel tube to aluminum tube plate using an external tool process. Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng. 6(2), 300–306 (2011)Google Scholar
75.T. Adithiyaa, D. Chandramohan, T. Sathish, Optimal prediction of process parameters by GWO-KNN in stirring-squeeze casting of AA2219 reinforced metal matrix composites. Mater. Today Proc. 150, 1598 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.051 Article Google Scholar
76.B.P. Pehrson, A.F. Moore (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8708031 (U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, 2014)
77.Liu, J., & Rynerson, M. L. (2008). U.S. Patent No. 7,461,684. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
78.K. Salonitis, B. Zeng, H.A. Mehrabi, M. Jolly, The challenges for energy efficient casting processes. Procedia CIRP 40, 24–29 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.01.043 Article Google Scholar
79.R.R. Mishra, A.K. Sharma, Effect of solidification environment on microstructure and indentation hardness of Al–Zn–Mg alloy casts developed using electromagnetic heating. Int. J. Metal Cast. 10, 1–13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-017-0176-1 Article Google Scholar
80.R.R. Mishra, A.K. Sharma, Effect of susceptor and Mold material on microstructure of in-situ electromagnetic casts of Al–Zn–Mg alloy. Mater. Des. 131, 428–440 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.038 Article Google Scholar
81.S. Kaushal, S. Bohra, D. Gupta, V. Jain, On processing and characterization of Cu–Mo-based castings through electromagnetic heating. Int. J. Metalcast. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00481-8 Article Google Scholar
82.S. Nandwani, S. Vardhan, A.K. Bagha, A literature review on the exposure time of electromagnetic based welding of different materials. Mater. Today Proc. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.056 Article Google Scholar
83.F.J.B. Brum, S.C. Amico, I. Vedana, J.A. Spim, Electromagnetic dewaxing applied to the investment casting process. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209(7), 3166–3171 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.07.024 Article Google Scholar
84.M.P. Reddy, R.A. Shakoor, G. Parande, V. Manakari, F. Ubaid, A.M.A. Mohamed, M. Gupta, Enhanced performance of nano-sized SiC reinforced Al metal matrix nanocomposites synthesized through electromagnetic sintering and hot extrusion techniques. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 27(5), 606–614 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2017.08.015 Article Google Scholar
85.V.R. Kalamkar, K. Monkova, (Eds.), Advances in Mechanical Engineering. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3639-7
86.V. Bist, A.K. Sharma, P. Kumar, Development and microstructural characterisations of the lead casting using electromagnetic technology. Manager’s J. Mech. Eng. 4(4), 6 (2014). https://doi.org/10.26634/jme.4.4.2840 Article Google Scholar
87.A. Sharma, A. Chouhan, L. Pavithran, U. Chadha, S.K. Selvaraj, Implementation of LSS framework in automotive component manufacturing: a review, current scenario and future directions. Mater Today: Proc. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.02.374 Article Google Scholar

원문 바로가기

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the novel cytometric device

Fabrication and Experimental Investigation of a Novel 3D Hydrodynamic Focusing Micro Cytometric Device

Yongquan Wang*^a , Jingyuan Wang^b, Hualing Chen^c

School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
^ayqwang@mail.xjtu.edu.cn,, ^bwjy2006@stu.xjtu.edu.cn,, ^chlchen@mail.xjtu.edu.cn,

Abstract:

This paper presents the fabrication of a novel micro-machined cytometric device, and the experimental investigations for its 3D hydrodynamic focusing performance. The proposed device is simple in structure, with the uniqueness that the depth of its microchannels is non-uniform. Using the SU-8 soft lithography containing two exposures, as well as micro-molding techniques, the PDMS device is successfully fabricated. Two kinds of experiments, i.e., the red ink fluidity observation experiments and the fluorescent optical experiments, are then performed for the device prototypes with different step heights, or channel depth differences, to explore the influence laws of the feature parameter on the devices hydrodynamic focusing behaviors. The experimental results show that the introducing of the steps can efficiently enhance the vertical focusing performance of the device. At appropriate geometry and operating conditions, good 3D hydrodynamic focusing can be obtained.

Korea Abstract

이 논문은 새로운 마이크로 머신 세포 측정 장치의 제조와 3D 유체 역학적 초점 성능에 대한 실험적 조사를 제시합니다. 제안 된 장치는 구조가 단순하며, 마이크로 채널의 깊이가 균일하지 않다는 독특함이 있습니다. 두 가지 노출이 포함 된 SU-8 소프트 리소그래피와 마이크로 몰딩 기술을 사용하여 PDMS 장치가 성공적으로 제작되었습니다. 그런 다음 두 종류의 실험, 즉 적색 잉크 유동성 관찰 실험과 형광 광학 실험을 단계 높이 또는 채널 깊이 차이가 다른 장치 프로토 타입에 대해 수행하여 장치 유체 역학적 초점에 대한 기능 매개 변수의 영향 법칙을 탐색합니다. 행동. 실험 결과는 단계의 도입이 장치의 수직 초점 성능을 효율적으로 향상시킬 수 있음을 보여줍니다. 적절한 형상과 작동 조건에서 우수한 3D 유체 역학적 초점을 얻을 수 있습니다.

Keywords

Flow cytometer, Hydrodynamic focusing, Three-dimensional (3D), Micro-machined

Fig.2 Overview of the cytometric device fabrication process

Fig.3 The fabricated micro cytometric device Fig.4 Experiment setup for focusing performance — Fig.3 The fabricated micro cytometric device Fig. 4 Experiment setup for focusing performance

Fig.5 Horizontal focusing images of two devices with and without steps

Fig.6 Channel cross-section fluorescence images for different step heights

References

Fig.7 Effect of the step height on the 3D focusing at different velocity ratios

Conclusions

In this paper, we presented a novel micro-machined cytometric device and its fabrication process,
emphasizing on the experimental investigations for its 3D hydrodynamic focusing performance. The
proposed device is simple in structure, low cost, and easy to be batch produced. Besides this, as a
device based on standard micro-fabrication methodology, it can be conveniently integrated with other
micro-fluidic and/or micro-optical units to form a complete detection and analysis system.
The experimental tests for the prototype devices not only verified the design conception, but also
gave us a comprehensive understanding of the device hydro-focusing performance. The experimental
results show that, as the uniqueness of this design, the introducing of the feature steps can
significantly enhance the vertical focusing performance of the devices, which is crucial for the
achievement of 3D focusing. In summary, for the proposed novel device, good 3D hydrodynamic
focusing can be attained at appropriate geometry and operating conditions.
In addition, an improved design can be obtained by replacing the flat cover with an identical
device unit, in other words, the same two device units are bonded together (The channels are inward
and aligned) to form a new device. Then the sample stream can focused to the center of the assembly
outlet channel due to the hydrodynamic forces equally in both horizontal and vertical directions, and
thus avoiding the adsorption or friction issues of cells/particles to the top channel wall.

References

[1] Mandy FF, Bergeron M, Minkus T, Principles of flow cytometry. Transfusion Science Transfusion Science, 16 (1995) 303.

DOI: 10.1016/0955-3886(95)00041-0

[2] Rieseberg M, Kasper C, Reardon KF, and Scheper T, Flow cytometry in biotechnology, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56 (2001) 350.

[3] Chung TD, Kim HC, Recent advances in miniaturized microfluidic flow cytometry for clinical use. Electrophoresis, Electrophoresis. 28(2007) 4511.

DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700620

[4] Xuan X, Zhu J, Church C, Particle focusing in microfluidic devices, Microfluid Nanofluid. 9(2010) 1-16.

DOI: 10.1007/s10404-010-0602-7

[5] Stone H A, Stroock A D and Ajdari A, Engineering flows in small devices: Microfluidics toward a lab-on-a-chip, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36 (2004) 381-411.

[6] Fu LM, Yang RJ, Lin CH, Pan YJ, and Lee GB, Electrokinetically-driven microflow cytometers with integrated fiber optics for on-line cell/particle collection, Analytica Chimica Acta. 507(2004) 163-169.

DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.028

[7] Applegate Jr RW, Schafer DN, Amir W, Squier J, Vestad T, Oakey J and Marr DWM, Optically integrated microfluidic systems for cellular characterization and manipulation, J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 9(2007) 122-128.

DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/9/8/s03

[8] Chang CM, Hsiung SK, Lee GB, Micro flow cytometer chip integrated with micro-pumps/micro-valves for multi-wavelength cell counting and sorting, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46 (2007): 3126-3134.

DOI: 10.1143/jjap.46.3126

[9] Lee GB, Hung CI, Ke BJ, Huang GR, Hwei BH, and Lai Hui-Fang, Hydrodynamic focusing for a micromachined flow cytometer, J Fluids Engineering 123(2001) 672-679.

DOI: 10.1115/1.1385514

[10] Weigl BH, Bardell R, Schulte T, Battrell F and Hayenga J, Design and rapid prototyping of thin-film laminate-based microfluidic devices, Biomed Microdevices. 3(2001) 267-274.

DOI: 10.1023/a:1012448412811

[11] Yang AS, Hsieh WH, Hydrodynamic focusing investigation in a micro-flow cytometer, Biomed Microdevices, 9(2007) 113-122.

DOI: 10.1007/s10544-006-9003-9

[12] Ateya DA, Erickson JS, Howell PB Jr, Hilliard LR, Golden JP, Ligler FS, The good, the bad, and the tiny: a review of microflow cytometry, Anal Bioanal Chem. 391(2008) 1485-1498.

DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1827-5

[13] Goranovic G, Perch-Nielsen I, Larsen UD, Wolff A, Kutter J and Telleman P, Three-Dimensional Single Step Flow Sheathing in Micro Cell Sorters, Proceedings of MSM Conference. (2001) pp.242-245.

[14] Lin CH, Lee GB, Fu LM, and Hwey BH, Vertical focusing device utilizing dielectrophoretic force and its application on mocroflow cytometer, J. Microelectromech. Syst. 13 (2004) 923-932.

DOI: 10.1109/jmems.2004.838352

[15] Yang R, Feeback DL, Wang W, Microfabrication and test of a three-dimensional polymer hydro-focusing unit for flow cytometry applications, Sens. Actuat. A. 118(2005) 259-267.

DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2004.09.001

[16] Hairer G, Pärr GS, Svasek P, Jachimowicz A, and Vellekoop MJ, Investigations of micrometer sample stream profiles in a three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing device, Sens. Actuat. B. 132 (2008) 518-524.

DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.11.018

[17] Mao X, Lin SC, Dong C, and Huang TJ, Single-layer planar on-chip flow cytometer using microfluidic drifting based three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing, Lab Chip. 9 (2009) 1583-1589.

DOI: 10.1039/b820138b

[18] Wang Y, Wang J, Chen H, Zhu Z, and Wang B, Prototype of a novel micro-machined cytometer and its 3D hydrodynamic focusing properties, Microsyst. Technol. 18(2012) 1991-(1997).

DOI: 10.1007/s00542-012-1525-x

Full Text View

Figure 1. The push barge model in 1:20 geometrical scale during field experiments.

Experimental Method for the Measurements and Numerical Investigations of Force Generated on the Rotating Cylinder under Water Flow

by Teresa Abramowicz-Gerigk^1,*,Zbigniew Burciu¹,Jacek Jachowski¹,Oskar Kreft²,Dawid Majewski³,Barbara Stachurska³ ,Wojciech Sulisz³ andPiotr Szmytkiewicz³

¹Faculty of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
²AREX Ltd., 81-212 Gdynia, Poland
³Institute of Hydro-Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-328 Gdansk, Poland
^*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Remco J. WiegerinkSensors2021, 21(6), 2216; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062216
Received: 20 January 2021 / Revised: 9 March 2021 / Accepted: 18 March 2021 / Published: 22 March 2021(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing in Flow Analysis)

Abstract

본 논문은 자유 표면 효과를 포함한 균일한 흐름 하에서 회전하는 실린더 (로터)에 발생하는 유체 역학적 힘의 실험 테스트 설정 및 측정 방법을 제시합니다. 실험 테스트 설정은 고급 유량 생성 및 측정 시스템을 갖춘 수로 탱크에 설치된 고유 한 구조였습니다.

테스트 설정은 로터 드라이브가 있는 베어링 장착 플랫폼과 유체 역학적 힘을 측정하는 센서로 구성되었습니다. 낮은 길이 대 직경 비율 실린더는 얕은 흘수 강 바지선의 선수 로터 방향타 모델로 선택되었습니다. 로터 역학은 최대 550rpm의 회전 속도와 최대 0.85m / s의 수류 속도에 대해 테스트되었습니다.

실린더의 낮은 종횡비와 자유 표면 효과는 생성 된 유체 역학적 힘에 영향을 미치는 현상에 상당한 영향을 미쳤습니다. 회전자 길이 대 직경 비율, 회전 속도 대 유속 비율 및 양력에 대한 레이놀즈 수의 영향을 분석했습니다. 실험 결과에 대한 계산 모델의 유효성이 표시됩니다. 결과는 시뮬레이션 및 실험에 대한 결과의 유사한 경향을 보여줍니다.

The paper presents the experimental test setup and measurement method of hydrodynamic force generated on the rotating cylinder (rotor) under uniform flow including the free surface effect. The experimental test setup was a unique construction installed in the flume tank equipped with advanced flow generating and measuring systems.

The test setup consisted of a bearing mounted platform with rotor drive and sensors measuring the hydrodynamic force. The low length to diameter ratio cylinders were selected as models of bow rotor rudders of a shallow draft river barge. The rotor dynamics was tested for the rotational speeds up to 550 rpm and water current velocity up to 0.85 m/s. The low aspect ratio of the cylinder and free surface effect had significant impacts on the phenomena influencing the generated hydrodynamic force. The effects of the rotor length to diameter ratio, rotational velocity to flow velocity ratio, and the Reynolds number on the lift force were analyzed. The validation of the computational model against experimental results is presented. The results show a similar trend of results for the simulation and experiment.

Keywords: rotating cylinder; force sensor with built-in amplifier; strain gauge sensor; CFD analysis

Figure 2. Scheme of the measurement area.

Figure 3. The force measuring part of the experimental test setup: (a) side view: 1—bearing-mounted platform, 2—drive system, 3—cylinder, 4—support frame, 5—force sensors, and 6—adjusting screw; (b) top view.

Figure 4. Location of the rotor, rotor drive, and supporting frame in the wave flume.

Figure 5. Lift force obtained from the measurements in the wave flume for different flow velocities and cylinder diameters.

Figure 6. Variation of the lift coefficient with rotation rate for various free stream velocities and various cylinder diameters—experimental results.

Figure 7. Boundary conditions for rotor-generated flow field simulation—computing domain with free surface level.

Figure 8. General view and the close-up of the rotor wall sector applied for the rotor simulation.

Figure 9. Structured mesh used in FLOW-3D and the FAVORTM technique—the original shape of the rotor and the shape of the object after FAVOR discretization technique for 3 mesh densities.

Figure 10. Parameter y+ for the studied turbulence models and meshes.

Figure 11. Results of numerical computations in time for the cylinder with D2 diameter at 500 rpm rotational speed and current speed V = 0.82 m/s using LES model in dependence of mesh density: (a) FX and (b) FY

Figure 12. Results of 3D flow simulation for V = 0.40 m/s: (a) perspective view of velocity field on the free surface, (b) top view of velocity field on the free surface, (c) velocity field in the horizontal plane at half-length section of the rotor, and (d) velocity field in the rotor symmetry plane.

Figure 13. Results of 3D flow simulation for V = 0.50 m/s: (a) perspective view of velocity field on the free surface, (b) top view of velocity field on the free surface, (c) velocity field in the horizontal plane at half-length section of the rotor, and (d) velocity field in the rotor symmetry plane.

Figure 14. Results of 3D flow simulation for V = 0.82 m/s: (a) perspective view of velocity field on the free surface, (b) top view of velocity field on the free surface, (c) velocity field in the horizontal plane at half-length section of the rotor, and (d) velocity field in the rotor symmetry plane.

Figure 15. Flow chart of validation of the computational model against experimental results.

Figure 16. Measured (EXP) and computed (CFD) lift force values.

결론

결론은 다음과 같습니다.
계산 결과가 일반적으로 실험 데이터와 일치하는 경우 계산 결과는 검증 된 것으로 간주되며 추가 예측에 사용할 수 있습니다. 검증 실험을 통해 메쉬 밀도와 난류 모델을 결정할 수있었습니다.
작은 전류 속도 0.4m / s 및 0.5m / s에서 직경 D3의 로터에 대해 계산 된 양력 값은 회전 속도가 200rpm 이상일 때의 실험 값과 달랐습니다. 그 이유는 실험 중에 관찰 된 강한 진동과 수치 시뮬레이션에서 모델링되지 않은 유동 분리 때문이었습니다.
D2 직경을 가진 로터의 경우 작은 rpm에서 양력의 반대 부호가 관찰되었습니다. 이 현상은 시뮬레이션 중에 관찰되지 않았습니다.
제시된 실험 테스트 설정은 드라이브,지지 구조물 및 측정 장치에 손상을 주지 않고 진동을 포함한 모든 현상을 관찰 할 수 있도록 구성되었습니다. Wang et al. [14]는 동일한 α 값에서 실린더 종횡비가 증가함에 따라 와류 유발 진동이 증가하는 것을 관찰했습니다.
실험의 원활한 진행은 장치 손상 가능성과 함께 약 4의 α에 영향을 미쳤습니다. 본 연구에서는 α = 4.8에서 시작하는 가장 큰 직경의 실린더에서 가장 강한 진동이 관찰되었습니다.
제시된 연구는 로터 생성 흐름의 능동적 제어에 대한 추가 연구의 첫 번째 부분으로 유체 역학적 힘의 신뢰할 수 있는 실험적 예측 방법을 설명했습니다 [22]. , 바람, 파도 [23].
논문의 참신함은 저상 실린더에 대해 회 전자에서 생성 된 유체 역학적 힘을 모델링 할 수있는 가능성에 대한 조사입니다.
이 방법의 주요 장점은 자유 표면 효과 및 유동 유도 회 전자 진동과 관련된 현상을 포함하여 회 전자 생성 유동장 및 유체 역학적 힘을 관찰 할 수 있다는 것입니다. 제안 된 테스트 설정 구성은 유체 역학적 힘의 매개 변수 연구, 스케일 효과 조사 및 낮은 전류 속도와 큰 회전 속도에서 큰 불일치가 확인 된 CFD 시뮬레이션 모델의 검증에 사용될 것입니다.

References

Abramowicz-Gerigk, T.; Burciu, Z.; Jachowski, J. An Innovative Steering System for a River Push Barge Operated in Environmentally Sensitive Areas. Pol. Marit. Res. 2017, 24, 27–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Abramowicz-Gerigk, T.; Burciu, Z.; Krata, P.; Jachowski, J. Steering system for a waterborne inland unit. Patent 420664, 2017. [Google Scholar]
Abramowicz-Gerigk, T.; Burciu, Z.; Jachowski, J. Parametric study on the flow field generated by river barge bow steering systems. Sci. J. Marit. Univ. Szczec. 2019, 60, 9–17. [Google Scholar]
Gerigk, M.; Wójtowicz, S. An Integrated Model of Motion, Steering, Positioning and Stabilization of an Unmanned Autonomous Maritime Vehicle. TransnavInt. J. Mar. Navig. Saf. Sea Transp. 2015, 9, 591–596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Thouault, N.; Breitsamter, C.; Adams, N.A.; Seifert, J.; Badalamenti, C.; Prince, S.A. Numerical Analysis of a Rotating Cylinder with Spanwise Disks. AIAA J. 2012, 50, 271–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Badr, H.M.; Coutanceau, M.; Dennis, S.C.R.; Menard, C. Unsteady flow past a rotating circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers 10 3 and 10 4. J. Fluid Mech. 1990, 220, 459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Karabelas, S.; Koumroglou, B.; Argyropoulos, C.; Markatos, N. High Reynolds number turbulent flow past a rotating cylinder. Appl. Math. Model. 2012, 36, 379–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chen, W.; Rheem, C.-K. Experimental investigation of rotating cylinders in flow. J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 2019, 24, 111–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Zhou, B.; Wang, X.; Guo, W.; Gho, W.M.; Tan, S.K. Experimental study on flow past a circular cylinder with rough surface. Ocean Eng. 2015, 109, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tokumaru, P.T.; Dimotakis, P.E. The lift of a cylinder executing rotary motions in a uniform flow. J. Fluid Mech. 1993, 255, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wong, K.W.L.; Zhao, J.; Jacono, D.L.; Thompson, M.C.; Sheridan, J. Experimental investigation of flow-induced vibration of a rotating circular cylinder. J. Fluid Mech. 2017, 829, 486–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bourguet, R.; Jacono, D.L. Flow-induced vibrations of a rotating cylinder. J. Fluid Mech. 2014, 740, 342–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Carstensen, S.; Mandviwalla, X.; Vita, L.; Schmidt, P. Lift of a Rotating Circular Cylinder in Unsteady Flows. J. Ocean Wind Energy 2014, 1, 41–49. Available online: http://www.isope.org/publications (accessed on 15 January 2021).
Wang, W.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, D.; Pang, Y.; Guo, C.; Wang, Y. Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Three-Dimensional Finite-Length Rotating Cylinder. J. Mar. Sci. Appl. 2020, 19, 388–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mobini, K.; Niazi, M. Simulation of unsteady flow around a rotating circular cylinder at various Reynolds numbers. JMEUT 2017, 46, 249–257. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323447030_Simulation_of_Unsteady_Flow_Around_a_Rotating_Circular_Cylinder_at_Various_Reynolds_Numbers (accessed on 15 January 2021).
Babarit, A.; Delvoye, S.; Arnal, V.; Davoust, L.; Wackers, J. Wave and Current Generation in Wave Flumes Using Axial-Flow Pumps. In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Artic Engineering (OMAE2017), Trondheim, Norway, 25–30 June 2017; pp. 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nortek Manuals. The Comprehensive Manual for Velocimeters. 2018. Available online: https://support.nortekgroup.com/hc/en-us/articles/360029839351-The-Comprehensive-Manual-Velocimeters (accessed on 15 January 2021).
Stachurska, B.; Majewski, D. Propagation of Surface waves under currents—Analysis of measurements in wave flume of IBW PAN. IMiG 2014, 4, 280–290. [Google Scholar]
Lohrmann, A.; Cabrera, R.; Kraus, N. Acoustic-Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) for laboratory use. In Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measuremensts and Experimentation; Buffalo: New York, NY, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
Stachurska, B.; Majewski, D. Experimental Measurements of Current Velocity in Wave Flume of IBW PAN; Internal Report; Institute of Hydro-Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences: Gdańsk, Poland, 2013. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
FLOW-3D. Available online: https://www.flow3d.com/ (accessed on 15 January 2021).
He, J.W.; Glowinski, R.; Metcalfe, R.; Nordlander, A.; Periaux, J. Active control and drag optimization for flow past a circular cylinder: Oscillatory cylinder rotation. J. Comput. Phys. 2000, 163, 83–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lebkowski, A. Analysis of the Use of Electric Drive Systems for Crew Transfer Vessels Servicing Offshore Wind Farms. Energies 2020, 13, 1466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

원문 바로가기

PDF View

Figure 1. (a) Top view of the microfluidic-magnetophoretic device, (b) Schematic representation of the channel cross-sections studied in this work, and (c) the magnet position relative to the channel location (Sepy and Sepz are the magnet separation distances in y and z, respectively).

Continuous-Flow Separation of Magnetic Particles from Biofluids: How Does the Microdevice Geometry Determine the Separation Performance?

Cristina González Fernández¹, Jenifer Gómez Pastora², Arantza Basauri¹, Marcos Fallanza¹, Eugenio Bringas¹, Jeffrey J. Chalmers² and Inmaculada Ortiz1,*

¹Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain

²William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sensors 2020, 20(11), 3030; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113030

Received: 16 April 2020 / Revised: 21 May 2020 / Accepted: 25 May 2020 / Published: 27 May 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lab-on-a-Chip and Microfluidic Sensors)

Abstract

The use of functionalized magnetic particles for the detection or separation of multiple chemicals and biomolecules from biofluids continues to attract significant attention. After their incubation with the targeted substances, the beads can be magnetically recovered to perform analysis or diagnostic tests. Particle recovery with permanent magnets in continuous-flow microdevices has gathered great attention in the last decade due to the multiple advantages of microfluidics. As such, great efforts have been made to determine the magnetic and fluidic conditions for achieving complete particle capture; however, less attention has been paid to the effect of the channel geometry on the system performance, although it is key for designing systems that simultaneously provide high particle recovery and flow rates. Herein, we address the optimization of Y-Y-shaped microchannels, where magnetic beads are separated from blood and collected into a buffer stream by applying an external magnetic field. The influence of several geometrical features (namely cross section shape, thickness, length, and volume) on both bead recovery and system throughput is studied. For that purpose, we employ an experimentally validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical model that considers the dominant forces acting on the beads during separation. Our results indicate that rectangular, long devices display the best performance as they deliver high particle recovery and high throughput. Thus, this methodology could be applied to the rational design of lab-on-a-chip devices for any magnetically driven purification, enrichment or isolation.

Keywords: particle magnetophoresis; CFD; cross section; chip fabrication

Korea Abstract

생체 유체에서 여러 화학 물질과 생체 분자의 검출 또는 분리를위한 기능화 된 자성 입자의 사용은 계속해서 상당한 관심을 받고 있습니다. 표적 물질과 함께 배양 한 후 비드를 자기 적으로 회수하여 분석 또는 진단 테스트를 수행 할 수 있습니다. 연속 흐름 마이크로 장치에서 영구 자석을 사용한 입자 회수는 마이크로 유체의 여러 장점으로 인해 지난 10 년 동안 큰 관심을 모았습니다.

따라서 완전한 입자 포획을 달성하기 위한 자기 및 유체 조건을 결정하기 위해 많은 노력을 기울였습니다. 그러나 높은 입자 회수율과 유속을 동시에 제공하는 시스템을 설계하는 데있어 핵심이기는 하지만 시스템 성능에 대한 채널 형상의 영향에 대해서는 덜주의를 기울였습니다.

여기에서 우리는 자기 비드가 혈액에서 분리되고 외부 자기장을 적용하여 버퍼 스트림으로 수집되는 YY 모양의 마이크로 채널의 최적화를 다룹니다. 비드 회수 및 시스템 처리량에 대한 여러 기하학적 특징 (즉, 단면 형상, 두께, 길이 및 부피)의 영향을 연구합니다.

이를 위해 분리 중에 비드에 작용하는 지배적인 힘을 고려하는 실험적으로 검증 된 CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 수치 모델을 사용합니다. 우리의 결과는 직사각형의 긴 장치가 높은 입자 회수율과 높은 처리량을 제공하기 때문에 최고의 성능을 보여줍니다.

따라서 이 방법론은 자기 구동 정제, 농축 또는 분리를 위한 랩온어 칩 장치의 합리적인 설계에 적용될 수 있습니다.

Figure 2. (a) Channel-magnet configuration and (b–d) magnetic force distribution in the channel midplane for 2 mm, 5 mm and 10 mm long rectangular (left) and U-shaped (right) devices.

Figure 3. (a) Velocity distribution in a section perpendicular to the flow for rectangular (left) and U-shaped (right) cross section channels, and (b) particle location in these cross sections.

Figure 4. Influence of fluid flow rate on particle recovery when the applied magnetic force is (a) different and (b) equal in U-shaped and rectangular cross section microdevices.

Figure 5. Magnetic bead capture as a function of fluid flow rate for all of the studied geometries.

Figure 6. Influence of (a) magnetic and fluidic forces (J parameter) and (b) channel geometry (θ parameter) on particle recovery. Note that U-2mm does not accurately fit a line.

Figure 7. Dependence of bead capture on the (a) functional channel volume and (b) particle residence time (tres). Note that in the curve fitting expressions V represents the functional channel volume and that U-2mm does not accurately fit a line.

References

Gómez-Pastora, J.; Xue, X.; Karampelas, I.H.; Bringas, E.; Furlani, E.P.; Ortiz, I. Analysis of separators for magnetic beads recovery: From large systems to multifunctional microdevices. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2017, 172, 16–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wise, N.; Grob, T.; Morten, K.; Thompson, I.; Sheard, S. Magnetophoretic velocities of superparamagnetic particles, agglomerates and complexes. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2015, 384, 328–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Khashan, S.A.; Elnajjar, E.; Haik, Y. CFD simulation of the magnetophoretic separation in a microchannel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2011, 323, 2960–2967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Khashan, S.A.; Furlani, E.P. Scalability analysis of magnetic bead separation in a microchannel with an array of soft magnetic elements in a uniform magnetic field. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2014, 125, 311–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Furlani, E.P. Magnetic biotransport: Analysis and applications. Materials 2010, 3, 2412–2446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gómez-Pastora, J.; Bringas, E.; Ortiz, I. Design of novel adsorption processes for the removal of arsenic from polluted groundwater employing functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2016, 47, 241–246. [Google Scholar]
Gómez-Pastora, J.; Bringas, E.; Lázaro-Díez, M.; Ramos-Vivas, J.; Ortiz, I. The reverse of controlled release: Controlled sequestration of species and biotoxins into nanoparticles (NPs). In Drug Delivery Systems; Stroeve, P., Mahmoudi, M., Eds.; World Scientific: Hackensack, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 207–244. ISBN 9789813201057. [Google Scholar]
Ruffert, C. Magnetic bead-magic bullet. Micromachines 2016, 7, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yáñez-Sedeño, P.; Campuzano, S.; Pingarrón, J.M. Magnetic particles coupled to disposable screen printed transducers for electrochemical biosensing. Sensors 2016, 16, 1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Schrittwieser, S.; Pelaz, B.; Parak, W.J.; Lentijo-Mozo, S.; Soulantica, K.; Dieckhoff, J.; Ludwig, F.; Guenther, A.; Tschöpe, A.; Schotter, J. Homogeneous biosensing based on magnetic particle labels. Sensors 2016, 16, 828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
He, J.; Huang, M.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Z.; Li, G. Magnetic separation techniques in sample preparation for biological analysis: A review. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014, 101, 84–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ha, Y.; Ko, S.; Kim, I.; Huang, Y.; Mohanty, K.; Huh, C.; Maynard, J.A. Recent advances incorporating superparamagnetic nanoparticles into immunoassays. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2018, 1, 512–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gómez-Pastora, J.; González-Fernández, C.; Fallanza, M.; Bringas, E.; Ortiz, I. Flow patterns and mass transfer performance of miscible liquid-liquid flows in various microchannels: Numerical and experimental studies. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 344, 487–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gale, B.K.; Jafek, A.R.; Lambert, C.J.; Goenner, B.L.; Moghimifam, H.; Nze, U.C.; Kamarapu, S.K. A review of current methods in microfluidic device fabrication and future commercialization prospects. Inventions 2018, 3, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nanobiotechnology; Concepts, Applications and Perspectives; Niemeyer, C.M.; Mirkin, C.A. (Eds.) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2004; ISBN 3527305068. [Google Scholar]
Khashan, S.A.; Dagher, S.; Alazzam, A.; Mathew, B.; Hilal-Alnaqbi, A. Microdevice for continuous flow magnetic separation for bioengineering applications. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2017, 27, 055016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Basauri, A.; Gomez-Pastora, J.; Fallanza, M.; Bringas, E.; Ortiz, I. Predictive model for the design of reactive micro-separations. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2019, 209, 900–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Abdollahi, P.; Karimi-Sabet, J.; Moosavian, M.A.; Amini, Y. Microfluidic solvent extraction of calcium: Modeling and optimization of the process variables. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2020, 231, 115875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Khashan, S.A.; Alazzam, A.; Furlani, E. A novel design for a microfluidic magnetophoresis system: Computational study. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization (FLUCOME2013), Nara, Japan, 18–23 November 2013. [Google Scholar]
Pamme, N. Magnetism and microfluidics. Lab Chip 2006, 6, 24–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gómez-Pastora, J.; Amiri Roodan, V.; Karampelas, I.H.; Alorabi, A.Q.; Tarn, M.D.; Iles, A.; Bringas, E.; Paunov, V.N.; Pamme, N.; Furlani, E.P.; et al. Two-step numerical approach to predict ferrofluid droplet generation and manipulation inside multilaminar flow chambers. J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 10065–10080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gómez-Pastora, J.; Karampelas, I.H.; Bringas, E.; Furlani, E.P.; Ortiz, I. Numerical analysis of bead magnetophoresis from flowing blood in a continuous-flow microchannel: Implications to the bead-fluid interactions. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 7265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tarn, M.D.; Pamme, N. On-Chip Magnetic Particle-Based Immunoassays Using Multilaminar Flow for Clinical Diagnostics. In Microchip Diagnostics Methods and Protocols; Taly, V., Viovy, J.L., Descroix, S., Eds.; Humana Press: New York, NY, USA, 2017; pp. 69–83. [Google Scholar]
Phurimsak, C.; Tarn, M.D.; Peyman, S.A.; Greenman, J.; Pamme, N. On-chip determination of c-reactive protein using magnetic particles in continuous flow. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 10552–10559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wu, X.; Wu, H.; Hu, Y. Enhancement of separation efficiency on continuous magnetophoresis by utilizing L/T-shaped microchannels. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2011, 11, 11–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Vojtíšek, M.; Tarn, M.D.; Hirota, N.; Pamme, N. Microfluidic devices in superconducting magnets: On-chip free-flow diamagnetophoresis of polymer particles and bubbles. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2012, 13, 625–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gómez-Pastora, J.; González-Fernández, C.; Real, E.; Iles, A.; Bringas, E.; Furlani, E.P.; Ortiz, I. Computational modeling and fluorescence microscopy characterization of a two-phase magnetophoretic microsystem for continuous-flow blood detoxification. Lab Chip 2018, 18, 1593–1606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Forbes, T.P.; Forry, S.P. Microfluidic magnetophoretic separations of immunomagnetically labeled rare mammalian cells. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 1471–1479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nandy, K.; Chaudhuri, S.; Ganguly, R.; Puri, I.K. Analytical model for the magnetophoretic capture of magnetic microspheres in microfluidic devices. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2008, 320, 1398–1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Plouffe, B.D.; Lewis, L.H.; Murthy, S.K. Computational design optimization for microfluidic magnetophoresis. Biomicrofluidics 2011, 5, 013413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Hale, C.; Darabi, J. Magnetophoretic-based microfluidic device for DNA isolation. Biomicrofluidics 2014, 8, 044118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Becker, H.; Gärtner, C. Polymer microfabrication methods for microfluidic analytical applications. Electrophoresis 2000, 21, 12–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pekas, N.; Zhang, Q.; Nannini, M.; Juncker, D. Wet-etching of structures with straight facets and adjustable taper into glass substrates. Lab Chip 2010, 10, 494–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wang, T.; Chen, J.; Zhou, T.; Song, L. Fabricating microstructures on glass for microfluidic chips by glass molding process. Micromachines 2018, 9, 269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Castaño-Álvarez, M.; Pozo Ayuso, D.F.; García Granda, M.; Fernández-Abedul, M.T.; Rodríguez García, J.; Costa-García, A. Critical points in the fabrication of microfluidic devices on glass substrates. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2008, 130, 436–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Prakash, S.; Kumar, S. Fabrication of microchannels: A review. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf. 2015, 229, 1273–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Leester-Schädel, M.; Lorenz, T.; Jürgens, F.; Ritcher, C. Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices. In Microsystems for Pharmatechnology: Manipulation of Fluids, Particles, Droplets, and Cells; Dietzel, A., Ed.; Springer: Basel, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 23–57. ISBN 9783319269207. [Google Scholar]
Bartlett, N.W.; Wood, R.J. Comparative analysis of fabrication methods for achieving rounded microchannels in PDMS. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2016, 26, 115013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ng, P.F.; Lee, K.I.; Yang, M.; Fei, B. Fabrication of 3D PDMS microchannels of adjustable cross-sections via versatile gel templates. Polymers 2019, 11, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Furlani, E.P.; Sahoo, Y.; Ng, K.C.; Wortman, J.C.; Monk, T.E. A model for predicting magnetic particle capture in a microfluidic bioseparator. Biomed. Microdevices 2007, 9, 451–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tarn, M.D.; Peyman, S.A.; Robert, D.; Iles, A.; Wilhelm, C.; Pamme, N. The importance of particle type selection and temperature control for on-chip free-flow magnetophoresis. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2009, 321, 4115–4122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Furlani, E.P. Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices; Materials, Analysis and Applications; Academic Press: Waltham, MA, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
White, F.M. Viscous Fluid Flow; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1974. [Google Scholar]
Mathew, B.; Alazzam, A.; El-Khasawneh, B.; Maalouf, M.; Destgeer, G.; Sung, H.J. Model for tracing the path of microparticles in continuous flow microfluidic devices for 2D focusing via standing acoustic waves. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015, 153, 99–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Furlani, E.J.; Furlani, E.P. A model for predicting magnetic targeting of multifunctional particles in the microvasculature. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2007, 312, 187–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Furlani, E.P.; Ng, K.C. Analytical model of magnetic nanoparticle transport and capture in the microvasculature. Phys. Rev. E 2006, 73, 061919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Eibl, R.; Eibl, D.; Pörtner, R.; Catapano, G.; Czermak, P. Cell and Tissue Reaction Engineering; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009. [Google Scholar]
Pamme, N.; Eijkel, J.C.T.; Manz, A. On-chip free-flow magnetophoresis: Separation and detection of mixtures of magnetic particles in continuous flow. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2006, 307, 237–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Alorabi, A.Q.; Tarn, M.D.; Gómez-Pastora, J.; Bringas, E.; Ortiz, I.; Paunov, V.N.; Pamme, N. On-chip polyelectrolyte coating onto magnetic droplets-Towards continuous flow assembly of drug delivery capsules. Lab Chip 2017, 17, 3785–3795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Zhang, H.; Guo, H.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, G.; Li, Z. Application of PECVD SiC in glass micromachining. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007, 17, 775–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mourzina, Y.; Steffen, A.; Offenhäusser, A. The evaporated metal masks for chemical glass etching for BioMEMS. Microsyst. Technol. 2005, 11, 135–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mata, A.; Fleischman, A.J.; Roy, S. Fabrication of multi-layer SU-8 microstructures. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006, 16, 276–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Su, N. 8 2000 Negative Tone Photoresist Formulations 2002–2025; MicroChem Corporation: Newton, MA, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
Su, N. 8 2000 Negative Tone Photoresist Formulations 2035–2100; MicroChem Corporation: Newton, MA, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
Fu, C.; Hung, C.; Huang, H. A novel and simple fabrication method of embedded SU-8 micro channels by direct UV lithography. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2006, 34, 330–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kazoe, Y.; Yamashiro, I.; Mawatari, K.; Kitamori, T. High-pressure acceleration of nanoliter droplets in the gas phase in a microchannel. Micromachines 2016, 7, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sharp, K.V.; Adrian, R.J.; Santiago, J.G.; Molho, J.I. Liquid flows in microchannels. In MEMS: Introduction and Fundamentals; Gad-el-Hak, M., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2006; pp. 10-1–10-46. ISBN 9781420036572. [Google Scholar]
Oh, K.W.; Lee, K.; Ahn, B.; Furlani, E.P. Design of pressure-driven microfluidic networks using electric circuit analogy. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 515–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bruus, H. Theoretical Microfluidics; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2008; ISBN 9788578110796. [Google Scholar]
Beebe, D.J.; Mensing, G.A.; Walker, G.M. Physics and applications of microfluidics in biology. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2002, 4, 261–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Yalikun, Y.; Tanaka, Y. Large-scale integration of all-glass valves on a microfluidic device. Micromachines 2016, 7, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Van Heeren, H.; Verhoeven, D.; Atkins, T.; Tzannis, A.; Becker, H.; Beusink, W.; Chen, P. Design Guideline for Microfluidic Device and Component Interfaces (Part 2), Version 3; Available online: http://www.makefluidics.com/en/design-guideline?id=7 (accessed on 9 March 2020).
Scheuble, N.; Iles, A.; Wootton, R.C.R.; Windhab, E.J.; Fischer, P.; Elvira, K.S. Microfluidic technique for the simultaneous quantification of emulsion instabilities and lipid digestion kinetics. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 9116–9123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Lynch, E.C. Red blood cell damage by shear stress. Biophys. J. 1972, 12, 257–273. [Google Scholar]
Paul, R.; Apel, J.; Klaus, S.; Schügner, F.; Schwindke, P.; Reul, H. Shear stress related blood damage in laminar Couette flow. Artif. Organs 2003, 27, 517–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Gómez-Pastora, J.; Karampelas, I.H.; Xue, X.; Bringas, E.; Furlani, E.P.; Ortiz, I. Magnetic bead separation from flowing blood in a two-phase continuous-flow magnetophoretic microdevice: Theoretical analysis through computational fluid dynamics simulation. J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 7466–7477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lim, J.; Yeap, S.P.; Leow, C.H.; Toh, P.Y.; Low, S.C. Magnetophoresis of iron oxide nanoparticles at low field gradient: The role of shape anisotropy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014, 421, 170–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Culbertson, C.T.; Sibbitts, J.; Sellens, K.; Jia, S. Fabrication of Glass Microfluidic Devices. In Microfluidic Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols; Dutta, D., Ed.; Humana Press: New York, NY, USA, 2019; pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-1-4939-8963-8. [Google Scholar]

Full Text View

Fig. 1. Schematic description of the laser welding process considered in this study.

Analysis of molten pool dynamics in laser welding with beam oscillation and filler wire feeding

Won-Ik Cho, Peer Woizeschke
Bremer Institut für angewandte Strahltechnik GmbH, Klagenfurter Straße 5, Bremen 28359, Germany

Received 30 July 2020, Revised 3 October 2020, Accepted 18 October 2020, Available online 1 November 2020.

Abstract

Molten pool flow and heat transfer in a laser welding process using beam oscillation and filler wire feeding were calculated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). There are various indirect methods used to analyze the molten pool dynamics in fusion welding. In this work, based on the simulation results, the surface fluctuation was directly measured to enable a more intuitive analysis, and then the signal was analyzed using the Fourier transform and wavelet transform in terms of the beam oscillation frequency and buttonhole formation. The 1^st frequency (2 x beam oscillation frequency, the so-called chopping frequency), 2^nd frequency (4 x beam oscillation frequency), and beam oscillation frequency components were the main components found. The 1^st and 2^nd frequency components were caused by the effect of the chopping process and lumped line energy. The beam oscillation frequency component was related to rapid, unstable molten pool behavior. The wavelet transform effectively analyzed the rapid behaviors based on the change of the frequency components over time.

Korea Abstract

빔 진동 및 필러 와이어 공급을 사용하는 레이저 용접 공정에서 용융 풀 흐름 및 열 전달은 CFD (전산 유체 역학)를 사용하여 계산되었습니다. 용융 용접에서 용융 풀 역학을 분석하는 데 사용되는 다양한 간접 방법이 있습니다.

본 연구에서는 시뮬레이션 결과를 바탕으로 보다 직관적 인 분석이 가능하도록 표면 변동을 직접 측정 한 후 빔 발진 주파수 및 버튼 홀 형성 측면에서 푸리에 변환 및 웨이블릿 변환을 사용하여 신호를 분석했습니다.

1 차 주파수 (2 x 빔 발진 주파수, 이른바 초핑 주파수), 2 차 주파수 (4 x 빔 발진 주파수) 및 빔 발진 주파수 성분이 발견 된 주요 구성 요소였습니다. 1 차 및 2 차 주파수 성분은 쵸핑 공정과 집중 라인 에너지의 영향으로 인해 발생했습니다.

빔 진동 주파수 성분은 빠르고 불안정한 용융 풀 동작과 관련이 있습니다. 웨이블릿 변환은 시간 경과에 따른 주파수 구성 요소의 변화를 기반으로 빠른 동작을 효과적으로 분석했습니다.

1 . 소개

융합 용접에서 용융 풀 역학은 용접 결함과 시각적 이음새 품질에 직접적인 영향을 미칩니다. 이러한 역학을 연구하기 위해 고속 카메라를 사용하는 직접 방법과 광학 또는 음향 신호를 사용하는 간접 방법과 같은 다양한 측정 방법을 사용하여 여러 실험 방법을 고려했습니다. 시간 도메인의 원래 신호는 특별히 주파수 도메인에서 변환 된 신호로 변환되어 용융 풀 동작에 영향을 미치는 주파수 성분을 분석합니다. Kotecki et al. (1972)는 고속 카메라를 사용하여 가스 텅스텐 아크 용접에서 용융 풀을 관찰했습니다. [1]. 그들은 120Hz 리플 DC 출력을 가진 용접 전원을 사용할 때 용융 풀 진동 주파수가 120Hz임을 보여주었습니다. 전원을 끈 후 진동 주파수는 용융 풀의 고유 주파수를 나타내는 용융 풀 크기와 관련이 있습니다. 진동은 응고 중에 용접 표면 스케일링을 생성했습니다. Zacksenhouse and Hardt (1983)는 레이저 섀도 잉 동작 측정 기술을 사용하여 가스 텅스텐 아크 용접에서 완전히 관통 된 용융 풀의 동작을 측정했습니다 [2] . 그들은 2.5mm 두께의 강판에서 6mm 풀 반경 (고정 용접)에 대해 용융 풀의 고유 주파수가 18.9Hz라는 것을 발견했습니다. Semak et al. (1995) 고속 카메라를 사용하여 레이저 스폿 용접에서 용융 풀 및 키홀 역학 조사 [3]. 그들은 깊이가 약 3mm이고 반경이 약 3mm 인 용융 풀에서 200Hz의 낮은 체적 진동 주파수를 관찰했습니다. 0.45mm Aendenroomer와 den Ouden (1998)은 강철의 펄스 가스 텅스텐 아크 용접에서 용융 풀 진동을보고했습니다 [4] . 그들은 침투 깊이에 따라 진동 모드 변화를 보였고 주파수는 50Hz에서 150Hz 사이에서 변화했습니다. 주파수는 완전히 침투 된 용융 풀에서 더 낮았습니다. Hermans와 den Ouden (1999)은 단락 가스 금속 아크 용접에서 용융 풀 진동을 분석했습니다. [5]. 그들은 용융 풀의 단락 주파수와 고유 주파수가 같을 때 부분적으로 침투 된 용융 풀의 경우 공정 안정성이 향상되었음을 보여주었습니다. Yudodibroto et al. (2004)는 가스 텅스텐 아크 용접에서 용융 풀 진동에 대한 필러 와이어의 영향을 조사했습니다 [6] . 그들은 금속 전달이 특히 부분적으로 침투 된 용융 풀에서 진동 거동을 방해한다는 것을 보여주었습니다. Geiger et al. (2009) 레이저 키홀 용접에서 발광 분석 [7]. 신호의 주파수 분석을 사용하여 용융 풀 (1.5kHz 미만)과 키홀 (약 3kHz)에 해당하는 진동 주파수 범위를 찾았습니다. Kägeler와 Schmidt (2010)는 레이저 용접에서 용융 풀 크기의 변화를 관찰하기 위해 고속 카메라를 사용했습니다 [8] . 그들은 용융 풀에서 지배적 인 저주파 진동 성분 (100Hz 미만)을 발견했습니다. Shi et al. (2015) 고속 카메라를 사용하여 펄스 가스 텅스텐 아크 용접에서 용융 풀 진동 주파수 분석 [9]. 그들은 용접 침투 깊이가 작을수록 용융 풀의 진동 빈도가 더 높다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 추출 된 진동 주파수는 완전 용입 용접의 경우 85Hz 미만 이었지만 부분 용입 용접의 경우 110Hz에서 125Hz 사이였습니다. Volpp와 Vollertsen (2016)은 레이저 키홀 역학을 분석하기 위해 광학 신호를 사용했습니다 [10] . 그들은 공간 레이저 강도 분포로 인해 0.8에서 154 kHz 사이의 고주파 범위에서 피크를 발견했습니다. 위에서 언급 한 실험적 접근법은 공정 조건, 측정 방법 및 측정 된 위치에 따라 수십 Hz에서 수십 kHz까지 광범위한 용융 풀 역학에 대한 결과를 보여 주었다는 점에 유의해야합니다.

융합 용접에서 용융 풀 역학을 연구하기 위해 분석 접근 방식도 사용되었습니다. Zacksenhouse와 Hardt (1983)는 2.5mm 두께의 강판에서 대칭형 완전 관통 용융 풀의 고유 진동수를 계산했습니다 [2] . 매스 스프링 해석 모델을 사용하여 용융 풀 반경 6mm (고정 용접)에 대해 20.4Hz (실험에서 18.9Hz)의 고유 진동수와 3mm 풀 반경 (연속 용접)에 대해 40Hz의 고유 진동수를 예측했습니다. ). Postacioglu et al. (1989)는 원통형 용융 풀과 키홀을 가정하여 레이저 용접의 용융 풀에서 키홀 진동의 고유 진동수를 계산했습니다 .. 특정 열쇠 구멍 모양의 경우 약 900Hz의 기본 주파수가 계산되었습니다. Postacioglu et al. (1991)은 또한 레이저 용접에서 용접 속도를 고려하기 위해 타원형 용융 풀의 고유 진동수를 계산했습니다 [12] . 그들은 타원형 용융 풀의 모양이 고유 진동수에 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 고유 진동수는 축의 길이 비율이 낮았으며, 즉 타원의 반장 축과 반 단축의 비율이 낮았습니다. Kroos et al. (1993)은 축 대칭 용융 풀과 키홀을 가정하여 레이저 키홀 용접의 동적 거동에 대한 이론적 모델을 개발했습니다 .. 키홀 폐쇄 시간은 0.1ms였으며 안정성 분석은 약 500Hz의 주파수에서 공진과 같은 진동을 예측했습니다. Maruo와 Hirata (1993)는 완전 관통 아크 용접에서 용융 풀을 모델링했습니다 [14] . 그들은 녹은 웅덩이가 정적 타원 모양을 가지고 있다고 가정했습니다. 그들은 고유 진동수와 진동 모드 사이의 관계를 조사하고 용융 풀 크기가 감소함에 따라 고유 진동수가 증가한다는 것을 보여주었습니다. Klein et al. (1994)는 원통형 키홀 모양을 사용하여 완전 침투 레이저 용접에서 키홀 진동을 연구했습니다 [15] . 그들은 점성 감쇠로 인해 키홀 진동이 낮은 kHz 범위로 제한된다는 것을 보여주었습니다. Klein et al. (1996)은 또한 레이저 출력의 작은 변동이 강한 키홀 진동으로 이어질 수 있음을 보여주었습니다[16] . 그들은 키홀 진동의 주요 공진 주파수 범위가 500 ~ 3500Hz라는 것을 발견했습니다. Andersen et al. (1997)은 고정 가스 텅스텐 아크 용접 [17] 에서 고정 된 원통형 모양을 가정하여 용융 풀의 고유 진동수를 예측 했으며 완전 용입 용접에서 용융 풀 폭이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 3.175mm 두께의 강판의 경우 주파수는 20Hz ~ 100Hz 범위였습니다. 위에 표시된 분석 방법은 일반적으로 단순한 용융 풀 모양을 가정하고 고유 진동수를 계산했습니다. 이것은 단순한 용융 풀 모양으로 고정 용접 공정을 분석하는 데 충분하지만 대부분의 용접 사례를 설명하는 과도 용접 공정에서 용융 풀 역학 분석에는 적합하지 않습니다.

반면에 수치 접근 방식은 고온 및 강한 빛과 같은 실험적 제한없이 자세한 정보를 제공하기 때문에 용융 풀 역학을 분석하는 이점이 있습니다. 전산 유체 역학 (CFD)의 수치 시뮬레이션 기술이 발전함에 따라 용융 풀 역학 분석에 대한 많은 연구가 수행되었습니다. 실제 용융 표면 변화는 VOF (체적 부피) 방법을 사용하여 계산할 수 있습니다. Cho et al. (2010) CO ₂ 레이저-아크 하이브리드 용접 공정을 위한 수학적 모델 개발 [18], 구형 방울이 생성 된 금속 와이어의 용융 과정이 와이어 공급 속도와 일치한다고 가정합니다. 그들은 필러 와이어가 희석되는 용융 풀 동작을 보여주었습니다. Cho et al. (2012)는 높은 빔 품질과 높은 금속 흡수율로 인해 업계에서 널리 사용되는 디스크 레이저 키홀 용접으로 수학적 모델을 확장했습니다 [19] . 그들은 열쇠 구멍에서 레이저 광선 번들의 다중 반사를 고려하고 용융 풀에서 keyholing과 같은 빠른 표면 변화를 자세히보고했습니다. 최근 CFD 시뮬레이션은 험핑 (Otto et al., 2016 [20] ) 및 기공 (Lin et al., 2017 [21] )과 같은보다 구체적인 현상을 분석하는데도 사용되었습니다 .) 레이저 용접에서. 그러나 용융 풀 역학과 관련된 연구는 거의 수행되지 않았습니다. Ko et al. (2000)은 수치 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 가스 텅스텐 아크 용접 풀의 동적 거동을 조사했습니다 [22] . 그들은 완전히 침투 된 용융 풀이 부분적으로 침투 된 풀보다 낮은 주파수에서 진동한다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 진동은 수십 분의 1 초 내에 무시할 수있는 크기로 감쇠되었습니다. Geiger et al. (2009)는 또한 수치 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 레이저 용접에서 용융 풀 거동을 보여주었습니다 [7]. 그들은 계산 된 증발 속도를 주파수 분석에 사용하여 공정에서 나오는 빛의 실험 결과와 비교했습니다. 판금 레이저 용접에서 중요한 공간 빔 진동 및 추가 필러 재료가있는 공정에 대한 용융 풀 역학에 대한 연구도 불충분합니다. Hu et al. (2018)은 금속 전달 메커니즘을 밝히기 위해 전자빔 3D 프린팅에서 와이어 공급 모델링을 수행했습니다. 그들은 주로 열 입력에 의해 결정되는 액체 브리지 전이, 액적 전이 및 중간 전이의 세 가지 유형의 금속 전달 모드를 보여주었습니다 .. Meng et al. (2020)은 레이저 빔 용접에서 용융 풀에 필러 와이어에 의해 추가 된 추가 요소의 전자기 교반 효과를 모델링했습니다. 용가재의 연속적인 액체 브릿지 이동이 가정되었고, 그 결과 전자기 교반의 영향이 키홀 깊이에 미미한 반면 필러 와이어 혼합을 향상 시켰습니다 [24] . Cho et al. (2017) 용접 방향에 수직 인 1 차원 빔 진동과 용접 라인을 따라 공급되는 필러 와이어를 사용하여 레이저 용접을위한 시뮬레이션 모델 개발 [25]. 그들은 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 특정 용접 현상, 즉 용융 풀의 단추 구멍 형성을 보여주었습니다. Cho et al. (2018)은 다중 반사 수와 전력 흡수량의 푸리에 변환을 사용하여 주파수 영역에서 소위 쵸핑 주파수 (2 x 빔 발진 주파수) 성분을 발견했습니다 [26] . 그러나 그들은 용융 풀 역학을 분석하기 위해 간접 신호를 사용했습니다. 따라서보다 직관적 인 분석을 위해서는 표면의 변동을 직접 측정해야합니다.

이 연구는 이전 연구에서 개발 된 레이저 용접 모델을 사용하여 3 차원 과도 CFD 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 빔 진동 및 필러 와이어 공급을 포함한 레이저 용접 공정에서 용융 풀 역학을 조사합니다. 용융 된 풀 표면의 시간적 변화는 시뮬레이션 결과에서 추출되었습니다. 추출 된 데이터는 주파수 영역뿐만 아니라 시간-주파수 영역에서도 분석되었습니다. 신호 처리를 통해 도출 된 결과는 특징적인 용융 풀 역학을 나타내며 빔 진동 주파수 및 단추 구멍 형성 측면에서 레이저 용접의 역학을 줄일 수있는 잠재력을 제공합니다.

2 . 방법론

그림 1도 1은 용접 방향에 수직 인 1 차원 빔 진동과 용접 라인을 따라 공급되는 필러 와이어를 사용하는 레이저 용접 프로세스의 개략적 설명을 보여줍니다. 1mm 두께의 알루미늄 합금 (AlSi1MgMn) 시트는 시트 표면에 초점을 맞춘 멀티 kW 파이버 레이저 (YLR-8000S, IPG Photonics, USA)를 사용하여 용접되었습니다. 시트는 에어 갭이있는 맞대기 이음으로 정렬되었습니다. 1 차원 스캐너 (ILV DC-Scanner, Ingenieurbüro für Lasertechnik + Verschleiss-Schutz (ILV), 독일)를 사용하여 레이저 빔의 1 차원 정현파 진동을 실현했습니다. 이 스캔 시스템에서 최대 진동 폭은 250Hz의 진동 주파수에서 1.4mm입니다. 오정렬에 대한 공차를 개선하기 위해 동일한 최대 너비 값이 사용되었습니다. 와이어 공급 시스템은 1을 공급했습니다. 2mm 직경의 알루미늄 합금 (AlSi5) 필러 와이어를 일정한 공급 속도로 에어 갭을 채 웁니다. 1mm 에어 갭의 경우 와이어 이송 속도는 용접 속도의 1.5 배 값으로 설정되었으며 참조 실험 조건은 문헌에서 얻었습니다 (Schultz, 2015 참조).[27] ).

CFD 시뮬레이션은 레이저 용접에서 열 전달 및 용융 풀 동작을 계산하기 위해 수행되었습니다. 그림 2 는 CFD 시뮬레이션을위한 계산 영역을 보여줍니다. 실온에서 1.2mm 직경의 필러 와이어가 공급되고 레이저 빔이 진동했습니다. 1mm 두께의 공작물이 용접 속도로 왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 이동했습니다. 0.1mm의 최소 메쉬 크기가 도메인에서 생성되었습니다. 침투 깊이가 더 깊은 이전 연구의 메쉬 테스트 결과는 0.2mm 이하의 메쉬 크기로 시뮬레이션 정확도가 확보 된 것으로 나타 났으므로 [28] 본 연구에서 사용 된 메쉬 크기가 적절할 수 있습니다. 도메인을 구성하는 세포의 수는 약 120 만 개였습니다. 1 번 테이블사용 된 레이저 용접 매개 변수를 보여줍니다. 용융 풀 역학 측면에서 다양한 진동 주파수와 에어 갭 크기가 고려되었으며 12 개의 용접 사례가 표 2 에 나와 있습니다. 표 3 은 시뮬레이션에 사용 된 알루미늄 합금과 순수 알루미늄 (Cho et al., 2018 [26] )의 표면 장력 계수를 제외하고 온도와 무관 한 열-물리적 재료 특성을 보여줍니다 . 여기서 표면 장력 계수는 액체 온도에서 온도와 표면 장력 계수 사이의 선형 관계를 가진 유일한 온도 의존적 특성이었습니다.

표 1 . . 레이저 용접 매개 변수.

레이저 용접 매개 변수	값
레이저 빔 파워	3.0kW
빔 허리 반경	50µm *
용접 속도	6.0m / 분
와이어 공급 속도	9.0m / 분
빔 진동 폭	1.4mm
빔 진동 주파수	100Hz, 150Hz, 200Hz, 250Hz
에어 갭 크기	0.8mm, 0.9mm, 1.0mm, 1.1mm

⁎

반경은 1.07μm의 파장, 4.2mm • mrad의 빔 품질, 시준 초점 거리 및 초점 렌즈 200mm, 광섬유 직경 100μm의 원형 빔을 가정하여 계산되었습니다.

표 2 . 이 연구에서 고려한 용접 사례.

에어 갭 크기 [mm]	진동 주파수 [Hz]
	100	150	200	250
0.9	사례 1	엑스	엑스	엑스
1.0	사례 2	사례 4	사례 7	사례 10
1.1	사례 3	사례 5	사례 8	사례 11
1.2	엑스	사례 6	사례 9	12면

표 3 . 시뮬레이션에 사용 된 열 물리적 재료 특성 (Cho et al., 2018 [26] ).

특성	상징	값
밀도	ρ	2700kg / m3
열 전도성	케이	1.7×102Wm K
점도	ν	1.15×10−삼kg / ms
표면 장력 계수 티엘*	γ엘	0.871 J / m2
표면 장력 온도 구배 *	ㅏ	−1.55×10−4J / m ² K
표면 장력 계수	γ	γ엘−ㅏ(티−티엘)
비열	씨	8.5×102J / kg K
융합 잠열	h에스엘	3.36×105J / kg
기화 잠열 *	hV	1.05×107J / kg
Solidus 온도	티에스	847K
Liquidus 온도	티엘	905K
끓는점 *	티비	2743K

⁎

순수한 알루미늄.

시뮬레이션을 위해 단상 뉴턴 유체와 비압축성 층류가 가정되었습니다. 질량, 운동량 및 에너지 보존의 지배 방정식을 해결하여 계산 영역에서 속도, 압력 및 온도 분포를 얻었습니다. VOF 방법은 자유 표면 경계를 찾는 데 사용되었습니다. 스칼라 보존 방정식을 추가로 도입하여 용융 풀에서 충전재의 부피 분율을 계산했습니다. 시뮬레이션에 사용 된 레이저 용접의 수학적 모델은 다음과 같습니다. 레이저 빔은 가우스와 같은 전력 밀도 분포를 기반으로 697 개의 광선 에너지 번들로 나뉩니다. 광선 추적 방법을 사용하여 다중 반사를 고려했습니다. 재료에 대한 레이저 빔의 반사 (또는 흡수) 에너지는 프레 넬 반사 모델을 사용하여 계산되었습니다. 온도에 따른 흡수율의 변화를 고려 하였다. 혼합물의 흡수율은베이스 및 충전제 물질 분획의 가중 평균을 사용하여 계산되었습니다. 반동 압력과 부력도 고려되었습니다. 경계 조건으로 에너지와 압력의 균형은 VOF 방법으로 계산 된 자유 표면에서 고려되었습니다. 레이저 용접 모델과 지배 방정식은 FLOW-3D v.11.2 (2017), Flow Science, Inc.에서 유한 차분 방법과 유한 체적 방법을 사용하여 이산화되고 해결되었습니다. 경계 조건으로 에너지와 압력의 균형은 VOF 방법으로 계산 된 자유 표면에서 고려되었습니다. 레이저 용접 모델과 지배 방정식은 FLOW-3D v.11.2 (2017), Flow Science, Inc.에서 유한 차분 방법과 유한 체적 방법을 사용하여 이산화되고 해결되었습니다. 경계 조건으로 에너지와 압력의 균형은 VOF 방법으로 계산 된 자유 표면에서 고려되었습니다. 레이저 용접 모델과 지배 방정식은 FLOW-3D v.11.2 (2017), Flow Science, Inc.에서 유한 차분 방법과 유한 체적 방법을 사용하여 이산화되고 해결되었습니다.[29] . 계산에는 48GB RAM이 장착 된 Intel® Xeon® 프로세서 E5649로 구성된 워크 스테이션이 사용되었습니다. 계산 시스템을 사용하여 0.2 초 레이저 용접을 시뮬레이션하는 데 약 18 시간이 걸렸습니다. 지배 방정식 (Cho and Woizeschke, 2020 [30] ) 및 레이저 용접 모델 (Cho et al., 2018 [26] )에 대한 자세한 설명은 부록 A 에서 확인할 수 있습니다 .

그림 3 은 용융 풀 변동의 직접 측정에 대한 개략적 설명을 보여줍니다. 용융 풀의 역학을 분석하기 위해 시뮬레이션 중에 용융 풀 표면의 시간적 변동 운동을 측정했습니다. 상단 및 하단 표면 모두에서 10kHz의 샘플링 주파수로 변동을 측정 한 반면, 측정 위치는 X 축의 레이저 빔 위치에서 2mm 떨어진 용접 중심선에있었습니다. 그림 4시간 신호를 분석하는 데 사용되는 푸리에 변환 및 웨이블릿 변환의 개략적 설명을 보여줍니다. 측정 된 시간 신호는 고속 푸리에 변환 (FFT) 방법을 사용하여 주파수 영역으로 변환되었습니다. 결과는 측정 기간 동안 평균화 된 주파수 성분의 크기를 보여줍니다. 웨이블릿 변환 방법은 시간-주파수 영역에서 국부적 인 특성을 찾는 데 사용되었습니다. 결과는 주파수 구성 요소의 크기뿐만 아니라 시간 변화도 보여줍니다.

3 . 결과

이 연구 에서는 표 2에 표시된 12 가지 용접 사례 를 시뮬레이션했습니다. 그림 5 는 3 차원 시뮬레이션 결과를 평면도 와 바닥면으로 보여줍니다. 결과는 용융 된 풀의 거동에 따라 분류 할 수 있습니다 : 단추 구멍 형성 없음 (녹색), 안정 또는 불안정 단추 구멍 있음 (파란색), 불안정한 단추 구멍으로 인한 구멍 결함 (빨간색). 일반적인 열쇠 구멍보다 훨씬 큰 직경을 가진 단추 구멍은 레이저 용접의 특정 진동 조건에서 나타날 수 있습니다 (Vollertsen, 2016 [31]). 진동 주파수가 증가함에 따라 용접 이음 부 코스 및 스케일링 측면에서 시각적 이음새 품질이 향상되었습니다. 고주파에서 스케일링은 무시할 수있을 정도 였고 코스는 균질했습니다. 언더컷 결함의 발생도 감소했습니다. 그러나 관통 결함 부족 (case 7, case 10)이 나타났다. 에어 갭은 단추 구멍 형성에 중요했습니다. 에어 갭 크기가 증가함에 따라 단추 구멍이 더 쉽게 형성되었지만 구멍 결함으로 더 쉽게 남아 있습니다. 안정적인 단추 구멍 형성은 고려 된 공극 조건의 좁은 영역에서만 나타납니다.

그림 6 은 시뮬레이션과 실험에서 융합 영역의 모양을 보여줍니다. 버튼 홀이없는 경우 1, 불안정한 버튼 홀 형성이있는 경우 8, 안정적인 버튼 홀 형성이있는 경우 11의 3 가지 경우에 대해 시뮬레이션 결과와 실험 결과를 비교하여 유사성을 나타냈다. 본 연구에서 고려한 용접 조건의 경우 표면 품질 결과는 Fig. 5 와 같이 큰 차이를 보였으 나 단면 융착 영역 [26] 과 형상은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다.

무화과. 7 과 8 은 각각 100Hz와 250Hz의 진동 주파수에서 시뮬레이션 결과를 기반으로 분석 된 용융 풀 역학과 시뮬레이션 및 실험 결과를 보여줍니다. 이전 연구에서 볼 수 있듯이 레이저 빔의 진동 주파수는 단추 구멍 형성과 밀접한 관련이 있습니다 (Cho et al., 2018 [26] 참조 ). 그림 7 (a) 및 (b)는 각각 시뮬레이션 및 실험을 기반으로 한 진동 주파수 100Hz에서 대표적인 용융 풀 동작을 보여줍니다. 완전히 관통 된 키홀 및 버튼 홀 형성은 관찰되지 않았으며 응고 후 거친 비드 표면이 남았습니다. 그림 7(c)와 (d)는 각각 윗면과 바닥면의 표면 변동에 대한 시뮬레이션 결과를 기반으로 한 용융 풀 역학 분석을 보여줍니다. 샘플링 데이터는 상단 표면이 공작물의 상단 표면 위치에서 평균적으로 변동하는 반면 하단 표면은 공작물의 하단 표면 위치에서 평균적으로 변동하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 표면 변동의 푸리에 변환 및 웨이블릿 변환 결과는 명확한 1 ^차 주파수 (2 x 빔 발진 주파수, 이른바 초핑 주파수, Cho et al., 2018 [26] 참조 ) 및 2 ^차 주파수 (4 x 빔 발진)를 보여줍니다. 주파수) 두 표면의 구성 요소, 그러나 바닥 표면과 ^{첫 번째에} 대한 결과주파수 성분이 더 강합니다. 반면 그림 8 (a)와 (b)에서 보는 바와 같이 250Hz의 진동 주파수에서 시뮬레이션과 실험 결과는 안정된 버튼 홀 형성과 응고 후 매끄러운 비드 표면을 나타냈다. 그림 8 의 샘플링 신호의 진폭은 그림 7 의 진폭 보다 작으며 푸리에 변환 및 웨이블릿 변환의 결과에서 중요한 주파수 성분이 발견되지 않았습니다.

Fig. 9 는 진동 주파수 200Hz에서 시뮬레이션 결과를 바탕으로 분석 된 용융 풀 역학과 시뮬레이션 및 실험 결과를 보여준다. 이 주파수에서 Fig. 9 (a)와 (b) 에서 보는 바와 같이 , 시뮬레이션과 실험 모두에서 불안정한 buttonhole 거동이 관찰되었다. 바닥면에서 샘플링 데이터의 푸리에 변환 및 웨이블릿 변환의 결과 빔 발진 주파수 성분이 발견되었습니다.

4 . 토론

시뮬레이션 및 실험 결과는 비드 표면 품질이 향상되고 빔 진동 주파수가 증가함에 따라 버튼 홀이 형성되는 것으로 나타났습니다. 표면의 변동 데이터에 대한 푸리에 변환 및 웨이블릿 변환의 결과에 따라 다음과 같은 주요 주파수 구성 요소가 발견되었습니다. 1 ^차 및 2 ^차버튼 홀 형성이없는 주파수, 불안정한 용융 풀 거동이있는 빔 진동 주파수, 안정적인 버튼 홀 형성이있는 중요한 주파수 성분이 없습니다. 이들 중 불안정한 용융 풀 동작과 관련된 빔 진동 주파수 성분은 완전히 관통 된 키홀과 반복적으로 생성 및 붕괴되는 불안정한 버튼 홀의 특성으로 인해 웨이블릿 변환 결과에서 명확한 실선 형태로 나타나지 않았습니다. 분석 결과는 윗면보다 바닥면에서 더 분명했습니다. 이는 필러 와이어 공급 및 키홀 링 공정에서 강한 하향 흐름으로 인해 용융 풀 역학이 바닥 표면 영역에서 더 강했기 때문입니다. 진동 주파수가 증가함에 따라 용융 풀 역학과 상단 표면과 하단 표면 간의 차이가 감소했습니다.

첫 ^번째 주파수 (2 x 빔 진동 주파수)는이 연구에서 관찰 된 가장 분명한 구성 요소였습니다. Schultz et al. (2018)은 또한 실험을 통해 동일한 성분을 발견했습니다 [32] , 용융 풀 표면 운동에 대한 푸리에 분석을 수행했습니다. 첫 ^번째 주파수 성분은 빔 발진주기 당 두 개의 주요 이벤트가 있음을 의미합니다. 이것은 레이저 빔이 빔 진동주기 당 두 번 와이어를 절단하거나 절단하는 프로세스와 일치합니다. 용융 된 와이어 팁은 낮은 진동 주파수에서 고르지 않고 날카로운 모서리를 갖는 것으로 나타났습니다 (Cho et al., 2018 [26] ). 이것은 ^{첫 번째} 원인이 될 수 있습니다.용융 된 풀에서 지배적이되는 주파수 성분. 진동 주파수가 증가하면 용융 된 와이어 팁이 더 균일 해 지므로 효과가 감소합니다. 용접 방향으로의 정현파 횡 방향 빔 진동을 통한 에너지 집중도 빔 진동주기 당 두 번 발생합니다. 그림 10 은 발진 주파수에 따른 레이저 빔의 라인 에너지 (단위 길이 당 에너지)의 변화를 보여줍니다. 그림 10 b) 의 라인 에너지 는 레이저 출력을 공정 속도로 나누어 계산했습니다. 여기서 처리 속도는(w이자형엘디나는엔지에스피이자형이자형디)2+(디(에스나는엔유에스영형나는디ㅏ엘wㅏV이자형나는엔에프나는지.10ㅏ))디티)2. 낮은 발진 주파수에서 라인 에너지는 발진 폭의 양쪽 끝에 과도하게 집중됩니다. 이러한 집중된 에너지는 과도한 키홀 링 프로세스를 초래하므로 언더컷 결함이 나타날 수있는 높은 흐름 역학이 발생합니다. 진동 주파수가 증가함에 따라 집중 에너지는 더 작은 조각으로 나뉩니다. 따라서 높은 진동 주파수에서 과도한 키홀 링 및 수반되는 언더컷 결함의 발생이 감소되었습니다. 위에서 언급 한 두 가지 현상 (불균일 한 와이어 팁과 집중된 라인 에너지)은 빔 발진주기 당 두 번 발생하며 발진 주파수가 증가하면 그 효과가 감소합니다. 따라서 저주파 에서 2 ^차 주파수 성분 (4 x 빔 발진 주파수)이 나타나는 것은이 두 현상의 동시 작용입니다.

두 가지 현상 중 ^{첫 번째} 주파수 에 대한 주된 효과 는 집중된 라인 에너지입니다. Cho et al. (2018)은 전력 흡수 데이터를 푸리에 변환을 사용하여 분석했을 때 1 ^차 주파수 성분이 더 우세 해졌고, 2 ^차 주파수 성분은 발진 주파수가 증가함에 따라 상대적으로 약화 되었음을 보여주었습니다 [26] . 용융 된 와이어 팁은 또한 빈도가 증가함에 따라 더욱 균일 해졌습니다. 결과는 진동 주파수의 증가가 용융 풀에 대한 와이어의 영향을 제거하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 따라서 발진 주파수가 증가함에 따라 라인 에너지 집중의 영향 만 남을 수 있습니다. 그림 10 과 같이, 집중 선 에너지가 작은 조각으로 분할되기 때문에 효과도 감소하지만 최대 값이 변경되지 않았기 때문에 여전히 효과적입니다.

빔 진동 주파수 성분은 불안정한 단추 구멍 및 열쇠 구멍 붕괴를 수반하는 불안정한 용융 풀 동작과 관련이 있습니다. 언더컷 결함이있는 케이스 8 (발진 주파수 200Hz)에서 발진 주파수 성분이 관찰되었습니다. 이것은 특히 완전히 관통 된 열쇠 구멍과 불안정한 단추 구멍에서 불안정한 용융 풀 동작을 보여주었습니다. 경우 10 (진동 주파수 250Hz)의 경우 상대적으로 건강한 비드가 형성 되었으나, 도 11 (a) 와 같이 웨이블릿 변환 결과에서 t1의 시간 간격으로 진동 주파수 성분이 관찰되었다 . 이 시간 간격 t1의 용융 풀 거동은 그림 11에 나와 있습니다.(비). 완전히 관통 된 열쇠 구멍이 즉시 무너지는 것이 분명하게 관찰되었습니다. 이것은 진동 주파수 성분이 불안정한 용융 풀 거동과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 보여줍니다. 발견 된 주파수 성분으로부터 완전히 관통 된 열쇠 구멍과 같은 불안정한 용융 풀 거동을 예측할 수 있습니다. 완전히 관통 된 키홀이 반복적으로 붕괴되기 때문에 빔 진동 주파수 성분은 그림 9 (d) 와 같이 웨이블릿 변환 결과에서 명확한 실선 형태로 보이지 않습니다 .

Cho and Woizeschke (2020)에 따르면 단추 구멍 형성은 자체 지속 가능한 카테 노이드처럼 작용하기 때문에 용융 풀 역학을 감소시킬 수 있습니다 [30] . 그림 12 는 버튼 홀 형성 측면에서 t2의 시간 간격에서 용융 풀 거동의 변화를 보여줍니다. 단추 구멍은 t2의 간헐적 인 부분에만 형성되었습니다. ^1st 이후이 시간 동안 웨이블릿 변환의 결과로 주파수 성분이 사라졌고, 버튼 홀 형성은 용융 풀 역학을 줄이는 데 효과적이었습니다. 따라서, 웨이블릿 변환의 결과로 주파수 성분이 지워지는 것을 관찰함으로써 버튼 홀 형성을 예측할 수있다. 이와 관련하여 웨이블릿 변환 기술은 시간에 따른 용융 풀 변화를 나타낼 수 있습니다. 이 기술은 향후 용융 풀 동작을 모니터링하는 데 사용될 수 있습니다.

5 . 결론

CFD 시뮬레이션 결과를 사용하여 빔 진동 및 필러 와이어 공급을 통한 레이저 용접에서 용융 풀 역학을 분석 할 수있었습니다. 용융 풀 표면의 변동 데이터의 푸리에 변환 및 웨이블릿 변환은 여기서 용융 풀 역학을 분석하는 데 사용되었습니다. 결과는 다음과 같은 결론으로 이어집니다.1.

1 ^차 주파수 (2 x 빔 발진 주파수, 이른바 초핑 주파수), 2 ^차 주파수 (4 x 빔 발진 주파수) 및 빔 발진 주파수 성분은 푸리에 변환 및 웨이블릿 변환 분석에서 발견 된 주요 성분이었습니다.2.

1 ^차 주파수와 2 ^차 주파수 성분 의 출현은 두 가지 사건, 즉 레이저 빔에 의한 필러 와이어의 절단 공정과 집중된 레이저 라인 에너지의 효과의 결과였습니다. 이는 빔 진동주기 당 두 번 발생했습니다. 따라서 두 ^번째 주파수 성분은 동시 작용으로 인해 발생했습니다. 빔 진동 주파수 성분은 불안정한 용융 풀 동작과 관련이 있습니다. 구성 요소는 열쇠 구멍과 단추 구멍의 붕괴와 함께 나타났습니다.삼.

낮은 발진 주파수에서는 1 ^차 주파수와 2 ^차 주파수 성분이 함께 나타 났지만 발진 주파수가 증가함에 따라 그 크기가 함께 감소했습니다. 집중 선 에너지는 주파수가 증가함에 따라 최대 값이 변하지 않는 반면, 잘게 잘린 선단이 평평 해져 그 효과가 사라졌기 때문에 쵸핑 프로세스보다 더 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다.4.

용융 풀 거동의 빠른 시간적 변화는 웨이블릿 변환 방법을 사용하여 분석되었습니다. 따라서이 방법은 열쇠 구멍 및 단추 구멍의 형성 및 붕괴와 같은 일시적인 용융 풀 변화를 해석하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

CRediT 저자 기여 성명

조원익 : 개념화, 방법론, 소프트웨어, 검증, 형식 분석, 조사, 데이터 큐 레이션, 글쓰기-원고, 글쓰기-검토 및 편집. Peer Woizeschke : 감독, 프로젝트 관리, 작문-검토 및 편집.

경쟁 관심의 선언

저자는이 논문에보고 된 작업에 영향을 미칠 수있는 경쟁적인 재정적 이해 관계 나 개인적 관계가 없다고 선언합니다.

감사의 말

이 작업은 알루미늄 합금 용접 역량 센터 (Centr-Al)에서 수행되었습니다. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, 프로젝트 번호 290705638 , “용접 풀 캐비티를 생성하여 레이저 깊은 용입 용접에서 매끄러운 이음매 표면”) 의 자금은 감사하게도 인정됩니다.

부록 A . 사용 된 지배 방정식 및 레이저 용접 모델

1 . 지배 방정식 (Cho 및 Woizeschke [ 30 ])

-대량 보존 방정식,(A1)∇·V→=미디엄˙에스ρ어디, V→속도 벡터입니다. ρ밀도이고 미디엄˙에스필러 와이어를 공급하여 질량 소스의 비율입니다. 단위미디엄에스단위 부피당 질량입니다. WFS (와이어 공급 속도) 및 필러 와이어의 직경과 같은 매스 소스 및 필러 와이어 조건,디w계산 영역에서 다음과 같은 관계가 있습니다.(A2)미디엄=∫미디엄에스디V=미디엄0+씨×ρ×W에프에스×π디w24×티어디, 미디엄총 질량, 미디엄0초기 총 질량, V볼륨입니다.씨단위 변환 계수입니다. 티시간입니다.

-운동량 보존 방정식,(A3)∂V→∂티+V→·∇V→=−1ρ∇피+ν∇2V→−케이V→+미디엄˙에스ρ(V에스→−V→)+지어디, 피압력입니다. ν동적 점도입니다. 케이뭉툭한 영역의 다공성 매체 모델에 대한 항력 계수, V에스→질량 소스에 대한 속도 벡터입니다. 지신체 힘으로 인한 신체 가속도입니다.

-에너지 절약 방정식,(A4)∂h∂티+V→·∇h=1ρ∇·(케이∇티)+h˙에스어디, h특정 엔탈피입니다. 케이열전도율, 티온도이고 h˙에스특정 엔탈피 소스로, Eq 의 질량 소스와 연관됩니다 . (A1) . 계산 영역의 총 에너지,이자형다음과 같이 계산됩니다.(A5)이자형=∫미디엄에스h에스디V=∫미디엄에스씨Vw티w디V어디, 씨Vw질량 원의 비열, 티w질량 소스의 온도입니다.

또한, 엔탈피 기반 연속체 모델을 사용하여 고체-액체 상 전이를 고려했습니다.

-VOF 방정식,(A6)∂에프∂티+∇·(V→에프)=에프˙에스어디, 에프유체가 차지하는 부피 분율이며 0과 1 사이의 값을 가지며 에프˙에스질량의 소스와 연결된 유체의 체적 분율의 비율 식. (A1) . 질량 공급원에 해당하는 부피 분율은 다음에 할당됩니다.에프에스.

-스칼라 보존 방정식,(A7)∂Φ∂티+∇·(V→Φ)=Φ˙에스어디, Φ필러 와이어의 스칼라 값입니다. 셀의 유체가 전적으로 필러 와이어로 구성된 경우Φ1이고 유체에 대한 필러 와이어의 부피 분율에 따라 0과 1 사이에서 변경됩니다. Φ˙에스Eq 에서 질량 소스에 연결된 스칼라 소스의 비율입니다 . (A1) . 스칼라 소스는 전적으로 필러 와이어이기 때문에 1에 할당됩니다. 확산 효과는 고려되지 않았습니다.

2 . 레이저 용접 모델 (Cho et al. [26] )

흡수율을 계산하기 위해 프레 넬 반사 모델을 사용했습니다. ㅏ=1−ρ씨재료의 표면 상에 도시 된 바와 같이 수학 식. (A8) 원 편광 빔의 경우.(A8)ㅏ=1−ρ씨=1−12(ρ에스+ρ피)어디,ρ에스=(엔1씨영형에스θ−피)2+큐2(엔1씨영형에스θ+피)2+큐2,ρ에스=(피−엔1에스나는엔θ티ㅏ엔θ)2+큐2(피+엔1에스나는엔θ티ㅏ엔θ)2+큐2,피2=12{[엔22−케이22−(엔1에스나는엔θ)2]2+2엔22케이22+[엔22−케이22−(엔1에스나는엔θ)2]},큐2=12{[엔22−케이22−(엔1에스나는엔θ)2]2+2엔22케이22−[엔22−케이22−(엔1에스나는엔θ)2]}.어디, 복잡한 인덱스 엔1과 케이1반사 지수와 공기의 흡수 지수이며 엔2과 케이2공작물을위한 것입니다. θ입사각입니다. 도시 된 바와 같이 수학 식. (A9)에서 , 혼합물의 흡수율은 식에서 얻은 모재 및 필러 와이어 분획의 가중 평균이됩니다 . (A7) .(A9)ㅏ미디엄나는엑스티유아르 자형이자형=Φㅏw나는아르 자형이자형+(1−Φ)ㅏ비ㅏ에스이자형어디, ㅏ비ㅏ에스이자형과 ㅏw나는아르 자형이자형각각 비금속과 필러 와이어의 흡수율입니다.

자유 표면 경계에서의 반동 압력 에이 싱은 Eq. (A10) .(A10)피아르 자형(티)≅0.54피에스ㅏ티(티)=0.54피0이자형엑스피(엘V티−티비아르 자형¯티티비)어디, 피에스ㅏ티포화 압력, 피0대기압입니다. 엘V기화의 잠열, 티비끓는 온도이고 아르 자형¯보편적 인 기체 상수입니다.

참고 문헌

D.J. Kotecki, D.L. Cheever, D.G. Howden
Mechanism of ripple formation during weld solidification
Weld. J., 51 (8) (1972), pp. 386s-391s
Google Scholar
[2]
M. Zacksenhouse, D.E. Hardt
Weld pool impedance identification for size measurement and control
J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control, 105 (3) (1983), pp. 179-184
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[3]
V.V. Semak, J.A. Hopkins, M.H. McCay, T.D. McCay
Melt pool dynamics during laser welding
J. Phys. D, 28 (1995), pp. 2443-2450
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[4]
A.J.R. Aendenroomer, G. den Ouden
Weld pool oscillation as a tool for penetration sensing during pulsed GTA welding
Weld. J., 77 (5) (1998), pp. 181s-187s
Google Scholar
[5]
M.J.M. Hermans, G. den Ouden
Process behavior and stability in short circuit gas metal arc welding
Weld. J., 78 (4) (1999), pp. 137-141
View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[6]
B.Y.B. Yudodibroto, M.J.M. Hermans, Y. Hirata, G. den Ouden
Influence of filler wire addition on weld pool oscillation during gas tungsten arc welding
Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 9 (2) (2004), pp. 163-168
View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[7]
M. Geiger, K.-H. Leitz, H. Koch, A. Otto
A 3D transient model of keyhole and melt pool dynamics in laser beam welding applied to the joining of zinc coated sheets
Prod. Eng. Res. Dev., 3 (2009), pp. 127-136
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[8]
C. Kägeler, M. Schmidt
Frequency-based analysis of weld pool dynamics and keyhole oscillations at laser beam welding of galvanized steel sheets
Phys. Procedia, 5 (2010), pp. 447-453
ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[9]
Y. Shi, G. Zhang, X.J. Ma, Y.F. Gu, J.K. Huang, D. Fan
Laser-vision-based measurement and analysis of weld pool oscillation frequency in GTAW-P
Weld. J., 94 (2015), pp. 176s-187s
Google Scholar
[10]
J. Volpp, F. Vollertsen
Keyhole stability during laser welding—part I: modelling and evaluation
Prod. Eng.-Res. Dev., 10 (2016), pp. 443-457
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[11]
N. Postacioglu, P. Kapadia, J. Dowden
Capillary waves on the weld pool in penetration welding with a laser
J. Phys. D, 22 (1989), pp. 1050-1061
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[12]
N. Postacioglu, P. Kapadia, J. Dowden
Theory of the oscillations of an ellipsoidal weld pool in laser welding
J. Phys. D, 24 (1991), pp. 1288-1292
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[13]
J. Kroos, U. Gratzke, M. Vicanek, G. Simon
Dynamic behaviour of the keyhole in laser welding
J. Phys. D, 26 (1993), pp. 481-486
View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[14]
H. Maruo, Y. Hirata
Natural frequency and oscillation modes of weld pools. 1st Report: weld pool oscillation in full penetration welding of thin plate
Weld. Int., 7 (8) (1993), pp. 614-619
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[15]
T. Klein, M. Vicanek, J. Kroos, I. Decker, G. Simon
Oscillations of the keyhole in penetration laser beam welding
J. Phys. D, 27 (1994), pp. 2023-2030
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[16]
T. Klein, M. Vicanek, G. Simon
Forced oscillations of the keyhole in penetration laser beam welding
J. Phys. D, 29 (1996), pp. 322-332
View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[17]
K. Andersen, G.E. Cook, R.J. Barnett, A.M. Strauss
Synchronous weld pool oscillation for monitoring and control
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 33 (2) (1997), pp. 464-471
View Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[18]
W.-I. Cho, S.-J. Na, M.-H. Cho, J.-S. Lee
Numerical study of alloying element distribution in CO2 laser-GMA hybrid welding
Comput. Mater. Sci., 49 (2010), pp. 792-800
ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[19]
W.-I. Cho, S.-J. Na, C. Thomy, F. Vollertsen
Numerical simulation of molten pool dynamics in high power disk laser welding
J. Mater. Process. Technol., 212 (2012), pp. 262-275
ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[20]
A. Otto, A. Patschger, M. Seiler
Numerical and experimental investigations of humping phenomena in laser micro welding
Phys. Procedia, 83 (2016), pp. 1415-1423
ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[21]
R. Lin, H.-P. Wang, F. Lu, J. Solomon, B.E. Carlson
Numerical study of keyhole dynamics and keyhole-induced porosity formation in remote laser welding of Al alloys
Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 108 (2017), pp. 244-256
ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[22]
S.H. Ko, C.D. Yoo, D.F. Farson, S.K. Choi
Mathematical modeling of the dynamic behavior of gas tungsten arc weld pools
Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 31B (2000), pp. 1465-1473
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[23]
R. Hu, X. Chen, G. Yang, S. Gong, S. Pang
Metal transfer in wire feeding-based electron beam 3D printing: modes, dynamics, and transition criterion
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 126 (2018), pp. 877-887
ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[24]
X. Meng, A. Artinov, M. Bachmann, M. Rethmeier
Theoretical study of influence of electromagnetic stirring on transport phenomena in wire feed laser beam welding
J. Laser Appl., 32 (2020), Article 022026
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[25]
W.-I. Cho, V. Schultz, F. Vollertsen
Simulation of the buttonhole formation during laser welding with wire feeding and beam oscillation
L. Overmeyer, U. Reisgen, A. Ostendorf, M. Schmidt (Eds.), Proceedings of the Lasers in Manufacturing, German Scientific Laser Society, Munich, Germany (2017)
Google Scholar
[26]
W.-I. Cho, V. Schultz, P. Woizeschke
Numerical study of the effect of the oscillation frequency in buttonhole welding
J. Mater. Process. Technol., 261 (2018), pp. 202-212
ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[27]
V. Schultz, T. Seefeld, F. Vollertsen
Bridging Large Air Gaps by Laser Welding with Beam Oscillation
International Conference on Application of Lasers in Manufacturing, New Delhi, India (2015), pp. 31-32
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[28]
W.-I. Cho, S.-J. Na
Impact of wavelengths of CO2, disk, and green lasers on fusion zone shape in laser welding of steel
J. Weld. Join., 38 (3) (2020), pp. 235-240
CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[29]
FLOW-3D User Manual. 2017. Version 11.2.1.06, Flow Science Inc.
Google Scholar
[30]
W.-I. Cho, P. Woizeschke
Analysis of molten pool behavior with buttonhole formation in laser keyhole welding of sheet metal
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 152 (2020), Article 119528
ArticleDownload PDFView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
[31]
F. Vollertsen
Loopless production: definition and examples from joining
69th IIW Annual Assembly and International Conference, Melbourne, Australia (2016)
Google Scholar
[32]
V. Schultz, W.-I. Cho, A. Merkel, P. Woizeschke
Deep penetration laser welding with high seam surface quality due to buttonhole welding
Proc. of the IIW Annual Assembly, Com. IV, Bali, Indonesia (2018)
IIW-Doc. IV-1390-18

Full Text PDF View

Figure 3. Flow velocity on seawall in A2-3 modeling.

Modeling of the Changes in Flow Velocity on Seawalls under Different Conditions Using FLOW-3D Software

Open Journal of Marine Science
Vol.06 No.02(2016), Article ID:65874,6 pages
10.4236/ojms.2016.62026

FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 다양한 조건에서 Seawalls의 흐름 속도 변경 모델링

Maryam Deilami-Tarifi¹, Mehdi Behdarvandi-Askar^2*, Vahid Chegini³, Sadegh Haghighi-Pour⁴
¹Department of Coastal Engineering, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran

²Department of Marine Structures, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
³Iran National Center for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, Tehran, Iran
⁴Department of Civil Engineering, Excellence in Education Center of Jihad University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ABSTRACT

방파벽은 파도힘의 수준을 감소시키고 다른 구조물로부터 보호하기 위해 건설되는 보호 구조물 중 하나입니다. 이와 관련하여 이러한 구조에 대한 보다 정확한 조사는 다른 관점에서 매우 중요합니다. 이 연구는 다른 레이아웃과 경사면에서 장애물을 고려하여 방파제 크라운의 속도 변화를 조사합니다. FLOW-3D는 모델링을 위한 이 연구에서 사용되었습니다. 모델링의 결과는 장애물의 존재가 방파벽의 크라운의 유량을 줄이는 결정적인 역할을 한다는 것을 보여줍니다. 또한, 예상대로, 상류 방파의 경사계는 벽의 가장 낮은 속도가 D-상태 레이아웃과 45°의 경사에서 발생하므로 이 속도를 줄이는 데 매우 결정적입니다.

Keywords: 플로우 속도, 방파제 크라운, 모델링, Flow Velocity, Seawall Crown, Modeling, FLOW-3D

1. 소개

방파벽은 파도의 속도를 감소시키고 다른 구조물을 보호하기 위해 건설되는 보호 구조물 중 하나입니다. 등대는 일반적으로 방파벽에 의해 보호되는 구조 중 하나입니다. 따라서, 방파성상에 통과하는 물의 부피의 중요성 외에도, 이 구조물에 대한 크라운의 통과-흐름의 속도는 이러한 벽 뒤에 있는 구조물에 추진력과 충동을 만드는 속도 요인의 중요성 때문에 매우 중요하다. 기본적으로 업스트림 경사면에서 장애물을 생성하고 업스트림 경사의 속도는 이 속도의 양을 줄이는 데 매우 효과적일 수 있습니다. 그러나 특정 경사면에서 최적의 장애물 레이아웃에 도달하기 위해 모델링하여 이 문제를 정확하게 조사해야 합니다. 본 연구에서는, FLOW-3D의 3차원 모델이 언급된 문제점을 조사하는 데 사용된다 [1].

2. 연구 역사

여러 연구는 파도가 해양 구조물을 덮어 넘나는 데 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 이러한 방법은 지속적으로 바다 파도로부터 해안을 보호하기 위해 구조물의 오버 토핑을 정확하게 예측했다. 2002년까지 거의 6,500건의 시험이 실시되었습니다. 일반 파도의 물리적 모델도 미국에서 수행되었습니다 [2] . 무작위 파도의 가장 완벽한 세트는 오웬에 의해 완료되었다 (1980). 오웬은 오버 토핑과 바다 벽의 높이와 오버 토핑의 정도 사이의 관계를 연구하기 위해 물리적 모델 테스트의 번호를 수행 [3] . 그는 오버 토핑의 정도는 파도 높이 및 파도 기간과 같은 환경 조건뿐만 아니라 구조 재료의 기하학 및 유형에 따라 달라지며 있음을 보여주었습니다. 이러한 요인의 조합을 조사해야 합니다. 폰 마이어와 듀발 (1992) 연구의 또 다른 시리즈를 수행 [4] .

3. 재료 및 방법

이 연구에서는 68개의 다양한 형상이 모델링용 소프트웨어에 제공되며 다음 표 1에간단히 소개됩니다. 이 68 개의 다른 기하학에는 4 개의 다른 슬로프, 4 개의 다른 레이아웃 및 4 개의 다른 장애물 높이및 장애물이없는 4 개의 상태및 다른 경사에서만 포함 [5] . 그런 다음, 이러한 서로 다른 형상 및 상태는 FLOW-3D 3차원 모델을 사용하여 동일한 조건에서 평가 및 분석됩니다.

표 1. 변수지정.

4. 숫자 모델

FLOW-3D 소프트웨어는 3차원 유동 필드 분석을 통해 유체 역학 분야에서 강력한 유압 시뮬레이터 응용 프로그램입니다. 모델에서 지배하는 방정식은 다른 유사한 모델과 마찬가지로 Navier-Stokes 방정식과 질량 방정식의 보존[6]입니다.

이 응용 프로그램의 채널을 모델링하려면 일반 조건(모든 시스템의 시뮬레이션 포함), 물리적 조건, 형상 및 모델 해결 네트워크, 출력 및 관련 옵션을 조정해야 합니다. 온도도는 시스템 단위, SI 및 온도에 대해 선택되었습니다.

물리적 인 측면에서, 소프트웨어는 현상을 지배하는 물리학의 원칙에 따라 관련 조건을 선택할 수 있습니다. 이 연구를 지배하는 물리적 조건은 중력과 점도와 난기류입니다. 이 소프트웨어의 난기류는 5 가지 모델에 의해 자극되고이 연구에 사용되는 모델은 재정상화 그룹 (RNG)이었습니다. 난기류의 이 모델에서, K-모델에서 실험적으로 계산된 상수값은 암시적으로 파생된다[7].

그 후 유체를 정의해야 합니다. 이 연구의 선택된 유체는 섭씨 20도물[ 8]이다.

다음 단계는 형상을 정의하고 시뮬레이션에서 중요한 네트워크를 해결하는 것입니다 [9]. FLOW3D를 사용하면 소프트웨어에서 사용할 수 있는 도구로 많은 유체 현상을 묘사할 수 있습니다. 채널 형상을 정의하면 네트워크를 해결해야 합니다. 소프트웨어의 정의된 해결 네트워크는 네트워크 크기, 셀 수 및 X, Y 및 Z 및 경계 조건의 세 가지 좌표에서 해당 치수를 포함한 일반(입방) 해결 네트워크의 형태입니다. 네트워크 셀 치수의 크기가 작을수록 시뮬레이션을 위한 프로그램의 기능과 정밀도가 높을수록[10]이됩니다.

5. 결과

다른 그림에서 관찰할 수 있으므로 다이어그램은 두 가지 유형으로, 먼저 그림 1-4를 포함하는 소프트웨어의 직접 출력과 다른 숫자 5-7을 변경 프로세스의 다이어그램으로 포함합니다. 그러나 그림 1-4에서는 경사면 중 하나에서 출력이 소프트웨어 출력에서 직접 가져온다는 점을 언급해야 합니다.

언급된 수치와 관련하여, 이러한 속도는 장애물없이 상태의 상류 경사면에서 최대인 반면 방파제의 상류 경사면에서 가장 높은 속도 비율이 발생한다는 것을 이해할 수 있다. 흥미로운 점은 가장 낮은 속도는 일반적으로 방파제 크라운에 존재한다는 것입니다.

그림 5-8에서 볼 수 있듯이, 상류 방파제의 모든 다른 경사 상태에서, 가장 높은 유량 속도는 10cm 높이와 가장 낮은 속도의 장애물과 관련이 있으며 50cm 높이의 장애물과 관련이 있다. 그 이유는 장애물과의 충돌로 인해 잠재적 에너지로 변환되는 유동 운동 에너지의 가치가 장애물의 높이를 증가시켜 증가하기 때문입니다. 따라서, 높이가

그림 1. A1 모델링의 방파제의 흐름 속도.

그림 2. A2-1 모델링의 방파제의 흐름 속도.

Figure 3. Flow velocity on seawall in A2-3 modeling.

그림 4. A3-1 모델링의 방파제의 흐름 속도.

그림 5. 방파제 유형 A(61° 경사)의 흐름 속도 의 변화.

그림 6. 방파제 형 B (56 ° 경사)의 흐름 속도의 변화.

그림 7. 방파제 유형 C(51° 경사)의 흐름 속도 의 변화.

그림 8. 방파제 유형 D(45° 경사)의 흐름 속도 변경입니다.

해당 유동 운동 에너지는 각 장애물에 대한 흐름의 충돌에서 잠재적 에너지의 해당 높이로 변환되며, 흐름 속도가 잠시 0이 되고 장애물을 건너면 속도가 증가한다. 장애물의 높이가 낮은 것이든, 순간적인 제로 속도 상태가 줄어들고 흐름은 더 높은 속도와 함께 계속 움직입니다.

6. 결론

Also, as it can be observed, the highest difference of velocity in all the figures is between the obstacles with 10
cm height and the obstacles with 50 cm height. Also, this amount of difference in velocity for difference between the obstacles with 10 cm and 20 cm heights is higher than that of the differences in the obstacles with 20
cm and 30 cm heights which can be related to the special conditions in flow hydraulic in that range of height.

또한, 관찰할 수 있으므로 모든 수치에서 속도의 가장 높은 차이는 높이 가 10cm의 장애물과 높이가 50cm인 장애물 사이에 있습니다. 또한, 10cm와 20cm 높이의 장애물 사이의 차이에 대한 속도차이는 20cm 및 30cm 높이의 장애물의 차이보다 높으며, 이는 그 높이 범위에서 유압의 특별한 조건과 관련이 있을 수 있다.

이 논문 인용

메리암 데일라미-타리피, 메디 베다르반디-아스카르, 바히드 체기니, 사데 그 하그하이-부어(2016) FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 다양한 조건하에서 해벽에 흐르는 속도의 변화를 모델링한다. 해양 과학의 오픈 저널,06,317-322. doi: 10.4236/ojms.2016.62026

참조

1. Owen, M.W. (1980) Design of Seawalls Allowing for Wave Overtopping. Rep. EX924, Hydraulics Research Wallingford, England. [Citation Time(s):1]
2. van der Meer, J.W. and Janssen, J.P.F.M. (1995) Wave Run-Up and Wave Overtopping at Dikes. In: Kobayashi, N. and Demirbilek, Z., Eds., Wave Forces on Inclined and Vertical Wall Structures, ASCE, New York. [Citation Time(s):1]
3. CIRIA/CUR (1995) Manual on the Use of Rock in Hydraulic Engineering. CUR/RWS Report 169, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. [Citation Time(s):1]
4. Pullen, T., Allsop, N.W.H., Bruce, T., Kortenhaus, A., Schuttrumpf, H. and van der Meer, J.W. (2007) EurOtop— Wave Overtopping of Seadefences and Related Structures Assessment Manual.
http://www.overtopping-manual.com/manual.html? [Citation Time(s):1]
5. De Wall, J.P. and Van der Meer, J.W. (1992) Wave Run-Up and Overtopping at Coastal Structures. ASCE, Proceeding of 23rd ICCE, Venice, 1758-1771. [Citation Time(s):1]
6. De Gerloni, M., Franco, L. and Passoni, G. (1991) The Safety of Breakwaters against Wave Overtopping. Proceedings of ICE Conference on Breakwaters and Coastal Structures, Thomas Telford, London. [Citation Time(s):1]
7. Fenton, J.D. (1988) The Numerical Solution of Steady Water Wave Problems. Computers & Geosciences, 14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(88)90066-0 [Citation Time(s):1]
8. Owen, M.W. (1982) Design of Seawalls Allowing for Wave Overtopping. Rep. EX924, Hydraulics Research Wallingford, England. [Citation Time(s):1]
9. Allsop, W., Bruce, T., Pearson, J. and Besley, P. (2006) Wave Overtopping at Vertical and Steep Seawall. [Citation Time(s):1]
10. TAW (1974) Technical Advisory Committee on Protection against Inundation, Wave Run-Up and Overtopping. Government Publishing Office, The Hague. [Citation Time(s):1]

Full Text PDF View

Dam-Break Flows: Comparison between Flow-3D, MIKE 3 FM, and Analytical Solutions with Experimental Data

by Hui Hu,Jianfeng Zhang andTao Li^*
State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, School of Water Resources and Hydropower, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
^*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci.2018, 8(12), 2456; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122456Received: 14 October 2018 /
Revised: 20 November 2018 / Accepted: 29 November 2018 / Published: 2 December 2018

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of a flow model with different numbers of spatial dimensions in a hydraulic features solution, with parameters such a free surface profile, water depth variations, and averaged velocity evolution in a dam-break under dry and wet bed conditions with different tailwater depths. Two similar three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic models (Flow-3D and MIKE 3 FM) were studied in a dam-break simulation by performing a comparison with published experimental data and the one-dimensional (1D) analytical solution. The results indicate that the Flow-3D model better captures the free surface profile of wavefronts for dry and wet beds than other methods. The MIKE 3 FM model also replicated the free surface profiles well, but it underestimated them during the initial stage under wet-bed conditions. However, it provided a better approach to the measurements over time. Measured and simulated water depth variations and velocity variations demonstrate that both of the 3D models predict the dam-break flow with a reasonable estimation and a root mean square error (RMSE) lower than 0.04, while the MIKE 3 FM had a small memory footprint and the computational time of this model was 24 times faster than that of the Flow-3D. Therefore, the MIKE 3 FM model is recommended for computations involving real-life dam-break problems in large domains, leaving the Flow-3D model for fine calculations in which knowledge of the 3D flow structure is required. The 1D analytical solution was only effective for the dam-break wave propagations along the initially dry bed, and its applicability was fairly limited.

Keywords: dam break; Flow-3D; MIKE 3 FM; 1D Ritter’s analytical solution

이 연구의 목적은 자유 표면 프로파일, 수심 변화 및 건식 및 댐 파괴에서 평균 속도 변화와 같은 매개 변수를 사용하여 유압 기능 솔루션에서 서로 다른 수의 공간 치수를 가진 유동 모델의 적용 가능성을 평가하는 것이었습니다.

테일 워터 깊이가 다른 습식베드 조건. 2 개의 유사한 3 차원 (3D) 유체 역학 모델 (Flow-3D 및 MIKE 3 FM)이 게시된 실험 데이터와 1 차원 (1D) 분석 솔루션과의 비교를 수행하여 댐 브레이크 시뮬레이션에서 연구되었습니다.

결과는 FLOW-3D 모델이 다른 방법보다 건식 및 습식 베드에 대한 파면의 자유 표면 프로파일을 더 잘 포착함을 나타냅니다. MIKE 3 FM 모델도 자유 표면 프로파일을 잘 복제했지만, 습식 조건에서 초기 단계에서 과소 평가했습니다. 그러나 시간이 지남에 따라 측정에 더 나은 접근 방식을 제공했습니다.

측정 및 시뮬레이션 된 수심 변화와 속도 변화는 두 3D 모델 모두 합리적인 추정치와 0.04보다 낮은 RMSE (root mean square error)로 댐 브레이크 흐름을 예측하는 반면 MIKE 3 FM은 메모리 공간이 적고 이 모델의 계산 시간은 Flow-3D보다 24 배 더 빠릅니다.

따라서 MIKE 3 FM 모델은 대규모 도메인의 실제 댐 브레이크 문제와 관련된 계산에 권장되며 3D 흐름 구조에 대한 지식이 필요한 미세 계산을 위해 Flow-3D 모델을 남겨 둡니다. 1D 분석 솔루션은 초기 건조 층을 따라 전파되는 댐 파괴에만 효과적이었으며 그 적용 가능성은 상당히 제한적이었습니다.

1. Introduction

저수지에 저장된 물의 통제되지 않은 방류[1]로 인해 댐 붕괴와 그로 인해 하류에서 발생할 수 있는 잠재적 홍수로 인해 큰 자연 위험이 발생한다. 이러한 영향을 최대한 완화하기 위해서는 홍수[2]로 인한 위험을 관리하고 감소시키기 위해 홍수의 시간적 및 공간적 진화를 모두 포착하여 댐 붕괴 파동의 움직임을 예측하고 댐 붕괴 파동의 전파 과정 효과를 다운스트림[3]으로 예측하는 것이 중요하다.

그러나 이러한 수량을 예측하는 것은 어려운 일이며, 댐 붕괴 홍수의 움직임을 정확하게 시뮬레이션하고 유동장에 대한 유용한 정보를 제공하기 위한 적절한 모델을 선택하는 것은 그러므로 필수적인 단계[4]이다.

적절한 수학적 및 수치적 모델의 선택은 댐 붕괴 홍수 분석에서 매우 중요한 것으로 나타났다.분석적 해결책에서 행해진 댐 붕괴 흐름에 대한 연구는 100여 년 전에 시작되었다.

리터[5]는 먼저 건조한 침대 위에 1D de 생베넌트 방정식의 초기 분석 솔루션을 도출했고, 드레슬러[6,7]와 휘담[8]은 마찰저항의 영향을 받은 파동학을 연구했으며, 스토커[9]는 젖은 침대를 위한 1D 댐 붕괴 문제에 리터의 솔루션을 확장했다.

마샬과 멩데즈[10]는 고두노프가 가스 역학의 오일러 방정식을 위해 개발한 방법론[11]을 적용하여 젖은 침대 조건에서 리만 문제를 해결하기 위한 일반적인 절차를 고안했다. Toro [12]는 습식 및 건식 침대 조건을 모두 해결하기 위해 완전한 1D 정밀 리만 용해제를 실시했다.

Chanson [13]은 특성 방법을 사용하여 갑작스러운 댐 붕괴로 인한 홍수에 대한 간단한 분석 솔루션을 연구했다. 그러나 이러한 분석 솔루션은 특히 댐 붕괴 초기 단계에서 젖은 침대의 정확한 결과를 도출하지 못했다[14,15].과거 연구의 발전은 이른바 댐 붕괴 홍수 문제 해결을 위한 여러 수치 모델[16]을 제공했으며, 헥-라스, DAMBRK, MIK 11 등과 같은 1차원 모델을 댐 붕괴 홍수를 모델링하는 데 사용하였다.

[17 2차원(2D) 깊이 평균 방정식도 댐 붕괴 흐름 문제를 시뮬레이션하는 데 널리 사용되어 왔으며[18,19,20,21,22] 그 결과 천수(shallow water) 방정식(SWE)이 유체 흐름을 나타내는 데 적합하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나, 경우에 따라 2D 수치해결기가 제공하는 해결책이 특히 근거리 분야에서 실험과 일관되지 않을 수 있다[23,24]. 더욱이, 1차원 및 2차원 모델은 3차원 현상에 대한 일부 세부사항을 포착하는 데 한계가 있다.

[25]. RANS(Reynolds-averageed Navier-Stok크스 방정식)에 기초한 여러 3차원(3D) 모델이 천수(shallow water) 모델의 일부 단점을 극복하기 위해 적용되었으며, 댐 붕괴 초기 단계에서의 복잡한 흐름의 실제 동작을 이해하기 위해 사용되었다 [26,27,28]장애물이나 바닥 실에 대한 파장의 충격으로 인한 튜디 댐 붕괴 흐름 [19,29] 및 근거리 영역의 난류 댐 붕괴 흐름 거동 [4] 최근 상용화된 수치 모델 중 잘 알려진 유체 방식(VOF) 기반 CFD 모델링 소프트웨어 FLOW-3D는 컴퓨터 기술의 진보에 따른 계산력 증가로 인해 불안정한 자유 표면 흐름을 분석하는 데 널리 사용되고 있다.

이 소프트웨어는 유한 차이 근사치를 사용하여 RANS 방정식에 대한 수치 해결책을 계산하며, 자유 표면을 추적하기 위해 VOF를 사용한다 [30,31]; 댐 붕괴 흐름을 모델링하는 데 성공적으로 사용되었다 [32,33].그러나, 2D 천수(shallow water) 모델을 사용하여 포착할 수 없는 공간과 시간에 걸친 댐 붕괴 흐름의 특정한 유압적 특성이 있다.

실생활 현장 척도 시뮬레이션을 위한 완전한 3D Navier-Stokes 방정식의 적용은 더 높은 계산 비용[34]을 가지고 있으며, 원하는 결과는 천수(shallow water) 모델[35]보다 더 정확한 결과를 산출하지 못할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 논문은 3D 모델의 기능과 그 계산 효율을 평가하기 위해 댐 붕괴 흐름 시뮬레이션을 위한 단순화된 3D 모델-MIKE 3 FM을 시도한다.

MIK 3 모델은 자연 용수 분지의 여러 유체 역학 시뮬레이션 조사에 적용되었다. 보치 외 연구진이 사용해 왔다. [36], 니콜라오스 및 게오르기오스 [37], 고얄과 라토드[38] 등 현장 연구에서 유체역학 시뮬레이션을 위한 것이다. 이러한 저자들의 상당한 연구에도 불구하고, MIK 3 FM을 이용한 댐 붕괴의 모델링에 관한 연구는 거의 없었다.

또한 댐 붕괴 홍수 전파 문제를 해결하기 위한 3D 천수(shallow water)과 완전한 3D RANS 모델의 성능을 비교한 연구도 아직 보고되지 않았다. 이 공백을 메우기 위해 현재 연구의 주요 목표는 댐 붕괴 흐름을 시뮬레이션하기 위한 단순화된 3D SWE, 상세 RANS 모델 및 분석 솔루션을 평가하여 댐 붕괴 문제에 대한 정확도와 적용 가능성을 평가하는 것이다.실제 댐 붕괴 문제를 해결하기 위해 유체역학 시뮬레이션을 시도하기 전에 수치 모델을 검증할 필요가 있다.

일련의 실험 벤치마크를 사용하여 수치 모델을 확인하는 것은 용인된 관행이다. 현장 데이터 확보가 어려워 최근 몇 년 동안 제한된 측정 데이터를 취득했다.

본 논문은 Ozmen-Cagatay와 Kocaman[30] 및 Khankandi 외 연구진이 제안한 두 가지 테스트 사례에 의해 제안된 검증에서 인용한 것이다. [39] 오즈멘-카가테이와 코카만[30]이 수행한 첫 번째 실험에서, 다른 미숫물 수위에 걸쳐 초기 단계 동안 댐 붕괴 홍수파가 발생했으며, 자유 지표면 프로파일의 측정치를 제공했다. Ozmen-Cagatay와 Kocaman[30]은 초기 단계에서 Flow-3D 소프트웨어가 포함된 2D SWE와 3D RANS의 숫자 솔루션에 의해 계산된 자유 표면 프로필만 비교했다.

Khankandi 등이 고안한 두 번째 실험 동안. [39], 이 실험의 측정은 홍수 전파를 시뮬레이션하고 측정된 데이터를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하는 수치 모델을 검증하기 위해 사용되었으며, 말기 동안의 자유 표면 프로필, 수위의 시간 진화 및 속도 변화를 포함한다. Khankandi 등의 연구. [39] 주로 실험 조사에 초점을 맞추었으며, 초기 단계에서는 리터의 솔루션과의 수위만을 언급하고 있다.

경계 조건(상류 및 하류 모두 무한 채널 길이를 갖는 1D 분석 솔루션에서는 실험 결과를 리터와 비교하는 것이 타당하지 않기 때문이다(건조 be)d) 또는 스토커(웨트 베드) 솔루션은 벽의 반사가 깊이 프로파일에 영향을 미쳤을 때, 그리고 참조 [39]의 실험에 대한 수치 시뮬레이션과의 추가 비교가 불량할 때. 이 논문은 이러한 문제를 직접 겨냥하여 전체 댐 붕괴 과정에서의 자유 표면 프로필, 수심 변화 및 속도 변화에 대한 완전한 비교 연구를 제시한다.

여기서 댐 붕괴파의 수치 시뮬레이션은 초기에 건조하고 습한 직사각형 채널을 가진 유한 저장소의 순간 댐 붕괴에 대해 두 개의 3D 모델을 사용하여 개발된다.본 논문은 다음과 같이 정리되어 있다. 두 모델에 대한 통치 방정식은 숫자 체계를 설명하기 전에 먼저 도입된다.

일반적인 단순화된 시험 사례는 3D 수치 모델과 1D 분석 솔루션을 사용하여 시뮬레이션했다. 모델 결과와 이들이 실험실 실험과 비교하는 방법이 논의되고, 서로 다른 수심비에서 시간에 따른 유압 요소의 변동에 대한 시뮬레이션 결과가 결론을 도출하기 전에 제시된다.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data

첫째, 수평 건조 및 습식 침상에 대한 초기 댐 붕괴 단계 동안의 자유 표면 프로필 측정은 Ozmen-Cagatay와 Kocaman에 의해 수행되었다[30]. 이 시험 동안, 매끄럽고 직사각형의 수평 채널은 그림 1에서 표시한 대로 너비 0.30m, 높이 0.30m, 길이 8.9m이었다.

채널은 채널 입구에서 4.65m 떨어진 수직 플레이트(담) 즉, 저장소의 길이 L0=4.65mL0에 의해 분리되었다., 및 다운스트림 채널 L1=4.25 mL1. m저수지는 댐의 좌측에 위치하고 처음에는 침수된 것으로 간주되었다; 저수지의 초기 상류 수심 h는₀ 0.25m로 일정했다.

오른쪽의 초기 수심 h1h1 건식침대의 경우 0m, 습식침대의 경우 0.025m, 0.1m이므로 수심비 α=h1/h0α으로 세 가지 상황이 있었다. 0, 0.1, 0.4의 습식침대 조건은 플룸 끝에 낮은 보를 사용함으로써 만들어졌다. 물 표면 프로필은 3개의 고속 디지털 카메라(50프레임/s)를 사용하여 초기에 관찰되었으며, 계측 측정의 정확도는 참고문헌 [30]에서 입증되었다. In the following section, the corresponding numerical results refer to positions x = −1 m (P1), −0.5 m (P2), −0.2 m (P3), +0.2 m (P4), +0.5 m (P5), +1 m (P6), +2 m (P7), and +2.85 m (P8), where the origin of the coordinate system x = 0 is at the dam site. 3수심비 ααα 0, 0.1, 0.4의 경우 x,yx의 경우 좌표는 h0.으로 정규화된다.

<중략> ……

Figure 1. Schematic view of the experimental conditions by Ozmen-Cagatay and Kocaman [30]: (a) α = 0; (b) α = 0.1; and (c) α = 0.4.

Figure 2. Schematic view of the experimental conditions by Khankandi et al. [39]: (a) α = 0 and (b) α = 0.2.

Figure 3. Typical profiles of the dam-break flow regimes for Stoker’s analytical solution [9]: Wet-bed downstream

Figure 4. Sensitivity analysis of the numerical simulation using Flow-3D for the different mesh sizes of the experiments in Reference [30].

Figure 5. Sensitivity analysis of the numerical simulation using MIKE 3 FM for the different mesh sizes of the experiments in Reference [30].

Figure 6. Comparison between observed and simulated free surface profiles at dimensionless times T = t(g/h0)1/2 and for dry-bed (α=0). The experimental data are from Reference [30].

Figure 7. Comparison between observed and simulated free surface profiles at dimensionless times T = t(g/h0)1/2 and for a wet-bed (α = 0.1). The experimental data are from Reference [30].

Figure 8. Comparison between observed and simulated free surface profiles at dimensionless times T = t(g/h0)1/2 and for the wet-bed (α = 0.4). The experimental data are from Reference [30].

Figure 9. Experimental and numerical comparison of free surface profiles h/h0(x/h0) during late stages at various dimensionless times T after the failure in the dry-bed by Khankandi et al. [39].

Table 2. RMSE values for the free surface profiles observed by Khankandi et al. [39].

Figure 10. Measured and computed water level hydrograph at various positions for dry-bed by Khankandi et al. [39]: (a) G1 (−0.5 m); (b) G2 (−0.1 m); (c) G3 (0.1 m); (d) G4 (0.8 m); (e) G6 (1.2 m); (f) G8 (5.5 m).

Figure 11. Measured and computed water level hydrographs at various positions for the wet-bed by Khankandi et al. [39]: (a) G1 (−0.5 m); (b) G2 (−0.1 m); (c) G4 (0.8 m); and (d) G5 (1.0 m).

Table 3. RMSE values for the water depth variations observed by Khankandi et al. [39] at the late stage.

Figure 13. Comparison of simulated velocity profiles at various locations upstream and downstream of the dam at t = 0.8 s, 2 s, and 5 s for water depth ratios α = 0.1 by Ozmen-Cagatay and Kocaman [30]: (a) P1(−1 m); (b) P3 (+0.2 m); (c) P5 (+1 m); and (d) P6 (+2 m).

Table 5. The required computational time for the two models to address dam break flows in all cases

References

Gallegos, H.A.; Schubert, J.E.; Sanders, B.F. Two-dimensional high-resolution modeling of urban dam-break flooding: A case study of Baldwin Hills, California. Adv. Water Resour. 2009, 32, 1323–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kim, K.S. A Mesh-Free Particle Method for Simulation of Mobile-Bed Behavior Induced by Dam Break. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Robb, D.M.; Vasquez, J.A. Numerical simulation of dam-break flows using depth-averaged hydrodynamic and three-dimensional CFD models. In Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Hydrotechnical Conference, Québec, QC, Canada, 21–24 July 2015. [Google Scholar]
LaRocque, L.A.; Imran, J.; Chaudhry, M.H. 3D numerical simulation of partial breach dam-break flow using the LES and k-ε. J. Hydraul. Res. 2013, 51, 145–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ritter, A. Die Fortpflanzung der Wasserwellen (The propagation of water waves). Z. Ver. Dtsch. Ing. 1892, 36, 947–954. [Google Scholar]
Dressler, R.F. Hydraulic resistance effect upon the dam-break functions. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 1952, 49, 217–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Dressler, R.F. Comparison of theories and experiments for the hydraulic dam-break wave. Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. 1954, 38, 319–328. [Google Scholar]
Whitham, G.B. The effects of hydraulic resistance in the dam-break problem. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1955, 227A, 399–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Stoker, J.J. Water Waves: The Mathematical Theory with Applications; Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1957; ISBN 0-471-57034-6. [Google Scholar]
Marshall, G.; Méndez, R. Computational Aspects of the Random Choice Method for Shallow Water Equations. J. Comput. Phys. 1981, 39, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Godunov, S.K. Finite Difference Methods for the Computation of Discontinuous Solutions of the Equations of Fluid Dynamics. Math. Sb. 1959, 47, 271–306. [Google Scholar]
Toro, E.F. Shock-Capturing Methods for Free-Surface Shallow Flows; Wiley and Sons Ltd.: New York, NY, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
Chanson, H. Application of the method of characteristics to the dam break wave problem. J. Hydraul. Res. 2009, 47, 41–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
Cagatay, H.; Kocaman, S. Experimental Study of Tail Water Level Effects on Dam-Break Flood Wave Propagation; 2008 Kubaba Congress Department and Travel Services: Ankara, Turkey, 2008; pp. 635–644. [Google Scholar]
Stansby, P.K.; Chegini, A.; Barnes, T.C.D. The initial stages of dam-break flow. J. Fluid Mech. 1998, 374, 407–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Soares-Frazao, S.; Zech, Y. Dam Break in Channels with 90° Bend. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2002, 128, 956–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Zolghadr, M.; Hashemi, M.R.; Zomorodian, S.M.A. Assessment of MIKE21 model in dam and dike-break simulation. IJST-Trans. Mech. Eng. 2011, 35, 247–262. [Google Scholar]
Bukreev, V.I.; Gusev, A.V. Initial stage of the generation of dam-break waves. Dokl. Phys. 2005, 50, 200–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Soares-Frazao, S.; Noel, B.; Zech, Y. Experiments of dam-break flow in the presence of obstacles. Proc. River Flow 2004, 2, 911–918. [Google Scholar]
Aureli, F.; Maranzoni, A.; Mignosa, P.; Ziveri, C. Dambreak flows: Acquisition of experimental data through an imaging technique and 2D numerical modelling. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2008, 134, 1089–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rehman, K.; Cho, Y.S. Bed Evolution under Rapidly Varying Flows by a New Method for Wave Speed Estimation. Water 2016, 8, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wu, G.F.; Yang, Z.H.; Zhang, K.F.; Dong, P.; Lin, Y.T. A Non-Equilibrium Sediment Transport Model for Dam Break Flow over Moveable Bed Based on Non-Uniform Rectangular Mesh. Water 2018, 10, 616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ferrari, A.; Fraccarollo, L.; Dumbser, M.; Toro, E.F.; Armanini, A. Three-dimensional flow evolution after a dam break. J. Fluid Mech. 2010, 663, 456–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Liang, D. Evaluating shallow water assumptions in dam-break flows. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Water Manag. 2010, 163, 227–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Biscarini, C.; Francesco, S.D.; Manciola, P. CFD modelling approach for dam break flow studies. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2010, 14, 705–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
Oertel, M.; Bung, D.B. Initial stage of two-dimensional dam-break waves: Laboratory versus VOF. J. Hydraul. Res. 2012, 50, 89–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Quecedo, M.; Pastor, M.; Herreros, M.I.; Merodo, J.A.F.; Zhang, Q. Comparison of two mathematical models for solving the dam break problem using the FEM method. Comput. Method Appl. Mech. Eng. 2005, 194, 3984–4005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shigematsu, T.; Liu, P.L.F.; Oda, K. Numerical modeling of the initial stages of dam-break waves. J. Hydraul. Res. 2004, 42, 183–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Soares-Frazao, S. Experiments of dam-break wave over a triangular bottom sill. J. Hydraul. Res. 2007, 45, 19–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ozmen-Cagatay, H.; Kocaman, S. Dam-break flows during initial stage using SWE and RANS approaches. J. Hydraul. Res. 2010, 48, 603–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Vasquez, J.; Roncal, J. Testing River2D and FLOW-3D for Sudden Dam-Break Flow Simulations. In Proceedings of the Canadian Dam Association’s 2009 Annual Conference: Protecting People, Property and the Environment, Whistler, BC, Canada, 3–8 October 2009. [Google Scholar]
Ozmen-Cagatay, H.; Kocaman, S. Dam-break flow in the presence of obstacle: Experiment and CFD simulation. Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid 2011, 5, 541–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ozmen-Cagatay, H.; Kocaman, S.; Guzel, H. Investigation of dam-break flood waves in a dry channel with a hump. J. Hydro-Environ. Res. 2014, 8, 304–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gu, S.L.; Zheng, S.P.; Ren, L.Q.; Xie, H.W.; Huang, Y.F.; Wei, J.H.; Shao, S.D. SWE-SPHysics Simulation of Dam Break Flows at South-Gate Gorges Reservoir. Water 2017, 9, 387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Evangelista, S. Experiments and Numerical Simulations of Dike Erosion due to a Wave Impact. Water 2015, 7, 5831–5848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
Bocci, M.; Chiarlo, R.; De Nat, L.; Fanelli, A.; Petersen, O.; Sorensen, J.T.; Friss-Christensen, A. Modelling of impacts from a long sea outfall outside of the Venice Lagoon (Italy). In Proceedings of the MWWD—IEMES 2006 Conference, Antalya, Turkey, 6–10 November 2006; MWWD Organization: Antalya, Turkey, 2006. [Google Scholar]
Nikolaos, T.F.; Georgios, M.H. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of wind-induced barotropic circulation in the Gulf of Patras. Ocean Eng. 2010, 37, 355–364. [Google Scholar]
Goyal, R.; Rathod, P. Hydrodynamic Modelling for Salinity of Singapore Strait and Johor Strait using MIKE 3FM. In Proceedings of the 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Development, Singapore, 26–28 February 2011. [Google Scholar]
Khankandi, A.F.; Tahershamsi, A.; Soares-Frazão, S. Experimental investigation of reservoir geometry effect on dam-break flow. J. Hydraul. Res. 2012, 50, 376–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Flow Science Inc. FLOW-3D User’s Manuals; Flow Science Inc.: Santa Fe, NM, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI). MIKE 3 Flow Model FM. Hydrodynamic Module-User Guide; DHI: Horsholm, Denmark, 2014. [Google Scholar]
Pilotti, M.; Tomirotti, M.; Valerio, G. Simplified Method for the Characterization of the Hydrograph following a Sudden Partial Dam Break. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2010, 136, 693–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hooshyaripor, F.; Tahershamsi, A.; Razi, S. Dam break flood wave under different reservoir’s capacities and lengths. Sādhanā 2017, 42, 1557–1569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kocaman, S.; Ozmen-Cagatay, H. Investigation of dam-break induced shock waves impact on a vertical Wall. J. Hydrol. 2015, 525, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Liu, H.; Liu, H.J.; Guo, L.H.; Lu, S.X. Experimental Study on the Dam-Break Hydrographs at the Gate Location. J. Ocean Univ. China 2017, 16, 697–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Marra, D.; Earl, T.; Ancey, C. Experimental Investigations of Dam Break Flows down an Inclined Channel. In Proceedings of the 34th World Congress of the International Association for Hydro- Environment Research and Engineering: 33rd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium and 10th Conference on Hydraulics in Water Engineering, Brisbane, Australia, 26 June–1 July 2011. [Google Scholar]
Wang, J.; Liang, D.F.; Zhang, J.X.; Xiao, Y. Comparison between shallow water and Boussinesq models for predicting cascading dam-break flows. Nat. Hazards 2016, 83, 327–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yang, C.; Lin, B.L.; Jiang, C.B.; Liu, Y. Predicting near-field dam-break flow and impact force using a 3D model. J. Hydraul. Res. 2010, 48, 784–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

PDF Fulltext View

Abf - Three-dimensional view of the abbot from short to long to short

Flow-3D 수치 모형을 이용한 파동 감소에 대한 규칙적인 레이아웃으로 식생 고도 변화 효과 연구

세예드 아마드가 헤리 네 자드 ¹ , Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar ² , 모하마드 안사리 고이 가르 ³, 에산 파르시 ⁴
¹ 공학, 해안, 항만 및 & amp; 해양 구조물 _ 코람 샤르 해양 과학 기술 대학교
² 코람 샤르 해양 과학 기술 대학교 해양 공학부 해양 구조학과
³ 이란 카라 지 테헤란 대학교 농업 및 천연 자원 대학 관개 및 매립 공학과.
⁴ 연구 전문가, Arvand Water and Energy Consulting Engineers Company, Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

The development of water waves through submerged and non-submerged vegetation is accompanied by a loss of energy through the resistive force of the vegetation, resulting in a decrease in wave height. Wave damping by vegetation is a function of cover characteristics such as geometry and structure, immersion ratio, density, hardness, and spatial arrangement, as well as wave conditions such as input wave height, duration, and wave direction. In the present study, the effect of geometric arrangement of vegetation with variable height on wave damping has been investigated using the Flow 3D numerical model. For this purpose, a channel with a length of 480 cm and a width of 10.8 cm, which has been previously used by Cox and Wu (2015) to study the effect of plant density with variable height on wave damping, is modeled. The operation of the three arrangements, including long to short arrangement, short to long arrangement, and zigzag arrangement, is examined under four different waves, all of which are linear waves. It should be noted that in this study, wave height is considered as an damping index. The results obtained by measuring the height of the waves at four different points along the channel show that the behavior of the waves in dealing with different arrangements follows a fixed pattern and also changes in the geometry of the vegetation can greatly lead to Increase the damping of the waves. The results show that a change in height arrangement can cause a change in damping of up to 7.1%.

Keywords : Green belt , wave , geometric layout , vegetation

물에 잠긴 초목과 물에 잠기지 않은 초목을 통한 물결의 발달은 초목의 저항력을 통한 에너지 손실을 동반하여 파고가 감소합니다. 식생에 의한 파동감쇠는 기하와 구조, 몰입도, 밀도, 경도, 공간배열 등 커버 특성과 입력파동 높이, 지속시간, 파동방향 등의 파동조건의 함수입니다.

본 연구에서는 Flow 3D 수치 모델을 사용하여 가변 높이 식물이 파동 댐핑에 미치는 기하학적 배치가 조사되었습니다. 이를 위해 Cox와 Wu (2015)가 이전에 파동 댐핑에 대한 가변 높이의 발전소 밀도가 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해 사용한 길이 480cm, 폭 10.8cm의 채널을 모델링합니다.

장파에서 단파, 단파에서 장파까지, 지그재그 배열을 포함한 세 가지 배열의 작동은 4개의 다른 파장에서 조사됩니다. 모두 선형파입니다.

본 연구에서는 파고가 감쇠 지수로 간주된다는 점에 유의해야 합니다.

채널을 따라 네 곳의 서로 다른 지점에서 파도의 높이를 측정하여 얻은 결과는 다른 배열을 다루는 파도의 동작이 고정된 패턴을 따르며 또한 초목의 기하학적인 변화가 파도의 감쇠를 증가 시키는 것으로 크게 이어질 수 있다는 것을 보여줍니다.

결과는 높이 배열의 변화가 최대 7.1%의 댐핑 변화를 일으킬 수 있음을 보여줍니다.

Figure 1 - Geometry used by Cox and Wu (2015) to study the effect of plant density on wave damping — Figure 1 – Geometry used by Cox and Wu (2015) to study the effect of plant density on wave damping

Figure 2 - Schematic of Erie wave — Figure 2 – Schematic of Erie wave

References

خلیلی نفتچالی، آ. خزیمهنژاد، ح. اکبرپور، ا. ورجاوند، پ. 1394. بررسی آزمایشگاهی تأثیر تراکم پوشش گیاهی بر مشخصه‌های جریان غلیظ. نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران. 9 (1): 95-83.
زارعی، م. فتحیمقدم، م. داوودی، ل. 1395. بررسی اثر پوشش گیاهی ساحلی بر میرایی نیروی مخرب امواج منفرد ناشکنا در سواحل شیبدار. نشریه مهندسی آبیاری و آب ایران. 7 (26): 75-62.
گرمئی، ا. امامی، ح. خراسانی، ر. 1396. اثر تراکم سه نوع پوشش گیاهی بر میزان رواناب و رسوب در حاشیه شهر مشهد. نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران. 11 (1): 20-11.
فضلی، س. نور، ح. 1396. شبیه‌سازی و ارزیابی اثر سناریوهای مختلف درصد پوشش گیاهی بر فرسایش خاک. نشریه آبیاری و زهکشی ایران. 11 (4): 571-562.
قنبری عدیوی، ا. فتحی مقدم، م. 1393. مروری بر تحقیقات استهلاک و میرایی امواج دریا از طریق پوشش گیاهی ساحلی. فصلنامه علوم و فناوری دریا. 18 (70): 62-54.
معتمدینژاد، ع. فتحیمقدم، م. زارعی، م. 1394. بررسی آزمایشگاهی اثر پوشش گیاهی ساحلی بر کاهش نیروی امواج شکنا. دهمین سمینار بین المللی مهندسی رودخانه. دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.
میرزاخانی، گ. قنبری عدیوی، ا. فتاحینافچی، ر. 1398. میرایی موج توسط پوشش گیاهی صلب در سواحل. دومین همایش ملی مدیریت منابع طبیعی با محوریت آب، سیل و محیط زیست. دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران.
Asano, T. S. Sutsui, T. and Sakai.T. 1988. Wave damping characteristics due to seaweed. Proceedings of the 35th Coastal Engineering Conference in Japan. JSCE. 138-142 (in Japanese).
Asano, T., Deguchi, H. and N. Kobayashi. 1992. Interactions between water waves and vegetation. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Coastal Engineering. ASCE. 2710-2723.
Augustin, L.N., Irish, J.L. and Lynett, P. 2009. Laboratory and numerical studies of wave damping by emergent and nearemergent wetland vegetation. Coastal Engineering. 56(3): 332-340.
Cavallaro L., Re, C.L., Paratore, G., Viviano, A. and Foti, E. 2010. Response of Posidonia oceanic to wave motion in shallowwaters: Preliminary experimental results. Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Coastal Engineering Research Council. 1-10.
Cook, H.L. and Campbell, F.B. 1939. Characteristics of some meadow strip vegetation. Agricultural Engineering. 20:345-348.
Cooper, N.J. 2005. Wave dissipation across intertidal surfaces in the Wash Tidal inlet, Eastern England. Journal of Coastal Research. 21(1): 28-40.
Dean, R.G. 1979. Effects of vegetation on shoreline erosional processes. Wetland Function and Values: The State of Our Understanding. 1: 415-426.
Dean, R.G., and Dalrymple, R.A. 1991. Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientist. World Scientific Publishing.Singapore.
Dubi, A. 1995. Damping of water waves by submerged vegetation: A case study on Laminaria hyperborea. PhD thesis. University of Trondheim, the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Fathi Moghadam, M., Drikundi, K.h., Masjidi, A. and M. 2012. Investigation of the Effect of Vegetation Density and Flexibility on Roughness Coefficients in Riverside and Flood Plains, Iranian Water Resources Research Quarterly, Year 8, Issue 2, Fall 91.
Fathi Moghadam, M. and Zaraei, M. 2016. Investigation of the Effect of Coastal Vegetation on the Damping of Destructive Force of Unbreakable Individual Waves on Shabidar Coasts, Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, Year 7, No. 26.
Furukawa, K., Wolanski, E. and Mueller, H. 1997. Currents and sediment transport in mangrove forests. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 44:301–310.
Harada, K. and Imamura, F. 2006. Experimental study on the resistance by mangrove under unsteady flow, Proc. Congress. Asian and Pacific Coastal Engineering Dalia, 984-975.
Jellilund, R., M. Zeid Ali, L. Nouri Hindi and M. 2012. Investigating the advantages and disadvantages of protection and organization of beaches with vegetation against morphological changes, Fifth National Conference and Specialized Environment Exhibition, 90.
Journal 629, Guide to the Design and Implementation of a Coastal Protection Structure.
Kongko, W. 2004. Study on tsunami energy dissipation in mangrove forest, Master Thesis Report, wate University, Japan, 43 pages.
Kutija, V. and Erduran, K. S. 2003. Quasi-three-dimensional numerical model for flow through flexible, rigid, submerged and non-sub merged vegetation. Journal of Hydro informatics. 35(3): 189-202.
Li, R.M. and Shen, H.W. 1973. Effect of tall vegetations on flow and sediment. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE. 99(5):739-814.
Wu, W.C. and Cox, D, T. 2015. Effects of Vertical Variation in Vegetation Density on Wave Attenuation. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Volume 142 Issue 2.

PDF Download

The 3D computational domain model (50–18.6) slope change, and boundary condition for (50–30 slope change) model.

Numerical investigation of flow characteristics over stepped spillways

Güven, Aytaç
Mahmood, Ahmed Hussein
Water Supply (2021) 21 (3): 1344–1355.
https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.283 Article history

Abstract

Spillways are constructed to evacuate flood discharge safely so that a flood wave does not overtop the dam body. There are different types of spillways, with the ogee type being the conventional one. A stepped spillway is an example of a nonconventional spillway. The turbulent flow over a stepped spillway was studied numerically by using the Flow-3D package. Different fluid flow characteristics such as longitudinal flow velocity, temperature distribution, density and chemical concentration can be well simulated by Flow-3D. In this study, the influence of slope changes on flow characteristics such as air entrainment, velocity distribution and dynamic pressures distribution over a stepped spillway was modelled by Flow-3D. The results from the numerical model were compared with an experimental study done by others in the literature. Two models of a stepped spillway with different discharge for each model were simulated. The turbulent flow in the experimental model was simulated by the Renormalized Group (RNG) turbulence scheme in the numerical model. A good agreement was achieved between the numerical results and the observed ones, which are exhibited in terms of graphics and statistical tables.

배수로는 홍수가 댐 몸체 위로 넘치지 않도록 안전하게 홍수를 피할 수 있도록 건설되었습니다. 다른 유형의 배수로가 있으며, ogee 유형이 기존 유형입니다. 계단식 배수로는 비 전통적인 배수로의 예입니다. 계단식 배수로 위의 난류는 Flow-3D 패키지를 사용하여 수치적으로 연구되었습니다.

세로 유속, 온도 분포, 밀도 및 화학 농도와 같은 다양한 유체 흐름 특성은 Flow-3D로 잘 시뮬레이션 할 수 있습니다. 이 연구에서는 계단식 배수로에 대한 공기 혼입, 속도 분포 및 동적 압력 분포와 같은 유동 특성에 대한 경사 변화의 영향을 Flow-3D로 모델링 했습니다.

수치 모델의 결과는 문헌에서 다른 사람들이 수행한 실험 연구와 비교되었습니다. 각 모델에 대해 서로 다른 배출이 있는 계단식 배수로의 두 모델이 시뮬레이션되었습니다. 실험 모델의 난류 흐름은 수치 모델의 Renormalized Group (RNG) 난류 계획에 의해 시뮬레이션되었습니다. 수치 결과와 관찰 된 결과 사이에 좋은 일치가 이루어졌으며, 이는 그래픽 및 통계 테이블로 표시됩니다.

HIGHLIGHTS

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

A numerical model was developed for stepped spillways.
The turbulent flow was simulated by the Renormalized Group (RNG) model.
Both numerical and experimental results showed that flow characteristics are greatly affected by abrupt slope change on the steps.

Keyword

CFD, numerical modelling, slope change, stepped spillway, turbulent flow

INTRODUCTION

댐 구조는 물 보호가 생활의 핵심이기 때문에 물을 저장하거나 물을 운반하는 전 세계에서 가장 중요한 프로젝트입니다. 그리고 여수로는 댐의 가장 중요한 부분 중 하나로 분류됩니다. 홍수로 인한 파괴 나 피해로부터 댐을 보호하기 위해 여수로가 건설됩니다.

수력 발전, 항해, 레크리에이션 및 어업의 중요성을 감안할 때 댐 건설 및 홍수 통제는 전 세계적으로 매우 중요한 문제로 간주 될 수 있습니다. 많은 유형의 배수로가 있지만 가장 일반적인 유형은 다음과 같습니다 : ogee 배수로, 자유 낙하 배수로, 사이펀 배수로, 슈트 배수로, 측면 채널 배수로, 터널 배수로, 샤프트 배수로 및 계단식 배수로.

그리고 모든 여수로는 입구 채널, 제어 구조, 배출 캐리어 및 출구 채널의 네 가지 필수 구성 요소로 구성됩니다. 특히 롤러 압축 콘크리트 (RCC) 댐 건설 기술과 더 쉽고 빠르며 저렴한 건설 기술로 분류 된 계단식 배수로 건설과 관련하여 최근 수십 년 동안 많은 계단식 배수로가 건설되었습니다 (Chanson 2002; Felder & Chanson 2011).

계단식 배수로 구조는 캐비테이션 위험을 감소시키는 에너지 소산 속도를 증가시킵니다 (Boes & Hager 2003b). 계단식 배수로는 다양한 조건에서 더 매력적으로 만드는 장점이 있습니다.

계단식 배수로의 흐름 거동은 일반적으로 낮잠, 천이 및 스키밍 흐름 체제의 세 가지 다른 영역으로 분류됩니다 (Chanson 2002). 유속이 낮을 때 nappe 흐름 체제가 발생하고 자유 낙하하는 낮잠의 시퀀스로 특징 지워지는 반면, 스키밍 흐름 체제에서는 물이 외부 계단 가장자리 위의 유사 바닥에서 일관된 흐름으로 계단 위로 흐릅니다.

또한 주요 흐름에서 3 차원 재순환 소용돌이가 발생한다는 것도 분명합니다 (예 : Chanson 2002; Gonzalez & Chanson 2008). 계단 가장자리 근처의 의사 바닥에서 흐름의 방향은 가상 바닥과 가상으로 정렬됩니다. Takahashi & Ohtsu (2012)에 따르면, 스키밍 흐름 체제에서 주어진 유속에 대해 흐름은 계단 가장자리 근처의 수평 계단면에 영향을 미치고 슈트 경사가 감소하면 충돌 영역의 면적이 증가합니다. 전이 흐름 체제는 나페 흐름과 스키밍 흐름 체제 사이에서 발생합니다. 계단식 배수로를 설계 할 때 스키밍 흐름 체계를 고려해야합니다 (예 : Chanson 1994, Matos 2000, Chanson 2002, Boes & Hager 2003a).

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 즉 수력 공학의 수치 모델은 일반적으로 물리적 모델에 소요되는 총 비용과 시간을 줄여줍니다. 따라서 수치 모델은 실험 모델보다 빠르고 저렴한 것으로 분류되며 동시에 하나 이상의 목적으로 사용될 수도 있습니다. 사용 가능한 많은 CFD 소프트웨어 패키지가 있지만 가장 널리 사용되는 것은 FLOW-3D입니다. 이 연구에서는 Flow 3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 유량이 서로 다른 두 모델에 대해 계단식 배수로에서 공기 농도, 속도 분포 및 동적 압력 분포를 시뮬레이션합니다.

Roshan et al. (2010)은 서로 다른 수의 계단 및 배출을 가진 계단식 배수로의 두 가지 물리적 모델에 대한 흐름 체제 및 에너지 소산 조사를 연구했습니다. 실험 모델의 기울기는 각각 19.2 %, 12 단계와 23 단계의 수입니다. 결과는 23 단계 물리적 모델에서 관찰 된 흐름 영역이 12 단계 모델보다 더 수용 가능한 것으로 간주되었음을 보여줍니다. 그러나 12 단계 모델의 에너지 손실은 23 단계 모델보다 더 많았습니다. 그리고 실험은 스키밍 흐름 체제에서 23 단계 모델의 에너지 소산이 12 단계 모델보다 약 12 % 더 적다는 것을 관찰했습니다.

Ghaderi et al. (2020a)는 계단 크기와 유속이 다른 정련 매개 변수의 영향을 조사하기 위해 계단식 배수로에 대한 실험 연구를 수행했습니다. 그 결과, 흐름 체계가 냅페 흐름 체계에서 발생하는 최소 scouring 깊이와 같은 scouring 구멍 치수에 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 또한 테일 워터 깊이와 계단 크기는 최대 scouring깊이에 대한 실제 매개 변수입니다. 테일 워터의 깊이를 6.31cm에서 8.54 및 11.82cm로 늘림으로써 수세 깊이가 각각 18.56 % 및 11.42 % 증가했습니다. 또한 이 증가하는 테일 워터 깊이는 scouring 길이를 각각 31.43 % 및 16.55 % 감소 시킵니다. 또한 유속을 높이면 Froude 수가 증가하고 흐름의 운동량이 증가하면 scouring이 촉진됩니다. 또한 결과는 중간의 scouring이 횡단면의 측벽보다 적다는 것을 나타냅니다. 계단식 배수로 하류의 최대 scouring 깊이를 예측 한 후 실험 결과와 비교하기 위한 실험식이 제안 되었습니다. 그리고 비교 결과 제안 된 공식은 각각 3.86 %와 9.31 %의 상대 오차와 최대 오차 내에서 scouring 깊이를 예측할 수 있음을 보여주었습니다.

Ghaderi et al. (2020b)는 사다리꼴 미로 모양 (TLS) 단계의 수치 조사를 했습니다. 결과는 이러한 유형의 배수로가 확대 비율 LT / Wt (LT는 총 가장자리 길이, Wt는 배수로의 폭)를 증가시키기 때문에 더 나은 성능을 갖는 것으로 관찰되었습니다. 또한 사다리꼴 미로 모양의 계단식 배수로는 더 큰 마찰 계수와 더 낮은 잔류 수두를 가지고 있습니다. 마찰 계수는 다양한 배율에 대해 0.79에서 1.33까지 다르며 평평한 계단식 배수로의 경우 대략 0.66과 같습니다. 또한 TLS 계단식 배수로에서 잔류 수두의 비율 (Hres / dc)은 약 2.89이고 평평한 계단식 배수로의 경우 약 4.32와 같습니다.

Shahheydari et al. (2015)는 Flow-3D 소프트웨어, RNG k-ε 모델 및 VOF (Volume of Fluid) 방법을 사용하여 배출 계수 및 에너지 소산과 같은 자유 표면 흐름의 프로파일을 연구하여 스키밍 흐름 체제에서 계단식 배수로에 대한 흐름을 조사했습니다. 실험 결과와 비교했습니다. 결과는 에너지 소산 율과 방전 계수율의 관계가 역으로 실험 모델의 결과와 잘 일치 함을 보여 주었다.

Mohammad Rezapour Tabari & Tavakoli (2016)는 계단 높이 (h), 계단 길이 (L), 계단 수 (Ns) 및 단위 폭의 방전 (q)과 같은 다양한 매개 변수가 계단식 에너지 소산에 미치는 영향을 조사했습니다. 방수로. 그들은 해석에 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 계단식 배수로에서 에너지 손실과 임계 흐름 깊이 사이의 관계를 평가했습니다. 또한 유동 난류에 사용되는 방정식과 표준 k-ɛ 모델을 풀기 위해 유한 체적 방법을 적용했습니다. 결과에 따르면 스텝 수가 증가하고 유량 배출량이 증가하면 에너지 손실이 감소합니다. 얻은 결과를 다른 연구와 비교하고 경험적, 수학적 조사를 수행하여 결국 합격 가능한 결과를 얻었습니다.

METHODOLOGY

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenFor all numerical models the basic principle is very similar: a set of partial differential equations (PDE) present the physical problems. The flow of fluids (gas and liquid) are governed by the conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy. For Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the PDE system is substituted by a set of algebraic equations which can be worked out by using numerical methods (Versteeg & Malalasekera 2007). Flow-3D uses the finite volume approach to solve the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, by applying the technique of Fractional Area/Volume Obstacle Representation (FAVOR) to define an obstacle (Flow Science Inc. 2012). Equations (1) and (2) are RANS and continuity equations with FAVOR variables that are applied for incompressible flows.

(1)

(2)where is the velocity in x_i direction, t is the time, is the fractional area open to flow in the subscript directions, is the volume fraction of fluid in each cell, p is the hydrostatic pressure, is the density, is the gravitational force in subscript directions and is the Reynolds stresses.

Turbulence modelling is one of three key elements in CFD (Gunal 1996). There are many types of turbulence models, but the most common are Zero-equation models, One-equation models, Two-equation models, Reynolds Stress/Flux models and Algebraic Stress/Flux models. In FLOW-3D software, five turbulence models are available. The formulation used in the FLOW-3D software differs slightly from other formulations that includes the influence of the fractional areas/volumes of the FAVOR^TM method and generalizes the turbulence production (or decay) associated with buoyancy forces. The latter generalization, for example, includes buoyancy effects associated with non-inertial accelerations.

The available turbulence models in Flow-3D software are the Prandtl Mixing Length Model, the One-Equation Turbulent Energy Model, the Two-Equation Standard Model, the Two-Equation Renormalization-Group (RNG) Model and large Eddy Simulation Model (Flow Science Inc. 2012).In this research the RNG model was selected because this model is more commonly used than other models in dealing with particles; moreover, it is more accurate to work with air entrainment and other particles. In general, the RNG model is classified as a more widely-used application than the standard k-ɛ model. And in particular, the RNG model is more accurate in flows that have strong shear regions than the standard k-ɛ model and it is defined to describe low intensity turbulent flows. For the turbulent dissipation it solves an additional transport equation:

(3)where CDIS1, CDIS2, and CDIS3 are dimensionless parameters and the user can modify them. The diffusion of dissipation, Diff ɛ, is

(4)where u, v and w are the x, y and z coordinates of the fluid velocity; ⁠, ⁠, and ⁠, are FLOW-3D’s FAVOR^TM defined terms; and are turbulence due to shearing and buoyancy effects, respectively. R and are related to the cylindrical coordinate system. The default values of RMTKE, CDIS1 and CNU differ, being 1.39, 1.42 and 0.085 respectively. And CDIS2 is calculated from turbulent production (⁠⁠) and turbulent kinetic energy (⁠⁠).The kinematic turbulent viscosity is the same in all turbulence transport models and is calculated from

(5)where ⁠: is the turbulent kinematic viscosity. is defined as the numerical challenge between the RNG and the two-equation k-ɛ models, found in the equation below. To avoid an unphysically large result for in Equation (3), since this equation could produce a value for very close to zero and also because the physical value of may approach to zero in such cases, the value of is calculated from the following equation:

(6)where ⁠: the turbulent length scale.

VOF and FAVOR are classifications of volume-fraction methods. In these two methods, firstly the area should be subdivided into a control volume grid or a small element. Each flow parameter like velocity, temperature and pressure values within the element are computed for each element containing liquids. Generally, these values represent the volumetric average of values in the elements.Numerous methods have been used recently to solve free infinite boundaries in the various numerical simulations. VOF is an easy and powerful method created based on the concept of a fractional intensity of fluid. A significant number of studies have confirmed that this method is more flexible and efficient than others dealing with the configurations of a complex free boundary. By using VOF technology the Flow-3D free surface was modelled and first declared in Hirt & Nichols (1981). In the VOF method there are three ingredients: a planner to define the surface, an algorithm for tracking the surface as a net mediator moving over a computational grid, and application of the boundary conditions to the surface. Configurations of the fluids are defined in terms of VOF function, F (x, y, z, t) (Hirt & Nichols 1981). And this VOF function shows the volume of flow per unit volume

(7)

(8)

(9)where is the density of the fluid, is a turbulent diffusion term, is a mass source, is the fractional volume open to flow. The components of velocity (u, v, w) are in the direction of coordinates (x, y, z) or (r, ⁠). in the x-direction is the fractional area open to flow, and are identical area fractions for flow in the y and z directions. The R coefficient is based on the selection of the coordinate system.

The FAVOR method is a different method and uses another volume fraction technique, which is only used to define the geometry, such as the volume of liquid in each cell used to determine the position of fluid surfaces. Another fractional volume can be used to define the solid surface. Then, this information is used to determine the boundary conditions of the wall that the flow should be adapted for.

Case study

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

In this study, the experimental results of Ostad Mirza (2016) was simulated. In a channel composed of two 4 m long modules, with a transparent sidewall of height 0.6 m and 0.5 m width. The upstream chute slope (i.e. pseudo-bottom angle) Ɵ1 = 50°, the downstream chute slope Ɵ2 = 30° or 18.6°, the step heights h = 0.06 m, the total number of steps along the 50° chute 41 steps, the total number of steps along the 30° chute 34 steps and the total number of steps along the 18.6° chute 20 steps.

The flume inflow tool contained a jetbox with a maximum opening set to 0.12 meters, designed for passing the maximum unit discharge of 0.48 m²/s. The measurements of the flow properties (i.e. air concentration and velocity) were computed perpendicular to the pseudo-bottom as shown in Figure 1 at the centre of twenty stream-wise cross-sections, along the stepped chute, (i.e. in five steps up on the slope change and fifteen steps down on the slope change, namely from step number −09 to +23 on 50°–30° slope change, or from −09 to +15 on 50°–18.6° slope change, respectively).

Sketch of the air concentration C and velocity V measured perpendicular to the pseudo-bottom used by Mirza (Ostad Mirza 2016).

Pressure sensors were arranged with the x/l values for different slope change as shown in Table 1, where x is the distance from the step edge, along the horizontal step face, and l is the length of the horizontal step face. The location of pressure sensors is shown in Table 1.Table 1

Location of pressure sensors on horizontal step faces

Θ(°)	L(m)			x/l (–)
50.0	0.050	0.35	0.64	–	–	–
30.0	0.104	0.17	0.50	0.84	–	–
18.6	0.178	0.10	0.30	0.50	0.7	0.88

Location of pressure sensors on horizontal step faces

Inlet boundary condition for Q = 0.235 m3/s and fluid elevation 4.21834 m.

Inlet boundary condition for Q = 0.235 m³/s and fluid elevation 4.21834 m.

Numerical model set-up

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

A 3D numerical model of hydraulic phenomena was simulated based on an experimental study by Ostad Mirza (2016). The water surcharge and flow pressure over the stepped spillway was computed for two models of a stepped spillway with different discharge for each model. In this study, the package was used to simulate the flow parameters such as air entrainment, velocity distribution and dynamic pressures. The solver uses the finite volume technique to discretize the computational domain. In every test run, one incompressible fluid flow with a free surface flow selected at 20̊ was used for this simulation model. Table 2 shows the variables used in test runs.Table 2

Variables used in test runs

Test no.	Θ₁ (°)	Θ₂ (°)	h(m)	d₀	q (m³s⁻¹)	d_c/h (–)
1	50	18.6	0.06	0.045	0.1	2.6
2	50	18.6	0.06	0.082	0.235	4.6
3	50	30.0	0.06	0.045	0.1	2.6
4	50	30.0	0.06	0.082	0.235	4.6

Table 2 Variables used in test runs

For stepped spillway simulation, several parameters should be specified to get accurate simulations, which is the scope of this research. Viscosity and turbulent, gravity and non-inertial reference frame, air entrainment, density evaluation and drift-flux should be activated for these simulations. There are five different choices in the ‘viscosity and turbulent’ option, in the viscosity flow and Renormalized Group (RNG) model. Then a dynamical model is selected as the second option, the ‘gravity and non-inertial reference frame’. Only the z-component was inputted as a negative 9.81 m/s² and this value represents gravitational acceleration but in the same option the x and y components will be zero. Air entrainment is selected. Finally, in the drift-flux model, the density of phase one is input as (water) 1,000 kg/m³ and the density of phase two (air) as 1.225 kg/m³. Minimum volume fraction of phase one is input equal to 0.1 and maximum volume fraction of phase two to 1 to allow air concentration to reach 90%, then the option allowing gas to escape at free surface is selected, to obtain closer simulation.

The flow domain is divided into small regions relatively by the mesh in Flow-3D numerical model. Cells are the smallest part of the mesh, in which flow characteristics such as air concentration, velocity and dynamic pressure are calculated. The accuracy of the results and simulation time depends directly on the mesh block size so the cell size is very important. Orthogonal mesh was used in cartesian coordinate systems. A smaller cell size provides more accuracy for results, so we reduced the number of cells whilst including enough accuracy. In this study, the size of cells in x, y and z directions was selected as 0.015 m after several trials.

Figure 3 shows the 3D computational domain model 50–18.6 slope change, that is 6.0 m length, 0.50 m width and 4.23 m height. The 3D model of the computational domain model 50–30 slope changes this to 6.0 m length, 0.50 m width and 5.068 m height and the size of meshes in x, y, and z directions are 0.015 m. For the 50–18.6 slope change model: both total number of active and passive cells = 4,009,952, total number of active cells = 3,352,307, include real cells (used for solving the flow equations) = 3,316,269, open real cells = 3,316,269, fully blocked real cells equal to zero, external boundary cells were 36,038, inter-block boundary cells = 0 (Flow-3D report). For 50–30 slope change model: both total number of active and passive cells = 4,760,002, total number of active cells equal to 4,272,109, including real cells (used for solving the flow equations) were 3,990,878, open real cells = 3,990,878 fully blocked real cells = zero, external boundary cells were 281,231, inter-block boundary cells = 0 (Flow-3D report).

Figure 3VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

The 3D computational domain model (50–18.6) slope change, and boundary condition for (50–30 slope change) model.

When solving the Navier-Stokes equation and continuous equations, boundary conditions should be applied. The most important work of boundary conditions is to create flow conditions similar to physical status. The Flow-3D software has many types of boundary condition; each type can be used for the specific condition of the models. The boundary conditions in Flow-3D are symmetry, continuative, specific pressure, grid overlay, wave, wall, periodic, specific velocity, outflow, and volume flow rate.

There are two options to input finite flow rate in the Flow-3D software either for inlet discharge of the system or for the outlet discharge of the domain: specified velocity and volume flow rate. In this research, the X-minimum boundary condition, volume flow rate, has been chosen. For X-maximum boundary condition, outflow was selected because there is nothing to be calculated at the end of the flume. The volume flow rate and the elevation of surface water was set for Q = 0.1 and 0.235 m³/s respectively (Figure 2).

The bottom (Z-min) is prepared as a wall boundary condition and the top (Z-max) is computed as a pressure boundary condition, and for both (Y-min) and (Y-max) as symmetry.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

The air concentration distribution profiles in two models of stepped spillway were obtained at an acquisition time equal to 25 seconds in skimming flow for both upstream and downstream of a slope change 50°–18.6° and 50°–30° for different discharge as in Table 2, and as shown in Figure 4 for 50°–18.6° slope change and Figure 5 for 50°–30° slope change configuration for dc/h = 4.6. The simulation results of the air concentration are very close to the experimental results in all curves and fairly close to that predicted by the advection-diffusion model for the air bubbles suggested by Chanson (1997) on a constant sloping chute.

Figure 4VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Experimental and simulated air concentration distribution for steps number −5, +1, +5, +8, +11 and +15 along the 50°–18.6° slope change for dc/h = 4.6.

Figure 5VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Experimental and simulated air concentration distribution for steps number −5, +1, +5, +11, +19 and +22 along the 50°–30° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6.

Figure 6VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Figure 6 Experimental and simulated dimensionless velocity distribution for steps number −5, −1, +1, +5, +8, +11 and +15 along the 50°–18.6° slope change for dc/h = 2.6.

Experimental and simulated dimensionless velocity distribution for steps number −5, −1, +1, +5, +8, +11 and +15 along the 50°–18.6° slope change for dc/h = 2.6.

Figure 7 Experimental and simulated dimensionless velocity distribution for steps number −5, −1, +1, +5. +11, +15 and +22 along the 50°–30° slope change for dc/h = 2.6.

Figure 7VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Experimental and simulated dimensionless velocity distribution for steps number −5, −1, +1, +5. +11, +15 and +22 along the 50°–30° slope change for dc/h = 2.6.

But as is shown in all above mentioned figures it is clear that at the pseudo-bottom the CFD results of air concentration are less than experimental ones until the depth of water reaches a quarter of the total depth of water. Also the direction of the curves are parallel to each other when going up towards the surface water and are incorporated approximately near the surface water. For all curves, the cross-section is separate between upstream and downstream steps. Therefore the (-) sign for steps represents a step upstream of the slope change cross-section and the (+) sign represents a step downstream of the slope change cross-section.

The dimensionless velocity distribution (V/V₉₀) profile was acquired at an acquisition time equal to 25 seconds in skimming flow of the upstream and downstream slope change for both 50°–18.6° and 50°–30° slope change. The simulation results are compared with the experimental ones showing that for all curves there is close similarity for each point between the observed and experimental results. The curves increase parallel to each other and they merge near at the surface water as shown in Figure 6 for slope change 50°–18.6° configuration and Figure 7 for slope change 50°–30° configuration. However, at step numbers +1 and +5 in Figure 7 there are few differences between the simulated and observed results, namely the simulation curves ascend regularly meaning the velocity increases regularly from the pseudo-bottom up to the surface water.

Figure 8 (50°–18.6° slope change) and Figure 9 (50°–30° slope change) compare the simulation results and the experimental results for the presented dimensionless dynamic pressure distribution for different points on the stepped spillway. The results show a good agreement with the experimental and numerical simulations in all curves. For some points, few discrepancies can be noted in pressure magnitudes between the simulated and the observed ones, but they are in the acceptable range. Although the experimental data do not completely agree with the simulated results, there is an overall agreement.

Figure 8 Comparison between simulated and experimental results for the dimensionless pressure for steps number −1, −2, −3 and +1, +2 +3 and +20 on the horizontal step faces of 50°–18.6° slope change configuration, for dc/h = 4.6, x is the distance from the step edge.

Figure 8VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Comparison between simulated and experimental results for the dimensionless pressure for steps number −1, −2, −3 and +1, +2 +3 and +20 on the horizontal step faces of 50°–18.6° slope change configuration, for dc/h = 4.6, x is the distance from the step edge.

Figure 9 Comparison between simulated and experimental results for the dimensionless pressure for steps number −1, −2, −3 and +1, +2 and +30, +31 on the horizontal step face of 50°–30° slope change configuration, for dc/h = 4.6, x is the distance from the step edge.

Figure 9VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Comparison between simulated and experimental results for the dimensionless pressure for steps number −1, −2, −3 and +1, +2 and +30, +31 on the horizontal step face of 50°–30° slope change configuration, for dc/h = 4.6, x is the distance from the step edge.

The pressure profiles were acquired at an acquisition time equal to 70 seconds in skimming flow on 50°–18.6°, where p is the measured dynamic pressure, h is step height and ϒ is water specific weight. A negative sign for steps represents a step upstream of the slope change cross-section and a positive sign represents a step downstream of the slope change cross-section.

Figure 10 shows the experimental streamwise development of dimensionless pressure on the 50°–18.6° slope change for dc/h = 4.6, x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.3 on 18.6° sloping chute compared with the numerical simulation. It is obvious from Figure 10 that the streamwise development of dimensionless pressure before slope change (steps number −1, −2 and −3) both of the experimental and simulated results are close to each other. However, it is clear that there is a little difference between the results of the streamwise development of dimensionless pressure at step numbers +1, +2 and +3. Moreover, from step number +3 to the end, the curves get close to each other.

Figure 10 Comparison between experimental and simulated results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–18.6° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.3 on 18.6° sloping chute.

Figure 10VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Comparison between experimental and simulated results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–18.6° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.3 on 18.6° sloping chute.

Figure 11 compares the experimental and the numerical results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–30° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.17 on 30° sloping chute. It is apparent that the outcomes of the experimental work are close to the numerical results, however, the results of the simulation are above the experimental ones before the slope change, but the results of the simulation descend below the experimental ones after the slope change till the end.

Figure 11 Comparison between experimental and simulated results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–30° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.17 on 30° sloping chute.

Figure 11VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Comparison between experimental and simulated results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–30° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.17 on 30° sloping chute.

CONCLUSION

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

In this research, numerical modelling was attempted to investigate the effect of abrupt slope change on the flow properties (air entrainment, velocity distribution and dynamic pressure) over a stepped spillway with two different models and various flow rates in a skimming flow regime by using the CFD technique. The numerical model was verified and compared with the experimental results of Ostad Mirza (2016). The same domain of the numerical model was inputted as in experimental models to reduce errors as much as possible.

Flow-3D is a well modelled tool that deals with particles. In this research, the model deals well with air entrainment particles by observing their results with experimental results. And the reason for the small difference between the numerical and the experimental results is that the program deals with particles more accurately than the laboratory. In general, both numerical and experimental results showed that near to the slope change the flow bulking, air entrainment, velocity distribution and dynamic pressure are greatly affected by abrupt slope change on the steps. Although the extent of the slope change was relatively small, the influence of the slope change was major on flow characteristics.

The Renormalized Group (RNG) model was selected as a turbulence solver. For 3D modelling, orthogonal mesh was used as a computational domain and the mesh grid size used for X, Y, and Z direction was equal to 0.015 m. In CFD modelling, air concentration and velocity distribution were recorded for a period of 25 seconds, but dynamic pressure was recorded for a period of 70 seconds. The results showed that there is a good agreement between the numerical and the physical models. So, it can be concluded that the proposed CFD model is very suitable for use in simulating and analysing the design of hydraulic structures.

이 연구에서 수치 모델링은 두 가지 다른 모델과 다양한 유속을 사용하여 스키밍 흐름 영역에서 계단식 배수로에 대한 유동 특성 (공기 혼입, 속도 분포 및 동적 압력)에 대한 급격한 경사 변화의 영향을 조사하기 위해 시도되었습니다. CFD 기술. 수치 모델을 검증하여 Ostad Mirza (2016)의 실험 결과와 비교 하였다. 오차를 최대한 줄이기 위해 실험 모형과 동일한 수치 모형을 입력 하였다.

Flow-3D는 파티클을 다루는 잘 모델링 된 도구입니다. 이 연구에서 모델은 실험 결과를 통해 결과를 관찰하여 공기 혼입 입자를 잘 처리합니다. 그리고 수치와 실험 결과의 차이가 작은 이유는 프로그램이 실험실보다 입자를 더 정확하게 다루기 때문입니다. 일반적으로 수치 및 실험 결과는 경사에 가까워지면 유동 벌킹, 공기 혼입, 속도 분포 및 동적 압력이 계단의 급격한 경사 변화에 크게 영향을받는 것으로 나타났습니다. 사면 변화의 정도는 상대적으로 작았지만 사면 변화의 영향은 유동 특성에 큰 영향을 미쳤다.

Renormalized Group (RNG) 모델이 난류 솔버로 선택되었습니다. 3D 모델링의 경우 계산 영역으로 직교 메쉬가 사용되었으며 X, Y, Z 방향에 사용 된 메쉬 그리드 크기는 0.015m입니다. CFD 모델링에서 공기 농도와 속도 분포는 25 초 동안 기록되었지만 동적 압력은 70 초 동안 기록되었습니다. 결과는 수치 모델과 물리적 모델간에 좋은 일치가 있음을 보여줍니다. 따라서 제안 된 CFD 모델은 수력 구조물의 설계 시뮬레이션 및 해석에 매우 적합하다는 결론을 내릴 수 있습니다.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: Listen

All relevant data are included in the paper or its Supplementary Information.

REFERENCES

Boes R. M. Hager W. H. 2003a Hydraulic design of stepped spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129 (9), 671–679.
Google Scholar
Boes R. M. Hager W. H. 2003b Two-Phase flow characteristics of stepped spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129 (9), 661–670.
Google Scholar
Chanson H. 1994 Hydraulics of skimming flows over stepped channels and spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Research 32 (3), 445–460.
Google Scholar
Chanson H. 1997 Air Bubble Entrainment in Free Surface Turbulent Shear Flows. Academic Press, London.
Google Scholar
Chanson H. 2002 The Hydraulics of Stepped Chutes and Spillways. Balkema, Lisse, The Netherlands.
Google Scholar
Felder S. Chanson H. 2011 Energy dissipation down a stepped spillway with nonuniform step heights. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 137 (11), 1543–1548.
Google Scholar
Flow Science, Inc. 2012 FLOW-3D v10-1 User Manual. Flow Science, Inc., Santa Fe, CA.
Ghaderi A. Daneshfaraz R. Torabi M. Abraham J. Azamathulla H. M. 2020a Experimental investigation on effective scouring parameters downstream from stepped spillways. Water Supply 20 (5), 1988–1998.
Google Scholar
Ghaderi A. Abbasi S. Abraham J. Azamathulla H. M. 2020b Efficiency of trapezoidal labyrinth shaped stepped spillways. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 72, 101711.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez C. A. Chanson H. 2008 Turbulence and cavity recirculation in air-water skimming flows on a stepped spillway. Journal of Hydraulic Research 46 (1), 65–72.
Google Scholar
Gunal M. 1996 Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Hydraulic Jumps. PhD Thesis, University of Manchester, Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, UK.
Hirt C. W. Nichols B. D. 1981 Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. Journal of Computational Physics 39 (1), 201–225.
Google Scholar
Matos J. 2000 Hydraulic design of stepped spillways over RCC dams. In: Intl Workshop on Hydraulics of Stepped Spillways (H.-E. Minor & W. Hager, eds). Balkema Publ, Zurich, pp. 187–194.
Google Scholar
Mohammad Rezapour Tabari M. Tavakoli S. 2016 Effects of stepped spillway geometry on flow pattern and energy dissipation. Arabian Journal for Science & Engineering (Springer Science & Business Media BV) 41 (4), 1215–1224.
Google Scholar
Ostad Mirza M. J. 2016 Experimental Study on the Influence of Abrupt Slope Changes on Flow Characteristics Over Stepped Spillways. Communications du Laboratoire de Constructions Hydrauliques, No. 64 (A. J. Schleiss, ed.). Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Roshan R. Azamathulla H. M. Marosi M. Sarkardeh H. Pahlavan H. Ab Ghani A. 2010 Hydraulics of stepped spillways with different numbers of steps. Dams and Reservoirs 20 (3), 131–136.
Google Scholar
Shahheydari H. Nodoshan E. J. Barati R. Moghadam M. A. 2015 Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation over stepped spillway under skimming flow regime. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 19 (4), 1174–1182.
Google Scholar
Takahashi M. Ohtsu I. 2012 Aerated flow characteristics of skimming flow over stepped chutes. Journal of Hydraulic Research 50 (4), 427–434.
Google Scholar
Versteeg H. K. Malalasekera W. 2007 An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method. Pearson Education, Harlow.
Google Scholar
© 2021 The Authors
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Full Text View

Interaction between oblique waves and arc-shaped breakwater: Wave action on the breakwater and wave transformation behind it

XinyuHan^aShengDong^aYizhiWang^b
^aCollege of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
^bShandong Harbour Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Rizhao, 276826, China

Highlights

Interaction of oblique waves and the arc-shaped breakwater was simulated.

Wave force and pressure distribution along central axis were analysed.

Arc curvature has little effect on the maximum wave force of different sections.

Overtopping-induced H_max behind breakwater up to 0.7 times of incident wave height.

Abstract

The hydrodynamic interaction between oblique waves and an arc-shaped breakwater and the wave field behind it. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model was used to simulate the interaction between the oblique waves and arc-shaped breakwater. The pressure distribution and wave force in the different sections under different wave directions were measured by experiments to validate the numerical results. The pressure distribution and wave force in the arc-shaped vertical part of the breakwater along the central axis were further analysed using numerical model. The maximum positive and negative forces in each section along the central axis were compared. The results indicated that the arc curvature exerted little effect on the maximum wave force in the different sections. The wave height behind the breakwater was obviously smaller than that at the front. With the decrease in the incident angle, the influence of diffraction on the wave field gradually decreased. Under east–southeast waves, the maximum wave height behind the breakwater caused by overtopping was approximately 0.7 times the incident-wave height. In the spatial distribution of the wave period behind the breakwater, some areas with smaller periods existed, which may be caused by the overtopping flow that broke behind the breakwater.

경사파와 호 모양의 방파제와 그 뒤에 있는 파동 장 사이의 유체 역학적 상호 작용. 3 차원 전산 유체 역학 모델을 사용하여 사선 파와 호 모양의 방파제 사이의 상호 작용을 시뮬레이션했습니다.

서로 다른 파동 방향에서 서로 다른 섹션의 압력 분포와 파력은 수치 결과를 검증하기 위해 실험을 통해 측정 되었습니다. 방파제 중심 축을 따라 호 모양의 수직 부분의 압력 분포와 파력은 수치 모델을 사용하여 추가로 분석되었습니다.

중심 축을 따라 각 섹션에서 최대 양의 힘과 음의 힘을 비교했습니다. 결과는 아크 곡률이 다른 섹션에서 최대 파력에 거의 영향을 미치지 않음을 나타냅니다. 방파제 뒤의 파도 높이는 정면보다 분명히 작았습니다. 입사각이 감소함에 따라 파동 장에 대한 회절의 영향이 점차 감소했습니다.

동-남동 파 하에서 오버 탑으로 인한 방파제 뒤의 최대 파고는 입사 파고의 약 0.7 배였다. 방파제 뒤의 파동주기의 공간적 분포에는 방파제 뒤에서 파열 된 과잉 흐름에 의해 발생할 수 있는 더 작은주기를 가진 일부 지역이 존재했습니다.

Keywords

Arc-shaped breakwater3D numerical modelWave forcePressure distributionWave height and period behind breakwater

Figures -Interaction between oblique waves and arc-shaped breakwater

Figures-Interaction between oblique waves and arc-shaped breakwater2

DNA Printing Integrated Multiplexer Driver Microelectronic Mechanical System Head (IDMH) and Microfluidic Flow Estimation

DNA 프린팅 통합 멀티플렉서 드라이버 Microelectronic Mechanical System Head (IDMH) 및 Microfluidic Flow Estimation

by Jian-Chiun Liou^1,*,Chih-Wei Peng¹ ,Philippe Basset² andZhen-Xi Chen¹¹School of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan²ESYCOM, Université Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, CNAM, ESIEE Paris, F-77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France^*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract

The system designed in this study involves a three-dimensional (3D) microelectronic mechanical system chip structure using DNA printing technology. We employed diverse diameters and cavity thickness for the heater. DNA beads were placed in this rapid array, and the spray flow rate was assessed. Because DNA cannot be obtained easily, rapidly deploying DNA while estimating the total amount of DNA being sprayed is imperative. DNA printings were collected in a multiplexer driver microelectronic mechanical system head, and microflow estimation was conducted. Flow-3D was used to simulate the internal flow field and flow distribution of the 3D spray room. The simulation was used to calculate the time and pressure required to generate heat bubbles as well as the corresponding mean outlet speed of the fluid. The “outlet speed status” function in Flow-3D was used as a power source for simulating the ejection of fluid by the chip nozzle. The actual chip generation process was measured, and the starting voltage curve was analyzed. Finally, experiments on flow rate were conducted, and the results were discussed. The density of the injection nozzle was 50, the size of the heater was 105 μm × 105 μm, and the size of the injection nozzle hole was 80 μm. The maximum flow rate was limited to approximately 3.5 cc. The maximum flow rate per minute required a power between 3.5 W and 4.5 W. The number of injection nozzles was multiplied by 100. On chips with enlarged injection nozzle density, experiments were conducted under a fixed driving voltage of 25 V. The flow curve obtained from various pulse widths and operating frequencies was observed. The operating frequency was 2 KHz, and the pulse width was 4 μs. At a pulse width of 5 μs and within the power range of 4.3–5.7 W, the monomer was injected at a flow rate of 5.5 cc/min. The results of this study may be applied to estimate the flow rate and the total amount of the ejection liquid of a DNA liquid.

이 연구에서 설계된 시스템은 DNA 프린팅 기술을 사용하는 3 차원 (3D) 마이크로 전자 기계 시스템 칩 구조를 포함합니다. 히터에는 다양한 직경과 캐비티 두께를 사용했습니다. DNA 비드를 빠른 어레이에 배치하고 스프레이 유속을 평가했습니다.

DNA를 쉽게 얻을 수 없기 때문에 DNA를 빠르게 배치하면서 스프레이 되는 총 DNA 양을 추정하는 것이 필수적입니다. DNA 프린팅은 멀티플렉서 드라이버 마이크로 전자 기계 시스템 헤드에 수집되었고 마이크로 플로우 추정이 수행되었습니다.

Flow-3D는 3D 스프레이 룸의 내부 유동장과 유동 분포를 시뮬레이션 하는데 사용되었습니다. 시뮬레이션은 열 거품을 생성하는데 필요한 시간과 압력뿐만 아니라 유체의 해당 평균 출구 속도를 계산하는데 사용되었습니다.

Flow-3D의 “출구 속도 상태”기능은 칩 노즐에 의한 유체 배출 시뮬레이션을 위한 전원으로 사용되었습니다. 실제 칩 생성 프로세스를 측정하고 시작 전압 곡선을 분석했습니다. 마지막으로 유속 실험을 하고 그 결과를 논의했습니다. 분사 노즐의 밀도는 50, 히터의 크기는 105μm × 105μm, 분사 노즐 구멍의 크기는 80μm였다. 최대 유량은 약 3.5cc로 제한되었습니다. 분당 최대 유량은 3.5W에서 4.5W 사이의 전력이 필요했습니다. 분사 노즐의 수에 100을 곱했습니다. 분사 노즐 밀도가 확대 된 칩에 대해 25V의 고정 구동 전압에서 실험을 수행했습니다. 얻은 유동 곡선 다양한 펄스 폭과 작동 주파수에서 관찰되었습니다. 작동 주파수는 2KHz이고 펄스 폭은 4μs입니다. 5μs의 펄스 폭과 4.3–5.7W의 전력 범위 내에서 단량체는 5.5cc / min의 유속으로 주입되었습니다. 이 연구의 결과는 DNA 액체의 토 출액의 유량과 총량을 추정하는 데 적용될 수 있습니다.

Keywords: DNA printing; flow estimation; MEMS

Introduction

잉크젯 프린트 헤드 기술은 매우 중요하며, 잉크젯 기술의 거대한 발전은 주로 잉크젯 프린트 헤드 기술의 원리 개발에서 시작되었습니다. 잉크젯 인쇄 연구를 위한 대규모 액적 생성기 포함 [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8]. 연속 식 잉크젯 시스템은 고주파 응답과 고속 인쇄의 장점이 있습니다. 그러나이 방법의 잉크젯 프린트 헤드의 구조는 더 복잡하고 양산이 어려운 가압 장치, 대전 전극, 편향 전계가 필요하다. 주문형 잉크젯 시스템의 잉크젯 프린트 헤드는 구조가 간단하고 잉크젯 헤드의 다중 노즐을 쉽게 구현할 수 있으며 디지털화 및 색상 지정이 쉽고 이미지 품질은 비교적 좋지만 일반적인 잉크 방울 토출 속도는 낮음 [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].

핫 버블 잉크젯 헤드의 총 노즐 수는 수백 또는 수천에 달할 수 있습니다. 노즐은 매우 미세하여 풍부한 조화 색상과 부드러운 메쉬 톤을 생성할 수 있습니다. 잉크 카트리지와 노즐이 일체형 구조를 이루고 있으며, 잉크 카트리지 교체시 잉크젯 헤드가 동시에 업데이트되므로 노즐 막힘에 대한 걱정은 없지만 소모품 낭비가 발생하고 상대적으로 높음 비용. 주문형 잉크젯 기술은 배출해야 하는 그래픽 및 텍스트 부분에만 잉크 방울을 배출하고 빈 영역에는 잉크 방울이 배출되지 않습니다. 이 분사 방법은 잉크 방울을 충전할 필요가 없으며 전극 및 편향 전기장을 충전할 필요도 없습니다. 노즐 구조가 간단하고 노즐의 멀티 노즐 구현이 용이하며, 출력 품질이 더욱 개선되었습니다. 펄스 제어를 통해 디지털화가 쉽습니다. 그러나 잉크 방울의 토출 속도는 일반적으로 낮습니다. 열 거품 잉크젯, 압전 잉크젯 및 정전기 잉크젯의 세 가지 일반적인 유형이 있습니다. 물론 다른 유형이 있습니다.

압전 잉크젯 기술의 실현 원리는 인쇄 헤드의 노즐 근처에 많은 소형 압전 세라믹을 배치하면 압전 크리스탈이 전기장의 작용으로 변형됩니다. 잉크 캐비티에서 돌출되어 노즐에서 분사되는 패턴 데이터 신호는 압전 크리스탈의 변형을 제어한 다음 잉크 분사량을 제어합니다. 압전 MEMS 프린트 헤드를 사용한 주문형 드롭 하이브리드 인쇄 [ 12]. 열 거품 잉크젯 기술의 실현 원리는 가열 펄스 (기록 신호)의 작용으로 노즐의 발열체 온도가 상승하여 근처의 잉크 용매가 증발하여 많은 수의 핵 형성 작은 거품을 생성하는 것입니다. 내부 거품의 부피는 계속 증가합니다. 일정 수준에 도달하면 생성된 압력으로 인해 잉크가 노즐에서 분사되고 최종적으로 기판 표면에 도달하여 패턴 정보가 재생됩니다 [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].

“3D 제품 프린팅”및 “증분 빠른 제조”의 의미는 진화했으며 모든 증분 제품 제조 기술을 나타냅니다. 이는 이전 제작과는 다른 의미를 가지고 있지만, 자동 제어 하에 소재를 쌓아 올리는 3D 작업 제작 과정의 공통적 인 특징을 여전히 반영하고 있습니다 [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].

이 개발 시스템은 열 거품 분사 기술입니다. 이 빠른 어레이에 DNA 비드를 배치하고 스프레이 유속을 평가하기 위해 다른 히터 직경과 캐비티 두께를 설계하는 것입니다. DNA 제트 칩의 부스트 회로 시스템은 큰 흐름을 구동하기위한 신호 소스입니다. 목적은 분사되는 DNA 용액의 양과 출력을 조정하는 것입니다. 입력 전압을 더 높은 출력 전압으로 변환해야 하는 경우 부스트 컨버터가 유일한 선택입니다. 부스트 컨버터는 내부 금속 산화물 반도체 전계 효과 트랜지스터 (MOSFET)를 통해 전압을 충전하여 부스트 출력의 목적을 달성하고, MOSFET이 꺼지면 인덕터는 부하 정류를 통해 방전됩니다.

인덕터의 충전과 방전 사이의 변환 프로세스는 인덕터를 통한 전압의 방향을 반대로 한 다음 점차적으로 입력 작동 전압보다 높은 전압을 증가시킵니다. MOSFET의 스위칭 듀티 사이클은 확실히 부스트 비율을 결정합니다. MOSFET의 정격 전류와 부스트 컨버터의 부스트 비율은 부스트 컨버터의 부하 전류의 상한을 결정합니다. MOSFET의 정격 전압은 출력 전압의 상한을 결정합니다. 일부 부스트 컨버터는 정류기와 MOSFET을 통합하여 동기식 정류를 제공합니다. 통합 MOSFET은 정확한 제로 전류 턴 오프를 달성하여 부스트 변압기를 보다 효율적으로 만듭니다. 최대 전력 점 추적 장치를 통해 입력 전력을 실시간으로 모니터링합니다. 입력 전압이 최대 입력 전력 지점에 도달하면 부스트 컨버터가 작동하기 시작하여 부스트 컨버터가 최대 전력 출력 지점으로 유리 기판에 DNA 인쇄를 하는 데 적합합니다. 일정한 온 타임 생성 회로를 통해 온 타임이 온도 및 칩의 코너 각도에 영향을 받지 않아 시스템의 안정성이 향상됩니다.

잉크젯 프린트 헤드에 사용되는 기술은 매우 중요합니다. 잉크젯 기술의 엄청난 발전은 주로 잉크젯 프린팅에 사용되는 대형 액적 이젝터 [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]를 포함하여 잉크젯 프린트 헤드 기술의 이론 개발에서 시작되었습니다 . 연속 잉크젯 시스템은 고주파 응답과 고속 인쇄의 장점을 가지고 있습니다. 잉크젯 헤드의 총 노즐 수는 수백 또는 수천에 달할 수 있으며 이러한 노즐은 매우 복잡합니다. 노즐은 풍부하고 조화로운 색상과 부드러운 메쉬 톤을 생성할 수 있습니다 [ 9 , 10 ,11 ]. 잉크젯은 열 거품 잉크젯, 압전 잉크젯 및 정전 식 잉크젯의 세 가지 주요 유형으로 분류할 수 있습니다. 다른 유형도 사용 중입니다. 압전 잉크젯의 기능은 다음과 같습니다. 많은 소형 압전 세라믹이 잉크젯 헤드 노즐 근처에 배치됩니다. 압전 결정은 전기장 아래에서 변형됩니다. 그 후, 잉크는 잉크 캐비티에서 압착되어 노즐에서 배출됩니다. 패턴의 데이터 신호는 압전 결정의 변형을 제어한 다음 분사되는 잉크의 양을 제어합니다. 압전 마이크로 전자 기계 시스템 (MEMS) 잉크젯 헤드는 하이브리드 인쇄에 사용됩니다. [ 12]. 열 버블 잉크젯 기술은 다음과 같이 작동합니다. 가열 펄스 (즉, 기록 신호) 하에서 노즐의 가열 구성 요소의 온도가 상승하여 근처의 잉크 용매를 증발시켜 많은 양의 작은 핵 기포를 생성합니다. 내부 기포의 부피가 지속적으로 증가합니다. 압력이 일정 수준에 도달하면 노즐에서 잉크가 분출되고 잉크가 기판 표면에 도달하여 패턴과 메시지가 표시됩니다 [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].

3 차원 (3D) 제품 프린팅 및 빠른 프로토 타입 기술의 발전에는 모든 빠른 프로토 타입의 생산 기술이 포함됩니다. 래피드 프로토 타입 기술은 기존 생산 방식과는 다르지만 3D 제품 프린팅 생산 과정의 일부 특성을 공유합니다. 구체적으로 자동 제어 [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] 하에서 자재를 쌓아 올립니다 .

이 연구에서 개발된 시스템은 열 기포 방출 기술을 사용했습니다. 이 빠른 어레이에 DNA 비드를 배치하기 위해 히터에 대해 다른 직경과 다른 공동 두께가 사용되었습니다. 그 후, 스프레이 유속을 평가했다. DNA 제트 칩의 부스트 회로 시스템은 큰 흐름을 구동하기위한 신호 소스입니다. 목표는 분사되는 DNA 액체의 양과 출력을 조정하는 것입니다. 입력 전압을 더 높은 출력 전압으로 수정해야하는 경우 승압 컨버터가 유일한 옵션입니다. 승압 컨버터는 내부 금속 산화물 반도체 전계 효과 트랜지스터 (MOSFET)를 충전하여 출력 전압을 증가시킵니다. MOSFET이 꺼지면 부하 정류를 통해 인덕턴스가 방전됩니다. 충전과 방전 사이에서 인덕터를 변경하는 과정은 인덕터를 통과하는 전압의 방향을 변경합니다. 전압은 입력 작동 전압을 초과하는 지점까지 점차적으로 증가합니다. MOSFET 스위치의 듀티 사이클은 부스트 비율을 결정합니다. MOSFET의 승압 컨버터의 정격 전류와 부스트 비율은 승압 컨버터의 부하 전류의 상한을 결정합니다. MOSFET의 정격 전류는 출력 전압의 상한을 결정합니다. 일부 승압 컨버터는 정류기와 MOSFET을 통합하여 동기식 정류를 제공합니다. 통합 MOSFET은 정밀한 제로 전류 셧다운을 실현할 수 있으므로 셋업 컨버터의 효율성을 높일 수 있습니다. 최대 전력 점 추적 장치는 입력 전력을 실시간으로 모니터링하는 데 사용되었습니다. 입력 전압이 최대 입력 전력 지점에 도달하면 승압 컨버터가 작동을 시작합니다. 스텝 업 컨버터는 DNA 프린팅을 위한 최대 전력 출력 포인트가 있는 유리 기판에 사용됩니다.

MEMS Chip Design for Bubble Jet

이 연구는 히터 크기, 히터 번호 및 루프 저항과 같은 특정 매개 변수를 조작하여 5 가지 유형의 액체 배출 챔버 구조를 설계했습니다. 표 1 은 측정 결과를 나열합니다. 이 시스템은 다양한 히터의 루프 저항을 분석했습니다. 100 개 히터 설계를 완료하기 위해 2 세트의 히터를 사용하여 각 단일 회로 시리즈를 통과하기 때문에 100 개의 히터를 설계할 때 총 루프 저항은 히터 50 개의 총 루프 저항보다 하나 더 커야 합니다. 이 연구에서 MEMS 칩에서 기포를 배출하는 과정에서 저항 층의 면저항은 29 Ω / m ^2입니다. 따라서 모델 A의 총 루프 저항이 가장 컸습니다. 일반 사이즈 모델 (모델 B1, C, D, E)의 두 배였습니다. 모델 B1, C, D 및 E의 총 루프 저항은 약 29 Ω / m ² 입니다. 표 1 에 따르면 오류 범위는 허용된 설계 값 이내였습니다. 따라서야 연구에서 설계된 각 유형의 단일 칩은 동일한 생산 절차 결과를 가지며 후속 유량 측정에 사용되었습니다.

Table 1. List of resistance measurement of single circuit resistance.

DNA를 뿌린 칩의 파워가 정상으로 확인되면 히터 버블의 성장 특성을 테스트하고 검증했습니다. DNA 스프레이 칩의 필름 두께와 필름 품질은 히터의 작동 조건과 스프레이 품질에 영향을 줍니다. 따라서 기포 성장 현상과 그 성장 특성을 이해하면 본 연구에서 DNA 스프레이 칩의 특성과 작동 조건을 명확히 하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

설계된 시스템은 기포 성장 조건을 관찰하기 위해 개방형 액체 공급 방법을 채택했습니다. 이미지 관찰을 위해 발광 다이오드 (LED, Nichia NSPW500GS-K1, 3.1V 백색 LED 5mm)를 사용하는 동기식 플래시 방식을 사용하여 동기식 지연 광원을 생성했습니다. 이 시스템은 또한 전하 결합 장치 (CCD, Flir Grasshopper3 GigE GS3-PGE-50S5C-C)를 사용하여 이미지를 캡처했습니다. 그림 1핵 형성, 성장, 거품 생성에서 소산에 이르는 거품의 과정을 보여줍니다. 이 시스템은 기포의 성장 및 소산 과정을 확인하여 시작 전압을 관찰하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 마이크로 채널의 액체 공급 방법은 LED가 깜빡이는 시간을 가장 큰 기포 발생에 필요한 시간 (15μs)으로 설정했습니다. 이 디자인은 부적합한 깜박임 시간으로 인한 잘못된 판단과 거품 이미지 캡처 불가능을 방지합니다.

Figure 1. The system uses CCD to capture images.

<내용 중략>…….

Table 2. Open pool test starting voltage results.

Figure 2. Serial input parallel output shift registers forms of connection.

Figure 3. The geometry of the jet cavity. (a) The actual DNA liquid chamber, (b) the three-dimensional view of the microfluidic single channel. A single-channel jet cavity with 60 μm diameter and 50 μm thickness, with an operating frequency of 5 KHz, in (a) three-dimensional side view (b) X-Z two-dimensional cross-sectional view, at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 200 μs injection conditions.

Figure 4. Calculate and simulate the injection of water in a single-channel injection chamber with a nozzle diameter of 60 μm and a thickness of 50 μm, at an operating frequency of 5 KHz, in the X-Y two-dimensional cross-sectional view, at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 200 μs.

Figure 5 depicts the calculation results of the 2D X-Z cross section. At 100 μs and 200 μs, the fluid injection orifice did not completely fill the chamber. This may be because the size of the single-channel injection cavity was unsuitable for the highest operating frequency of 10 KHz. Thus, subsequent calculation simulations employed 5 KHz as the reference operating frequency. The calculation simulation results were calculated according to the operating frequency of the impact. Figure 6 illustrates the injection cavity height as 60 μm and 30 μm and reveals the 2D X-Y cross section. At 100 μs and 200 μs, the fluid injection orifice did not completely fill the chamber. In those stages, the fluid was still filling the chamber, and the flow field was not yet stable.

Figure 6. Calculate and simulate water in a single-channel spray chamber with a spray hole diameter of 60 μm and a thickness of 50 μm, with an operating frequency of 10 KHz, in an XY cross-sectional view, at 10, 20, 30, 40, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140 and 200 μs injection situation.

Figure 7. The DNA printing integrated multiplexer driver MEMS head (IDMH).

Figure 8. The initial voltage diagrams of chip number A,B,C,D,E type.

Figure 9. The initial energy diagrams of chip number A,B,C,D,E type.

Figure 17. E1 type ejection rate relationship.

Conclusions

이 연구는 DNA 프린팅 IDMH를 제공하고 미세 유체 흐름 추정을 수행했습니다. 설계된 DNA 스프레이 캐비티와 20V의 구동 전압에서 다양한 펄스 폭의 유동 성능이 펄스 폭에 따라 증가하는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다.

E1 유형 유량 테스트는 해당 유량이 3.1cc / min으로 증가함에 따라 유량이 전력 변화에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났습니다. 동력이 증가함에 따라 유량은 0.75cc / min에서 3.5cc / min으로 최대 6.5W까지 증가했습니다. 동력이 더 증가하면 유량은 에너지와 함께 증가하지 않습니다. 이것은 이 테이블 디자인이 가장 크다는 것을 보여줍니다. 유속은 3.5cc / 분이었다.
작동 주파수가 2KHz이고 펄스 폭이 4μs 및 5μs 인 특수 설계된 DNA 스프레이 룸 구조에서 다양한 전력 조건 하에서 유량 변화를 관찰했습니다. 4.3–5.87 W의 출력 범위 내에서 주입 된 모노머의 유속은 5.5cc / 분이었습니다. 이것은 힘이 증가해도 변하지 않았습니다. DNA는 귀중하고 쉽게 얻을 수 없습니다. 이 실험을 통해 우리는 DNA가 뿌려진 마이크로 어레이 바이오칩의 수천 개의 지점에 필요한 총 DNA 양을 정확하게 추정 할 수 있습니다.

<내용 중략>…….

References

Pydar, O.; Paredes, C.; Hwang, Y.; Paz, J.; Shah, N.; Candler, R. Characterization of 3D-printed microfluidic chip interconnects with integrated O-rings. Sens. Actuators Phys. 2014, 205, 199–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ohtani, K.; Tsuchiya, M.; Sugiyama, H.; Katakura, T.; Hayakawa, M.; Kanai, T. Surface treatment of flow channels in microfluidic devices fabricated by stereolitography. J. Oleo Sci. 2014, 63, 93–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Castrejn-Pita, J.R.; Martin, G.D.; Hoath, S.D.; Hutchings, I.M. A simple large-scale droplet generator for studies of inkjet printing. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2008, 79, 075108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Asai, A. Application of the nucleation theory to the design of bubble jet printers. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Regul. Rap. Short Notes 1989, 28, 909–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Aoyama, R.; Seki, M.; Hong, J.W.; Fujii, T.; Endo, I. Novel Liquid Injection Method with Wedge-shaped Microchannel on a PDMS Microchip System for Diagnostic Analyses. In Transducers’ 01 Eurosensors XV; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2001; pp. 1204–1207. [Google Scholar]
Xu, B.; Zhang, Y.; Xia, H.; Dong, W.; Ding, H.; Sun, H. Fabrication and multifunction integration of microfluidic chips by femtosecond laser direct writing. Lab Chip 2013, 13, 1677–1690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nayve, R.; Fujii, M.; Fukugawa, A.; Takeuchi, T.; Murata, M.; Yamada, Y. High-Resolution long-array thermal ink jet printhead fabricated by anisotropic wet etching and deep Si RIE. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2004, 13, 814–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
O’Connor, J.; Punch, J.; Jeffers, N.; Stafford, J. A dimensional comparison between embedded 3D: Printed and silicon microchannesl. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2014, 525, 012009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Fang, Y.J.; Lee, J.I.; Wang, C.H.; Chung, C.K.; Ting, J. Modification of heater and bubble clamping behavior in off-shooting inkjet ejector. In Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors, Irvine, CA, USA, 30 October–3 November 2005; pp. 97–100. [Google Scholar]
Lee, W.; Kwon, D.; Choi, W.; Jung, G.; Jeon, S. 3D-Printed microfluidic device for the detection of pathogenic bacteria using size-based separation in helical channel with trapezoid cross-section. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 7717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Shin, D.Y.; Smith, P.J. Theoretical investigation of the influence of nozzle diameter variation on the fabrication of thin film transistor liquid crystal display color filters. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 103, 114905-1–114905-11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kim, Y.; Kim, S.; Hwang, J.; Kim, Y. Drop-on-Demand hybrid printing using piezoelectric MEMS printhead at various waveforms, high voltages and jetting frequencies. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2013, 23, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shin, S.J.; Kuka, K.; Shin, J.W.; Lee, C.S.; Oha, Y.S.; Park, S.O. Thermal design modifications to improve firing frequency of back shooting inkjet printhead. Sens. Actuators Phys. 2004, 114, 387–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rose, D. Microfluidic Technologies and Instrumentation for Printing DNA Microarrays. In Microarray Biochip Technology; Eaton Publishing: Norwalk, CT, USA, 2000; p. 35. [Google Scholar]
Wu, D.; Wu, S.; Xu, J.; Niu, L.; Midorikawa, K.; Sugioka, K. Hybrid femtosecond laser microfabrication to achieve true 3D glass/polymer composite biochips with multiscale features and high performance: The concept of ship-in-abottle biochip. Laser Photon. Rev. 2014, 8, 458–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
McIlroy, C.; Harlen, O.; Morrison, N. Modelling the jetting of dilute polymer solutions in drop-on-demand inkjet printing. J. Non Newton. Fluid Mech. 2013, 201, 17–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Anderson, K.; Lockwood, S.; Martin, R.; Spence, D. A 3D printed fluidic device that enables integrated features. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 5622–5626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Avedisian, C.T.; Osborne, W.S.; McLeod, F.D.; Curley, C.M. Measuring bubble nucleation temperature on the surface of a rapidly heated thermal ink-jet heater immersed in a pool of water. Proc. R. Soc. A Lond. Math. Phys. Sci. 1999, 455, 3875–3899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lim, J.H.; Kuk, K.; Shin, S.J.; Baek, S.S.; Kim, Y.J.; Shin, J.W.; Oh, Y.S. Failure mechanisms in thermal inkjet printhead analyzed by experiments and numerical simulation. Microelectron. Reliab. 2005, 45, 473–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shallan, A.; Semjkal, P.; Corban, M.; Gujit, R.; Breadmore, M. Cost-Effective 3D printing of visibly transparent microchips within minutes. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 3124–3130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cavicchi, R.E.; Avedisian, C.T. Bubble nucleation and growth anomaly for a hydrophilic microheater attributed to metastable nanobubbles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 98, 124501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Kamei, K.; Mashimo, Y.; Koyama, Y.; Fockenberg, C.; Nakashima, M.; Nakajima, M.; Li, J.; Chen, Y. 3D printing of soft lithography mold for rapid production of polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic devices for cell stimulation with concentration gradients. Biomed. Microdevices 2015, 17, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Shin, S.J.; Kuka, K.; Shin, J.W.; Lee, C.S.; Oha, Y.S.; Park, S.O. Firing frequency improvement of back shooting inkjet printhead by thermal management. In Proceedings of the TRANSDUCERS’03. 12th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors.Actuators and Microsystems. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.03TH8664), Boston, MA, USA, 8–12 June 2003; Volume 1, pp. 380–383. [Google Scholar]
Laio, X.; Song, J.; Li, E.; Luo, Y.; Shen, Y.; Chen, D.; Chen, Y.; Xu, Z.; Sugoioka, K.; Midorikawa, K. Rapid prototyping of 3D microfluidic mixers in glass by femtosecond laser direct writing. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 746–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Full Text View

Figure 6. Maximum inundation field in simulations with (a) no barrier on the seawall (red line), (b) a 1 m barrier across the entire sea wall, and (c) a 1.7 m barrier partially installed on the seawall.

Storm surge inundation simulations comparing three-dimensional with two-dimensional models based on Typhoon Maemi over Masan Bay of South Korea

Jae-Seol Shim†, Jinah Kim†, Dong-Chul Kim‡, Kiyoung Heo†, Kideok Do†, Sun-Jung Park ‡
† Coastal Disaster Research Center,
Korea Institute of Ocean Science &
Technology, 426-744, Ansan, Gyeonggi,
Korea
jsshim@kiost.ac
jakim@kiost.ac
kyheo21@kiost.ac
kddo@kiost.ac
‡ Technology R&D Institute
Hyein E&C Co., Ltd., Seoul 157-861,
Korea
skkkdc@chol.com
Nayana_sj@nate.com

ABSTRACT

Shim, J., Kim, J., Kim, D., Heo, K., Do, K., Park, S., 2013. Storm surge inundation simulations comparing threedimensional with two-dimensional models based on Typhoon Maemi over Masan Bay of South Korea. In:
Conley, D.C., Masselink, G., Russell, P.E. and O’Hare, T.J. (eds.), Proceedings 12th International Coastal Symposium
(Plymouth, England), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, pp. 392-397, ISSN 0749-0208.
Severe storm surge inundation was caused by the typhoon Maemi in Masan Bay, South Korea in September 2003. To
investigate the differences in the storm surge inundation simulated by three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional
models, we used the ADvanced CIRCulation model (ADCIRC) and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model
(FLOW3D). The simulation results were compared to the flood plain map of Masan Bay following the typhoon Maemi.
To improve the accuracy of FLOW3D, we used a high-resolution digital surface model with a few tens of centimeterresolution, produced by aerial LIDAR survey. Comparison of the results between ADCRIC and FLOW3D simulations shows that the inclusion of detailed information on buildings and topography has an impact, delaying seawater propagation and resulting in a reduced inundation depth and flooding area. Furthermore, we simulated the effect of the installation of a storm surge barrier on the storm surge inundation. The barrier acted to decrease the water volume of the inundation and delayed the arrival time of the storm surge, implying that the storm surge barrier provides more time for residents’ evacuation.

Keywords: Typhoon Maemi, digital surface elevation model, Reynolds-Averaged NavierStokes equations.

2003 년 9 월 대한민국 마산만 태풍 매미에 의해 심한 폭풍 해일 침수가 발생했습니다. 3 차원 (3D) 및 2 차원 모델로 시뮬레이션 한 폭풍 해일 침수의 차이를 조사하기 위해 ADvanced CIRCulation 모델 ( ADCIRC) 및 3D 전산 유체 역학 (CFD) 모델 (FLOW3D).

시뮬레이션 결과는 태풍 매미 이후 마산만 범람원 지도와 비교되었다. FLOW-3D의 정확도를 높이기 위해 우리는 항공 LIDAR 측량으로 생성된 수십 센티미터 해상도의 고해상도 디지털 표면 모델을 사용했습니다.

ADCRIC과 FLOW3D 시뮬레이션의 결과를 비교하면 건물과 지형에 대한 자세한 정보를 포함하면 해수 전파가 지연되고 침수 깊이와 침수 면적이 감소하는 것으로 나타났습니다.

또한, 폭풍 해일 침수에 대한 폭풍 해일 장벽 설치의 효과를 시뮬레이션했습니다. 이 장벽은 침수 물량을 줄이고 폭풍 해일 도착 시간을 지연시키는 역할을 하여 폭풍 해일 장벽이 주민들의 대피에 더 많은 시간을 제공한다는 것을 의미합니다.

INTRODUCTION

2003 년 9 월 12 일 태풍 매미로 인한 강한 폭풍 해일이 남해안을 강타했습니다. 마산 만 일대는 심한 폭풍우 침수로 인해 최악의 피해를 입었고 광범위한 홍수를 겪었습니다. 따라서 마산 만에 예방 체계를 구축하기 위해 폭풍 해일에 의한 침수에 대한 수치 예측을 시도하는 선행 연구가 수행되었다 (Park et al. 2011).

그러나 일반적인 2 차원 (2D) 또는 3 차원 (3D) 수압 가정을 사용할 때 지형의 해상도는 복잡한 해안 구조를 표현하기에 충분하지 않습니다. 따라서 우리는 마산 만의 고해상도 지형도를 통해 전산 유체 역학 (CFD)의 침수 시뮬레이션을 제시한다.

태풍 매미는 2003 년 9 월 12 일 12시 (UTC)에 한반도에 상륙하여 남동부 해안을 따라 추적했습니다 (그림 1). 2003 년 9 월 13 일 6시 (UTC)에 동 일본해로 이동하여 온대 저기압이되었습니다.

풍속과 기압면에서 한국을 강타한 가장 강력한 태풍 중 하나입니다. 특히 마산 만에 접해있는 마산시는 폭풍 해일 홍수로 최악의 피해를 입어 32 명이 사망하고 심각한 해안 피해를 입었다. 태풍이 지나가는 동안 중앙 기압은 950hPa, 진행 속도는 45kmh-1로 마산항의 조 위계를 통해 최대 약 2.3m의 서지 높이를 기록했다.

마산 만에 접한 주거 및 상업 지역은 홍수가 심했고 지하 시설은 폭풍 해일로 침수로 어려움을 겪었습니다 (Yasuda et al. 2005). 이 논문에서는 3D CFD 모델 (FLOW 3D)과 2D ADvanced CIRCulation 모델 (ADCIRC)을 사용하여 기록 된 마산 만에서 가장 큰 폭풍 해일 중 하나에 의해 생성 된 해안 침수를 시뮬레이션했습니다.

건물의 높이와 공간 정보를 포함하는 디지털 표면 모델 (DSM)은 LiDAR (Airborne Light Detection and Ranging)에 의해 만들어졌으며, 폭풍 해일 침수 모델, 즉 3D CFD 모델 (FLOW 3D)의 입력 데이터로 사용되었습니다. ). 또한 ADCIRC의 시뮬레이션 결과는 FLOW3D의 경계 조건으로 사용됩니다.

본 연구의 목적은 극심한 침수 높이와 해안 육지로의 범람을 포함하여 마산 만에서 태풍 매미로 인한 폭풍 해일 침수를 재현하는 것이다.

<중략>………………

Figure 1. The best track and the central pressures of the typhoon Maemi from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Open circles indicate the locations of the typhoon in 3 h intervals. Filled circles represent locations of the cited stations; A, B, C and D indicate Jeju, Yeosu, Tongyoung, and Masan, respectively.

Figure 2. Model domain with FEM mesh for Typhoon Maemi.

Figure 3. Validation of surge height for the four major tidal stations on the south coast of the Korea.

Figure 4. Inundation depth results from (a) ADCIRC, (b) FLOW3D, and (c) inundation field surveying hazard map following typhoon Maemi.

Figure 5. Inundation depth results computed by Flow3D at each time period following arrival of storm surge wave at harbor mouth.

LITERATURE CITED

Bunya S, Kubatko EJ, Westerink JJ, Dawson C.,2010. A wetting and drying treatment for the Runge–Kutta discontinuous Galerkin solution to the shallow water equations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Oceanography and Coastal Research, 198, 1548-1562.
Chan, J.C.L. & Shi, J.,1996. Long term trends and interannual variability in tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters 23, 2765-2767.
Choi, B.H., Kim, D.C., Pelinovsky, E. and Woo, S.B., 2007. Threedimensional simulation of tsunami run-up around conical island. Coastal Engineering, 54, 618-629.
Choi, B.H., Pelinovsky, E., Kim, D.C., Didenkulova, I. and Woo, S.B., Two- and three-dimensional computation of solitary wave runup on non-plane beach. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 15, 489-502.
Choi B.H., Pelinovsky E., Kim D.C., Lee H.J., Min B.I. and Kim K.H., Three-dimensional simulation of 1983 central East (Japan) Sea earthquake tsunami at the Imwon Port (Korea). Ocean Engineering, 35, 1545-1559.
Choi, B.H., Eum, H.M., Kim, H.S., Jeong, W.M. & Shim, J.S., 2004. Wave-tide-surge coupled simulation for typhoon Maemi, Workshop on waves and storm surges around Korean peninsula, 121-144.
Choi, K.S., & Kim, B.J., 2007. Climatological characteristics of tropical cyclone making landfall over the Korean Peninsula. Journal of the Korean Meteorological Society 43, 97-109.
Clark, J.D. & Chu, P., 2002. Interannual variation of tropical cyclone activity over the central North Pacific. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 80, 403-418.
Davies, A.M. & Flather, R.A., 1978. Application of numerical models of the North West European continental shelf and the North Sea to the computation of the storm surges of November to December 1973.
Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift Ergänzungsheft Reihe A, 14, 72. Flow Science, 2010. FLOW-3D User’s Manual. Fujita, T., 1952. Pressure distribution in a typhoon. Geophysical Magazine 23.
Garratt, J.R., 1977. Review of drag coefficients over oceans and continents. Monthly Weather Review, 105, 915-929.
Gary Padgett, 2004. Gary Padgett September 2003 Tropical Weather Summary. Typhoon 2000.
Goda Y., Kishira Y. and Kamiyama Y., 1975. Laboratory investigation on the overtopping rate of seawalls by irregular waves, Report of Port and Harbour Research Inst.,14(4), 3-44.
Heaps, N.S., 1965. Storm surges on a continental shelf. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. 257, 351-383.
Hirt, C.W. and Nichols, B.D., 1981. Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. Journal of Computational Physics, 39, 201-225.
Holland, G.J., 1980. An Analytic Model of the Wind and Pressure Profiles in Hurricanes. Monthly Weather Review, 108, 1212-1218.
Independent Levee Investigation Team, 2006. Investigation of the Performance of the New Orleans Flood Protection Systems in Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005
Klotzbach, P. J. , 2006. Trends in global tropical cyclone activity over the past twenty years (1986-2005). Geophysical Research Letters, 33.
Large, W.G. & Pond, S., 1981. Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11, 324-336.
Landsea, C.W., Nicholls, N., Gray, W.M. & Avila, L.A., 1996. Downward trends in the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes during the past five decades. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 1697-1700.
Lighthill, J., Holland, G., Gray, W., Landsea, C., Creig, G., Evans, J., Kurikara, Y. and Guard, C., 1994. Global climate change and tropical cyclones. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 2147- 2157.
Luettich, R.A. & Westerink, J.J., 2004. Formulation and Numerical Implementation of the 2D/3D ADCIRC finite element model version 44.XX.
Matsumoto, K., Takanezawa, T. & Ooe, M., 2000. Ocean tide models developed by assimilating TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data into hydrodynamical model: A global model and a regional model around Japan, Journal of Oceanography, 56(5) 567-581.
Mitsuyasu, H. and Kusaba, T., 1984. Drag Coefficient over Water Surface Under the Action of Strong Wind. Natural Disaster Science, 6, 43-50.
Mitsuyasu, H., F. Tasai, T. Suhara, S. Mizuno, M. Ohkusu, T. Honda and K. Rikiishi, 1980. Observation of the power spectrum of ocean waves using a cloverleaf buoy. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10, 286- 296.
Multiple Lines of Defense Assessment Team, 2007. Comprehensive Recommendations Supporting the Use of the Multiple Lines of Defense Strategy to Sustain Coastal Louisiana.
Myers, V.A. and Malkin, W., 1961. Some Properties of Hurricane Wind Fields as Deduced from Trajectories. U.S. Weather Bureau, National Hurricane Research Project, Report 49.
Saito, K., T. Fujita, Y. Yamada, J. Ishida, Y. Kumagai, K. Aranami, S. Ohmori, R. Nagasawa, S. Kumagai, C. Muroi, T. Kato, H. Eito and Y. Yamazaki, 2006. The operational JMA Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model. Monthly Weather Review, 134, 1266-1298.
Shibaki H., Nakai K., Suzuyama K. and Watanabe A., 2004. Multi-level storm surge model incorporating density stratification and wave-setup. Proc. of 29th Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng., ASCE, 1539-1551.JSCE (1999). Hydraulic formulas, page 245 (in Japanese).
Shibaki, H., Suzuyama, K., Kim, J.I., & Sun, L., 2007. Numerical simulation of storm surge inundation induced by overflow, overtopping and dike breach. Asian and Pacific Coasts 2007, Nanjing, China.
Smagorinsky J., 1963. General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic experiment. Monthly Weather Review, 91, 99- 164.
Smith, S.D. & Banke, E.G., 1975. Variation of the sea surface drag coefficient with wind speed. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 101, 665-673.
Versteeg, H.K., Malalasekera, W., 1995.An introduction to computational fluid dynamics. The Finite Volume Method. Prentice Hall, 257p.
Wang Xinian, Yin Qingjiang, Zhang Baoming, 1991. Research and Applications of a Forecasting Model of Typhoon Surges in China Seas. Advances In Water Science.
Wu, J., 1982. Wind-Stress Coefficients over Sea Surface from Breeze to Hurricane. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 9704-9706.
Yeh, H., Liu, P., Synolakis, C., 1996. Long-wave Runup Models. World Scientific.
Yakhot, V. and Orszag, S.A., 1986. Renormalization group analysis of turbulence, I. Basic theory. Journal of Scientific Computing, 1, 1-51.
Yakhot, V. and Smith, L.M., 1992. The renormalization group, the expansion and derivation of turbulence models, Journal of Scientific Computing, 7, 35-61
Yasuda, T., T. Hiraishi, H. Kawai, K. Nagase, S.W. Kang, and W.M. Jeong, 2005. Field survey and computation analysis of storm surge disaster in Masan due to Typhoon Maemi, Proceedings of Asian and Pacific Coasts 2005, Jeju, Korea.

원문 바로가기

Fig. 3. Mesh and depth map for the storm surge model of ADCSWAN model.

ADCSWAN과 FLOW-3D 모델을 이용한 태풍 차바 내습 시 부산 마린시티의 침수범람 재현

최흥배․엄호식†․박종집․강태욱
*, *** ㈜지오시스템리서치 선임, ** ㈜지오시스템리서치 책임, **** 부경대학교 박사

Reproduction of Flood Inundation in Marine City, Busan During the Typhoon Chaba Invasion Using ADCSWAN and FLOW-3D Models

요 약 : 최근 연안지역의 대규모 개발로 인해 고파랑 내습과 강한 태풍으로 발생된 월파는 연안지역의 많은 인명 및 재산피해를 발생시 켰으나 연안지역의 특성을 고려한 침수·범람 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구는 ADCSWAN(ADCIRC+SWAN) 모델과 FLOW-3D 모델을 적용 하여 해일 및 파랑의 복합요소에 대한 침수범람을 재현하기 위한 방법론에 대한 연구이다. 본 연구에서는 ADCSWAN(ADCIRC+SWAN) 모 델을 이용하여 FLOW-3D 모델의 경계자료(해수위, 파랑)를 추출하고, FLOW-3D 모델 입력값으로 적용하여 태풍 차바 통과시 부산 마린시 티를 대상으로 해일과 월파에 의한 침수범람을 재현하였다. 또한 기존 월파량 경험식과 FLOW-3D 모델로 계산된 월파량을 비교하였으며, 침수범람은 한국국토정보공사의 침수흔적도를 활용하여 정성적인 검증을 수행하여, 본 연구의 유효성을 검토하였다.

Keywords : ADCSWAN, FLOW-3D, 태풍 차바, 월파, 침수범람, Typhoon Chaba, Wave overtopping, Inundation

서 론

연안지역에 인접한 도시지역의 침수피해는 일반적인 도 시침수피해의 특성뿐만 아니라 연안지역의 조위상승 및 월 파현상이 포함된 복합적인 형태의 침수피해가 발생한다. 최근 지구온난화로 인한 기후변화는 평균해수면 상승과 태풍 의 강도 증가로 인해 해안지역의 재해 위험을 높이고 있지 만, 해안지역의 대규모 매립과 개발로 인해 인명손실과 재 산피해를 야기하는 위험도를 증가시켰다. 해안지역은 만조시 해수면 상승, 폭풍해일로 인한 월류 및 월파와 같은 요인에 의해 침수가 발생할 수 있다. 실제로 2003년 태풍 매미로 인한 마산만 조수가 예보치와 비교하여 2 m 이상 상승하여 많은 지역이 침수 및 인명·재산 피해가 발생되었으며, 2016년 태풍 차바는 폭풍해일 내습시 동반되 는 고파랑 발생으로 부산 해운대구 마린 시티에 대규모 침 수범람을 발생시켰다. 그러나 국내 연안도시지역의 특성을 고려한 월파 및 침수에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다(Song et al., 2017). 하지만 복잡한 지형이나 연안지역의 경우 방파 제 및 구조물의 형상에 따른 월파를 정밀하게 계산하기 위 해 3차원 전산유체 수치모형(CFD)의 가능성 여부가 검토되 어 왔다. 그러나 지금까지 대부분의 전산유체 수치모형은 그 적용성의 한계성과 큰 영역에 대해 직접 수치모의 하여 월파량을 산정한 예는 드물다. Le Roy et al.(2014)는 프랑스 도시지역에서 월파로 인한 해 안 홍수 문제를 해결하기 위해 XBeach 수치모델 및 경험적 (EurOtop) 모델을 사용하여 최대 월파량과 처오름을 추정하 였다. 우리나라의 설계기준서인 “항만 및 어항 설계기준(Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, 2014)” 경우에는 월파량 산정은 Goda 도표를 단순 직립식 구조물 및 소파호안에 적용하는 것을 제안하였다(Goda, 1970; Goda et al., 1975; Goda, 1985) 월파량 산정과 관련된 최근 연구 경향은 월파량 산정식을 대부분 지수함수 형태로 표현하고 있으며, 여유고와 입사파 고를 입력변수로 하여 월파량 산정이 가능하도록 제시하고 있다(van der Meer and Janssen, 1995; Franco and Franco, 1999; EurOtop, 2007; Anderson and Burcharth, 2009 등). 태풍에 의해 발생하는 폭풍해일의 영향을 예측하기 위해 서는 기본적으로 태풍에 의한 기압 강하, 해상풍, 진행 속도 등에 의한 해수면 변화 양상 및 조석-해일-파랑에 대해 충분 히 재현 가능해야 한다(Kang et al., 2019). 본 연구에서는 태풍 차바 내습시 폭풍해일 ADCSWAN (coupled model of ADCIRC and SWAN)모델과 FLOW-3D 수치 모형 결합을 통해 월파 특성을 재현하고 경험식을 통한 월 파량을 비교·검토하였다.

연구 개요
2.1 대상 태풍

본 연구의 대상지역은 대한민국 부산 해안가에 위치한 수 변도시로, 수영만 매립지 일부에 조성된 주거형 타운 지역 이다. 주요 건물이 해안선에 인접해 있으며, 지역 주민의 바 다를 볼 수 있는 조망권 확보를 위해 월파로 인한 방지대책 이 제한적으로 설치되어 있다. 이러한 지역적 특성으로 인 해 2016년 태풍 차바와 2018년 태풍 콩 라이(Kong-Rai) 때 폭 우와 폭풍해일 동반으로 월파와 강우로 인해 마린 시티 주 변의 많은 도로와 상가 침수가 발생되었다.

ADCSWAN과 FLOW-3D 모델을 이용한 태풍 차바 내습 시 부산 마린시티의 침수범람 재현

Fig. 2. Marine City during Typhoon Chaba in 2016.

2016년 발생한 제 18호 태풍 ‘차바(이하 Chaba로 표기함)’ 는 2016년 9월 28일 오전 3시에 중심기압 1,000 hPa, 최대풍속 18 m/s, 강풍 반경 280 km 크기의 ‘소형’ 열대폭풍으로 미국 괌 동쪽 약 590 km 부근 해상에서 발생하여 한반도의 제주 특별자치도 서귀포시와 경상남도 거제시, 부산광역시를 순 차적으로 통과하여 10월 6일 0시에 일본 센다이 서쪽 약 380 km부근 해상에서 중심기압 985 hPa의 온대저기압으로 세력 이 약화되면서 소멸하였다. 태풍의 일시별 정보와 피해사진 을 Fig. 1 및 Fig. 2에 제시하였다.

2.2 적용 모델
2.2.1 ADCSWAN(ADCIRC+SWAN) model

태풍에 의해 발생되는 폭풍해일의 영향을 예측하기 위해 서는 지형적인 특성과 태풍에 의한 기압강하, 해상풍, 진행 속도 등에 의한 해수면 변화 양상 및 조석-해일-파랑에 대 해 충분히 재현 가능해야 한다(Ferreira et al., 2014a, 2014b). 본 연구에서는 태풍에 의해 발생 가능한 현상에 대해 기존 의 다양한 연구에서 적용 및 활용성이 확보된 폭풍해일ADCIRC(ADvanced CIRCulation) 모델과 SWAN(Simulating WAves Nearshore) 파랑모델이 결합된 ADCSWAN(coupled model of ADCIRC and SWAN) 모델을 이용하였다(Dietrich et al., 2011; Suh et al., 2015; Xie et al., 2016; Deb and Ferreira, 2018). 사용한 ADCIRC 모델은 유한요소 유체역학모델로, 수직적 으로 통합된 일반파 연속방정식(generalised wave continuity equation: GWCE)과 운동량 방정식(각각 식(1)과 (2))을 적용하 는 2D 버전(Luettich and Westerink, 2004)을 사용하였다.

<중략> ….

Fig. 5. Simulation boundary of FLOW3D Model [a) Input boundary of wave and storm surge, b) output boundary of wave overtopping rate].

Fig. 6. Verification of tidal level and storm surge during Typhoon Chaba(1618), Pre : tidal predication.

Fig. 7. Verification of significant wave height the Typhoon Chaba.

Fig. 8. Averaged overtopping rate by empirical formula and FLOW3D model at Marine City during Typhoon Chaba.

Fig. 9. Comparison of inundation results due to Typhoon Chaba [a)Archived inundation map on Marine City area, b) Simulation results obtained from wave overtopping).

<중략>…………

결 론

본 연구에서는 폭풍해일 모델과 3차원 전산유체 모델 연 계를 통해 태풍 차바 통과시 마린시티를 대상으로 침수범람 을 재현하였다. 먼저, 기존 월파량 경험식(EurOtop, 2016)과 FLOW-3D모델 로 산정된 월파량을 비교하였으며. 비교결과 경험식으로 산 정된 월파량은 2.237 m³/m/s이며, FLOW-3D로 계산된 월파량 은 6.438 m³/m/s로 약 2.8배의 차이를 보였다. 이는 경험식이 고파랑에 의한 처오름 등 실제 현상재현에 한계점을 가지고 있기 때문으로 사료된다. 태풍 차바로 인한 수위상승과 폭풍해일 등의 복합적 피해 가 발생한 부산 마린시티 적용결과 현장조사(침수흔적도)와 정량적 비교는 불가능하지만 침수범람 범위의 경우 현장조 사와 비교하여 유효한 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. 기존 월파량 추정은 경험식을 적용하여 산정하였으나, 본 연구에서는 동적모델(FLOW-3D)을 적용하여 월파량을 산정 하였다. 동적모델을 적용할 경우 해당지역의 보다 정확한 형상을 구현할 수 있다는 점에서 기존 경험식에 비하여 정 도 높은 월파량 재현이 가능한 것으로 판단된다. 현재 우리나라 연안을 대상으로 제작된 해안침수예상도 는 해일에 의한 침수범람을 외력요인으로 하고 있으나, 실제 발생하는 침수범람은 해일뿐만 아니라 월파의 영향이 크 게 발생하기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 해일과 월파에 의한 복 합원인에 의한 침수범람을 재현하기 위한 방법론에 대한 연 구를 수행하였다.

References

[1] Anderson, T. L. and H. F. Burcharth(2009), Three-dimensionalinvestigation of wave overtopping on rubble mound structures,Coastal Engineering, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 180-189.
[2] Booij, N., R. C. Ris, and L. H. Holthuijsen(1999), Athird-generation wave model for coastal regions: 1. Modeldescription and validation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 104, No.C4, pp. 7649-7666.
[3] Deb, M. and C. M. Ferreira(2018), Simulation of cycloneinduced storm surges in the low-lying delta of Bangladeshusing coupled hydrodynamic and wave model (SWAN +ADCIRC), J. Flood Risk Manag., Vol. 11, No. S2, pp.750-765.
[4] Dietrich, J. C., M. Zijlema, J. J. Westerink, L. H. Holthuijsen,C. Dawson, R. A. Luettich, R. E. Jensen, J. M. Smith, G. S.Stelling, and G. W. Stone(2011), Modeling hurricane wavesand storm surge using integrally-coupled scalable computations,Coast Eng., Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 45-65.
[5] Dietrich, J. C., S. Bunya, J. J. Westerink, B. A. Ebersole, J.M. Smith, J. H. Atkinson, R. Jensen, D. T. Resio, R. A.Luettich, C. Dawson, V. J. Cardone, A. T. Cox, M. D.Powell, H. J. Westerink, and H. J. Roberts(2010), A highresolution coupled riverine flow, tide, wind, wind wave andstorm surge model for southern Louisiana and Mississippi.Part II: Synoptic description and analyses of HurricanesKatrina and Rita. Mon. Weather Rev., Vol. 138, No. 2, pp.378-404.
[6] EurOtop(2016), Manual on wave overtopping of sea defencesand related structures. An overtopping manual largely basedon European research, but for worldwide application. SecondEdition. Authors: J. W. van der Meer, N. W. H. Allsop, T. Bruce, J. DeRouck, A. Kortenhaus, T. Pullen, H. Schuttrumpf,P. Troch, and B. Zanuttigh, www.overtopping-manual.com.
[7] EurOtop(2007), EurOtop – Wave overtopping of sea defencesand related structures: Assessment Manual.
[8] Ferreira, C. M., J. L. Irish, and F. Olivera(2014a), Quantifyingthe potential impact of land cover changes due to sea-levelrise on storm surge on lower Texas coast bays, Coast Eng.,Vol. 94, pp. 102-111.
[9] Ferreira, C. M., J. L. Irish, and F. Olivera(2014b), Uncertaintyin hurricane surge simulation due to land cover specification,J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., Vol. 119, No. 3, pp. 1812-1827.
[10] Goda, Y.(1970), Estimation of the rate of irregular waveovertopping at seawalls, Technical Report of Port and AirportResearch Institute, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 3-42.
[11] Goda, Y.(1985), Random seas and design of maritimestructures 1st editionth ed. World Scientific Publishing.
[12] Goda, Y., Y. Kishira, and Y. Kamiyama(1975), Laboratoryinvestigation on the overtoppping rate of seawalls by irregularwaves, Technical Report of Port and Airport ResearchInstitute, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 3-44.
[13] Hasselmann, K., T. P. Barnett, E. Bouws, H. Carlson, D. E.Cartwright, E. Enke, J. A. Ewing, H. Gienapp, D. E.Hasselmann, P. Kruseman, A. Meerburg, P. Muller, D. J.Olbers, K. Richter, W. Sell, and H. Walden(1973),Measurement of wind-wave growth and swell decay duringthe Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP), Dtsch.Hydrogr. Z. Suppl., Vol. 12, No. A8, pp. 1-95.
[14] Kang, T. W., S. H. Lee, H. B. Choi, and S. B. Yoon(2019),A Technical Review for Reducing Inundation Damage toHigh-Rise and Underground-Linked Complex Buildings inCoastal Areas (2): Case Analysis for Application, J. KoreanSoc. Hazard Mitig., Vol. 19, No. 5 (Oct.), pp. 45-53.
[15] Le Roy, S., R. Pedreros, C. André, F. Paris, S. Lecacheux, F.Marche, C. Vinchon(2014), Coastal flooding of urban areas byovertopping: dynamic modelling application to the Johannastorm (2008) in Gâvres (France), Natural Hazard and EarthSystem Sciences Discussions, Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 4947-4985l.
[16] Luettich, R. A. and J. J. Westerink(2004), Formulation andNumerical Implementation of the 2D/3D ADCIRC FiniteElement Model Version 44.XX.
[17] Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries(2014), Harbour and FisheryDesign Criteria.
[18] Song, Y., J. Joo, J. Lee, and M. Park(2017), A Study onEstimation of Inundation Area in Coastal Urban Area Applying Wave Overtopping, J. Korean Soc. Hazard Mitig.,Vol. 17(2), pp. 501-510.
[19] Suh, S. W., H. Y. Lee, H. J. Kim, and J. G. Fleming(2015),An efficient early warning system for typhoon storm surgebased on time-varying advisories by coupled ADCIRC andSWAN, Ocean Dyn. 65, pp. 617-646.
[20] Van der Meer, J. W. and H. Janssen(1995). Wave run-up andovertopping at dikes, Wave forces on inclined and verticalwall structures, ASCE.
[21] Xie, D. M., Q. P. Zou, and J. W. Cannon(2016), Applicationof SWAN + ADCIRC to tide-surge and wave simulation inGulf of Maine during Patriot’s Day storm, Water Sci. Eng.,Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 33-41.
[22] Yoon, H. S., J. H. Park, and Y. H. Jeon(2017), A Study onWave Overtopping of the Seawall at Haeundae Marine CityDuring the Passing of Typhoon Chaba, J. Korean Soc. Mar.Environ. Energy, Vol. 20(3), pp. 152-159.

원문 바로 가기

FLOW-3D를 이용한 해상 자켓구조물 주변의 세굴 수치모의 실험

Numerical Simulation Test of Scour around Offshore Jacket Structure using FLOW-3D

J Korean Soc Coast Ocean Eng. 2015;27(6):373-381Publication date (electronic) : 2015 December 31doi : https://doi.org/10.9765/KSCOE.2015.27.6.373 Dong Hui Ko ^*, Shin Taek Jeong^,^**, Nam Sun Oh ^***^*Hae Poong Engineering Inc.^**Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wonkwang University^***Ocean·Plant Construction Engineering, Mokpo Maritime National University
고동휘^*, 정신택^,^**, 오남선^***

^*(주)해풍기술^**원광대학교 토목환경공학과^***목포해양대학교 해양·플랜트건설공학과

Abstract

해상풍력 기기, 해상 플랫폼과 같은 구조물이 해상에서 빈번하게 설치되면서 세굴에 관한 영향도 중요시되고 있다. 이러한 세굴 영향을 검토하기 위해 세굴 수치모의 실험을 수행한다. 일반적으로 수치모의 조건은 일방향 흐름에 대해서만 검토가 이뤄지고 있으며 서해안과 같은 왕복성 조류 흐름에 대해서는 검토되지 않는다. 본 연구에서는 서해안에 설치된 HeMOSU-1호 해상 자켓구조물 주변에서 발생하는 세굴 현상을 FLOW-3D를 이용하여 수치모의하였다. 해석 조건으로는 일방향 흐름과 조석현상을 고려한 왕복성 흐름을 고려하였으며, 이를 현장 관측값과 비교하였다. 10,000초 동안의 수치모의 결과, 일방향의 흐름 조건에서는 1.32 m의 최대 세굴심이 발생하였으며, 양방향 흐름 조건에서는 1.44 m의 최대 세굴심이 발생하였다. 한편, 현장 관측값의 경우 약 1.5~2.0 m의 세굴심이 발생하여 양방향의 흐름에 대한 해석 결과와 근사한 값을 보였다.

Keywords : 세굴, 일방향 흐름, 왕복성 조류 흐름, 해상 자켓구조물, FLOW-3D, 최대 세굴심, scour, uni-directional flow, bi-directional tidal current flow, offshore jacket substructure, Flow-3D, maximum scour depth

As offshore structures such as offshore wind and offshore platforms have been installed frequently in ocean, scour effects are considered important. To test the scour effect, numerical simulation of scour has been carried out. However, the test was usually conducted under the uni-directional flow without bi-directional current flow in western sea of Korea. Thus, in this paper, numerical simulations of scour around offshore jacket substructure of HeMOSU-1 installed in western sea of Korea are conducted using FLOW-3D. The conditions are uni-directional and bi-directional flow considering tidal current. And these results are compared to measured data. The analysis results for 10,000 sec show that under uni-directional conditions, maximum scour depth was about 1.32 m and under bi-directional conditions, about 1.44 m maximum scour depth occurred around the structure. Meanwhile, about 1.5~2.0 m scour depths occurred in field observation and the result of field test is similar to result under bi-directional conditions.

1. 서 론

최근 해상풍력기기, 해상플랫폼과 같은 해상구조물 설치가 빈번해지면서 해상구조물의 안정성을 저하시키는 요인에 대한 대응 연구가 필요하다. 특히 해상에서의 구조물 설치는 육상과 달리 수력학적 하중이 작용하게 되기 때문에 파랑에 의한 구조물과의 진동, 세굴 현상에 대하여 철저한 사전 검토가 요구된다. 특히, 해상 기초에서 발생하는 세굴은 조류 및 파랑 등 유체 흐름과 구조물 사이의 상호작용으로 인해 해저 입자가 유실되는 현상으로 정의할 수 있으며 해상 외력 조건에 포함되어 설계시 고려하도록 제안하고 있다(IEC, 2009).구조물을 해상에 설치하게 되면 구조물이 흐름을 방해하는 장애요인으로 작용하여 구조물 주위에 부분적으로 더 빠른 유속이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 유속 변화는 압력 분포 변화에 기인하게 되어 해양구조물 주위에 아래로 흐르는 유속(downflow), 말굽형 와류(horseshoe vortex) 그리고 후류 와류(wake vortex)가 나타난다. 결국, 유속과 흐름의 변화를 야기하고 하상전단응력과 유사이동 능력을 증가시켜 해저 입자를 유실시키며 구조물의 안정성을 위협하는 요인으로 작용하게 된다. 이러한 세굴 현상이 계속 진행되면 해상풍력 지지구조물 기초의 지지력이 감소하게 될 뿐만 아니라 지지면의 유실로 상부반력 작용에 편심을 유발하여 기초의 전도를 초래한다. 또한 세굴에 의한 기초의 부등 침하가 크게 발생하면 상부 해상풍력 지지구조물에 보다 큰 단면력이 작용하므로 세굴에 의한 붕괴가 발생할 수 있다. 이처럼 세굴은 기초지지구조물을 붕괴하고, 침하와 얕은 기초의 변형을 초래하며, 구조물의 동적 성능을 변화시키기 때문에 설계 및 시공 유지관리시 사전에 세굴심도 산정, 세굴 완화 대책 등을 고려하여야 한다.또한 각종 설계 기준서에서는 세굴에 대해 다양하게 제시하고 있다. IEC(2009), ABS(2013), BSH(2007), MMAF(2005)에서는 세굴에 대한 영향을 검토할 것을 주문하지만 심도 산정 등 세굴에 대한 구체적인 내용은 언급하지 않고 전반적인 내용만 수록하고 있다. 그러나 DNV(2010), CEM(2006)에서는 경험 공식을 이용한 세굴 심도 산정 등 구체적인 내용을 광범위하게 수록하고 있어 세굴에 대한 영향 검토시 활용가능하다. 그 외의 기준서에서는 수치 모델 등을 통한 세굴 검토를 주문하고 있어 사용자들이 직접 판단하도록 제안하고 있다.그러나 세굴은 유속, 수심, 구조물 폭, 형상, 해저입자 등에 의해 결정되기 때문에 세굴의 영향 정도를 정확하게 예측하기란 쉽지 않지만 수리 모형 실험 또는 CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)를 이용한 수치 해석을 통해 지반 침식 및 퇴적으로 인한 지형변화를 예측할 수 있다. 한편, 침식과 퇴적 등 구조물 설치로 인한 해저 지형 변화를 예측하는 모델은 다양하지만, 본 연구에서는 Flowscience의 3차원 유동해석모델인 Flow-3D 모델을 사용하였다.해상 구조물은 목적에 따라 비교적 수심이 낮은 지역에 설치가 용이하다. 국내의 경우, 서남해안과 같이 비교적 연안역이 넓고 수심이 낮은 지역에 구조물을 설치하는 것이 비용 및 유지관리 측면에서 유리할 수 있다. 그러나 국내 서남해안 지역은 왕복성 흐름, 즉 조류가 발생하는 지역으로 흐름의 방향이 시간에 따라 변화하게 된다. 따라서, 세굴 수치 모의시 이러한 왕복성 흐름을 고려해야한다. 그러나 대부분의 수치 모델 적용시 조류가 우세한 지역에서도 일방향의 흐름에 대해서만 검토하며 왕복성 흐름에 의한 지층의 침식과 퇴적작용으로 인해 발생하는 해저 입자의 상호 보충 효과는 배제되게 된다. 또한 이로 인해 수치모델 결과에 많은 의구심이 발생하게 되며 현실성이 결여된 해석으로 보여질 수 있다. 이러한 왕복흐름의 영향을 검토하기 위해 Kim and Gang(2011)은 조류의 왕복류 흐름을 고려하여 지반의 수리 저항 성능 실험을 수행하였으며, 양방향이 일방향 흐름보다 세굴이 크게 발생하는 것을 발표하였다. 또한 Kim et al.(2012)은 흐름의 입사각에 따른 수리저항 실험을 수행하였으며 입사각이 커짐에 따라 세굴률이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.본 연구에서는 단일방향 고정유속 그리고 양방향 변동유속조건에서 발생하는 지형 변화와 세굴 현상을 수치 모의하였으며, 이러한 비선형성 흐름변화에 따른 세굴 영향 정도를 검토하였다. 더불어 현장 관측 자료와의 비교를 통해 서남해안과 같은 왕복성 흐름이 발생하는 지역에서의 세굴 예측시 적절한 모델 수립 방안을 제안하고자 한다.

2. 수치해석 모형

본 연구에서는 Autodesk의 3D max 프로그램을 이용하여 지지구조물 형상을 제작하였으며, 수치해석은 미국 Flowscience가 개발한 범용 유동해석 프로그램인 FLOW-3D(Ver. 11.0.4.5)를 사용하였다. 좌표계는 직교 좌표계를 사용하였으며 복잡한 3차원 형상의 표현을 위하여 FAVOR 기법(Fractional Area/Volume Obstacle Representation Method)을 사용하였다. 또한 유한차분법에 FAVOR 기법을 도입한 유한체적법의 접근법을 사용하였으며 직교좌표계 에서 비압축성 유체의 3차원 흐름을 해석하기 위한 지배방정식으로는 연속방정식과 운동방정식이 사용되었다. 난류모형으로는 RNG(renormalized group)모델을 사용하였다.

2.1 FLOW-3D의 지배방정식

수식은 MathML 표현문제로 본 문서의 하단부의 원문바로가기 링크를 통해 원문을 참고하시기 바랍니다.

2.1.1 연속방정식

직교좌표계 (x,y,z)에서 비압축성 유체는 압축성 유체의 연속방정식에서 유도될 수 있으며 다음 식 (1)과 같다.

(1)

∂∂x(uAx)+∂∂y(vAy)+∂∂z(wAz)=RSORρ∂∂x(uAx)+∂∂y(vAy)+∂∂z(wAz)=RSORρ
여기서, u, v, w는 (x,y,z) 방향별 유체속도, A_x, A_y, A_z는 각 방향별 유체 흐름을 위해 확보된 면적비 (Area fraction), ρ는 유체 밀도, RSOR은 질량생성/소멸(Mass source/sink)항이다.

2.1.2 운동방정식

본 모형은 3차원 난류모형이므로 각각의 방향에 따른 운동량 방정식은 다음 식(2)~(4)와 같다.

(2)

∂u∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂u∂y+wAz∂u∂z) =−1ρ∂p∂x+Gx+fx−bx−RSORρVFu∂u∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂u∂y+wAz∂u∂z) =−1ρ∂p∂x+Gx+fx−bx−RSORρVFu

(3)

∂v∂t+1VF(uAx∂v∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂v∂z) =−1ρ∂p∂y+Gy+fy−by−RSORρVFv∂v∂t+1VF(uAx∂v∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂v∂z) =−1ρ∂p∂y+Gy+fy−by−RSORρVFv

(4)

∂w∂t+1VF(uAx∂w∂x+vAy∂w∂y+wAz∂w∂z) =−1ρ∂p∂z+Gz+fz−bz−RSORρVFw∂w∂t+1VF(uAx∂w∂x+vAy∂w∂y+wAz∂w∂z) =−1ρ∂p∂z+Gz+fz−bz−RSORρVFw여기서, RSOR은 질량생성/소멸(Mass source/sink)항, V_F는 체적비 (Volume fraction), p는 압력, G_x, G_y, G_z는 방향별 체적력항, f_x, f_y, f_z는 방향별 점성력항, b_x, b_y, b_z는 다공질 매체에서 방향별 흐름 손실이다.그리고 점성계수 µ에 대하여 점성력항은 다음 식 (5)~(7)과 같다.

(5)

ρVffx=wsx−{∂∂x(Axτxx)+R∂∂y(Ayτxy)+∂∂z(Azτxz)+ζx(Axτxx−Ayτyy)}ρVffx=wsx−{∂∂x(Axτxx)+R∂∂y(Ayτxy)+∂∂z(Azτxz)+ζx(Axτxx−Ayτyy)}

(6)

ρVffy=wsy−{∂∂x(Axτxy)+R∂∂y(Ayτyy)+∂∂z(Azτyz)+ζx(Axτxx−Ayτxy)}ρVffy=wsy−{∂∂x(Axτxy)+R∂∂y(Ayτyy)+∂∂z(Azτyz)+ζx(Axτxx−Ayτxy)}

(7)

ρVffz=wsz−{∂∂x(Axτxz)+R∂∂y(Ayτyz)+∂∂z(Azτzz)+ζx(Axτzz)}ρVffz=wsz−{∂∂x(Axτxz)+R∂∂y(Ayτyz)+∂∂z(Azτzz)+ζx(Axτzz)}여기서, ws_x, ws_y, ws_z는 벽전단응력이며, 벽전단응력은 벽 근처에서 벽 법칙 (law of the wall)을 따르며, 식 (8)~(13)에 의해 표현되어진다.

(8)

τxx=−2μ{∂u∂x−13(∂u∂x+R∂v∂y+∂w∂z+ζux)}τxx=−2μ{∂u∂x−13(∂u∂x+R∂v∂y+∂w∂z+ζux)}

(9)

τyy=−2μ{R∂v∂y+ζux−13(∂u∂x+R∂v∂y+∂w∂z+ζux)}τyy=−2μ{R∂v∂y+ζux−13(∂u∂x+R∂v∂y+∂w∂z+ζux)}

(10)

τzz=−2μ{R∂w∂y−13(∂u∂x+R∂v∂y+∂w∂z+ζux)}τzz=−2μ{R∂w∂y−13(∂u∂x+R∂v∂y+∂w∂z+ζux)}

(11)

τxy=−μ{∂v∂x+R∂u∂y−ζvx}τxy=−μ{∂v∂x+R∂u∂y−ζvx}

(12)

τxz=−μ{∂u∂y+∂w∂x}τxz=−μ{∂u∂y+∂w∂x}

(13)

τyz=−μ{∂v∂z+R∂w∂y}τyz=−μ{∂v∂z+R∂w∂y}

2.1.3 Sediment scour model

Flow-3D 모델에서 사용하는 sediment scour model은 해저입자의 특성에 따라 해저 입자의 침식, 이송, 전단과 흐름 변화로 인한 퇴적물의 교란 그리고 하상 이동을 계산한다.

2.1.3.1 The critical Shields parameter

무차원 한계소류력(the dimensionless critical Shields parameter)은 Soulsby-Whitehouse 식에 의해 다음 식 (14)와 같이 나타낼 수 있다(Soulsby, 1997).

(14)

θcr,i=0.31+1.2R∗i+0.055[1−exp(−0.02R∗i)]θcr,i=0.31+1.2Ri*+0.055[1−exp(−0.02Ri*)]여기서 무차원 상수, R∗iRi*는 다음 식 (15)와 같다.

(15)

R∗i=ds,i0.1(ρs,i−ρf)ρf∥g∥ds,i−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√μfRi*=ds,i0.1(ρs,i−ρf)ρf‖g‖ds,iμf여기서 ρ_{s, i}는 해저 입자의 밀도, ρ_f는 유체 밀도, d_{s, i}는 해저입자 직경, g는 중력가속도이다.한편, 안식각에 따라 한계소류력은 다음 식 (16)과 같이 표현될 수 있다.

(16)

θ′cr,i=θcr,icosψsinβ+cos2βtan2ψi−sin2ψsin2β−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√tanψiθcr,i′=θcr,icosψsinβ+cos2βtan2ψi−sin2ψsin2βtanψi여기서, β는 하상 경사각, ψ_i는 해저입자의 안식각, ψ는 유체와 해저경사의 사잇각이다.또한 local Shields number는 국부 전단응력, τ에 기초하여 다음 식 (17)과 같이 계산할 수 있다.

(17)

θi=τ∥g∥ds,i(ρs,i−ρf)θi=τ‖g‖ds,i(ρs,i−ρf)여기서, ||g||g 는 중력 벡터의 크기이며, τ는 식 (8)~(13)의 벽 법칙을 이용하여 계산할 수 있다.

2.1.3.2 동반이행(Entrainment)과 퇴적

다음 식은 해저 지반과 부유사 사이의 교란을 나타내는 동반이행과 퇴적 현상을 계산한다. 해저입자의 동반이행 속도의 계산식은 다음 식 (18)과 같으며 부유사로 전환되는 해저의 양을 계산한다.

(18)

ulift,i=αinsd0.3∗(θi−θ′cr,i)1.5∥g∥ds,i(ρs,i−ρf)ρf−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√ulift,i=αinsd*0.3(θi−θcr,i′)1.5‖g‖ds,i(ρs,i−ρf)ρf여기서, α_i는 동반이행 매개변수이며, n_s는 the packed bed interface에서의 법선벡터, µ는 유체의 동점성계수 그리고 d_*은 무차원 입자 직경으로 다음 식 (19)와 같다.

(19)

d∗=ds,i[ρf(ρs,i−ρf)∥g∥μ2]1/3d*=ds,i[ρf(ρs,i−ρf)‖g‖μ2]1/3또한 퇴적 모델에서 사용하는 침강 속도 식은 다음 식 (20)같이 나타낼 수 있다.

(20)

usettling,i=νfds,i[(10.362+1.049d3∗)0.5−10.36]usettling,i=νfds,i[(10.362+1.049d*3)0.5−10.36]여기서, ν_f는 유체의 운동점성계수이다.

2.1.3.3 하상이동 모델(Bedload transport)

하상이동 모델은 해저면에 대한 단위 폭당 침전물의 체적흐름을 예측하는데 사용되며 다음 식 (21)과 같이 표현되어진다.

(21)

Φi=βi(θi−θ′cr,i)1.5Φi=βi(θi−θcr,i′)1.5여기서 Φ_i는 무차원 하상이동률이며 β_i는 일반적으로 8.0의 값을 사용한다(van Rijn, 1984).단위 폭당 체적 하상이동률, q_i는 다음 식 (22)와 같이 나타낼 수 있다.

(22)

qb,i=fb,i Φi[∥g∥(ρs,i−ρfρf)d3s,i]1/2qb,i=fb,i Φi[‖g‖(ρs,i−ρfρf)ds,i3]1/2여기서, f_{b, i}는 해저층의 입자별 체적률이다.또한 하상이동 속도를 계산하기 위해 다음 식 (23)에 의해 해저면층 두께를 계산할 수 있다.

(23)

δi=0.3ds,id0.7∗(θiθ′cr,i−1)0.5δi=0.3ds,id*0.7(θiθcr,i′−1)0.5그리고 하상이동 속도 식은 다음 식 (24)와 같이 계산되어진다.

(24)

ubedload,i=qb,iδifb,iubedload,i=qb,iδifb,i

2.2 모델 구성 및 해역 조건

2.2.1 해역 조건 및 적용 구조물

본 수치해석은 위도와 안마도 사이의 해양 조건을 적용하였으며 지점은 Fig. 1과 같다.

본 해석 대상 해역은 서해안의 조석 현상이 뚜렷한 지역으로 조류 흐름이 지배적이며 위도의 조화분석의 결과를 보면 조석형태수가 0.21로서 반일주조 형태를 취한다. 또한 북동류의 창조류와 남서류의 낙조류의 특성을 보이며 조류의 크기는 대상 영역에서 0.7~1 m/s의 최강유속 분포를 보이는 것으로 발표된 바 있다. 또한 대상 해역의 시추조사 결과를 바탕으로 해저조건은 0.0353 mm 로 설정하였고(KORDI, 2011), 수위는 등수심도를 바탕으로 15 m로 하였다.한편, 풍황자원 분석을 통한 단지 세부설계 기초자료 제공, 유속, 조류 등 해양 환경변화 계측을 통한 환경영향평가 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 Fig. 2와 같이 해상기상탑(HeMOSU-1호)을 설치하여 운영하고 있다. HeMOSU-1호는 평균해수면 기준 100 m 높이이며, 중량은 100 톤의 자켓구조물로 2010년 설치되었다. 본 연구에서는 HeMOSU-1호의 제원을 활용하여 수치 모의하였으며, 2013년 7월(설치 후 약 3년 경과) 현장 관측을 수행하였다.

2.2.2 모델 구성

본 연구에서는 왕복성 조류의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 2 case에 대하여 해석하였다. 먼저, Case 1은 1 m/s의 고정 유속을 가진 일방향 흐름에 대한 해석이며, Case 2는 -1~1 m/s의 유속분포를 가진 양방향 흐름에 대한 해석이다. 여기서 (-)부호는 방향을 의미한다. Fig. 3은 시간대별 유속 분포를 나타낸 것이다.

2.2.3 구조물 형상 및 격자

HeMOSU-1호 기상 타워 자켓 구조물 형상은 Fig. 4, 격자 정보는 Table 1과 같으며, 본 연구에서는 총 2,883,000 개의 직교 가변 격자체계를 구성하였다.

Table 1.

Grid information of jacket structure

X_min/X_max(m)	Y_min/Y_max(m)	Z_min/Z_max(m)	No. of x grid	No. of y grid	No. of z grid
−100/100	−40/40	−9/20	310	155	60

한편, 계산영역의 격자 형상은 Fig. 5와 같다.

2.3 계산 조건

계산영역의 경계 조건으로, Case 1의 경우, 유입부는 유속 조건을 주었으며 유출부는 outflow 조건을 적용하였다. 그리고 Case 2의 경우, 왕복성 흐름을 표현하기 위해 유입부와 유출부 조건을 유속 조건으로 설정하였다. 또한 2가지 경우 모두 상부는 자유수면을 표현하기 위해 pressure로 하였으며 하부는 지반 조건의 특성을 가진 wall 조건을 적용하였다. 양측면은 Symmetry 조건으로 대칭면으로 정의하여 대칭면에 수직한 방향의 에너지와 질량의 유출입이 없고 대칭면에 평행한 방향의 유동저항이 없는 경우로 조건을 설정하였다. 본 연구에서 케이스별 입력 조건을 다음 Table 2에 정리하였다.

Table 2.

Basic information of two scour simulation tests

Case	Structure type	Velocity	Direction	Analysis time
Case 1	Jacket	1 m/s	Unidirectional	10,000 sec
Case 2	−1~1 m/s	Bidirectional

FLOW-3D는 자유표면을 가진 유동장의 계산에서 정상상태 해석이 불가능하므로 비정상유동 난류해석을 수행하게 되는데 정지 상태의 조건은 조위를 설정하였다. 또한 유속의 초기 흐름은 난류상태의 비정상흐름이 되므로 본 해석에서는 정상상태의 해석 수행을 위해 1,000초의 유동 해석을 수행하였으며 그 후에 10,000초의 sediment scour 모델을 수행하였다. 해수의 밀도는 1,025 kg/m³의 점성유체로 설정하였으며 RNG(renormalized group) 난류 모델을 적용하였다.Go to :

3. 수치모형 실험 결과

3.1 Case 1

본 케이스에서는 1 m/s의 유속을 가진 흐름이 구조물 주변을 흐를 때, 발생하는 세굴에 대해서 수치 모의하였다. Fig. 6은 X-Z 평면의 유속 분포도이고 Fig. 7은 X-Y 평면의 유속 분포이다. 구조물 주변에서 약간의 유속 변화가 발생했지만 전체적으로 1 m/s의 정상 유동 상태를 띄고 있다.

이러한 흐름과 구조물과의 상호 작용에 의한 세굴 현상이 발생되며 Fig. 8에 구조물 주변 지형 변화를 나타내었다. 유속이 발생하는 구조물의 전면부는 대체로 침식이 일어나 해저지반이 초기 상태보다 낮아진 것을 확인할 수 있으며, 또한 전면부의 지반이 유실되어 구조물 후면부에 최대 0.13 m까지 퇴적된 것을 확인할 수 있다.

일방향 흐름인 Case 1의 경우에는 Fig. 9와 같이 10,000초 후 구조물 주변에 최대 1.32 m의 세굴이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 구조물 뒤쪽으로는 퇴적이 일어났으며, 구조물 전면부에는 침식작용이 일어나고 있다.

3.2 Case 2

서해안은 조석현상으로 인해 왕복성 조류 흐름이 나타나고 있으며 대상해역은 -1~1 m/s의 유속분포를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 특성을 고려한 왕복성 흐름에 대해서 수치모의하였다.다음 Fig. 10은 X-Z 평면의 유속 분포도이며 Fig. 11은 X-Y 평면의 유속 분포도이다.

양방향 흐름인 Case 2의 경우에는 Fig. 12와 같이 10,000초후 구조물 주변에 최대 1.44 m의 세굴이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 구조물 내부에 조류 흐름 방향으로 침식 작용이 일어나고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Fig. 13은 3차원 수치해석 모의 결과이다.

3.3 현장 관측

본 연구에서는 수치모의 실험의 검증을 위해 HeMOSU-1호 기상 타워를 대상으로 하여 2013년 7월 1일 수심 측량을 실시하였다.HeMOSU-1호 주변의 수심측량은 Knudsen sounder 1620과 미국 Trimble사의 DGPS를 이용하여 실시하였다. 매 작업시 Bar-Check를 실시하고, 수중 음파속도는 1,500 m/s로 결정하여 조위 보정을 통해 수심을 측량하였다. 측량선의 해상위치자료는 DGPS를 사용하여 UTM 좌표계로 변환을 실시하였다. 한편, 수심측량은 해면이 정온할 때 실시하였으며 관측 자료의 변동성을 제거하기 위해 2013년 7월 1일 10시~13시에 걸쳐 수심 측량한 자료를 동시간대에 국립해양조사원에서 제공한 위도 자료를 활용해 조위 보정하였다. 다음 Fig. 14는 위도 조위 관측소의 현장관측시간대 조위 시계열 그래프이다.

2013년 7월 1일 오전 10시부터 오후 1시에 걸쳐 수심측량한 결과를 이용하여 0.5 m 간격으로 등수심도를 작성하였으며 그 결과는 Fig. 15와 같다. 기상탑 내부 해역은 선박이 접근할 수 없기 때문에 측량을 실시하지 않고 Blanking 처리하였다.

대상 해역의 수심은 대부분 -15 m이나 4개의 Jacket 구조물 주변에서는 세굴이 발생하여 수심의 변화가 나타났다. 특히 L-3, L-4 주변에서 최대 1.5~2.0 m의 세굴이 발생한 것으로 보였으며, L-4 주변에서는 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 세굴이 발생하였다. 창조류는 북동, 낙조류는 남서 방향으로 흐르는 조류 방향성을 고려하였을 때, L-4 주변은 조류방향과 동일하게 세굴이 발생하고 있었으며, 보다 상세한 세굴형태는 원형 구조물 내부 방향의 세굴 심도를 측정하여 파악하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.관측결과 최대 1.5~2.0 m인 점을 고려하면 양방향 흐름을 대상으로 장기간에 걸쳐 모의실험을 진행하는 경우, 실제 현상에 더 근접하는 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.Go to :

4. 결론 및 토의

본 연구에서는 자켓구조물인 해상기상탑 HeMOSU-1 주변에서 발생하는 세굴현상을 검토하기 위하여 2013년 7월 1일 현장 관측을 수행하고, FLOW-3D를 이용하여 수치모의 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 조건으로는 먼저 1 m/s의 유속을 가진 일방향 흐름과 -1~1 m/s의 흐름 분포를 가진 왕복성 흐름에 대해서 수치모의를 수행하였다. 그 결과 일방향 흐름의 경우, 10,000 초에 이르렀을 때 1.32 m, 왕복성 흐름의 경우 동일 시간에서 1.44 m의 최대 세굴심도가 발생하였다. 동일한 구조물에 대해서 현장 관측 결과는 1.5~2.0 m로 관측되어 일방향 흐름보다 왕복성 흐름의 경우 실제 현상에 더 근사한 것으로 판단되었다. 이는 일방향 흐름의 경우, Fig. 8에서 보는 바와 같이 구조물 후면에 퇴적과 함께 해저입자의 맞물림이 견고해져 해저 지반의 저항력이 커지는 현상에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 반면 양방향 흐름의 경우, 흐름의 변화로 인해 맞물림이 약해지고 이로 인해 지반의 저항력이 일방향 흐름보다 약해져 세굴이 더 크게 발생하는 것으로 판단되었다.또한 장시간에 걸쳐 모델링을 수행하는 경우, 보다 근사한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것을 사료되며, 신형식 기초 구조물을 개발하여 세굴을 저감할 수 있는 지 여부를 판단하는 등의 추가 연구가 필요하다.Go to : International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (2009). IEC 61400-3: Wind turbines – Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, Edition 1.0, IEC.

감사의 글

본 연구는 지식경제 기술혁신사업인 “승강식 해상플랫폼을 가진 수직 진자운동형 30kW급 파력발전기 개발(과제번호 :20133010071570)”와 첨단항만건설기술개발사업인 “해상풍력 지지구조 설계기준 및 콘크리트 지지구조물 기술 개발(과제번호:20120093)”의 일환으로 수행되었습니다.Go to :

References

American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). (2013). Guide for Building and Classing Bottom-Founded Offshore Wind turbine Installations.

API RP 2A WSD. (2005). Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design, API.

Det Norske Veritas (DNV). (2010). OS-J101 Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures.

Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). (2007). Standard. Design of Offshore Wind Turbines.

FLOW SCIENCE. (2014). FLOW-3D User’s Manual, Version 11.0.4.5.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (2009). IEC 61400-3: Wind turbines – Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, Edition 1.0, IEC.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2007). ISO 19902: Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Fixed Steel Offshore Structures.

Kim, YS, Kang, GO. (2011). Experimental Study on Hydraulic Resistance of Sea Ground Considering Tidal Current Flow, Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers. 23(1):118-125 (in Korean).

Kim, YS, Han, BD, Kang, GO. (2012). Effect of Incidence Angle of Current on the Hydraulic Resistance Capacity of Clayey Soil, Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers. 24(1):26-35 (in Korean).

KORDI. (2011). BSPN64710-2275-2. An Analysis on the Marine Characteristics and Design Supporting for Offshore Wind Power Plant (in Korean).

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. (2005). Harbor and fishery design criteria (in Korean).

Soulsby, R. (1997). Dynamics of marine sands. Thomas Telford Publications, London.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2006). Coastal Engineering Manual, Part II : Coastal Hydrodynamics, Chapter II–2, Meteorology and Wave Climate.

van Rijn, L. (1984). Sediment transport, Part II:bed load transport, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 110(10):1431-1456.

원문 바로 가기

Figure 2. Experimental setups for the (a) Al/Cu overlap joint and (b) laser welding process.

Investigation on Laser Welding of Al Ribbon to Cu Sheet: Weldability, Microstructure, and Mechanical and Electrical Properties

알루미늄 리본과 구리 시트의 레이저 용접에 대한 조사 : 용접성, 미세 구조, 기계적 및 전기적 특성

Won‐Sang Shin 1,†, Dae‐Won Cho 2,†, Donghyuck Jung 1, Heeshin Kang 3, Jeng O Kim 3, Yoon‐Jun Kim 1,*
and Changkyoo Park 3,*

Al 리본과 Cu 시트의 펄스 레이저 용접은 전력 전자 모듈의 전기적 상호 연결에 대해 조사되었습니다. 결함 없는 Al / Cu 조인트를 얻기 위해 레이저 출력, 스캔 속도 및 열 입력이 서로 다른 다양한 실험 조건이 사용되었습니다. Al / Cu 레이저 용접 중에 금속 간 화합물이 용접 영역에 형성되었습니다. 전자 탐침 마이크로 분석기와 투과 전자 현미경으로 Al4Cu9, Al2Cu, AlCu 등으로 밝혀진 금속 간 화합물의 상을 확인했습니다. 전산 유체 역학 시뮬레이션은 Marangoni 효과가 용융 풀의 순환을 유도하여 혼합물을 생성하는 것으로 나타났습니다. Al과 Cu의 결합과 Al / Cu 조인트에서 소용돌이 모양의 구조 형성. Al / Cu 접합부의 인장 전단강도와 전기 저항을 측정하였으며 용접 면적과 강한 상관 관계를 보였다. Al / Cu 접합부의 용접 면적이 증가함에 따라 기계적 강도의 감소와 전기 저항의 증가가 측정 되었습니다. 또한 무결점 Al / Cu 접합을 위한 공정 창을 개발하고 Al / Cu 레이저 브레이즈 용접을 위한 실험 조건을 조사하여 Al / Cu 접합에서 금속 간 화합물 형성을 최소화했습니다.

Introduction

전기 상호 연결은 전력 전자 모듈을 패키징하는 데 중요합니다. 우수한 기계적 및 전기적 특성을 가진 견고한 전기적 상호 연결은 전력 전자 모듈의 전기적 고장을 방지하는 데 필수적입니다. 저항 스폿 용접, 브레이징, 납땜 및 초음파 용접 (USW)이 전기 상호 연결에 사용되었습니다.

납땜과 납땜 모두 저온 공정으로 인해 접합부에서 한계 변형과 잔류 응력이 발생합니다 [1]. 필러 합금은 두 공정 모두 견고한 전기 접촉을 달성하는 데 필수적입니다. 따라서 조인트는 서로 접촉하는 서로 다른 금속으로 구성됩니다.

결과적으로 조인트는 부식 환경에서 갈바닉 부식에 취약 할 수 있습니다 [2,3]. 더욱이, 비금속과 충전재 사이의 친화도를 고려해야 하기 때문에 제한된 충전재 만 특정 조인트에 사용할 수 있습니다 [1]. USW는 용접 온도가 낮고 용접 시간이 짧기 때문에 접합부의 변형이 비교적 적습니다.

따라서 이는 특히 연질 재료 (예 : Al, Cu, Ag, Au 및 Ni)의 경우 기존 접합 방법을 대체하고 있습니다 [4–6]. 그러나 Cu를위한 USW 공정의 경우, 표면 산화물이 강해 용접성이 저하되는 것을 방지하기 위해 Cu 표면에 Sn 또는 Ni 코팅이 필요하며, 이는 공정 속도를 늦추고 산업적 응용을위한 경제적 측면을 악화시킨다 [7 , 8].

레이저 용접은 쉬운 제어, 고정밀 및 원격 처리의 특성으로 인해 전력 전자 모듈의 전기 연결에 대한 유망한 후보입니다. 열의 영향을 받는 작은 영역과 변형은 전기 접점의 손상을 최소화 할 것으로 예상됩니다 [9-11]. 또한 레이저 용접을 위해 추가 표면 준비가 필요하지 않습니다.

이종 재료의 용접은 산업 응용 분야에서 중요했습니다. 더욱이 그림 1 [12,13]에서 볼 수 있듯이 전기 연결을위한 와이어 또는 리본 본딩에 여러 다른 조인트가 필요하기 때문에 전력 전자 모듈에서 필수적인 기술이되고 있습니다.

전기 접점의 다양한 조합 중에서 Al과 Cu는 높은 전기 전도성으로 인해 전기 연결에 중요한 재료로 종종 간주됩니다 [14]. 그러나 Al과 Cu의 서로 다른 용접은 금속 간 화합물 (IMC)의 형성을 촉진하고 동시에 Al / Cu 조인트의 기계적 및 전기적 특성에 영향을 줍니다. 일반적으로 Al / Cu 조인트 내부에 IMC가 있으면 연성 및 전기 저항에 해를 끼치므로 균열이 쉽게 발생하고 용접을 통한 전기 전도도를 방해합니다 [15,16].

따라서 견고한 Al / Cu 조인트를 얻으려면 IMC의 형성을 피해야합니다. 여러 연구에서 Al 및 Cu 시트의 레이저 빔 용접을 조사했습니다. 연속파 (CW) 레이저가 Al / Cu 조인트에 사용되었습니다 [17-23]. 큰 열 입력과 상당한 IMC 형성으로 인해 용접 영역에서 많은 균열이 관찰되었습니다 [18,19].

CW 레이저 빔의 공간 진동은 Al / Cu 조인트의 용접 품질을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났습니다. 직선 CW 레이저 빔 [18-20]과 비교하여 용접 영역에서 IMC 크기가 더 작은 기공과 균열이 더 적습니다.

Al과 Cu 시트의 겹침 접합에는 CW 단일 모드 파이버 레이저를 사용했으며, IMC 형성을 억제하여 높은 용접 속도 (즉, 50m / min)에서 견고한 Al / Cu 접합을 얻었습니다 [22]. Mai et al. [23]은 다른 Al / Cu 용접을 달성하기 위해 펄스 레이저를 사용했습니다.

그들은 Al / Cu 용접성이 레이저 공정 매개 변수에 크게 의존한다는 것을 밝혔으며 100mm / min 미만의 스캔 속도에서 균열없는 Al / Cu 접합을 달성하는 데 성공했습니다.

본문 내용 생략 : 문서 하단부의 원문보기를 참고하시기 바랍니다.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) power module. Red‐dotted box indicated the electrical connections

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the numerical simulation domain and boundary conditions.

Figure 4. Experimental setup for the four‐point electrical resistance measurement.

Figure 5. Cross‐sectional OM image of the Al/Cu joints in parallel to the laser welding direction. The laser power and scan speed were set at 2300 W and 20 mm/s, respectively.

Figure 6 shows the cross‐sectional SEM images of the Al/Cu joints, and corresponding EPMA element mapping of Al and Cu for the (a) 23/20, (b) 25/28.6, (c) 25/15.4, and (d) 27/20. — Figure 6 shows the cross‐sectional SEM images of the Al/Cu joints, and corresponding EPMA element mapping of Al and Cu for the (a) 23/20,

Figure 6. Cross‐sectional SEM image and elemental distribution mapping of Al and Cu elements for the (a) 23/20, (b) 25/28.6, (c) 25/15.4, and (d) 27/20. — Figure 6. Cross‐sectional SEM image and elemental distribution mapping of Al and Cu elements for the (d) 27/20.

Figure 7. EPMA line scan analysis and identification of the IMCs for the (a) 23/20 and (b) 25/15.4.

Figure 8. TEM analysis for the 25/28.6. (a) Indicating the location of TEM analysis in SEM image of the welding zone. (b) TEM bright‐field image and SAED pattern insets, examined at the location (1) in figure (a), confirmed Al‐rich phase (white globular shape) and Al2Cu eutectic phase (gray region), and (c) TEM bright‐field image and SAED pattern inset of Al4Cu9, examined at the location (2) in figure (a).

Figure 9. Temperature profiles and molten pool flow on transverse cross‐section (y–z plane at x = 1.23 cm): (a) Negative surface tension gradient for the 23/20 (Case 1), (b) negative surface tension gradient for the 25/15.4 (Case 2), (c) positive surface tension gradient for the 25/15.4 (Case 3), and (d) without surface tension for the 25/15.4 (Case 4).

Figure 12. Results of the tensile shear tests for the (a) 23/20: fracture at the Al ribbon and (b) 25/15.4: fracture at the weld

Figure 13. Stress–strain curves obtained by the tensile shear tests.

References

Schwartz, M.M.; Aircraft, S. Introduction to Brazing and Soldering. ASM Int. 2018, 6, doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001344.
Vianco, P.T. Corrosion issues in solder joint design and service. Weld. J. 1999, 78, 39–46.
Shi, Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, G.; Huang, J.; Gu, Y. Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum‐Steel Weld‐Brazing Joint. J. Mater. Eng. Perform.
2016, 25, 1916–1923, doi:10.1007/s11665‐016‐2020‐9.
Harman, G.G. Wire Bonding in Microelectronics: Materials, Processes, Reliability and Yield, 3rd ed; McGraw‐Hill Education: New
York, NY, USA, 2010; ISBN 9780071642651.
Aonuma, M.; Nakata, K. Dissimilar metal joining of ZK60 magnesium alloy and titanium by friction stir welding. Mater. Sci.
Eng. B Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol. 2012, 177, 543–548, doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2011.12.031.
Sasaki, T.; Watanabe, T.; Hosokawa, Y.; Yanagisawa, A. Analysis for relative motion in ultrasonic welding of aluminium sheet.
Sci. Technol. Weld. Jt. 2012, 18, 19–24, doi:10.1179/1362171812Y.0000000066.
Maeda, M.; Sato, T.; Inoue, N.; Yagi, D.; Takahashi, Y. Anomalous microstructure formed at the interface between copper ribbon
and tin‐deposited copper plate by ultrasonic bonding. Microelectron. Reliab. 2011, 51, 130–136, doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2010.05.009.
Maeda, M.; Yagi, D.; Takahashi, Y. Interfacial microstructure between copper ribbon and nickel‐coated copper plate formed by
ultrasonic bonding. Q. J. Jpn. Weld. Soc. 2013, 31, 188–191, doi:10.2207/qjjws.31.188s.
Sun, Z.; Ion, J.C. Laser welding of dissimilar metal combinations. J. Mater. Sci. 1995, 30, 4205–4214, doi:10.1007/BF00361499.
Yan, S.; Hong, Z.; Watanabe, T.; Jingguo, T. CW/PW dual‐beam YAG laser welding of steel/aluminum alloy sheets. Opt. Lasers
Eng. 2010, 48, 732–736, doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2010.03.015.
Mehlmann, B.; Gehlen, E.; Olowinsky, A.; Gillner, A. Laser micro welding for ribbon bonding. Phys. Procedia 2014, 56, 776–781,
doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.085.
Nwanoro, K.C.; Lu, H.; Yin, C.; Bailey, C. An analysis of the reliability and design optimization of aluminium ribbon bonds in
power electronics modules using computer simulation method. Microelectron. Reliab. 2018, 87, 1–14,
doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2018.05.013.
Li, H.; Cao, B.; Yang, J.W.; Liu, J. Modeling of resistance heat assisted ultrasonic welding of Cu‐Al joint. J. Mater. Process. Technol.
2018, 256, 121–130, doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.008.
Davis, J.R. Copper and Copper Alloys. In ASM Speciality Handbook; ASM International: Almere, The Netherlands, 2001; ISBN
2001022956

Rabkin, D.M.; Ryabov, V.R.; Lozovskaya, A.V.; Dovzhenko, V.A. Preparation and properties of copper‐aluminum intermetallic
compounds. Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram. 1970, 9, 695–700, doi:10.1007/BF00803820.
Chen, C.Y.; Chen, H.L.; Hwang, W.S. Influence of interfacial structure development on the fracture mechanism and bond
strength of aluminum/copper bimetal plate. Mater. Trans. 2006, 47, 1232–1239, doi:10.2320/matertrans.47.1232.
Schmidt, P.A.; Schweier, M.; Zaeh, M.F. Joining of lithium‐ion batteries using laser beam welding: Electrical losses of welded
aluminum and copper joints. J. Laser Appl. 2012, 915, doi:10.2351/1.5062563.
Smith, S.; Blackburn, J.; Gittos, M.; De Bono, P.; Hilton, P. Welding of dissimilar metallic materials using a scanned laser beam.
J. Laser Appl. 2013, 493, doi:10.2351/1.5062921.
Solchenbach, T.; Plapper, P. Mechanical characteristics of laser braze‐welded aluminium‐copper connections. Opt. Laser Technol.
2013, 54, 249–256, doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2013.06.003.
Kraetzsch, M.; Standfuss, J.; Klotzbach, A.; Kaspar, J.; Brenner, B.; Beyer, E. Laser Beam Welding with High‐Frequency Beam
Oscillation: Welding of Dissimilar Materials with Brilliant Fiber Lasers. Phys. Procedia 2011, 12, 142–149,
doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.018.
Solchenbach, T.; Plapper, P.; Cai, W. Electrical performance of laser braze‐welded aluminum‐copper interconnects. J. Manuf.
Process. 2014, 16, 183–189, doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2013.12.002.
Lee, S.J.; Nakamura, H.; Kawahito, Y.; Katayama, S. Effect of welding speed on microstructural and mechanical properties of
laser lap weld joints in dissimilar Al and Cu sheets. Sci. Technol. Weld. Jt. 2014, 19, 111–118, doi:10.1179/1362171813Y.0000000168.
Mai, T.A.; Spowage, A.C. Characterisation of dissimilar joints in laser welding of steel‐kovar, copper‐steel and copper‐
aluminium. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2004, 374, 224–233, doi:10.1016/j.msea.2004.02.025.
Zhang, G.; Takahashi, Y.; Heng, Z.; Takashima, K.; Misawa, K. Ultrasonic weldability of al ribbon to cu sheet and the dissimilar
joint formation mode. Mater. Trans. 2015, 56, 1842–1851, doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2015251.
Zhu, B.; Zhen, L.; Xia, H.; Su, J.; Niu, S.; Wu, L.; Tan, C.; Chen, B. Effect of the scanning path on the nanosecond pulse laser
welded Al/Cu lapped joint. Opt. Laser Technol. 2021, 139, 106945, doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.106945.
Kumar, A.; Gupta, M.P.; Banerjee, J.; Neogy, S.; Keskar, N.; Bhatt, R.B.; Behere, P.G.; Biswas, D.J. Micro‐Welding of Stainless
Steel and Copper Foils Using a Nano‐Second Pulsed Fiber Laser. Lasers Manuf. Mater. Process. 2019, 6, 158–172,
doi.org/10.1007/s40516‐019‐00088‐w.
Trinh, L.N.; Lee, D. The Characteristics of Laser Welding of a Thin Aluminum Tab and Steel Battery Case for Lithium‐Ion
Battery. Metals 2020, 10, 842, doi.org/10.3390/met10060842.
Cho, D.W.; Park, J.H.; Moon, H.S. A study on molten pool behavior in the one pulse one drop GMAW process using
computational fluid dynamics. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2019, 139, 848–859, doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.038.
Cho, W.I.; Na, S.J.; Cho, M.H.; Lee, J.S. Numerical study of alloying element distribution in CO2 laser‐GMA hybrid welding.
Comput. Mater. Sci. 2010, 49, 792–800, doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.06.025.
Cho, D.W.; Kiran, D.V.; Na, S.J. Analysis of molten pool behavior by flux‐wall guided metal transfer in low‐current submerged
arc welding process. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2017, 110, 104–112, doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.02.060.
Cho, W.‐I.; Na, S.‐J. Impact of Wavelengths of CO2, Disk, and Green Lasers on Fusion Zone Shape in Laser Welding of Steel. J.
Weld. Jt. 2020, 38, 235–240, doi:10.5781/jwj.2020.38.3.1.
Sim, A.; Chun, E.J.; Cho, D.W. Numerical Simulation of Surface Softening Behavior for Laser Heat Treated Cu‐Bearing Medium
Carbon Steel. Met. Mater. Int. 2020, 26, 1207–1217, doi:10.1007/s12540‐019‐00577‐9.
Jarwitz, M.; Fetzer, F.; Weber, R.; Graf, T. Weld seam geometry and electrical resistance of laser‐welded, aluminum‐copper
dissimilar joints produced with spatial beam oscillation. Metals 2018, 8, 510, doi:10.3390/met8070510.
Weigl, M.; Albert, F.; Schmidt, M. Enhancing the ductility of laser‐welde copper‐aluminum connections by using adapted filler
materia. Phys. Procedia 2011, 12, 335–341, doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.141.
Chen, J.; Lai, Y.S.; Wang, Y.W.; Kao, C.R. Investigation of growth behavior of Al‐Cu intermetallic compounds in Cu wire
bonding. Microelectron. Reliab. 2011, 51, 125–129, doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2010.09.034.
Chen, H.; Yang, L.; Long, J. First‐principles investigation of the elastic, Vickers hardness and thermodynamic properties of Al‐
Cu intermetallic compounds. Superlattices Microstruct. 2015, 79, 156–165, doi:10.1016/j.spmi.2014.11.005.
Liu, H.J.; Shen, J.J.; Zhou, L.; Zhao, Y.Q.; Liu, C.; Kuang, L.Y. Microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties of
friction stir welded joints of aluminium alloy to copper. Sci. Technol. Weld. Jt. 2011, 16, 92–99,
doi:10.1179/1362171810Y.0000000007.
Hug, E.; Bellido, N. Brittleness study of intermetallic (Cu, Al) layers in copper‐clad aluminium thin wires. Mater. Sci. Eng. A
2011, 528, 7103–7106, doi:10.1016/j.msea.2011.05.077.
Braunović, M.; Alexandrov, N. Intermetallic Compounds At Aluminum‐To‐Copper Electrical Interfaces: Effect of Temperature
And Electric Current. IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. Part A 1994, 17, 78–85, doi:10.1109/95.296372.
Lee, W.B.; Bang, K.S.; Jung, S.B. Effects of intermetallic compound on the electrical and mechanical properties of friction welded
Cu/Al bimetallic joints during annealing. J. Alloys Compd. 2005, 390, 212–219, doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.07.057.

논문 원본 바로가기

Figure 1. Sketch map of the port Laozi on Lake Hongze

FLOW-3D software for substantiation the layout of the port water area

항구 수역의 레이아웃을 입증하기 위한 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어

B Pan1

and N Belyaev2
1 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
pan3.b@edu.spbstu.ru

Abstract

방파제 설계시 항만 내 수역 및 접안 시설에서 중대한 파도 발생을 배제 할 필요가 있다. 이 기사는 항구 지역의 물 이동 계산 결과를 제시합니다. 항구 입구의 위치와 주어진 물체의 크기에 대한 가장 안전한 옵션이 확인되었습니다. FLOW – 3D 프로그램을 사용하여 항구 수역의 예비 배치 단계에서 계획되고 건설적인 솔루션을 선택할 가능성이 입증되었습니다.

Introduction

항구를 설계 할 때 계류선의 가장 합리적인 구성과 항구 수역의 레이아웃을 선택하여 항구의 영토를 배치하는 것이 필요합니다. 러시아 연방의 항구 수역 배치는 항구 수역 요소에 대한 사양을 포함하는 해로, 페어웨이 및 기동 구역에 대한 설계 표준의 요구 사항에 따라 수행됩니다 [1, 2].

항구 물은 파도, 퇴적물 축적 및 얼음으로부터 보호되어야 합니다. 항구 계획을 작성할 때, 선박의 기동 및 연안 계류 중뿐만 아니라 선적 및 하역 및 기타 항구 운영 중에 선박 계류에 대한 정상적인 조건이 생성되도록 파도로부터 수역을 보호하는 정도를 제공해야 합니다.

설계 결정은 새로운 포트를 설계하거나 기존 포트를 개발할 때 물리적 또는 수학적 모델링을 기반으로 합니다 [2]. 항구 수역에서 계산 된 물 흐름의 매개 변수는 수문 기상 조사, 장기 현장 관찰 및 실험실 연구의 결과를 기반으로 하도록 권장됩니다.

공학 수문 기상 측량 데이터가 불충분하면 계산 방법을 기반으로 설계 폭풍의 파도 매개 변수를 결정할 수 있습니다. 사용된 계산 방법이 국제 실무에서 동일한 목적으로 채택된 방법 (모델)에 부합하는지 표시하는 것이 좋습니다 [3].

Figure 2. The location of the port entrance on Lake Hongze: a – variant 1; b – variant 2; c – variants 3-5

Figure 4. Modeling of variant 1 with the movement of waves in the port water area

Figure 5. Modeling of variant 2: a is prevailing movement of water towards the enclosed water area; b is prevailing reverse movement of water

Figure 9. Plan of the port water area with design points

Figure 10. Change in water depth at point A: a – variant 1; b – variant 2

Figure 11. Change in water depth at point A: a – variant 3; b – variant 4; c – variant 5

Figure 12. Change in water depth at points A (a) and C (b) for variant 3

Figure 13. Change in water depth at points A (a) and B (b) for variant 3

Figure 14. Scheme of vessel traffic: a – variant 3; b – variant 4

References
[1] SP 350.1326000.2018. 2018 Norms for technological design of sea ports (Moscow:
Standartinform) p 226
[2] SP 444.1326000.2019. 2019 Standards for the design of sea channels, fairways and
maneuvering areas (Moscow: Standartinform) p 62
[3] SP 38.13330.2012. 2014 Loads and impacts on Hydraulic structures (from wave, ice and ships)
(Moscow: Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation) p 112
[4] Rijnsdorp D P Smit P B and Zijlema M 2012 Non-hydrostatic modelling of infragravity waves
using SWASH. Proceedings of 33rd Conference on Coastal Engineering. pp 1287–1299
[5] Kantardgi I G Zheleznyak M J 2016 Laboratory and numerical study of waves in the port area.
Magazine of Civil Engineering No 6 pp 49–59 DOI: 10.5862/MCE.66.5
[6] Zheleznyak M J Kantardgi I G Sorokin M S and Polyakov A I 2015 Resonance properties of
seaport water areas Magazine of Civil Engineering № 5(57) pp 3-19 DOI:10.5862/MCE.57.1
[7] Kantarzhi I Zuev N Shunko N 2014 Numerical and physical modelling of the waves inside the
new marina in Gelendjik (Black Sea) Application of physical modelling to port and coastal
protection. Proceedings of 5th international conference Coastlab (Varna) Vol 2 pp 253–262
[8] Makarov K N and Chebotarev A G 2015 Breakwater placement at the root of a seawall
Magazine of Civil Engineering № 3(55) pp 67-78 DOI: 10.5862/MCE.55.8
[9] Belyaev N D Lebedev V V and Alexeeva A V 2017 Investigation of the soil structure changes
under the tsunami waves impact on the marine hydrotechnical structures V 10 № 4 pp 44-52
DOI: 10.7868/S2073667317040049
[10] Lebedev V V Nudner I S and Belyaev N D 2018 The formation of the seabed surface relief near
the gravitational object Magazine of Civil Engineering No 79(3) pp 120–131 DOI:
10.18720/MCE.79.13
[11] Kofoed-Hansen H Sloth P Sørensen O R Fuchs J 2000 Combined numerical and physical
modelling of seiching in exposed new marina Proceedings of 27th international conference of
coastal engineering pp 3600–3614
[12] Smit P Stelling G and Zijlema M 2011 Assessment of nonhydrostatic wave-flow model
SWASH for directionally spread waves propagating through a barred basin Proceedings of
ACOMEN 2011 pp 1–10
[13] Zijlema M Stelling G Smit P 2011 SWASH: An operational public domain code for simulating
wave fields and rapidly varied flows in coastal waters. Coastal Engineering. № 10(58). pp 992–
1012
[14] FLOW-3D® 2008 User’s Manual Version 9.3 Flow Science Inc p 821
[15] Pan Bayan and Belyaev N D 2019 Week of Science SPbPU: Proceedings of an international
scientific conference The best reports. pp 3-7
[16] Girgidov A A 2011 Hybrid simulation in hydrotechnical facilities design and FLOW-3D as a
tool its realization Magazine of Civil Engineering №3 pp 21-27
[17] Girgidov A A 2010 Proceeding of the VNIIG vol 260. pp 12-19

[18] Vasquez J A Walsh B W 2009 CFD simulation of local scour in complex piers under tidal flow,
33rd IAHR Congress: Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment, © 2009 by
International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research (IAHR) ISBN: 978-94-90365-
01-1.
[19] Shan-Hwei Ou Tai-Wen Hsu and Jian-Feng Lin 2010 Experimental and Numerical Studies on
Wave Transformation over Artificial Reefs Proceedings of the International Conference on
Coastal Engineering (Shanghai, China) No 32
[20] Hirt C and Nichols B 1980 Volume of Fluid Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries
Journal Comp. Phys 39 p 201.

논문 원문 바로가기

Figure 7. Formation of incident and reflected waves.

Investigate Impact Force of Dam-Break Flow against Structures by Both 2D and 3D Numerical Simulations

2D 및 3D 수치 시뮬레이션에 의한 댐 붕괴유동의 구조물 충격력 조사

¹Faculty of Water Resources Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Ha Noi 116705, Vietnam
²Hydraulic Construction Institute, 3/95 Chua Boc, Dong Da, Ha Noi 116705, Vietnam
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Costanza Aricò
Water 2021, 13(3), 344;

Abstract

본 논문의 목적은 일부 2D 및 3D 수치 모델이 침수 지역에 고립된 건물 또는 건물 배열이 있는 곳에서 홍수 파동을 시뮬레이션하는 능력을 조사하는 것이었습니다.

먼저, 제안된 2D 수치 모델은 구조화된 메시에서 2D 천수(shallow water) 방정식(2D-SWEs)을 해결하기 위한 유한 볼륨 방법(FVM)을 기반으로 했습니다.

FDS (flux-difference splitting)은 정확한 질량 균형을 얻기 위해 사용되었고 Roe 체계는 Riemann 문제를 근사하기 위해 호출되었습니다.

둘째, 상업적으로 이용 가능한 3D CFD 소프트웨어 패키지가 선택되었으며, 여기에는 두 가지 난류 모델이 포함된 Flow 3D 모델이 포함되어 있습니다.

RNG(Renormalized Group) 및 LES(Large-eddy Simulation)를 사용하는 레이놀즈 평균 Navier-Stokes(RAN)입니다. 댐 붕괴 흐름으로 인한 장애물에 대한 충격력의 수치 결과는 3D 솔루션이 2D 솔루션보다 훨씬 낫다는 것을 보여주었습니다.

건물 배열에 작용하는 충격력의 3D 수치 힘 결과를 보유하고 있는 실험 데이터와 비교함으로써, 속도 유도력이 동적 힘에 미치는 영향은 Froude 숫자의 함수와 사고 파동의 수심 함수에 의해 정량화 되었습니다. 또한, 우리는 힘의 강도의 피크 값의 3D 계산 결과에 대한 초기 물 단계와 댐 붕괴 폭의 영향을 조사했습니다.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the ability of some 2D and 3D numerical models to simulate flood waves in the presence of an isolated building or building array in an inundated area. Firstly, the proposed 2D numerical model was based on the finite-volume method (FVM) to solve 2D shallow-water equations (2D-SWEs) on structured mesh. The flux-difference splitting method (FDS) was utilized to obtain an exact mass balance while the Roe scheme was invoked to approximate Riemann problems. Secondly, the 3D commercially available CFD software package was selected, which contained a Flow 3D model with two turbulent models: Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANs) with a renormalized group (RNG) and a large-eddy simulation (LES). The numerical results of an impact force on an obstruction due to a dam-break flow showed that a 3D solution was much better than a 2D one. By comparing the 3D numerical force results of an impact force acting on building arrays with the existence experimental data, the influence of velocity-induced force on a dynamic force was quantified by a function of the Froude number and the water depth of the incident wave. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of the initial water stage and dam-break width on the 3D-computed results of the peak value of force intensity.

Keywords: dam-break wave; 2D numerical model; Flow 3D model; structures; impact force

Introduction

홍수 위험 분석에 따른 도시 계획은 최근에 큰 연구 과제였습니다.

건물 또는 건물 그룹에 대한 홍수 파동의 영향에 대한 연구는 하류 지역에 대한 조기 경고 또는 안전 의식 향상에 중요한 역할을 했습니다. 기본적으로 댐 파괴 흐름에 대한 연구는 실험 측정이나 수치 시뮬레이션을 통해 추정 할 수 있습니다 [1,2,3,4,5,6].

컴퓨터 처리 능력의 증가로 인해 불연속 흐름에 대한 수치 연구가 비용 효율적이되었습니다. 지난 10 년 동안 천수(shallow water) 솔버는 정확성과 계산 능력면에서 크게 향상되었습니다. 침수 가능 지역의 수심 및 속도 프로파일과 같은 유체 역학적 매개 변수에 많은주의를 기울였습니다 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].

Migot et al. [9]는 도시 홍수의 실험적 모델링에 관한 많은 기사를 검토했습니다. 그 논문에 언급 된 45 개의 작품 중 단 4 개의 프로젝트 만이 장애물에 가해지는 일정한 또는 비정상적인 흐름의 힘 또는 압력을 측정했습니다.

또한 물리적 및 2D 수치 모델에서 건물 또는 건물 그룹에 돌발 홍수가 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 거의 없었습니다. 천수(shallow water) 모델은 [10,11]에서 고립된 장애물에 대한 충격의 힘을 예측하는데 사용되었습니다.

한편 Shige-eda [12]는 액체와 건물 배열 간의 상호 작용을 결정하기 위해 물리적 모델과 2D 수치 체계를 선택했습니다. Aureli와 Shige-eda는 수직 속도와 가속도를 무시하기 때문에 댐 파괴 흐름의 힘을 추정하기 위한 2D 천수(shallow water) 방정식 (SWE)의 단점을 보여주었습니다 [10,12].

Migot [9]은 또한 장애물 주변의 시뮬레이션된 홍수 흐름에 대한 2D SWE에 대한 여러 출판물이 있었지만 이 주제에 대한 3D 수치 모델에 대한 연구는 거의 없다고 지적했습니다. 최근 전산 유체 역학 (CFD) 3D 시뮬레이션은 유체 흐름과 관련된 문제를 해결하기위한 광범위한 도구가되었습니다.

댐 파괴 파의 특성은 [13,14,15,16]에 의해 주목되었고 Issakhov [17]는 다양한 종류의 장애물이 압력 분포에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 CFD 방법을 사용했습니다. 그들은 분포가 댐 표면에서 3 배 더 낮다는 것을 밝혔다.

Aureli [10]는 댐 파괴 파가 구조물에 미치는 영향의 정적 힘을 평가하기 위해 실험 테스트와 2D 및 3D 수치 모델을 사용했습니다. Mokarani [18]는 댐 브레이크 흐름 영향의 VOF 시뮬레이션에서 피크 압력 안정성 조건을 연구했습니다.

앞서 언급한 작품에서 구조물이나 구조물 군에 작용하는 힘은 압력에 의한 정 수력 또는 정력이었다. 한편, 급류에서 속도로 인한 힘은 압력 력보다 크거나 같았습니다 [19]. Armanini [20]는 정상 흐름에 대해이 항을 추정하기 위한 분석적 표현 만을 제시했습니다. 우리가 아는 한, 건물 그룹에 작용하는 비정상 흐름의 동적 힘을 생성하기 위해 2D 및 3D 수학적 모델을 모두 사용하는 작업은 없습니다.

따라서 본 연구에서는 제안된 2D 수치 모델과 3D 수학적 모델 모두에 의해 고립 된 장애물 또는 장애물 그룹에 대한 급격한 비정상 흐름의 테스트 사례를 재현했습니다. 수심 및 유속 수문 그래프와 같은 몇 가지 수력 학적 특성이 추정되었으며 측정 된 데이터와 매우 잘 일치했습니다.

특히 댐 브레이크 흐름이 서로 다른 건물에 가하는 동적인 힘도 시뮬레이션했습니다. 속도 유도 힘이 동적 힘에 미치는 영향 수준을 나타내는 매개 변수는 Froude 수와 입사 파동의 수심의 함수인 것으로 밝혀졌습니다. 또한 붕괴된 댐 사이트 폭 (b)과 초기 수위 (h0)는 충격력의 최대 값에 영향을 미치는 변수로 고려되었습니다.

Figure 1. (a) Configuration of experiment test (dimension in meters); (b) Gauges on the vertical front face of building.

Figure 2. (a) Distributed pressure profiles at centerline of front face of column; (b) Comparison of load-time histories simulated by different numerical models

Figure 3. Group of buildings in flooded area.

Figure 4. Water depth and u-velocity profiles at gauge b.

Figure 5. Water hydrographs at gauges a and c.

Figure 6. Velocity component profiles at gauges a and c.

Figure 8. Snapshots of streamlines of Froude number at different times: 1.0 s, 2.0 s, 5.0 s and 10 s.

Figure 9. Force in the flow direction exerted on 6 buildings.

Figure 10. The linear regression between forces per unit width (F) and q2b/h0.

Conclusions

댐 붕괴 흐름으로 인한 홍수 파도는 높은 속도 또는 큰 깊이가 관련되었을 때 건물에 큰 영향을 미칩니다. 본 논문에서는 2D 및 3D 수치 모델의 건물 및 건물 그룹에 대한 빠른 흐름에 의해 발생하는 유압 특성과 충격 부하를 추정할 수 있는 능력을 조사했습니다. 천수(shallow water) 방정식에 기초한 2D 수학 모델은 FDS 방법으로 해결되었으며, FDS 방법은 최신 버전의 Flow 3D 유체 역학 모델과 함께 사용되었습니다. 연구의 주요 발견은 다음과 같습니다.
(1) 수심 또는 속도 프로파일을 공식화하기 위해 2D 및 3D 수치 솔루션은 모두 매우 유사합니다. 제안된 2D 수치 모델은 정적 힘의 최대 값 뿐만 아니라 수심 및 속도 구성 요소를 포함하는 유압 특성을 예측하는 데 적합합니다. 그러나 LES 및 RAN 난류 모듈이 포함된 3D 유체역학 모델은 2D 얕은 흐름 모델이 1개만 제공하는 동안 두 개의 최고 충격 부하를 잘 포착할 수 있습니다. 일반적으로 3D 결과는 실험 결과와 더 가깝습니다.
(2) 여러 건물에 대한 정적 및 동적 힘은 모두 LES 모듈을 사용하여 Flow 3D에 의해 계산되었습니다. 건물에서 속도에 의한 힘과 압력의 역할은 위치에 따라 다릅니다. 댐 현장 근처에서, 속도 유도 힘은 댐 파괴 파동의 주 방향에서 멀리 떨어져 있거나 두 번째 배열에서 압력 힘이 더 중요합니다. 속도 유도 힘의 영향은 매개 변수 α에 의해 정량화되며, 이는 사고파의 Froude 숫자와 수심 함수로 수행됩니다. q2b/h0과 정적 힘과 동적 힘의 피크 강도 사이의 선형 회귀 관계는 합리적인 R-제곱 양으로 해결됩니다.

추가 연구에서, 제시된 2D 수치 모델의 견고성과 효과는 더 명확하게 드러날 것입니다. 대규모 도메인에 대한 홍수 흐름을 시뮬레이션하는 데 쉽게 적용할 수 있습니다. 또한, α 매개변수의 제안된 방정식(21)은 실제 사례 연구에서 다운스트림 영역의 건물에 대한 속도 유도 힘의 영향을 정확하게 평가하기 위한 매우 의미가 있습니다. 이 매개 변수의 정확도 수준을 높이려면 서로 다른 조건에서 장애물에 작용하는 여러 가지 힘 실험이 구현되어야 합니다.

논문 원문 바로가기

References

Testa, G.; Zuccala, D.; Alcrudo, F.; Mulet, J.; Frazao, S.S. Flash flood flow experiment in a simplifed urban district. J. Hydraul. Res. 2007, 45, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Soares-Frazao, S.; Zech, Y. Dam-break flow through an idealized city. J. Hydraul. Res. 2008, 46, 648–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Soares-Frazão, S.; Zech, Y. Experimental study of dam-break flow against an isolated obstacle. J. Hydraul. Res. 2007, 45, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Soares-Frazão, S. Experiments of dam-break wave over a triangular bottom sill. J. Hydraul. Res. 2007, 45, 19–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
di Cristo, C.; Evangelista, S.; Greco, M.; Iervolino, M.; Leopardi, A.; Vacca, A. Dam-break waves over an erodible embankment: Experiments and simulations. J. Hydraul. Res. 2018, 56, 196–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Evangelista, S. Experiments and numerical simulations of dike erosion due to a wave impact. Water 2015, 7, 5831–5848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Li, Y.L.; Yu, C.H. Research on dam break flow induced front wave impacting a vertical wall based on the CLSVOF and level set methods. Ocean Eng. 2019, 178, 442–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Özgen, I.; Zhao, J.; Liang, D.; Hinkelmann, R. Urban flood modeling using shallow water equations with depth-dependent anisotropic porosity. J. Hydrol. 2016, 541, 1165–1184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mignot, E.; Li, X.; Dewals, B. Experimental modelling of urban flooding: A review. J. Hydrol. 2019, 568, 334–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Aureli, F.; Dazzi, A.; Maranzoni, A.; Mignosa, P.; Vacondio, R. Experimental and numerical evaluation of the force due to the impact of a dam break wave on a structure. Adv. Water Resour. 2015, 76, 29–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Milanesi, L.; Pilotti, M.; Belleri, A.; Marini, A.; Fuchs, S. Vulnerability to flash floods: A simplified structural model for masonry buldings. Water Resour. Res. 2018, 54, 7177–7197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shige-eda, M.; Akiyama, J. Numerical and experimental study on two dimensional flood flows with and without structures. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2003, 129, 817–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cagatay, H.O.; Kocaman, S. Dam break flows during initial stage using SWE and RANs approaches. J. Hydraul. Res. 2010, 48, 603–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yang, S.; Yang, W.; Qin, S.; Li, Q.; Yang, B. Numerical study on characteristics of dam break wave. Ocean Eng. 2018, 159, 358–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Robb., D.M.; Vasquez., J.A. Numerical simulation of dam break flows using depth averaged hydrodynamic and three dimensional CFD models. In Proceedings of the 22nd Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 28–30 April 2015. [Google Scholar]
Kocaman, S.; Evangelista, S.; Viccione, G.; Guzel, H. Experimental and Numerical analysis of 3D dam break waves in an enclosed domain with a single oriented obstacles. Environ. Sci. Proc. 2020, 2, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Issakhov, A.; Zhandaulet, Y.; Nogaeva, A. Numerical simulation of dambreak flow for various forms of the obstacle by VOF method. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2018, 109, 191–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Mokarani, C.; Abadie, S. Conditions for peak pressure stability in VOF simulations of dam break flow impact. J. Fluids Struct. 2016, 62, 86–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Liu, L.; Sun, J.; Lin, B.; Lu, L. Building performance in dam break flow—an experimental sudy. Urban Water J. 2018, 15, 251–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Armanini, A.; Larcher, M.; Odorizzi, M. Dynamic impact of a debris flow front against a vertical wall. In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on debris-flow hazards mitigation: Mechanics, prediction and assessment, Padua, Italy, 14–17 June 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hubbard, M.E.; Garcia Navarro, P. Flux difference splitting and the balancing of source terms and flux gradients. J. Comput. Phys. 2000, 165, 89–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Roe, P.L. A basis for upwind differencing of the two-dimensional unsteady Euler equations. In Numerical Methods in Fluids Dynamics II; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1986. [Google Scholar]
Bradford, S.F.; Sander, B. Finite volume model for shallow water flooding of arbitrary topography. J. Hydraul. Eng. (ASCE) 2002, 128, 289–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Brufau, P.; Garica-Navarro, P. Two dimensional dam break flow simulation. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2000, 33, 35–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hien, L.T.T. 2D Numerical Modeling of Dam-Break Flows with Application to Case Studies in Vietnam. Ph.D. Thesis, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy, 2014. [Google Scholar]
Hien, L.T.T.; Tomirotti, M. Numerical modeling of dam break flows over complex topography. Case studies in Vietnam. In Proceedings of the 19th IAHR-APD Congress 2014, Hanoi, Vietnam, 21–24 September 2014; ISBN 978-604-82-1383-1. [Google Scholar]
Flow-3D, Version 12.0; User Mannual; Flow Science Inc.: Santa Fe, NM, USA, 2020.
Guney, M.S.; Tayfur, G.; Bombar, G.; Elci, S. Distorted physical model to study sudden partial dam break flow in an urban area. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2014, 140, 05014006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shige-eda, M.; Akiyama, J. Discussion and Closure to “Numerical and experimental study on two dimensional flood flows with and without structures” by Mirei Shige-eda and Juichiro Akiyama. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2005, 131, 336–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ritter, A. Die Fortpflanzung der Wasserwelle (Generation of the water wave). Z. Ver. Dtsch. Ing. 1892, 36, 947–954. [Google Scholar]

Continuous-Flow Separation of Magnetic Particles from Biofluids: How Does the Microdevice Geometry Determine the Separation Performance?

Cristina González Fernández,¹Jenifer Gómez Pastora,²Arantza Basauri,¹Marcos Fallanza,¹Eugenio Bringas,¹Jeffrey J. Chalmers,²and Inmaculada Ortiz¹,*
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer

생체 유체에서 자성 입자의 연속 흐름 분리 : 마이크로 장치 형상이 분리 성능을 어떻게 결정합니까?

Abstract

생체 유체에서 여러 화학 물질과 생체 분자의 검출 또는 분리를 위한 기능화된 자성 입자의 사용은 계속해서 상당한 관심을 받고 있습니다. 표적 물질과 함께 배양 한 후 비드는 자기적으로 회수되어 분석 또는 진단 테스트를 수행 할 수 있습니다.

연속 흐름 마이크로 장치에서 영구 자석을 사용한 입자 회수는 마이크로 유체의 여러 장점으로 인해 지난 10 년 동안 큰 관심을 모았습니다. 따라서 완전한 입자 포획을 달성하기 위한 자기 및 유체 조건을 결정하기 위해 많은 노력을 기울였습니다.

그러나 높은 입자 회수율과 유속을 동시에 제공하는 시스템을 설계하는데 있어 핵심이기는 하지만 시스템 성능에 대한 채널 형상의 영향에 대해서는 덜 주의를 기울였습니다.

여기에서 우리는 자기 비드가 혈액에서 분리되어 외부 자기장을 적용하여 버퍼 스트림으로 수집되는 Y-Y 모양의 마이크로 채널의 최적화를 다룹니다. 비드 회수 및 시스템 처리량에 대한 여러 기하학적 특징 (즉, 단면 형상, 두께, 길이 및 부피)의 영향을 연구합니다.

이를 위해 분리 중에 비드에 작용하는 지배적인 힘을 고려하는 실험적으로 검증된 CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 수치 모델을 사용합니다.

우리의 결과는 직사각형의 긴 장치가 높은 입자 회수율과 높은 처리량을 제공하기 때문에 최고의 성능을 보여줍니다. 따라서 이 방법론은 자기 구동 정제, 농축 또는 분리를 위한 랩 온어 칩 장치의 합리적인 설계에 적용될 수 있습니다.

Keywords: particle magnetophoresis, CFD, cross section, chip fabrication

논문 원문 바로가기

References

Gómez-Pastora J., Xue X., Karampelas I.H., Bringas E., Furlani E.P., Ortiz I. Analysis of separators for magnetic beads recovery: From large systems to multifunctional microdevices. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2017;172:16–31. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.050. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wise N., Grob T., Morten K., Thompson I., Sheard S. Magnetophoretic velocities of superparamagnetic particles, agglomerates and complexes. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2015;384:328–334. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.02.031. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Khashan S.A., Elnajjar E., Haik Y. CFD simulation of the magnetophoretic separation in a microchannel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2011;323:2960–2967. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.06.001. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Khashan S.A., Furlani E.P. Scalability analysis of magnetic bead separation in a microchannel with an array of soft magnetic elements in a uniform magnetic field. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2014;125:311–318. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.02.007. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Furlani E.P. Magnetic biotransport: Analysis and applications. Materials. 2010;3:2412–2446. doi: 10.3390/ma3042412. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gómez-Pastora J., Bringas E., Ortiz I. Design of novel adsorption processes for the removal of arsenic from polluted groundwater employing functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2016;47:241–246. [Google Scholar]
Gómez-Pastora J., Bringas E., Lázaro-Díez M., Ramos-Vivas J., Ortiz I. The reverse of controlled release: Controlled sequestration of species and biotoxins into nanoparticles (NPs) In: Stroeve P., Mahmoudi M., editors. Drug Delivery Systems. World Scientific; Hackensack, NJ, USA: 2017. pp. 207–244. [Google Scholar]
Ruffert C. Magnetic bead-magic bullet. Micromachines. 2016;7:21. doi: 10.3390/mi7020021. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Yáñez-Sedeño P., Campuzano S., Pingarrón J.M. Magnetic particles coupled to disposable screen printed transducers for electrochemical biosensing. Sensors. 2016;16:1585. doi: 10.3390/s16101585. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Schrittwieser S., Pelaz B., Parak W.J., Lentijo-Mozo S., Soulantica K., Dieckhoff J., Ludwig F., Guenther A., Tschöpe A., Schotter J. Homogeneous biosensing based on magnetic particle labels. Sensors. 2016;16:828. doi: 10.3390/s16060828. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
He J., Huang M., Wang D., Zhang Z., Li G. Magnetic separation techniques in sample preparation for biological analysis: A review. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014;101:84–101. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.017. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ha Y., Ko S., Kim I., Huang Y., Mohanty K., Huh C., Maynard J.A. Recent advances incorporating superparamagnetic nanoparticles into immunoassays. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2018;1:512–521. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.7b00025. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gómez-Pastora J., González-Fernández C., Fallanza M., Bringas E., Ortiz I. Flow patterns and mass transfer performance of miscible liquid-liquid flows in various microchannels: Numerical and experimental studies. Chem. Eng. J. 2018;344:487–497. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.110. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gale B.K., Jafek A.R., Lambert C.J., Goenner B.L., Moghimifam H., Nze U.C., Kamarapu S.K. A review of current methods in microfluidic device fabrication and future commercialization prospects. Inventions. 2018;3:60. doi: 10.3390/inventions3030060. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Niemeyer C.M., Mirkin C.A., editors. Nanobiotechnology; Concepts, Applications and Perspectives. Wiley-VCH; Weinheim, Germany: 2004. [Google Scholar]
Khashan S.A., Dagher S., Alazzam A., Mathew B., Hilal-Alnaqbi A. Microdevice for continuous flow magnetic separation for bioengineering applications. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2017;27:055016. doi: 10.1088/1361-6439/aa666d. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Basauri A., Gomez-Pastora J., Fallanza M., Bringas E., Ortiz I. Predictive model for the design of reactive micro-separations. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2019;209:900–907. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.028. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Abdollahi P., Karimi-Sabet J., Moosavian M.A., Amini Y. Microfluidic solvent extraction of calcium: Modeling and optimization of the process variables. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2020;231:115875. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115875. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Khashan S.A., Alazzam A., Furlani E. A novel design for a microfluidic magnetophoresis system: Computational study; Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization (FLUCOME2013); Nara, Japan. 18–23 November 2013. [Google Scholar]
Pamme N. Magnetism and microfluidics. Lab Chip. 2006;6:24–38. doi: 10.1039/B513005K. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gómez-Pastora J., Amiri Roodan V., Karampelas I.H., Alorabi A.Q., Tarn M.D., Iles A., Bringas E., Paunov V.N., Pamme N., Furlani E.P., et al. Two-step numerical approach to predict ferrofluid droplet generation and manipulation inside multilaminar flow chambers. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2019;123:10065–10080. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b01393. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gómez-Pastora J., Karampelas I.H., Bringas E., Furlani E.P., Ortiz I. Numerical analysis of bead magnetophoresis from flowing blood in a continuous-flow microchannel: Implications to the bead-fluid interactions. Sci. Rep. 2019;9:7265. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43827-x. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Tarn M.D., Pamme N. On-Chip Magnetic Particle-Based Immunoassays Using Multilaminar Flow for Clinical Diagnostics. In: Taly V., Viovy J.L., Descroix S., editors. Microchip Diagnostics Methods and Protocols. Humana Press; New York, NY, USA: 2017. pp. 69–83. [Google Scholar]
Phurimsak C., Tarn M.D., Peyman S.A., Greenman J., Pamme N. On-chip determination of c-reactive protein using magnetic particles in continuous flow. Anal. Chem. 2014;86:10552–10559. doi: 10.1021/ac5023265. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wu X., Wu H., Hu Y. Enhancement of separation efficiency on continuous magnetophoresis by utilizing L/T-shaped microchannels. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2011;11:11–24. doi: 10.1007/s10404-011-0768-7. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Vojtíšek M., Tarn M.D., Hirota N., Pamme N. Microfluidic devices in superconducting magnets: On-chip free-flow diamagnetophoresis of polymer particles and bubbles. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2012;13:625–635. doi: 10.1007/s10404-012-0979-6. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gómez-Pastora J., González-Fernández C., Real E., Iles A., Bringas E., Furlani E.P., Ortiz I. Computational modeling and fluorescence microscopy characterization of a two-phase magnetophoretic microsystem for continuous-flow blood detoxification. Lab Chip. 2018;18:1593–1606. doi: 10.1039/C8LC00396C. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Forbes T.P., Forry S.P. Microfluidic magnetophoretic separations of immunomagnetically labeled rare mammalian cells. Lab Chip. 2012;12:1471–1479. doi: 10.1039/c2lc40113d. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Nandy K., Chaudhuri S., Ganguly R., Puri I.K. Analytical model for the magnetophoretic capture of magnetic microspheres in microfluidic devices. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2008;320:1398–1405. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.11.024. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Plouffe B.D., Lewis L.H., Murthy S.K. Computational design optimization for microfluidic magnetophoresis. Biomicrofluidics. 2011;5:013413. doi: 10.1063/1.3553239. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Hale C., Darabi J. Magnetophoretic-based microfluidic device for DNA isolation. Biomicrofluidics. 2014;8:044118. doi: 10.1063/1.4893772. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Becker H., Gärtner C. Polymer microfabrication methods for microfluidic analytical applications. Electrophoresis. 2000;21:12–26. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(20000101)21:1<12::AID-ELPS12>3.0.CO;2-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Pekas N., Zhang Q., Nannini M., Juncker D. Wet-etching of structures with straight facets and adjustable taper into glass substrates. Lab Chip. 2010;10:494–498. doi: 10.1039/B912770D. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Wang T., Chen J., Zhou T., Song L. Fabricating microstructures on glass for microfluidic chips by glass molding process. Micromachines. 2018;9:269. doi: 10.3390/mi9060269. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Castaño-Álvarez M., Pozo Ayuso D.F., García Granda M., Fernández-Abedul M.T., Rodríguez García J., Costa-García A. Critical points in the fabrication of microfluidic devices on glass substrates. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2008;130:436–448. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.09.043. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Prakash S., Kumar S. Fabrication of microchannels: A review. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf. 2015;229:1273–1288. doi: 10.1177/0954405414535581. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Leester-Schädel M., Lorenz T., Jürgens F., Ritcher C. Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices. In: Dietzel A., editor. Microsystems for Pharmatechnology: Manipulation of Fluids, Particles, Droplets, and Cells. Springer; Basel, Switzerland: 2016. pp. 23–57. [Google Scholar]
Bartlett N.W., Wood R.J. Comparative analysis of fabrication methods for achieving rounded microchannels in PDMS. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2016;26:115013. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/11/115013. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Ng P.F., Lee K.I., Yang M., Fei B. Fabrication of 3D PDMS microchannels of adjustable cross-sections via versatile gel templates. Polymers. 2019;11:64. doi: 10.3390/polym11010064. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Furlani E.P., Sahoo Y., Ng K.C., Wortman J.C., Monk T.E. A model for predicting magnetic particle capture in a microfluidic bioseparator. Biomed. Microdevices. 2007;9:451–463. doi: 10.1007/s10544-007-9050-x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Tarn M.D., Peyman S.A., Robert D., Iles A., Wilhelm C., Pamme N. The importance of particle type selection and temperature control for on-chip free-flow magnetophoresis. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2009;321:4115–4122. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.08.016. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Furlani E.P. Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices; Materials, Analysis and Applications. Academic Press; Waltham, MA, USA: 2001. [Google Scholar]
White F.M. Viscous Fluid Flow. McGraw-Hill; New York, NY, USA: 1974. [Google Scholar]
Mathew B., Alazzam A., El-Khasawneh B., Maalouf M., Destgeer G., Sung H.J. Model for tracing the path of microparticles in continuous flow microfluidic devices for 2D focusing via standing acoustic waves. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015;153:99–107. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.08.026. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Furlani E.J., Furlani E.P. A model for predicting magnetic targeting of multifunctional particles in the microvasculature. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2007;312:187–193. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.09.026. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Furlani E.P., Ng K.C. Analytical model of magnetic nanoparticle transport and capture in the microvasculature. Phys. Rev. E. 2006;73:061919. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.73.061919. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Eibl R., Eibl D., Pörtner R., Catapano G., Czermak P. Cell and Tissue Reaction Engineering. Springer; Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: 2009. [Google Scholar]
Pamme N., Eijkel J.C.T., Manz A. On-chip free-flow magnetophoresis: Separation and detection of mixtures of magnetic particles in continuous flow. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2006;307:237–244. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.04.008. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Alorabi A.Q., Tarn M.D., Gómez-Pastora J., Bringas E., Ortiz I., Paunov V.N., Pamme N. On-chip polyelectrolyte coating onto magnetic droplets-Towards continuous flow assembly of drug delivery capsules. Lab Chip. 2017;17:3785–3795. doi: 10.1039/C7LC00918F. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Zhang H., Guo H., Chen Z., Zhang G., Li Z. Application of PECVD SiC in glass micromachining. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007;17:775–780. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/17/4/014. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Mourzina Y., Steffen A., Offenhäusser A. The evaporated metal masks for chemical glass etching for BioMEMS. Microsyst. Technol. 2005;11:135–140. doi: 10.1007/s00542-004-0430-3. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Mata A., Fleischman A.J., Roy S. Fabrication of multi-layer SU-8 microstructures. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006;16:276–284. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/16/2/012. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Su N. 8 2000 Negative Tone Photoresist Formulations 2002–2025. MicroChem Corporation; Newton, MA, USA: 2002. [Google Scholar]
Su N. 8 2000 Negative Tone Photoresist Formulations 2035–2100. MicroChem Corporation; Newton, MA, USA: 2002. [Google Scholar]
Fu C., Hung C., Huang H. A novel and simple fabrication method of embedded SU-8 micro channels by direct UV lithography. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2006;34:330–335. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/34/1/054. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Kazoe Y., Yamashiro I., Mawatari K., Kitamori T. High-pressure acceleration of nanoliter droplets in the gas phase in a microchannel. Micromachines. 2016;7:142. doi: 10.3390/mi7080142. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Sharp K.V., Adrian R.J., Santiago J.G., Molho J.I. Liquid flows in microchannels. In: Gad-el-Hak M., editor. MEMS: Introduction and Fundamentals. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2006. pp. 10-1–10-46. [Google Scholar]
Oh K.W., Lee K., Ahn B., Furlani E.P. Design of pressure-driven microfluidic networks using electric circuit analogy. Lab Chip. 2012;12:515–545. doi: 10.1039/C2LC20799K. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Bruus H. Theoretical Microfluidics. Oxford University Press; New York, NY, USA: 2008. [Google Scholar]
Beebe D.J., Mensing G.A., Walker G.M. Physics and applications of microfluidics in biology. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2002;4:261–286. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.112601.125916. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Yalikun Y., Tanaka Y. Large-scale integration of all-glass valves on a microfluidic device. Micromachines. 2016;7:83. doi: 10.3390/mi7050083. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Van Heeren H., Verhoeven D., Atkins T., Tzannis A., Becker H., Beusink W., Chen P. [(accessed on 9 March 2020)];Design Guideline for Microfluidic Device and Component Interfaces (Part 2) Version 3. Available online: http://www.makefluidics.com/en/design-guideline?id=7.
Scheuble N., Iles A., Wootton R.C.R., Windhab E.J., Fischer P., Elvira K.S. Microfluidic technique for the simultaneous quantification of emulsion instabilities and lipid digestion kinetics. Anal. Chem. 2017;89:9116–9123. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01853. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lynch E.C. Red blood cell damage by shear stress. Biophys. J. 1972;12:257–273. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Paul R., Apel J., Klaus S., Schügner F., Schwindke P., Reul H. Shear stress related blood damage in laminar Couette flow. Artif. Organs. 2003;27:517–529. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1594.2003.07103.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Gómez-Pastora J., Karampelas I.H., Xue X., Bringas E., Furlani E.P., Ortiz I. Magnetic bead separation from flowing blood in a two-phase continuous-flow magnetophoretic microdevice: Theoretical analysis through computational fluid dynamics simulation. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2017;121:7466–7477. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b12835. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Lim J., Yeap S.P., Leow C.H., Toh P.Y., Low S.C. Magnetophoresis of iron oxide nanoparticles at low field gradient: The role of shape anisotropy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2014;421:170–177. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.01.044. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Culbertson C.T., Sibbitts J., Sellens K., Jia S. Fabrication of Glass Microfluidic Devices. In: Dutta D., editor. Microfluidic Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press; New York, NY, USA: 2019. pp. 1–12. [Google Scholar]

Figure 12 Experimental set-up of particle image velocimetry (PIV) system.

A comparison study between CFD analysis and PIV technique for velocity distribution over the Standard Ogee crested spillways

Rizgar Ahmed Karim¹, Jowhar Rasheed Mohammed²Affiliations expand

PMID: 33088948
PMCID: PMC7566097
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05165

Free PMC article

Abstract

실험 및 수치 모델을 사용하여 표준 Ogee-crested 여수로에서 유속, 평균 속도, 수직 속도 분포 및 최대 속도 d_m이 발생하는 위치를 비교하기 위해 포괄적인 연구가 수행되었습니다. 미국 육군 공병대 (USACE)의 사양에 따라 rigid foam으로 5 가지 다른 모델이 제작되었습니다.

유동의 속도는 0.50, 1.00 및 1.33의 다른 비 차원 수두 비 H/H_d를 갖는 모든 모델에 대해 모델의 하류 곡선을 따라 기록되었습니다. 입자 이미지 유속계 (PIV)를 사용하여 유속을 측정했습니다. 속도 분포는 Matlab 코드를 사용하여 캡처된 일련의 이미지를 분석하여 얻었습니다.

시판되는 CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 소프트웨어 패키지인 Flow-3D가 실험 모델 설정을 모델링하는데 사용되었습니다. Flow-3D는 레이놀즈 평균 Navier-Stokes 방정식을 분석하고 배수로 흐름 분석 분야에서 사용하기 위해 널리 검증되었습니다.

수치와 실험의 최대 차이는 수두비의 모든 값에 대해 6.2 %를 초과하지 않는 평균 속도 값을 나타냅니다. PIV 기법에 의해 기록 된 최대 속도의 보간된 값은 수치적으로 계산 된 값보다 작습니다.

낮은 d _m위치에서 이 지역 간의 백분율 차이는 -8.65 %에 이릅니다. 상위 위치는 2.87 %입니다. 수직 위치 (d_m)는 상류 수두가 증가하면 아래쪽 위치로 떨어지고 배수로 축으로부터의 거리가 선형으로 감소합니다.

A comprehensive study was performed to compare flow rate, mean velocity, vertical velocity distribution, and locations where the maximum velocity, d _m , occurs on standard Ogee-crested spillways using experimental and numerical models. Five different models were constructed from rigid foam according to the specifications of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The velocity of the flow was recorded along the downstream curve of the model for all models with different non-dimensional head ratios H/H _d of 0.50, 1.00, and 1.33. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the flow velocities. Velocity distributions were obtained by analyzing a series of captured images using Matlab codes. A commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package, Flow-3D, was used for modelling the experimental model setups. Flow-3D analyzes the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and is widely verified for use in the field of spillway flow analysis. The maximum difference between numerical and experimental results in mean velocity values that do not exceed 6.2% for all values of head ratios. The interpolated values of recorded maximum velocity by the PIV technique are smaller than those values numerically computed. In the lower d _m locations, the percent difference between these regions reaches -8.65%; the upper locations are 2.87%. The vertical location (d _m ) drops to the lower location when the upstream head increases, and the distance from the spillway axis decreases linearly.

Keywords: Applied fluid mechanics; Civil engineering; Computational fluid dynamics; Finite element methods; Hydraulics; Hydrodynamics; Ogee-crested spillway; Particle image velocimetry; Physical model; Velocity distribution.

Figure 1 Dimensions of standard ogee-crested spillway, (a) dimensions and flow parameters, and (b) detail of upstream quadrant.

Figure 2 Side view of the experimental model.

Figure 4 Discharge Coefficients of Experimental and Numerical results plotted together with USACE-WES Published Data, (a) for model No. 1, (b) for model No. 3.

Figure 5 Rating curves of theoretical discharge and flowmeter reading.

Figure 9 Boundary conditions of the Modeling.

Figure 10 Normalized discharge comparison.

Figure 11 Relative percent difference in discharge.

Figure 13 (a) Spillway Model setup, (b) Raw Image, and (c) Post-processed Image.

Figure 15 Velocity field and streamlines measured by PIV and simulated with CFD for flow over ogee spillway, (a) model no. 1 and (b) model no. 3.

Figure 16 Comparison of head-mean velocity of experimental and numerical analysis for all models.

Figure 17 Sketch of velocity profile and its position for model no. 1.

Figure 18 Vertical Distribution of Velocity for Different Runs of model No. 1.

Figure 19 Vertical location of maximum velocity.

Conclusions

이 연구는 최대 속도를위한 수직 위치를 선택하는 동시에 설계 헤드보다 높은 수두에 대해 제어 된 환경에서 Ogee 볏이있는 배수로의 흐름을 더 잘 이해하는 데 기여하기 위해 수행되었습니다. 여기에서 5 개의 실험 모델이 USACE-WES 표준 여수로 모양에 따라 설계 및 제작되었으며 실험실 수로에서 테스트되었습니다. PIV 카메라는 유속을 측정하는 데 사용되었으며 CFD 소프트웨어는 실험 설정을 모델링하는 데 사용되었습니다.

수치 결과는 실험과 잘 일치했습니다. 등급 곡선 결과는 수치 값과 PIV 값의 최대 차이가 평균 속도 값이 모든 수 두비 값에 대해 5.59 %를 초과하지 않음을 나타냅니다. 정규화 된 WES 공개 데이터와 실험 결과 간의 최대 차이는 -7.54 %였습니다.

PIV 카메라로 기록 된 평균 속도는 CFD 모델에서 수치 적으로 분석되었으며, 비교 결과는 수치 데이터와 실험 데이터가 잘 일치 함을 보여줍니다. 최대 차이는 모든 헤드 비율에 대해 6.54 %를 초과하지 않습니다.

속도 비 (v / vmax.)의 실험적 보간 데이터는 dm 이하의 위치에서 수치 적으로 계산 된 데이터보다 작지만 반대로 dm보다 높은 위치에 있습니다. 이 현상은 수치 모델링에서 표면 거칠기를 고려하지 않았기 때문에 발생합니다. 방수로 모델의 표면은 매끄러운 표면으로 가정되었습니다. 최대 속도가 발생하는 수직 위치는 상류 수두가 증가함에 따라 낮은 위치에 있습니다. 위치는 방수로 축으로부터의 거리에 따라 거의 선형 적으로 증가합니다.

필요한 메시 미세 조정 및 구성은 원하는 데이터 유형에 따라 다릅니다. 일반적으로 속도 프로파일을 모델링하는 데는 0.33cm 메쉬로 충분했으며 더 작은 그리드 크기도 평가했지만 변경 사항은 없습니다.

실험적 모델링과 수치 적 모델링의 비교와 관련하여 실험적 모델링이 여전히 더 확립되어 있음이 분명합니다. CFD 모델은 실험 모델보다 속도와 난류에 대해 더 자세한 정보를 제공 할 수 있지만 경우에 따라 더 경제적 일 수 있습니다.

References

Adrian R.J. Particle-imaging techniques for experimental fluid mechanics. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1991;23(1):261–304. [Google Scholar]
Adrian L., Adrian R.J., Westrweel J. Cambridge University Press; 2011. Particle Image Velocimetry. [Google Scholar]
Chanel P.G. University of Manitoba; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: 2009. An Evaluation of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Spillway Modeling.http://hdl.handle.net/1993/3112 M.Sc. Thesis. [Google Scholar]
Engineers U.A. C.o. Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Miss. 1952. Corps of Engineers hydraulic design criteria. [Google Scholar]
Fujita I. Large-scale particle image velocimetery for flow analysis in hydraulic engineering applications. J. Hydraul. Res. 1998;36(3):397–414. [Google Scholar]
Ho D.K. Taylor and Francis group; London, UK: 2006. Application of Numerical Modelling to Spillways in Australia; pp. 951–959. [Google Scholar]
Kanyabujinja P.N. Stellenbosch university; Stellenbosch, South Africa: 2015. CFD Modelling of Ogee Spillway Hydraulics and Comparison with Experimental Mosel Tests.http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96787 M.Sc. thesis. [Google Scholar]
Khatsuria R.M. CRC Press; 2004. Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators. [Google Scholar]
Kim D.G., Park J.H. Analysis of flow structure over ogee-spillway in considration of scale and roughness effects by using CFD model. KSCE J. Civil Eng. 2005;9(2):161–169. [Google Scholar]
Kuok K.k., Chiu P.C. Application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for measuring water velocity in laboratory sedimentation tank” IRA Int. J. Technol. Eng. 2017;9(3):16–26. [Google Scholar]
Maynord S.T. Technical Report HL-85-1, US Army Engineering Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 1985. General spillway investigation: hydraulic model investigation.https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a156686.pdf [Google Scholar]
Peltier Y. 2nd International Workshop on Hydraulic Structure. Coimbra; Portugal: 2015. Pressure and velocity on an ogee spillway crest operating at high head ratio: experimental measurements and validation; pp. 128–136. [Google Scholar]
Peltier Y., Dewals B., Archambeau P., Pirotton M., Erpicum S. Pressure and velocity on an ogee spillway crest operating at high head ratio: experimental measurements and validation. J. Hydro-Environ. Res. 2018;19:128–136. [Google Scholar]
Savage B.M., Johnson M.C. Flow over ogee spillway:experimental and numerical model case study” J. Hydraul. Eng. 2001;127(8):640–649. [Google Scholar]
Sveen J.K., Cowen E.A. Advances in Coastal and Ocean/Engineering PIV and Water Waves. Would Scientific; 2004. Quantitative imaging techniques and their application to wavy flows, in PIV and water waves” pp. 1–49. [Google Scholar]
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . Water Resources Technical Publication, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation; 1987. Design of Small Dams. [Google Scholar]
Willey J., Ewing T., Wark B., Lesleighter E. Commission International Des Grands Barrages,Kyoto. 2012. Complementary use of experimental and numerical modelling techniques in spillway design refinement; pp. 1–22.https://books.google.com_books_about_An_Introduction_to_Computati [Google Scholar]

논문 전체 내용 바로가기

Figure 1. The bathymetry provided with the benchmark problem.

Performance Assessment of NAMI DANCE in Tsunami Evolution and Currents Using a Benchmark Problem

Deniz Velioglu

^1,*,

Rozita Kian

²,

Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner

³ and

Andrey Zaytsev

⁴

1Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey

²Ocean Engineering Department, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA

³Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey

⁴Department of Applied Mathematics, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: Richard P. Signell

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2016, 4(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse4030049

Received: 5 July 2016 / Revised: 2 August 2016 / Accepted: 12 August 2016 / Published: 18 August 2016

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 14th Estuarine and Coastal Modeling Conference)

Abstract

쓰나미 진화, 전파 및 침수의 수치 모델링은 현상에 관련된 수많은 매개 변수로 인해 복잡합니다. 쓰나미 모션을 해결하는 숫자 코드의 성능과 흐름 및 속도 패턴을 평가하는 것이 중요합니다. NAMI DANCE는 긴 파도 모델링을 위해 개발된 계산 도구입니다.

쓰나미 생성, 전파 및 침수 메커니즘의 수치 모델링 및 효율적인 시각화를 제공하고 쓰나미 매개 변수를 계산합니다. 긴 파도 이론에서, 물 입자의 수직 움직임은 압력 분포에 영향을 미치지 않습니다.

이러한 근사치와 소홀히 하는 수직 가속을 기반으로 질량 보존 및 모멘텀 방정식은 2차원 깊이 평균 방정식으로 줄어듭니다. NAMI DANCE는 유한차 계산 방법을 사용하여 긴 파도 문제에서 선형 및 비선형 형태의 깊이 평균 얕은 수식을 해결합니다.

이 연구에서 NAMI DANCE는 미국 포틀랜드에서 열린 2015 년 국립 쓰나미 위험 완화 프로그램 (NTHMP) 연례 회의에서 논의된 벤치 마크 문제에 적용됩니다.

벤치마크 문제는 하나의 독방 파도가 해양 섬 특징이 있는 삼각형 모양의 선반을 전파하는 일련의 실험을 특징으로 합니다. 이 문제는 섬 부근에서 상세한 무료 표면 고도 및 속도 의 타임 시리즈를 제공합니다. 결과를 비교한 결과, NAMI DANCE는 긴 파도 진화, 전파, 증폭 및 쓰나미 전류를 만족스럽게 예측할 수 있음을 보여주었습니다.

키워드: 수치 모델링;쓰나미 전류;깊이 평균 방정식;벤치마크,numerical modeling; tsunami currents; depth-averaged equation; benchmark

쓰나미는 해저 지진, 수중 산사태, 화산 폭발 또는 큰 운석 파업으로 인한 해저의 갑작스런 움직임에 의해 생성되는 큰 파도입니다. 쓰나미 파도는이 현상의 가장 파괴적인 매개 변수로 받아 들여진다; 그러나 큰 파도 움직임에 의해 트리거되는 전류는 경우에 따라 매우 치명적일 수 있습니다.

분지 공명 및 기하학적 증폭은 폐쇄 된 분지에서 쓰나미 영향의 지역 배율에 대한 두 가지 합리적으로 잘 이해된 메커니즘이며, 일반적으로 항구 또는 항구에서 쓰나미 위험 잠재력을 추정 할 때 조사 되는 메커니즘입니다. 반면에 전류에 대한 이해력과 예측 능력은부족하다[1].

이 연구는 수치 도구를 사용하여 쓰나미 진화, 전파 및 증폭뿐만 아니라 쓰나미 전류의 추정에 2 차원 깊이 평균 천수(shallow water)모델 방정식의 충분성을 조사하는 것을 목표로; 즉 나미 댄스. 1970 년대 이후, 독방 파도는 일반적으로 실험 및 수학 연구에서, 쓰나미를 모델링하는 데 사용되었습니다[2].

이러한 점에서 수치 코드는 복잡한 목욕을 통해 단일 독방 파도의 진화와 전파에 초점을 맞춘 벤치마크 문제에 적용됩니다. 이 문제는 선반의 근해에 위치한 섬 특징이 있는 삼각형 모양의 선반을 전파할 때 단일 고독한 파도의 변형을 분석하는 일련의 실험을 설명합니다. 섬 부근에 형성되는 해류도 실험에서 조사된다.

이 연구에 사용된 벤치마크 문제는 미국 포틀랜드에서 개최된 2015 년 국립 쓰나미 위험 완화 프로그램 (NTHMP) 워크샵의 벤치마크 문제 #5.3]. 벤치마크 데이터와 수치 결과를 비교하여 2차원 깊이 평균 얕은 수식은 쓰나미 파도 진화와 해류에 대해 만족스러운 결과를 제공하므로 쓰나미 완화 전략을 결정하는 동안 사용하기에 충분한 도구임을 관찰합니다.

Figure 2. Model parameters: (a) bathymetry of the numerical model, NAMI DANCE; (b) incoming wave.

Figure 3. Comparison of free surface elevation (FSE) results: (a) X = 7.5 m and Y = 0.0 m at Gage 1; (b) X = 13.0 m and Y = 0.0 m at Gage 2; (c) X = 21.0 m and Y = 0.0 m at Gage 3; (d) X = 7.5 m and Y = 5.0 m at Gage 4; (e) X = 13.0 m and Y = 5.0 m at Gage 5; (f) X = 21.0 m and Y = 5.0 m at Gage 6; (g) X = 25.0 m and Y = 0.0 m at Gage 7; (h) X = 25.0 m and Y = 5.0 m at Gage 8. Black line represents benchmark data, red line represents numerical results.

Figure 4. Comparison of results: (a) horizontal velocity in x-direction, U, recorded at X = 13.0 m, Y = 0.0 m and Z = 0.75 m at Gage 2; (b) horizontal velocity in y-direction, V, recorded at X = 13.0 m, Y = 0.0 m and Z = 0.75 m at Gage 2; (c) horizontal velocity in x-direction, U, recorded at X = 21.0 m, Y = −5.0 m and Z = 0.77 m at Gage 9; (d) horizontal velocity in y-direction, V, recorded at X = 21.0 m, Y = −5.0 m and Z = 0.77 m at Gage 9. Black line represents benchmark data, red line represents numerical results.

References

Lynett, P.J.; Borrero, J.C.; Weiss, R.; Son, S.; Greer, D.; Renteria, W. Observations and modeling of tsunami-induced currents in ports and harbors. EPSL 2012, 327, 68–74. [Google Scholar]
Madsen, P.A.; Fuhrman, D.R.; Schaffer, H.A. On the solitary wave paradigm for tsunamis. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
NTHMP Mapping & Modeling Benchmarking Workshop: Tsunami Currents. Benchmark #5. Available online: http://coastal.usc.edu/currents_workshop/problems/prob5.html (accessed on 2 August 2016).
Onat, Y.; Yalciner, A.C. Initial stage of database development for tsunami warning system along Turkish coasts. Ocean Eng. 2013, 74, 141–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kian, R.; Yalciner, A.C.; Aytore, B.; Zaytsev, A. Wave Amplification and Resonance in Enclosed Basins; A Case Study in Haydarpasa Port of Istanbul. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE/OES Eleventh Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement, St. Petersburg, VA, USA, 2–6 March 2015; Volume 11, pp. 1–7.
Patel, V.M.; Dholakia, M.B.; Singh, A.P. Emergency preparedness in the case of Makran tsunami: A case study on tsunami risk visualization for the western parts of Gujarat, India. Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk 2016, 7, 826–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yalciner, A.C.; Pelinovsky, E.; Zaytsev, A.; Kurkin, A.; Ozer, C.; Karakus, H.; Ozyurt, G. Modeling and visualization of tsunamis: Mediterranean examples. In Tsunami and Nonlinear Waves, 1st ed.; Kundu, A., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2007; pp. 273–283. [Google Scholar]
Synolakis, C.E.; Bernard, E.N.; Titov, V.; Kanoglu, U.; Gonzalez, F. Validation and verification of tsunami numerical models. PAGEOPH 2008, 165, 2197–2228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yalciner, A.C.; Zaytsev, A.; Kanoglu, U.; Velioglu, D.; Dogan, G.G.; Kian, R.; Sharghivand, N.; Aytore, B. NTHMP Mapping and Modeling Benchmarking Workshop: Tsunami Currents. Available online: http://coastal.usc.edu/currents_workshop/presentations/Yalciner.pdf (accessed on 2 August 2016).
Ozer, C.; Yalciner, A.C. Sensitivity study of hydrodynamic parameters during numerical simulations of tsunami inundation. PAGEOPH 2011, 168, 2083–2095. [Google Scholar]
Sozdinler, C.O.; Yalciner, A.C.; Zaytsev, A. Investigation of tsunami hydrodynamic parameters in inundation zones with different structural layouts. PAGEOPH 2014, 172, 931–952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sozdinler, C.O.; Yalciner, A.C.; Zaytsev, A.; Suppasri, A.; Imamura, F. Investigation of hydrodynamic parameters and the effects of breakwaters during the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami in Kamaishi Bay. PAGEOPH 2015, 172, 3473–3491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Velioglu, D.; Kian, R.; Yalciner, A.C.; Zaytsev, A. Validation and Performance Comparison of Numerical Codes for Tsunami Inundation. In Proceedings of the 2015 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 14–18 December 2015.
Velioglu, D.; Kian, R.; Yalciner, A.C.; Zaytsev, A. Validation and Comparison of 2D and 3D Codes for Nearshore Motion of Long Waves Using Benchmark Problems. In Proceedings of the 2016 European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Austria, 17–22 April 2016.
Dilmen, D.I.; Kemec, S.; Yalciner, A.C.; Düzgün, S.; Zaytsev, A. Development of a tsunami inundation map in detecting tsunami risk in Gulf of Fethiye, Turkey. PAGEOPH 2015, 172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Heidarzadeh, M.; Krastel, S.; Yalciner, A.C. The state-of-the-art numerical tools for modeling landslide tsunamis: A short review. In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, 6th ed.; Sebastian, K., Jan-Hinrich, B., David, V., Michael, S., Christian, B., Roger, U., Jason, C., Katrin, H., Michael, S., Carl, B.H., Eds.; Springer: Bern, Switzerland, 2013; Volume 37, pp. 483–495. [Google Scholar]
Yalciner, A.C.; Gülkan, P.; Dilmen, D. I.; Aytore, B.; Ayca, A.; Insel, I.; Zaytsev, A. Evaluation of tsunami scenarios for western Peloponnese, Greece. Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl. 2014, 55, 485–500. [Google Scholar]
Zahibo, N.; Pelinovsky, E.; Kurkin, A.; Kozelkov, A. Estimation of far-field tsunami potential for the Caribbean Coast based on numerical simulation. Sci. Tsunami Hazards 2003, 21, 202–222. [Google Scholar]
Swigler, D.T. Laboratory Study Investigating the Three-dimensıonal Turbulence and Kinematic Properties Associated with a Breaking Solitary Wave. Master’s Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, August 2009. [Google Scholar]
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. Proceedings and Results of the 2011 NTHMP Model Benchmarking Workshop. Available online: http://nws.weather.gov/nthmp/documents/nthmpWorkshopProcMerged.pdf (accessed on 21 July 2016).

© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

논문 원문 바로가기

Numerical Modeling on Internal Solitary Wave propagation over an obstacle using Flow-3D

Keyword: Internal solitary waves, Numerical, Flow-3D, Computational Fluid Dynamics

연구자 : Yu-Ren Chen
지도교수 : Dr John R C Hsu
June 2012

기술과 수치 알고리즘의 발전으로 파도가 해양이나 항만 구조물에 미치는 영향에 대한 많은 연구가 개발되었으며,보다 정확한 결과를 얻기 위해 고효율 수치 계산 소프트웨어를 사용할 수 있습니다. 현재 내부 파 생성, 전송, 파동의 물리적 메커니즘은 국내외 해양 분야에서 중요한 연구 주제 중 하나입니다.

이 연구는 FLOW-3D 전산 유체 역학 (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) 소프트웨어를 사용하여 상층의 담수와 하층의 담수를 시뮬레이션합니다. 바닷물의 밀도 계층화 유체는 중력 혼합 붕괴 방식을 사용하여 내부 파도를 생성하고 긴 경사와 같은 일반적인 장애물을 통해 파형 진화 및 유동장 분포를 탐구합니다.

짧은 플랫폼 사다리꼴 경사와 이등변 삼각형. 이 기사에서는 또한 소프트웨어 작동 설정과 FLOW-3D를 내부 파 실험에 적용하는 방법을 소개하고, 이전 실험 조건과 결과를 참조하여 내부 파 전송 과정을 시뮬레이션합니다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 실험 데이터를 확인하고 첫 번째 분석을 시뮬레이션합니다.

중력 붕괴 방식의 게이트의 개방 속도가 내부 파의 전송 시간 및 진폭에 미치는 영향; 시뮬레이션 결과는 게이트 개방 속도가 빠르고 내부 파의 진폭이 크고 전송 속도가 빠릅니다. ; 반대로 게이트 개방 속도가 느리면 내부 파의 진폭이 작고 전송 속도가 느리지 만 둘 다 비선형 비례 관계.

이 연구는 또한 다양한 장애물 (긴 기울기, 사다리꼴 기울기가있는 짧은 플랫폼, 이등변 삼각형)을 통한 내부 고독 파의 전송 과정을 시뮬레이션하고 단일 장애물을 통과하는 내부 파도의 파형 진화, 와류 및 유동장 변화를 논의합니다.

연구를 통해 우리가 매우 미세한 그리드를 사용하고 수치 시뮬레이션의 그래픽 출력을 열심히 분석 할 수 있다면 실험실 실험 관찰보다 내부 고독 파의 전송 특성을 더 잘 이해할 수 있다고 믿습니다.

요약

서로 다른 특성을 가진 두 유체의 계면에있는 파동을 계면 파라고합니다. 바다에서는 표층의 기압 변화에 의해 형성된 바람 장이 공기와 바다의 경계 파인 해면에 불어 올 때 변동을 일으킨다. 기체 또는 유체의 밀도 층화가 발생할 때 외부 힘 (예 : 바람, 압력, 파도 및 조류, 중력 등)에 의해 교란되면 내부 파도라고하는 경계면에서 변동이 발생할 수 있으므로 내부 파도가 발생할 수 있습니다. 웨이브는 밀도가 다른 층화 된 유체의 웨이브 현상입니다.

대기의 내부 파도와 같이 일상 생활에서 볼 수있는 내부 파도는 특히 오후 또는 비가 내리기 전에 깊고 얕은 altocumulus 구름 층으로 하늘에 자주 나타납니다. 대기 중의 내부 파의 움직임은 공기의 흐름에 영향을 주어 기류를 상승시키고 공기 중의 수증기가 물방울로 응축되어 구름이되도록합니다.

반대로 기류가 가라 앉으면 수증기가 응결이 쉽지 않습니다. 구름이 있어도 내부의 파도가 응결하기 어렵습니다. 소산되어 루버와 같은 altocumulus 구름을 형성합니다. 안정된 밀도와 층화 상태의 자연 수체는 외부 세계에 의해 교란 될 때 내부 파동 운동을 겪게됩니다.

예를 들어, 밀도가 안정되고 층화가 분명한 호수에서 바람 장은 수면에 파도에서 파생 된 내부 파동을 일으켜 물의 질량이 전달되고 호수 가장자리로 물이 축적되어 수위가 높아집니다. 위치 에너지를 형성하는 축적 영역; 수역이 가라 앉기 시작하면 위치 에너지를 운동 에너지로 변환하고 남미 콜롬비아의 Babine Lake의 내부 파동 거동과 같은 내부 파동 운동을 생성 할 수도 있습니다 (Farmer, 1978). ). 염분, 밀도 또는 온도가 안정된 바다에서는 조수와 지형의 영향으로 수역이 행성의 중력에 따라 움직입니다.

격렬한 기복이있는 지형을 통과 할 때 내부 파동이 발생합니다. ; 중국 해에서 발견되는 남쪽 내부 파도에서와 같이 (Hsu et al., 2000). 파동은 심해에서 얕은 물로 전달되며, 얕아 짐, 깨짐, 혼합, 소용돌이, 굴절, 회절 및 반사가있을 것입니다. 내부 파 전달은 일종의 파동이기 때문에 위에서 언급 한 파동 특성도 갖습니다.

해양 내부 파도는 길이가 수백 미터에서 수십 킬로미터에 이르는 광범위한 파장을 가지고 있으며,주기는 몇 분 정도 빠르며 수십 시간 정도 느리며 진폭은 몇 미터에서 수백 미터. 해양 내부 파도가 움직일 때 층화 위와 아래의 물 흐름 방향이 반대가되어 현재 전단 작용으로 인해 층화 경계면에서 큰 비틀림 힘이 발생합니다.

바다에 기초 말뚝과 같은 구조물이있는 경우 석유 시추 플랫폼의 고정 케이블은 큰 비틀림을 견딜 수 없어 파손될 가능성이 매우 높습니다 (Bole et al. 1994). 빽빽한 클라인 경계 근처에서 항해하는 잠수함이 해양 내부 파도 활동을 만나게되면 내부 파도에 의한 상승 전류로 인해 잠수함이 해저에 수면에 닿거나 충돌하여 잠수함이 손상 될 수 있습니다.

그러나 바다의 내부 파는 바람직하지 않으며 매우 중요한 역할을합니다. 예를 들어, 내부 파가 심해 지역에서 근해 대륙붕으로 전달되면 상하수 체가 교환됩니다. 해저에 영양분을 운반합니다. 선반 가장자리까지 생물학적 성장을 촉진하고 해당 지역의 생태 환경을 조절하며 (Osborne and Bruch et al., 1980; Sandstorm and Elliot et al., 1984) 어업 자원을 풍부하게합니다.

위에서 언급 한 항목 외에도 해저에 대한 케이블 및 파이프 라인, 수중 음파 탐지기, 해양 생물 환경, 군사 활동 등이 해양 내부 파도의 영향에 포함되므로 해양 내부 파도에 대한 연구가 매우 중요합니다.

최근 내부 파를 연구하는 방법에는 분석 이론 도출, 현장 조사 및 관찰, 실험실 실험 분석이 포함됩니다. 그러나 과학 기술의 급속한 발전, 발전과 발전, 컴퓨터의 대중화, 수치 계산 방법의 진화로 해양 공학과 관련된 많은 파동 효과는 일반적으로 수치 시뮬레이션 방법으로 해결됩니다.

또한 수치 연산 방법의 비용이 현장 조사 관측 및 실험실 실험 해석보다 저렴하고 시뮬레이션 결과를 더 빨리 얻을 수 있기 때문에 본 논문에서는 전산 유체 역학 (전산 유체 역학, 참조)의 FLOW-를 선정 하였다. 3D 소프트웨어는 내부 파 생성, 전송, 장애물 통과, 점차 소멸하는 움직임 과정을 시뮬레이션하고, 내부 파의 변화 과정을 분석하고 비교하기 위해 이전 실험실 모델 실험을 참조합니다.

圖3. 3 實驗室下沉型內孤立波經過13°斜坡梯形障礙物的連續組圖（鄭明宏，2011）

圖3. 3 (a) 實驗室下沉型內孤立波（鄭明宏，2011；θ=13°，T = t0 = 42 s）

圖3. 5 比較實驗室（上圖）內孤立波（圖3. 3 (a)）與FLOW-3D模擬（下圖）的傳遞波形（θ=13°，t = 42 s）

圖4. 53 內波在三角形前坡反轉為順時針渦流，後坡面上形成逆時針渦流（t = 63 s）

원문 바로가기

Reference

Apel, J.R., Holbrook, J.R, Tsai, J. and Liu, A.K. (1985). The Sulu Sea internal soliton experiment. J. Phys. Oceanography, 15(12): 1625-1651. Ariyaratnam, J. (1998). Investigation of slope stability under internal wave action. B.Eng. (Hons.) thesis, Dept. of Environmental Eng., University of Western Australia, Australia. Baines, P.G. (1983). Tidal motion in submarine canyons – a laboratory experiment. J. Physical Oceanography, 13: 310-328. Benjamin, T.B. (1966). Internal waves of finite amplitude and permanent form. J. Fluid Mech., 25: 241-270. Bole, J.B., Ebbesmeyer, J.J. and Romea, R.D. (1994). Soliton currents in South China Sea: measurements and theoretical modelling. Proc. 26th Annual Offshore Tech. Conf., Houston, Texas. 367-375. Burnside, W. (1889). On the small wave-motions of a heterogeneous fluid under gravity. Proc. Lond., Math. Soc., (1) xx, 392-397. Chen C.Y., J.R-C. Hsu, H.H. Chen, C.F. Kuo and Cheng M.H (2007). Laboratory observations on internal solitary wave evolution on steep and inverse uniform slopes. Ocean Engineering, 34: 157-170. Cheng M.H., J.R-C. Hsu, C.Y. Chen (2005). Numerical model for internal solitary wave evolution on impermeable variable seabad, Proc.27th Ocean Eng, pp.355-359. Choi, W. and Camassa, R. (1996). Weakly nonlinear internal waves in a two-fluid system. J. Fluid Mech., 313: 83-103. Ebbesmeyer, C.C., and Romea, R.D. (1992). Final design parameters for solitons at selected locations in South China Sea. Final and supplementary reports prepared for Amoco Production Company, 209pp. plus appendices. Ekman, V. M., (1904). “On dead-water, Norwegian North Polar Expedition”, 1893-1896. Scientific Results, 5(15)：1-150. Farmer, D.M. (1978). Observation of long nonlinear internal waves in a lake. J. Phys. Oceanography, 8(1): 63-73. Garret, C. and Munk, W. (1972). Space-time scales of internal waves. Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3: 225-264. Gill, A.E. (1982). Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. International Geophysical Series, Vol. 30, San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Harleman, D.R.F. (1961). Stratified flow. Ch. 26 in Handbook of Fluid Dynamics (ed., V. Streeter), NY: McGraw-Hill, (26): 1-21. Helfrich, K.R. (1992). Internal solitary wave breaking and run-up on a uniform slope. J. Fluid Mech., 243: 133-154.

Helfrich, K.R. and Melville, W.K. (1986). On long nonlinear internal waves over slope-shelf topography. J. Fluid Mech., 167: 285-308. Honji, H., Matsunaga, N., Sugihara, Y. and Sakai, K. (1995). Experimental observation of interanl symmetric solitary waves in a two-layer fluid. Fluid Dynamics Research, 15 (2): 89-102. Hsu, M.K., Liu, A.K., and Liu, C. (2000). A study of internal waves in the China Sea and Yellow Sea using SAR. Continental Shelf Research, 20: 389-410. Johns, K. (1999). Interaction of an internal wave with a submerged sill in a two-layer fluid. B.Eng. (Hons.) thesis, Dept. of Environmental Eng., University of Western Australia, Australia Kao, T.W., Pan, F.S. and Renouard, D. (1985). Internal solitions on the pycnocline: generation, propagation, shoaling and breaking over a slope. J. Fluid Mech. 159: 19-53. Koop, C.G. and Butler, G. (1981). An investigation of internal solitary waves in a two-fluid system. J. Fluid Mech., 112: 225-251. Lin, T.W. (2001). A study on internal waves characteristics in north of South China Sea, Master Thesis, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan Univ., Taiwan. (In Chinese). Lynett, P., Wu, T.-R. and Liu, P. L.-F. (2002), Modeling wave runup with depth-integrated equations, Coastal Engineering, Vol. 46, pp. 89-107. Ming-Hung Cheng,John R.-C. Hsu, Chen-Yuan Chen and Cheng-Wu Chen (2009). Modelling the propagation of an internal solitary wave across double ridges and a shelf-slope.Environ Fluid Mech,9:321–340. Ming-Hung Cheng and John R.C. Hsu (2011). Effect of frontal slope on waveform evolution of a depression interfacial solitary wave across a trapezoidal obstacle. Ocean Engineering. Matsuno, Y. (1993). A unified theory of nonlinear wave propagation in two-layer fluid systems. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 62: 1902-1916. Michallet, H. and Barthelemy, E. (1998). Experimental study of interfacial solitary waves. J. Fluid Mech., 366: 159-177. Muller, P. and X. Liu (2000). Scattering of internal waves at finite topography in two dimensions. Part I: Theory and case studies, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30: 532-549 Nagashima, H. (1971). Reflection and breaking of internal waves on a sloping beach. J. Oceanographical Soc. Japan, 27(1): 1-6. Nansen, F. (1902). The oceanography of the north polar basin. Sci. Results, Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-1896, 3: 9. Osborne, A.R. and Burch, T.L. (1980). Internal solitons in the Andaman Sea. Science, 208 (43): 451-460

82 Russell, J.S. (1844). On waves. Report of the 14th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, York, 311-390. Sandstrom, H. and Elliot J. A. (1984). Internal tide and solitons on the Scotian Shelf: a nutrient pump at work. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89 (C4): 6415-6428. Stokes G.G. (1847). On the Theory of Oscillatory Waves. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 8: 441–455. Strutt, J. W., Lord Rayleigh. (1883). Investigation of the character of the equilibrium of an incompressible heavy fluid of variable density.Proceedings of the London mathematical society, 8: pp. 170-177. Sveen, J.K., Guo, Y., Davies, P.A. and Grue, J. (2002). On the breaking of internal solitary waves at a ridge. J. Fluid Mech., 469 (25): 161-188. Vlasenko, V., and Hutter, K. (2002). Numerical experiments on the breaking of solitary internal waves over a slope-shelf topography. J. of Physical Oceanography, 32(6), pp.1779-1793. Wessels F. and Hutter K. (1996). Interaction of internal waves with a topographic sill in a two-layered fluid. J. Phys. Oceanogr , 26: 5-20

Figure 1.2: Left panel: 3D CAD drawing of a printhead prototype showing (a) the melting unit, (b) the filter units, (c) the reservoir, (d) the static pressure hose, (e) the central part, and (f) the electronic driving supply. Image retrieved from [8]. Right panel: A schematic showing a single nozzle uint in the central part (e) of the printhead shown in the left panel.

Lattice Boltzmann method for contact line dynamics

접촉선 역학을 위한 Lattice Boltzmann 방법

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de
rector magnificus prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een
commissie aangewezen door het College voor
Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen
op woensdag 7 mei 2014 om 16:00 uur

Introduction

움직이는 접촉선은 본질적으로 어디에나 존재하며, 표면에 미끄러지는 물방울은 우리가 일상에서 만나는 일반적인 예입니다. 유체 역학의 접촉선은 일반적으로 액체, 고체 및 주변 공기/증기 사이의 공통 경계라고합니다.

최근 미세 유체 공학의 발전으로 인해 접촉 라인의 역학을 제어하는 힘과 흐름 조건에 대한 근본적인 이해와 기술에 대한 많은 요구가 제기되었습니다. 이 논문은 접촉선의 물리학, 분석 및 수치 모델링 및 고무적인 산업 기하학과 관련된 측면을 포함합니다.

동기를 부여하는 산업 응용 분야는 이머전 리소그래피 (ASML)와 잉크젯 노즐 (Océ)의 프린트 헤드입니다. 이 두 가지 문제는 몇 가지 특징적인 길이 및 시간 척도, 고도로 구부러진 유체 인터페이스, 다상 흐름 및 복잡한 경계 조건을 포함하므로 분석 및 수치 연구가 어렵습니다.

포토 리소그래피는 서브 마이크론 정확도로 마스크에서 실리콘 웨이퍼로 패턴을 전송할 수 있는 복잡한 절차입니다 [1]. 포토 리소그래피 공정의 핵심 단계 중 하나는 고해상도 광학 시스템을 사용하여 실리콘 웨이퍼에 코팅 된 포토 레지스트를 DUV (심 자외선) 빛으로 노출시키는 것입니다. 광학 시스템을 사용하여 웨이퍼에 마스킹 할 수 있는 가장 작은 특징 또는 임계 치수 CD는 Rayleigh 기준으로 결정됩니다.

여기서 NA는 광학 시스템의 개구 수를 나타내고, λ는 사용 된 빛의 파장이고 k는 공정 종속 상수입니다. 광학 분야에서 광학 시스템의 개구 수 NA = n sin α는 시스템이 빛을 받아들이거나 방출 할 수 있는 각도 범위를 특성화하는 무차원 숫자입니다.

여기서 α는 렌즈의 수용 각도입니다 (0 < α <π / 2) 및 n은 렌즈와 포토 레지스트 사이의 매질의 굴절률입니다. CD의 가치가 감소하면 전자 장치가 더 작고 빨라집니다. 식에 의해 주어진 레일리 기준에 따르면. (1.1), 더 작은 CD 값은 k 또는 λ를 줄이거 나 NA를 늘림으로써 얻을 수 있습니다. 현재 KrF 및 ArF 엑시머 레이저의 경우 빛의 파장은 각각 최대 280nm 및 193nm까지 감소 될 수 있습니다 [1]. k는 분해능 향상 기술을 사용하여 0.4까지 감소 된 공정 의존 상수입니다 [2 ]. 개구 수는 sin α 또는 n을 증가시켜 증가시킬 수 있습니다.

sin α에 대한 실제 한계는 0.93으로, 이론적 한계 | sin α |에 매우 가깝습니다. ≤ 1. n을 늘리는 것이 이머전 리소그래피 사용의 기본 아이디어입니다. Immersion lithography는 렌즈와 포토 레지스트 사이의 에어 갭이 물로 대체되는 포토 리소그래피 기법입니다 (그림 1.1 (왼쪽 패널) 참조). 침지 리소그래피에 사용되는 물은 193nm 파장에 대해 1.44의 굴절률을 가진 고도로 정제 된 탈 이온수입니다 [3]. 이 굴절률 값은 분해 가능한 피처 크기의 해상도를 약 30 % 정도 증가시킵니다 [3].

이 방법은 훨씬 더 비싼 리소그래피 기술 [4]로 큰 변화를 가져 오지 않아도 된다는 장점을 가지고 더 작은 피처 크기를 달성하는 저렴한 방법입니다. 물이 웨이퍼의 포토 레지스트와 직접 접촉하기 때문에 이머전 리소그래피 기술은 주로 렌즈와 포토 레지스트의 오염 가능성과 관련된 몇 가지 문제를 야기합니다.

특히 웨이퍼 플레이트가 렌즈에 비해 Up 속도로 움직일 때 액체-공기-고체 접촉 라인도 움직입니다 (그림 1.1 (오른쪽 패널) 참조). 특정 최소 속도를 넘어 서면 전진 및 후퇴 접촉 선 (그림 1.1, 오른쪽 패널 참조)이 불안정 해지고 각각 공기를 동반하거나 액체 필름을 웨이퍼로 끌 수 있습니다 [5].

공기와 액체 필름은 결국 기포 나 액체 방울로 부서져서 리소그래피 공정에 부정적인 영향을 미칩니다. 이 논문에서 우리는 플레이트의 속도, 웨이퍼의 습윤 특성 및 주변 공기의 점도에 따라 전진 및 후퇴하는 접촉 라인의 안정성 연구에 기여했습니다.

1.1.2 Drop-on-demand inkjet printer

최신 잉크젯 인쇄 기술은 CIJ (연속 잉크젯) 및 DOD (주문형 드롭) 잉크젯의 두 가지 주요 유형으로 나눌 수 있습니다. CIJ 프린터에서 미세 노즐에서 나오는 액체 분사는 RP (Rayleigh-Plateau) 불안정성으로 인해 물방울로 분해됩니다. 이 RP 불안정성은 액체의 흐름을 정확하게 제어 할 수있는 음향 변동을 생성하는 압전 결정에 의해 유발되어 일정한 간격으로 물방울로 분해됩니다 [7].

DOD 잉크젯 프린터는 작동 원리에 따라 두 가지 범주로 더 나눌 수 있습니다 [8]. 여기서는 압전 잉크젯 (PIJ) 프린터에만 중점을 둡니다. PIJ 프린터에서 낙하 형성은 압전 소자에 의해 생성 된 압력 파에 의해 발생합니다. PIJ 프린터의 프린트 헤드 개략도가 그림 1.2에 나와 있습니다.

PIJ 프린터는 CIJ 프린터에 비해 상대적으로 느리지 만 인쇄 품질이 훨씬 더 높습니다 [7]. 프린터의 품질은 일반적으로 평방 인치당 도트 수 (dpi)로 측정되며 최신 응용 프로그램에는 더 작은 물방울 (높은 dpi)과 더 나은 정확도가 필요합니다. 방울의 정확도와 크기에 영향을 미치는 여러 요인 중에서 노즐, 노즐 플레이트의 젖음성 및 방울 형성 빈도 fDOD가 중요한 역할을합니다 [8].

좋은 방울 형성을 위해 접촉 라인의 위치는 노즐 내에서 정밀하게 제어되어야 합니다. 이 논문에서는 PIJ 프린터에서 드롭 형성의 일부 측면에만 중점을 둡니다. 우리의 연구는 노즐 습윤성과 DOD 주파수가 방울 형성 과정에 미치는 영향을 연구 할 수 있는 수치 도구의 개발을 목표로 합니다.

Figure 2.2: The liquid-vapor interface at the microscopic length scale obtained from a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using Lennard-Jones potential. The vertical axis is in units of the molecular diameter σ and the stress shown in panel (c) is measured in /σ3 . Here, is the energy scale corresponding to the intermolecular forces. (a) Snapshot of the liquid-vapor interface in the MD simulation. The red dotted line divides the system in two parts: Left and right. (b) Time-averaged normalized density profile ρ ∗ (z) across the interface. (c) Tangential force per unit area exerted by the left part on the right part of the system. The plot shows the difference between the normal and the tangential components of stress tensor: Π(z) = σ n − σ t . Images reproduced from [16].

Figure 2.3: Left panel: Water drops on a glass substrate (Image source: http: // way2science. com/ molecular-theory-of-surface-tension).The red dotted line in the figure shows the position of the contact line. The shape of the big drops is affected by the force due to gravity. Right panel: Schematics of a liquid drop on a smooth non-deformable solid surface. The figure shows the contact angle, θe, in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Figure 6.1: Left panel: schematic of a single nozzle unit in the printhead. Right panel: schematic of the channel-nozzle section of the printhead. The axisymmetric channel-nozzle section (right panel) is the simulation domain for our LB simulation (R = Rc).

논문 원문 바로가기

Evaluation of the Wind Effects on the Iron-Ore Stock Pile

Energy

전 세계 에너지 부문의 엔지니어는 전산 유체 역학(CFD)을 통해 해결책을 찾기 위해 광범위한 프로세스에서 매일 복잡한 설계 문제에 직면합니다. 특히 자유 표면 흐름과 관련이 높은 이러한 문제의 대부분은 FLOW-3D가 매우 정확한 분석을 제공하여 문제 해결에 적합합니다.

공해에서 컨테이너 내부의 연료 또는화물 슬로싱 / Fuel or cargo sloshing inside containers on the high seas
해양 플랫폼에 대한 파도 효과 / Wave effects on offshore platforms
6 자유도 모션을 받는 분리 장치의 성능 최적화 / Performance optimization for separation devices undergoing 6 DOF motion
파동 에너지 포착 장치 / Design of devices to capture energy from waves

Energy Case Studies

천연자원이 계속 감소함에 따라, 대체 자원과 방법을 탐구하고 가능한 한 효과적으로 현재 공급량을 사용하고 있습니다. 엔지니어는 사고를 예방하고 채굴 및 기타 에너지 수확 기법으로 인한 환경적 영향을 평가하기 위해 FLOW-3D를 사용합니다.

Tailing Breach Simulation – CFD Analysis with FLOW-3D

점성이 높은 유체, 비 뉴턴 흐름, 슬러리 또는 심지어 세분화 된 흐름의 형태를 취할 수있는 많은 채광 응용 프로그램의 잔여 물인 테일링은 악명 높은 시뮬레이션 전제를 제공합니다. FLOW-3D 는 비 뉴턴 유체, 슬러리 및 입상 흐름에 대한 특수 모델을 포함하여 이러한 분석을 수행하는 데 필요한 모든 도구를 제공합니다. FLOW-3D 의 자유 표면 유동 모델링 기능 과 결합되어 이러한 어렵고 환경 적으로 민감한 문제에 대한 탁월한 모델링 솔루션을 제공합니다.

관련 응용 분야에는 바람 강제 분석에 따른 광석 비축 더미 먼지 드리프트가 포함되며, 여기서 FLOW-3D 의 드리프트 플럭스 모델을 통해 엔지니어는 광석 침착 및 유입 패턴과 개선 솔루션의 효과를 연구 할 수 있습니다.

액화와 기계적 방해가 물과 같은 뉴턴 흐름과는 대조적으로 입자 흐름의 매우 독특한 속성 인 결국 저절로 멈추는 위반의 동적 특징의 일부라는 점에 유의하십시오.

[embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp9QJ92QX2M[/embedyt]

오일 및 가스 분리기

FLOW-3D 는 기름과 물과 같은 혼합 불가능한 유체를 모델링 할 수 있으며 개방 된 환경 (주변 공기)과 관련된 구성 요소 간의 뚜렷한 인터페이스를 정확하게 추적 할 수 있습니다. 유체는 전체 도메인에 영향을 미치는 역학으로 인해 자유롭게 혼합 될 수 있습니다. 시간이 지남에 따라 유체는 연속 상과 분산 상 간의 드리프트 관계에 따라 다시 분리됩니다. 중력 분리기의 성능은 CFD 모델링을 통해 향상 될 수 있습니다.

기체 및 액체 흐름의 균일성을 개선하고 파도에 의한 슬로싱으로 인한 오일과 물의 혼합을 방지하기 위해 용기 입구 구성을 개발합니다.
유압 효율 및 분리 성능에 대한 내부 장비의 영향을 결정합니다.
작동 조건 변화의 영향 측정
소규모 현상 (다상 흐름, 방울, 입자, 기포)을 정확하게 모델링

생산 파이프 | Production Pipes

생산에 사용되는 공정 파이프의 청소 과정에서 유체가 위로 흘러도 고밀도 입자가 침전될 수 있습니다. 침전 입자를 포착하도록 장치를 설계 할 수 있습니다. 파이프 중앙에 있는 “버킷”이 그러한 잠재적 장치중 하나 입니다. 흐름 변위로 인해 버킷 외부의 상류 속도는 고밀도 입자에 대한 침전 속도보다 높으며 버킷 내부에 모여 있습니다. 표시된 디자인에서 버킷 주변의 상향 유체 속도는 입자 안정화 속도보다 높습니다. 이로 인해 입자가 버킷과 파이프 벽 사이의 틈새를 통해 빠져 나갈 수 없습니다. 따라서 시뮬레이션된 입자는 버킷을 통과하여 아래에 정착하지 않습니다.

[embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3evNXA-I3mM[/embedyt]

파동 에너지 장치 모델링 | Modeling Wave Energy Devices

포인트 흡수 장치 | Point Absorber Devices

이 시뮬레이션은 상단에 부력이있는 구형 구조가있는 점 흡수 장치를 보여 주며, 들어오는 파도의 볏과 골과 함께 위아래로 이동합니다. FLOW-3D 의 움직이는 물체 모델은 x 또는 y 방향으로의 움직임을 제한하면서 z 방향으로 결합 된 움직임을 허용하는 데 사용됩니다. 진폭 5m, 파장 100m의 스톡 스파를 사용했다. RNG 모델은 파도가 점 흡수 장치와 상호 작용할 때 발생하는 난류를 포착하는 데 사용되었습니다. 예상대로 많은 난류 운동 에너지가 장치 근처에서 생성됩니다. 플롯은 난류로 인해 장치 근처의 복잡한 속도 장의 진화로 인해 질량 중심의 불규칙한 순환 운동을 보여줍니다.

다중 플랩, 하단 경첩 파동 에너지 변환기 | Multi-Flap, Bottom-Hinged Wave Energy Converter

진동하는 플랩은 바다의 파도에서 에너지를 추출하여 기계 에너지로 변환합니다. Arm은 물결에 반응하여 피벗된 조인트에 장착된 진자로 진동합니다. 플랩을 배열로 구성하여 다중 플랩 파동 에너지 변환기를 만들 수 있습니다. 아래 상단에 표시된 CFD 시뮬레이션에서 3 개의 플랩 배열이 시뮬레이션됩니다. 모든 플랩은 바닥에 경첩이 달려 있으며 폭 15m x 높이 10m x 두께 2m입니다. 어레이는 30m 깊이에서 10 초의 주파수로 4m 진폭파에서 작동합니다. 시뮬레이션은 중앙 평면을 따라 복잡한 속도 등 가면을 보여줍니다. 이는 한 플랩이 어레이 내의 다른 플랩에 미치는 영향을 연구하는 데 중요합니다. 3 개의 플랩이 유사한 동적 동작으로 시작하는 동안 플랩의 상호 작용 효과는 곧 동작을 위상에서 벗어납니다. 유사한 플랩 에너지 변환기가 오른쪽 하단에 표시됩니다. 이 시뮬레이션에서 플랩은 가장 낮은 지점에서 물에 완전히 잠 깁니다. 이러한 에너지 변환기를 Surface Piercing 플랩 에너지 변환기라고합니다. 이 두 시뮬레이션 예제는 모두 미네르바 역학 .

[embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jnf9EGuHiV0[/embedyt] [embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NzewSmADuk[/embedyt] [embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcID1xzKTTo[/embedyt]

진동 수주 | Oscillating Water Column

진동하는 수주는 부분적으로 잠긴 중공 구조입니다. 그것은 물의 기둥 위에 공기 기둥을 둘러싸고 수면 아래의 바다로 열려 있습니다. 파도는 물 기둥을 상승 및 하강시키고, 차례로 공기 기둥을 압축 및 감압합니다. 이 갇힌 공기는 일반적으로 기류의 방향에 관계없이 회전 할 수 있는 터빈을 통해 대기로 흐르게 됩니다. 터빈의 회전은 전기를 생성하는 데 사용됩니다.

아래의 CFD 시뮬레이션은 진동하는 수주를 보여줍니다. FLOW-3D에서 포착한 물리학을 강조하기 위해 중공 구조에서 물기둥이 상승 및 하강하는 부분만 모델링 합니다. 시뮬레이션은 다른 파형 생성 선택을 제외하고 유사한 결과를 전달합니다. 아래의 시뮬레이션은 웨이브 유형 경계 조건을 사용하는 반면 그 아래의 시뮬레이션은 움직이는 물체 모델 을 사용하여 실험실에서 수행한 것처럼 차례로 웨이브를 생성하는 움직이는 플런저를 생성합니다. 각 시뮬레이션에 대해 속이 빈 구조의 압력 플롯이 표시됩니다. 결국 그 압력에 기초하여 터빈이 회전 운동으로 설정되기 때문에 챔버에서 얼마나 많은 압력이 생성되는지 아는 것이 중요합니다.

[embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byyFin6xZlw[/embedyt] [embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnJMRvp5UCc[/embedyt]

사례 연구

Architects Achieve LEED Certification in Sustainable Buildings

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)는 제 3자가 친환경 건축물 인증을 제공하는 자발적 인증 시스템입니다.

FLOW-3D는 보고타(콜롬비아)의 사무실 건물에서 “IEQ-Credit2–환기 증가”라는 신뢰를 얻는 데 큰 도움을 주었습니다. 이러한 인정을 받기 위해서는 실외 공기가 ASHRAE의 표준 비율인 30%를 초과한다는 것을 증명해야만 합니다. 이 건물에서 실외 공기는 태양 광선에 의해, 가열되는 지붕 위의 2개의 유리 굴뚝에 의해 발생되는 온도 차이에 의해 발생하는 열 부력의 영향으로 제공됩니다. 이것은 바람이 불지 않는 조건에서 이루어져야 합니다.

Comparing HVAC System Designs

최근 프로젝트에서 Tecsult의 HVAC(난방, 냉방 및 환기)시스템 엔지니어는 강력한 에어컨 시스템의 두 가지 다른 구성을 고려해야 했고 노동자들에게 어떤 것이 가장 쾌적함을 제공하는지 보여주기를 원했습니다. FLOW-3D는 대체 설계를 시뮬레이션하고 비교하는 데 사용되었습니다.

이 발전소는 대형(길이 90m, 너비 33m, 높이 26m)건물로 변압기, 전력선, 조명 등 열 발생 장비를 갖추고 있습니다. 에어컨 시스템의 목적은 건물 내 최대 온도를 35ºC로 제한하는 것입니다. 디퓨저가 하부 레벨에 위치하고 천장 근처의 환기구가 있기 때문에 천장 근처에서 최대 공기 온도가 발생하고 바닥 레벨은 반드시 몇도 더 낮습니다.

Debris Transport in a Nuclear Reactor Containment Building

이 기사는 FLOW-3D가 원자력 시설에서 봉쇄 시설의 성능을 모델링하는데 사용된 방법을 설명하며, Alion Science and Technology의 Tim Sande & Joe Tezak이 기고 한 바 있습니다.

가압수형 원자로 원자력 발전소에서 원자로 노심을 통해 순환되는 물은 약 2,080 psi 및 585°F의 압력과 온도로 유지되는 1차 배관 시스템에 밀폐됩니다. 수압이 높기 때문에 배관이 파손되면 격납건물 내에 여러 가지 이물질 유형이 생성될 수 있습니다. 이는 절연재가 장비와 균열 주변 영역의 배관에서 떨어져 나가기 때문에 발생합니다. 생성될 수 있는 다양한 유형의 이물질의 일반적인 예가 나와 있습니다(오른쪽).

Evaluation of the Wind Effects on the Iron-Ore Stock Pile

바람이 개방형 골재 저장소에 미치는 영향은 전 세계적으로 환경 문제가 되고 있습니다. 2.7km²철골 저장소 부지에서 이런 문제가 관찰되었습니다. 이 시설은 철도 운송차량를 통해 광석을 공급받는데, 이 운송차량은 자동 덤프에 의해 비워집니다. 그런 다음 이 광석은 일련의 컨베이어와 이송 지점을 통과하여 저장 장소중 하나로 운송됩니다. 비산먼지 배출은 풍력이 비축된량에 미치는 영향의 결과로 관찰된 결과입니다.

Energy Presentations | 에너지 프레젠테이션

지난 사용자 컨퍼런스에서 에너지 산업을위한 FLOW-3D의 응용에 초점을 맞춘 사용자 프레젠테이션을 다운로드하십시오 .

2019 년

Numerical modelling of a two-degree-of-freedom Wave Energy Converter: Creation, validation and utilization of the model

2 자유도 파동 에너지 변환기의 수치 모델링 : 모델의 생성, 검증 및 활용

Eliseo Marchesi, Politecnico di Milano / Studio Frosio srl
Marco Negri 및 Stefano Malavasi, Politecnico di Milano
Filippo Palo, XC Engineering Srl

Numerical modelling of a two-degree-of-freedom Wave Energy Converter

이 연구의 목적은 FLOW-3D를 통한 수치 모델링입니다., Politecnico di Milano에서 실험실 규모 테스트를 거친 특정 Wave Energy Converter (WEC) : 두 개의 자유도 진동 체 시스템 인 EDS (Energy Double System), 급증하는 패들. 두 본체는 서로 연결되어 있으며 각각은 지상에 반응하는 PTO (Power Take-Off)에 연결됩니다. 수치 모델은주기적인 파동으로 사용 가능한 실험 테스트에 대해 검증되었습니다. 첫 번째 시뮬레이션은 실험실 테스트의주기적인 파동을 재현하는 것을 목표로했습니다. 그런 다음 실험 시스템에 해당하는 EDS의 수치 모델을 생성하고 이전에 모델링 한주기 파를 적용했습니다. 수치 방법의 품질이 확인되면 EDS 시스템의 새로운 구성에 대한 시뮬레이션이 수행되었습니다. 첫 번째 시뮬레이션 시리즈에서는이 매개 변수가 실험 모델에서 최적화되지 않았기 때문에이를 최적화하기 위해 패들 PTO의 댐핑이 변경되었습니다. 그 후, EDS 동작은 이전에 시뮬레이션 된 주기적 파동과 에너지 적으로 동일한 임의 파동에서 조사되었습니다.

다운로드

2015 년

Numerical simulation of extreme wave loading on an axisymmetric point absorber wave energy converter in a survival sea state

생존 해상 상태에서 축 대칭 점 흡수 파 에너지 변환기에 대한 극한 파 하중의 수치 시뮬레이션

Peter Arnold, Minerva Dynamics Limited

생존 해상 상태에서 파력 에너지 변환기 (WEC)가 경험할 수있는 힘과 모멘트의 초기 평가는 개념 설계 단계에서 특히 중요합니다. 현재까지 WEC의 생존 가능성을 평가하는 데 사용되는 주요 방법은 모델 규모 탱크 테스트이지만 일반적으로 10m에서 15m 범위의 상당한 파도 높이를 갖는 생존 파도의 크기로 인해 탱크 테스트 프로그램은 소규모를 사용해야합니다. 관련 계측 및 물리적 확장 문제가있는 스케일 프로토 타입 또는 관련 비용이 더 큰 대형 프로토 타입에 의존합니다. 보다 최근에 CFD는 더 작은 계산 비용으로 인해 불규칙한 파동 스펙트럼과는 반대로, 단독 집중 또는“New Waves”를 사용하여 정적 및 부동 구조에 대한 비선형 파동 부하를 평가하는 데 사용되었습니다. 그러나 이러한 초기 연구는 WEC 설계 엔지니어가 결과 부하의 통계적 분포를 필요로하기 때문에 WEC 생존에 필요한 조건 만 제공하지만 충분하지는 않습니다. 이 연구의 목적은 해법을 얻기 위해 스펙트럼 성분 수와 메시 미세 조정 수준 및 파동 탱크 폭이 감소 된 불규칙 파 스펙트럼을 활용하여 CFD 모델에서 모델링 가정에 첨부 된 중요성을 재분배하는 것입니다. 합리적인 시간 척도로. 그 결과 WEC 운동 및 하중은 주요 통계 매개 변수 측면에서 35 스케일 축 대칭 점 흡수기의 생존에 대한 고 충실도 탱크 테스트 결과와 비교됩니다. 이 연구의 목적은 해법을 얻기 위해 스펙트럼 성분 수와 메시 미세 조정 수준 및 파동 탱크 폭이 감소 된 불규칙 파 스펙트럼을 활용하여 CFD 모델에서 모델링 가정에 첨부 된 중요성을 재분배하는 것입니다. 합리적인 시간 척도로. 그 결과 WEC 운동 및 하중은 주요 통계 매개 변수 측면에서 35 스케일 축 대칭 점 흡수기의 생존에 대한 고 충실도 탱크 테스트 결과와 비교됩니다. 이 연구의 목적은 해법을 얻기 위해 스펙트럼 성분 수와 메시 미세 조정 수준 및 파동 탱크 폭이 감소 된 불규칙 파 스펙트럼을 활용하여 CFD 모델에서 모델링 가정에 첨부 된 중요성을 재분배하는 것입니다. 합리적인 시간 척도로. 그 결과 WEC 운동 및 하중은 주요 통계 매개 변수 측면에서 35 스케일 축 대칭 점 흡수기의 생존에 대한 고 충실도 탱크 테스트 결과와 비교됩니다.

다운로드

Wave propagation and reflection at an inclined plane – simulations and experiments

경사면에서의 파동 전파 및 반사 – 시뮬레이션 및 실험

Boris Huber, 비엔나 기술 대학교

20m 길이의 수로에서 물리적 모델 테스트를 수행하여 수로 끝의 경사면에서 파동 전파 및 반사를 관찰했습니다. 웨이브 생성은 익스텐더 휠에 의해 앞뒤로 움직이는 바닥에 장착 된 패들로 이루어졌습니다. 파도의 전파는 수위 측정에 의해 여러 지점에서 기록되었습니다. 실험은 다양한 파동으로 실행 된 다음 FLOW-3D 로 시뮬레이션되었습니다 . 또한 CFD 시뮬레이션에서 적절한 경계 조건을 얻기 위해 돌과 천공 시트로 구성된 파동 흡수 경계를 사용한 실험을 수행하고 다른 경계 조건에서 시뮬레이션을 실행했습니다.

다운로드

2013 년

Flap type wave power device in near shore conditions

해안 근처에서 플랩 형 파력 장치

Ibis Group, Inc의 Stephen Saunders

FLOW-3D v10.1을 솔루션 코드로 사용하여 단일 이동 플랩 파 전력 캡처 장치의 CFD 분석을 수행했습니다 . 이 작업의 목적은 프로토 타입을 제작하고 배치하기 전에 의도 한 작업 환경에서 플랩이 겪는 힘을 예측하는 것입니다. FLOW-3D 는 이동하는 공기 / 물 인터페이스의 역학을 캡처하는 데 필요한 강력한 VOF 모델 때문에 경쟁 업체보다이 프로젝트에 선택되었습니다. 또한 FLOW-3D움직이는 고체 물체를 표현하는 FAVOR ™ 방법은 움직이는 플랩을 시뮬레이션하는 데 중요합니다. 플랩 형상의 성능을 시뮬레이션하고 다가오는 파도가 플랩 표면에 수직 인 해안 근처 조건에서 평가되었습니다. 테스트 된 모델은 플랩 끝 주변의 흐름 특성을 평가하기 위해 3D로 구성됩니다. 현재까지 두 개의 바다 상태가 테스트되었습니다. 이들은 플랩에 도달하는 즉시 깨지는 깨지지 않는 팽창 및 파도입니다. 예상대로 깨지지 않는 팽창은 중립의 양쪽에서 동일한 플랩 편향과 거의 대칭 인 부드러운 플랩 동작을 유도합니다. 파동 사례를 깨는 결과는 비대칭 동작과 하중으로 훨씬 더 극적입니다.

다운로드

Ocean waves resonance analysis of an oscillating water column energy converter

진동 수주 에너지 변환기의 해양 파도 공명 분석

José Manuel Grases ; 센데 키아

SDK Marine은 진동하는 수주 챔버 내의 물에 잠긴 수력 터빈을 기반으로 파도에서 전기 에너지를 수집하는 새로운 방법을 개발하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D 는 챔버 내부와 외부의 흐름 동작을 이해하는 데 사용되었습니다. 이 프로젝트의 주요 목표는 내부 수위를 측정하고이를 외부 파 여기와 비교하여 장치의 응답을 얻는 것이 었습니다. 또한 장치의 수력을 계산하기 위해 서로 다른 수력 터빈의 거동을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 서로 다른 다공성 멤브레인을 구현했습니다.

다운로드

FLAP GATE TO PREVENT URBAN AREA FROM TSUNAMI

Osamu Kiyomiya ¹, and Kazuya Kuroki ²

¹ 일본 도쿄 와세다 대학교 토목 공학과 교수
²일본 도쿄 와세다 대학교 토목 공학과 학생

요약

저자들은 쓰나미로부터 보호하기 위해 플랩 게이트를 제안하고 게이트의 특성과 디자인 및 유압에 대한 연구를 시작했습니다. 쓰나미의 위험이 예상되면 몇 분 안에 플랩이 일어 서서 쓰나미 침해로부터 해안 거주 지역을 보호합니다.

이 백서에서는 플랩 게이트 설계에 필요한 파압 및 게이트 동작을 확인하기 위해 보어 파 생성기를 사용하여 수로 탱크에서 2 차원 유압 모델 테스트를 논의합니다. 또한, 모델 테스트 결과를 비교하기 위해 VOF 방법을 사용하여 쓰나미로 인한 수력 특성을 시뮬레이션했습니다.

수치 해석의 결과는 일반적으로 모델 테스트에서 얻은 결과를 추적했습니다. 그러나 수치 해석에서의 파압은 파단 조건에서 모델 시험 결과와 일치하지 않았습니다. Flow 3D에 의한 3 차원 FEM은 또한 플랩 게이트가 포트 입구에 설치된 포트 영역에서 쓰나미의 런업 동작을 시뮬레이션했습니다.

테스트와 계산을 통해 쓰나미 플랩 게이트는 항구 거주 지역에 대한 쓰나미 침해에 효율적입니다.

일본은 많은 생명과 재산을 잃은 해안선을 따라 많은 쓰나미 침해 이력을 가지고 있습니다. 최근에는 쓰나미가 수반되는 대규모 지진으로 인한 피해도 예측하고 있습니다. 따라서 해안 지역의 쓰나미 대책 개선이 요구됩니다. 저자들은 이러한 대책 중 하나로 플랩 게이트의 사용을 제안하고, 현재 수력 학적 특성에 대한 연구를 진행하고 있습니다.

그림 2에서 볼 수 있듯이 플랩 게이트는 하단 가장자리에 핀 메커니즘으로 설계되었으며 일반적으로 해저에 위치합니다. 쓰나미가 해안 지역을 강타 할 것으로 예상되면 플랩의 cell이 공기로 부풀려 부력이 빠르게 위로 떠오르게됩니다.

쓰나미가 지나간 후에는 문에있는 cell에 물이 채워져 다시 해저에 가라 앉습니다. 플랩 작동 시간은 쓰나미에 대해 몇 분으로 설정됩니다. 이탈리아의 “Progetto Moze”에서는 플랩 게이트의 작동 메커니즘이 이미 채택되었지만이 게이트는 폭풍 해일에는 적합하지만 쓰나미에는 적합하지 않습니다.

여기에 소개된 플랩 게이트는 해안 거주지의 쓰나미를 방지하기 위해 만이나 강 하구에 설치됩니다. 이 게이트는 도시의 쓰나미 침해를 막기 위해 해안선을 따라 육지에 설치할 수도 있습니다. 플랩 게이트 설치는 일본의 여러 지역에서 계획 단계에 있습니다. 플랩 게이트의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 유압 모델 테스트와 수치 시뮬레이션을 수행했습니다.

OUTLINE OF MODEL TESTS

2.1 FLAP GATE 모델을

부상 플랩 게이트의 두 종류가 있습니다: 첫 번째 유형은 플랩의 하부 표면에 설치된 스토퍼를 사용하여 플랩의 움직임을 제어하고 다른 하나는로드와 케이블로 트러스 메커니즘으로 플랩을 안정화합니다. 플랩은 바다 방향으로 자유롭게 이동하지만 육지로 이동할 수는 없습니다. 닫았을 때 수직이거나 바다쪽으로 기울어 진 플랩에 추가합니다.

Figure 3 Initial stage of the gate / Figure 4 Generation of Tsunami (bore wave)

그림 3 게이트의 초기 단계 그림 4 쓰나미 발생 (보어 웨이브) 모델의 규모는 S = 1 / 50으로 설정되었습니다. 플랩의 각도는 75°와 90°로 설정되었습니다. 텐션로드는수평에서 39° 각도로 똑 바르고 기울어 지도록 설정 됩니다. 인장로드는 직사각형 단면이 있는 3 개의 스테인리스 스틸 빔을 사용하여 제조되며 핀으로 연결됩니다. 초기 위치에서 텐션로드는 해저에 세 번 접힌 상태로 설치됩니다. 그림 3은 모델의 초기 설치 위치를 보여줍니다. 쓰나미 지루 파의 도착과 함께 플랩은 부력과 양력으로 인해 위로 떠 오릅니다. 수위가 0 일 때 보어 웨이브가 도착하더라도 수위가 상승하면 플랩이 즉시 위로 쉽게 이동할 수 있습니다. 이것은 플랩 게이트가 해안선을 따라 도로 또는 호안과 같은 육지 지역에 적용 가능하다는 것을 의미합니다. 플랩은 스티렌 폼으로 채워진 아크릴 및 폴리 염화 비닐 플레이트를 사용하여 제조되었습니다.

구조의 질량은 19.4kg이며, 모델 구조는 높이 475mm, 깊이 790mm, 두께 50mm입니다. 테스트는 그림 4에 표시된 게이트 리프트 보어 생성기를 사용하여 유량 탱크에서 수행되었습니다. 실험 수로 치수는 길이 25,000mm, 폭 1,000mm (수류 섹션) 및 높이 1,500mm입니다. 저수조는 수로 좌측에 위치하고 있으며, 무거운 무게로 현관 문 (보어 생성 게이트)을 빠르게 들어 올려 보어 웨이브를 생성합니다. 이 방법은 댐 파괴 방법이라고도합니다. 플랩 모델은 수로의 채널 바닥에 설치할 수 있도록 설계되었으며 길이 735mm, 깊이 100mm입니다.

2.2 측정 방법

플랩 동작과 쓰나미 파형은 디지털 비디오 카메라를 사용하여 기록되었습니다. 용량 성 파고계 6 대를 설치하여 보어 파의 수위와 유속을 측정 하였다. 유속은 지정된 수위에서 미터 사이의 시간 차이를 측정 한 다음 미터 사이의 거리를 해당 시간 차이로 나누어 계산했습니다. 고정 모형 시험에서는 5cm 간격으로 9 개의 파압 계를 배치하여 파압을 측정 하였다. 진동 모델 테스트에서는 파동 압력 게이지를 5 개 위치에 설치하여 파압을 측정했습니다. 고정 모델 테스트에서는 플랩에서 작동하는 회전 모멘트를 측정하기 위해 플랩의 회전 중심에서 450mm 떨어진 위치에 플랩에 수직 인 위치에로드 셀을 부착했습니다. 진동 모델 테스트에서 스트레인 게이지는로드 장력을 측정하기 위해 플랩의 회전 중심에서 450mm 위치에로드에 부착되었습니다. 회전 모멘트는 힘의 수평 성분을 사용하여 계산되었습니다.

테스트 결과는 아래 문서를 참고하시기 바랍니다.

원문 보기

Sketch of a subaerial landslide-induced tsunami wave

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL TSUNAMI GENERATION BY SUBAERIAL LANDSLIDES

SUBAERIAL LANDSLIDES에 의한 3 차원 쓰나미 생성의 수치 시뮬레이션

A Thesis by GYEONG-BO KIM
Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of
Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE

초록

쓰나미는 해저 지진으로 인해 종종 발생하는 해안 지역에 영향을 미치는 가장 치명적인 자연 현상 중 하나입니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 밀폐된 분지, 즉 피요르드, 저수지 및 호수에서, 수중 또는 해저 산사태는 유사한 결과로 파괴적인 쓰나미를 일으킬 수 있습니다. 큰 수역에 충돌하는 수중 또는 해저 산사태가 쓰나미를 발생시킬 수 있지만, 해저 산사태는 대응하는 것보다 훨씬 더 위협적인 쓰나미 발생원입니다.

이 연구에서 우리는 지하 산사태에 의한 쓰나미 발생에 대한 실험실 규모의 실험을 수치 모델과 통합하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 이 작업은 2 개의 3 차원 Navier-Stokes (3D-NS) 모델, FLOW-3D 및 당사가 개발 한 모델 TSUNAMI3D의 수치 검증에 중점을 둡니다.

이 모델은 Georgia Institute of Technology의 Hermann Fritz 박사가 이끄는 쓰나미 연구팀이 수행 한 이전의 대규모 실험실 실험을 기반으로 검증되었습니다. 일련의 실험실 실험에서 세 가지 대규모 산사태 시나리오, 즉 피요르드 유사, 곶 및 원거리 해안선이 선택되었습니다. 이러한 시나리오는 복잡한 파도 장이 지하 산사태에 의해 생성 될 수 있음을 보여주었습니다.

파동 장의 정확한 정의와 진화는 뒤 따르는 쓰나미와 해안 지역에서의 영향을 정확하게 모델링하는 데 중요합니다. 이 연구에서는 수치 결과와 실험실 실험을 비교합니다. 토양 유변학에 대한 방법론과 주요 매개 변수는 모델 검증을 위해 정의됩니다. 모델의 결과는 쓰나미 수치 모델의 검증을 위해 National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 지침에 명시된 허용 오차 미만일 것으로 예상됩니다.

이 연구의 궁극적 인 목표는 멕시코만과 카리브해 지역의 침수지도를 구축하는 데 필요한 해저 산사태 쓰나미에 대한 3D 모델의 실제 적용을 위한 더 나은 쓰나미 계산 도구를 얻는 것입니다.

주요 분석 이미지

Figure 2.1: A typical computational domain with moving and stationary objects. Courtesy Dr. Juan J. Horrillo, Texas A&M at Galveston.

Figure 2.2: A typical tsunami computational domain: (a) Location of variables in a computational cell. The horizontal (ui,j ) and vertical (vi,j ) velocity components are located at the right cell face and top cell faces, respectively. The pressure pi,j and VOF function Fi,j are located at the cell center; (b) Volume and side cell apertures. Courtesy Dr. Juan J. Horrillo, Texas A&M at Galveston.

Figure A.1: Configurations of boundary conditions for fjord case: FLOW-3D

<자료 안내>

원문 다운로드

Water & Environmental 논문 자료보기

자유 표면 모델링 방법

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

Free Surface Modeling Methods

An interface between a gas and liquid is often referred to as a free surface. The reason for the “free” designation arises from the large difference in the densities of the gas and liquid (e.g., the ratio of density for water to air is 1000). A low gas density means that its inertia can generally be ignored compared to that of the liquid. In this sense the liquid moves independently, or freely, with respect to the gas. The only influence of the gas is the pressure it exerts on the liquid surface. In other words, the gas-liquid surface is not constrained, but free.

자유 표면 모델링 방법

기체와 액체 사이의 계면은 종종 자유 표면이라고합니다. ‘자유’라는 호칭이 된 것은 기체와 액체의 밀도가 크게 다르기 때문입니다 (예를 들어, 물 공기에 대한 밀도 비는 1000입니다). 기체의 밀도가 낮다는 것은 액체의 관성에 비해 기체의 관성은 일반적으로 무시할 수 있다는 것을 의미합니다. 이러한 의미에서, 액체는 기체에 대해 독립적으로, 즉 자유롭게 움직입니다. 기체의 유일한 효과는 액체의 표면에 대한 압력입니다. 즉, 기체와 액체의 표면은 제약되어있는 것이 아니라 자유롭다는 것입니다.

In heat-transfer texts the term ‘Stephen Problem’ is often used to describe free boundary problems. In this case, however, the boundaries are phase boundaries, e.g., the boundary between ice and water that changes in response to the heat supplied from convective fluid currents.

열전달에 관한 문서는 자유 경계 문제를 묘사할 때 “Stephen Problem’”라는 용어가 자주 사용됩니다. 그러나 여기에서 경계는 상(phase) 경계, 즉 대류적인 유체의 흐름에 의해 공급된 열에 반응하여 변화하는 얼음과 물 사이의 경계 등을 말합니다.

Whatever the name, it should be obvious that the presence of a free or moving boundary introduces serious complications for any type of analysis. For all but the simplest of problems, it is necessary to resort to numerical solutions. Even then, free surfaces require the introduction of special methods to define their location, their movement, and their influence on a flow.

이름이 무엇이든, 자유 또는 이동 경계가 존재한다는 것은 어떤 유형의 분석에도 복잡한 문제를 야기한다는 것은 분명합니다. 가장 간단한 문제를 제외한 모든 문제에 대해서는 수치 해석에 의존할 필요가 있습니다. 그 경우에도 자유 표면은 위치, 이동 및 흐름에 미치는 영향을 정의하기 위한 특별한 방법이 필요합니다.

In the following discussion we will briefly review the types of numerical approaches that have been used to model free surfaces, indicating the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Regardless of the method employed, there are three essential features needed to properly model free surfaces:

A scheme is needed to describe the shape and location of a surface,
An algorithm is required to evolve the shape and location with time, and
Free-surface boundary conditions must be applied at the surface.

다음 설명에서는 자유 표면 모델링에 사용되어 온 다양한 유형의 수치적 접근에 대해 간략하게 검토하고 각 방법의 장단점을 설명합니다. 어떤 방법을 사용하는지에 관계없이 자유롭게 표면을 적절히 모델화하는 다음의 3 가지 기능이 필요합니다.

표면의 형상과 위치를 설명하는 방식
시간에 따라 모양과 위치를 업데이트 하는 알고리즘
표면에 적용할 자유 표면 경계 조건

Lagrangian Grid Methods

Conceptually, the simplest means of defining and tracking a free surface is to construct a Lagrangian grid that is imbedded in and moves with the fluid. Many finite-element methods use this approach. Because the grid and fluid move together, the grid automatically tracks free surfaces.

라그랑주 격자 법

개념적으로 자유 표면을 정의하고 추적하는 가장 간단한 방법은 유체와 함께 이동하는 라그랑주 격자를 구성하는 것입니다. 많은 유한 요소 방법이 이 접근 방식을 사용합니다. 격자와 유체가 함께 움직이기 때문에 격자는 자동으로 자유 표면을 추적합니다.

At a surface it is necessary to modify the approximating equations to include the proper boundary conditions and to account for the fact that fluid exists only on one side of the boundary. If this is not done, asymmetries develop that eventually destroy the accuracy of a simulation.

표면에서 적절한 경계 조건을 포함하고 유체가 경계의 한면에만 존재한다는 사실을 설명하기 위해 근사 방정식을 수정해야합니다. 이것이 수행되지 않으면 결국 시뮬레이션의 정확도를 훼손하는 비대칭이 발생합니다.

The principal limitation of Lagrangian methods is that they cannot track surfaces that break apart or intersect. Even large amplitude surface motions can be difficult to track without introducing regridding techniques such as the Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method. References 1970 and 1974 may be consulted for early examples of these approaches.

라그랑지안 방법의 주요 제한은 분리되거나 교차하는 표면을 추적 할 수 없다는 것입니다. ALE (Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian) 방법과 같은 격자 재생성 기법을 도입하지 않으면 진폭이 큰 표면 움직임도 추적하기 어려울 수 있습니다. 이러한 접근법의 초기 예를 보려면 참고 문헌 1970 및 1974를 참조하십시오.

The remaining free-surface methods discussed here use a fixed, Eulerian grid as the basis for computations so that more complicated surface motions may be treated.

여기에서 논의된 나머지 자유 표면 방법은 보다 복잡한 표면 움직임을 처리할 수 있도록 고정된 오일러 그리드를 계산의 기준으로 사용합니다.

Surface Height Method

Low amplitude sloshing, shallow water waves, and other free-surface motions in which the surface does not deviate too far from horizontal, can be described by the height, H, of the surface relative to some reference elevation. Time evolution of the height is governed by the kinematic equation, where (u,v,w) are fluid velocities in the (x,y,z) directions. This equation is a mathematical expression of the fact that the surface must move with the fluid:

표면 높이 법

낮은 진폭의 슬로 싱, 얕은 물결 및 표면이 수평에서 너무 멀리 벗어나지 않는 기타 자유 표면 운동은 일부 기준 고도에 대한 표면의 높이 H로 설명 할 수 있습니다. 높이의 시간 진화는 운동학 방정식에 의해 제어되며, 여기서 (u, v, w)는 (x, y, z) 방향의 유체 속도입니다. 이 방정식은 표면이 유체와 함께 움직여야한다는 사실을 수학적으로 표현한 것입니다.

Finite-difference approximations to this equation are easy to implement. Further, only the height values at a set of horizontal locations must be recorded so the memory requirements for a three-dimensional numerical solution are extremely small. Finally, the application of free-surface boundary conditions is also simplified by the condition on the surface that it remains nearly horizontal. Examples of this technique can be found in References 1971 and 1975.

이 방정식의 유한 차분 근사를 쉽게 실행할 수 있습니다. 또한 3 차원 수치 해법의 메모리 요구 사항이 극도로 작아지도록 같은 높이의 위치 값만을 기록해야합니다. 마지막으로 자유 표면 경계 조건의 적용도 거의 수평을 유지하는 표면의 조건에 의해 간소화됩니다. 이 방법의 예는 참고 문헌의 1971 및 1975을 참조하십시오.

Marker-and-Cell (MAC) Method

The earliest numerical method devised for time-dependent, free-surface, flow problems was the Marker-and-Cell (MAC) method (see Ref. 1965). This scheme is based on a fixed, Eulerian grid of control volumes. The location of fluid within the grid is determined by a set of marker particles that move with the fluid, but otherwise have no volume, mass or other properties.

MAC 방법

시간 의존성을 가지는 자유 표면 흐름의 문제에 대해 처음 고안된 수치 법이 MAC (Marker-and-Cell) 법입니다 (참고 문헌 1965 참조). 이 구조는 컨트롤 볼륨 고정 오일러 격자를 기반으로합니다. 격자 내의 유체의 위치는 유체와 함께 움직이고, 그 이외는 부피, 질량, 기타 특성을 갖지 않는 일련의 마커 입자에 의해 결정됩니다.

Grid cells containing markers are considered occupied by fluid, while those without markers are empty (or void). A free surface is defined to exist in any grid cell that contains particles and that also has at least one neighboring grid cell that is void. The location and orientation of the surface within the cell was not part of the original MAC method.

마커를 포함한 격자 셀은 유체로 채워져있는 것으로 간주되며 마커가 없는 격자 셀은 빈(무효)것입니다. 입자를 포함하고, 적어도 하나의 인접 격자 셀이 무효인 격자의 자유 표면은 존재하는 것으로 정의됩니다. 셀 표면의 위치와 방향은 원래의 MAC 법에 포함되지 않았습니다.

Evolution of surfaces was computed by moving the markers with locally interpolated fluid velocities. Some special treatments were required to define the fluid properties in newly filled grid cells and to cancel values in cells that are emptied.

표면의 발전(개선)은 국소적으로 보간된 유체 속도로 마커를 이동하여 계산되었습니다. 새롭게 충전된 격자 셀의 유체 특성을 정의하거나 비어있는 셀의 값을 취소하거나 하려면 특별한 처리가 필요했습니다.

The application of free-surface boundary conditions consisted of assigning the gas pressure to all surface cells. Also, velocity components were assigned to all locations on or immediately outside the surface in such a way as to approximate conditions of incompressibility and zero-surface shear stress.

자유 표면 경계 조건의 적용은 모든 표면 셀에 가스 압력을 할당하는 것으로 구성되었습니다. 또한 속도 성분은 비압축성 및 제로 표면 전단 응력의 조건을 근사화하는 방식으로 표면 위 또는 외부의 모든 위치에 할당되었습니다.

The extraordinary success of the MAC method in solving a wide range of complicated free-surface flow problems is well documented in numerous publications. One reason for this success is that the markers do not track surfaces directly, but instead track fluid volumes. Surfaces are simply the boundaries of the volumes, and in this sense surfaces may appear, merge or disappear as volumes break apart or coalesce.

폭넓게 복잡한 자유 표면 흐름 문제 해결에 MAC 법이 놀라운 성공을 거두고 있는 것은 수많은 문헌에서 충분히 입증되고 있습니다. 이 성공 이유 중 하나는 마커가 표면을 직접 추적하는 것이 아니라 유체의 체적을 추적하는 것입니다. 표면은 체적의 경계에 불과하며, 그러한 의미에서 표면은 분할 또는 합체된 부피로 출현(appear), 병합, 소멸 할 가능성이 있습니다.

A variety of improvements have contributed to an increase in the accuracy and applicability of the original MAC method. For example, applying gas pressures at interpolated surface locations within cells improves the accuracy in problems driven by hydrostatic forces, while the inclusion of surface tension forces extends the method to a wider class of problems (see Refs. 1969, 1975).

다양한 개선으로 인해 원래 MAC 방법의 정확성과 적용 가능성이 증가했습니다. 예를 들어, 셀 내 보간 된 표면 위치에 가스 압력을 적용하면 정 수력으로 인한 문제의 정확도가 향상되는 반면 표면 장력의 포함은 방법을 더 광범위한 문제로 확장합니다 (참조 문헌. 1969, 1975).

In spite of its successes, the MAC method has been used primarily for two-dimensional simulations because it requires considerable memory and CPU time to accommodate the necessary number of marker particles. Typically, an average of about 16 markers in each grid cell is needed to ensure an accurate tracking of surfaces undergoing large deformations.

수많은 성공에도 불구하고 MAC 방법은 필요한 수의 마커 입자를 수용하기 위해 상당한 메모리와 CPU 시간이 필요하기 때문에 주로 2 차원 시뮬레이션에 사용되었습니다. 일반적으로 큰 변형을 겪는 표면의 정확한 추적을 보장하려면 각 그리드 셀에 평균 약 16 개의 마커가 필요합니다.

Another limitation of marker particles is that they don’t do a very good job of following flow processes in regions involving converging/diverging flows. Markers are usually interpreted as tracking the centroids of small fluid elements. However, when those fluid elements get pulled into long convoluted strands, the markers may no longer be good indicators of the fluid configuration. This can be seen, for example, at flow stagnation points where markers pile up in one direction, but are drawn apart in a perpendicular direction. If they are pulled apart enough (i.e., further than one grid cell width) unphysical voids may develop in the flow.

마커 입자의 또 다른 한계는 수렴 / 발산 흐름이 포함된 영역에서 흐름 프로세스를 따라가는 작업을 잘 수행하지 못한다는 것입니다. 마커는 일반적으로 작은 유체 요소의 중심을 추적하는 것으로 해석됩니다. 그러나 이러한 유체 요소가 길고 복잡한 가닥으로 당겨지면 마커가 더 이상 유체 구성의 좋은 지표가 될 수 없습니다. 예를 들어 마커가 한 방향으로 쌓여 있지만 수직 방향으로 떨어져 있는 흐름 정체 지점에서 볼 수 있습니다. 충분히 분리되면 (즉, 하나의 그리드 셀 너비 이상) 비 물리적 공극이 흐름에서 발생할 수 있습니다.

Surface Marker Method

One way to limit the memory and CPU time consumption of markers is to keep marker particles only on surfaces and not in the interior of fluid regions. Of course, this removes the volume tracking property of the MAC method and requires additional logic to determine when and how surfaces break apart or coalesce.

표면 마커 법

마커의 메모리 및 CPU 시간의 소비를 제한하는 방법 중 하나는 마커 입자를 유체 영역의 내부가 아니라 표면에만 보존하는 것입니다. 물론 이는 MAC 법의 체적 추적 특성이 배제되기 때문에 표면이 분할 또는 합체하는 방식과 시기를 특정하기위한 논리를 추가해야합니다.

In two dimensions the marker particles on a surface can be arranged in a linear order along the surface. This arrangement introduces several advantages, such as being able to maintain a uniform particle spacing and simplifying the computation of intersections between different surfaces. Surface markers also provide a convenient way to locate the surface within a grid cell for the application of boundary conditions.

2 차원의 경우 표면 마커 입자는 표면을 따라 선형으로 배치 할 수 있습니다. 이 배열은 입자의 간격을 균일하게 유지할 수있는 별도의 표면이 교차하는 부분의 계산이 쉽다는 등 몇 가지 장점이 있습니다. 또한 표면 마커를 사용하여 경계 조건을 적용하면 격자 셀의 표면을 간단한 방법으로 찾을 수 있습니다.

Unfortunately, in three-dimensions there is no simple way to order particles on surfaces, and this leads to a major failing of the surface marker technique. Regions may exist where surfaces are expanding and no markers fill the space. Without markers the configuration of the surface is unknown, consequently there is no way to add markers. Reference 1975 contains examples that show the advantages and limitations of this method.

불행히도 3 차원에서는 표면에 입자를 정렬하는 간단한 방법이 없으며 이로 인해 표면 마커 기술이 크게 실패합니다. 표면이 확장되고 마커가 공간을 채우지 않는 영역이 존재할 수 있습니다. 마커가 없으면 표면의 구성을 알 수 없으므로 마커를 추가 할 방법이 없습니다.
참고 문헌 1975이 방법의 장점과 한계를 보여주는 예제가 포함되어 있습니다.

Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) Method

The last method to be discussed is based on the concept of a fluid volume fraction. The idea for this approach originated as a way to have the powerful volume-tracking feature of the MAC method without its large memory and CPU costs.

VOF (Volume-of-Fluid) 법

마지막으로 설명하는 방법은 유체 부피 분율의 개념을 기반으로합니다. 이 접근 방식에 대한 아이디어는 대용량 메모리 및 CPU 비용없이 MAC 방식의 강력한 볼륨 추적 기능을 갖는 방법에서 시작되었습니다.

Within each grid cell (control volume) it is customary to retain only one value for each flow quantity (e.g., pressure, velocity, temperature, etc.) For this reason it makes little sense to retain more information for locating a free surface. Following this reasoning, the use of a single quantity, the fluid volume fraction in each grid cell, is consistent with the resolution of the other flow quantities.

각 격자 셀 (제어 체적) 내에서 각 유량 (예 : 압력, 속도, 온도 등)에 대해 하나의 값만 유지하는 것이 일반적입니다. 이러한 이유로 자유 표면을 찾기 위해 더 많은 정보를 유지하는 것은 거의 의미가 없습니다. 이러한 추론에 따라 각 격자 셀의 유체 부피 분율인 단일 수량의 사용은 다른 유량의 해상도와 일치합니다.

If we know the amount of fluid in each cell it is possible to locate surfaces, as well as determine surface slopes and surface curvatures. Surfaces are easy to locate because they lie in cells partially filled with fluid or between cells full of fluid and cells that have no fluid.

각 셀 내의 유체의 양을 알고 있는 경우, 표면의 위치 뿐만 아니라 표면 경사와 표면 곡률을 결정하는 것이 가능합니다. 표면은 유체 가 부분 충전 된 셀 또는 유체가 전체에 충전 된 셀과 유체가 전혀없는 셀 사이에 존재하기 때문에 쉽게 찾을 수 있습니다.

Slopes and curvatures are computed by using the fluid volume fractions in neighboring cells. It is essential to remember that the volume fraction should be a step function, i.e., having a value of either one or zero. Knowing this, the volume fractions in neighboring cells can then be used to locate the position of fluid (and its slope and curvature) within a particular cell.

경사와 곡률은 인접 셀의 유체 체적 점유율을 사용하여 계산됩니다. 체적 점유율은 계단 함수(step function)이어야 합니다, 즉, 값이 1 또는 0 인 것을 기억하는 것이 중요합니다. 이 것을 안다면, 인접 셀의 부피 점유율을 사용하여 특정 셀 내의 유체의 위치 (및 그 경사와 곡률)을 찾을 수 있습니다.

Free-surface boundary conditions must be applied as in the MAC method, i.e., assigning the proper gas pressure (plus equivalent surface tension pressure) as well as determining what velocity components outside the surface should be used to satisfy a zero shear-stress condition at the surface. In practice, it is sometimes simpler to assign velocity gradients instead of velocity components at surfaces.

자유 표면 경계 조건을 MAC 법과 동일하게 적용해야 합니다. 즉, 적절한 기체 압력 (및 대응하는 표면 장력)을 할당하고, 또한 표면에서 제로 전단 응력을 충족 시키려면 표면 외부의 어떤 속도 성분을 사용할 필요가 있는지를 확인합니다. 사실, 표면에서의 속도 성분 대신 속도 구배를 지정하는 것이보다 쉬울 수 있습니다.

Finally, to compute the time evolution of surfaces, a technique is needed to move volume fractions through a grid in such a way that the step-function nature of the distribution is retained. The basic kinematic equation for fluid fractions is similar to that for the height-function method, where F is the fraction of fluid function:

마지막으로, 표면의 시간 변화를 계산하려면 분포의 계단 함수의 성질이 유지되는 방법으로 격자를 통과하고 부피 점유율을 이동하는 방법이 필요합니다. 유체 점유율의 기본적인 운동학방정식은 높이 함수(height-function) 법과 유사합니다. F는 유체 점유율 함수입니다.

A straightforward numerical approximation cannot be used to model this equation because numerical diffusion and dispersion errors destroy the sharp, step-function nature of the F distribution.

이 방정식을 모델링 할 때 간단한 수치 근사는 사용할 수 없습니다. 수치의 확산과 분산 오류는 F 분포의 명확한 계단 함수(step-function)의 성질이 손상되기 때문입니다.

It is easy to accurately model the solution to this equation in one dimension such that the F distribution retains its zero or one values. Imagine fluid is filling a column of cells from bottom to top. At some instant the fluid interface is in the middle region of a cell whose neighbor below is filled and whose neighbor above is empty. The fluid orientation in the neighboring cells means the interface must be located above the bottom of the cell by an amount equal to the fluid fraction in the cell. Then the computation of how much fluid to move into the empty cell above can be modified to first allow the empty region of the surface-containing cell to fill before transmitting fluid on to the next cell.

F 분포가 0 또는 1의 값을 유지하는 같은 1 차원에서이 방정식의 해를 정확하게 모델링하는 것은 간단합니다. 1 열의 셀에 위에서 아래까지 유체가 충전되는 경우를 상상해보십시오. 어느 순간에 액체 계면은 셀의 중간 영역에 있고, 그 아래쪽의 인접 셀은 충전되어 있고, 상단 인접 셀은 비어 있습니다. 인접 셀 내의 유체의 방향은 계면과 셀의 하단과의 거리가 셀 내의 유체 점유율과 같아야 한다는 것을 의미합니다. 그 다음 먼저 표면을 포함하는 셀의 빈 공간을 충전 한 후 다음 셀로 유체를 보내도록 위쪽의 빈 셀에 이동하는 유체의 양의 계산을 변경할 수 있습니다.

In two or three dimensions a similar procedure of using information from neighboring cells can be used, but it is not possible to be as accurate as in the one-dimensional case. The problem with more than one dimension is that an exact determination of the shape and location of the surface cannot be made. Nevertheless, this technique can be made to work well as evidenced by the large number of successful applications that have been completed using the VOF method. References 1975, 1980, and 1981 should be consulted for the original work on this technique.

2 차원과 3 차원에서 인접 셀의 정보를 사용하는 유사한 절차를 사용할 수 있지만, 1 차원의 경우만큼 정확하게 하는 것은 불가능합니다. 2 차원 이상의 경우의 문제는 표면의 모양과 위치를 정확히 알 수없는 것입니다. 그래도 VOF 법을 사용하여 달성 된 다수의 성공 사례에서 알 수 있듯이 이 방법을 잘 작동시킬 수 있습니다. 이 기법에 관한 초기의 연구 내용은 참고 문헌 1975,1980,1981를 참조하십시오.

The VOF method has lived up to its goal of providing a method that is as powerful as the MAC method without the overhead of that method. Its use of volume tracking as opposed to surface-tracking function means that it is robust enough to handle the breakup and coalescence of fluid masses. Further, because it uses a continuous function it does not suffer from the lack of divisibility that discrete particles exhibit.

VOF 법은 MAC 법만큼 강력한 기술을 오버 헤드없이 제공한다는 목표를 달성 해 왔습니다. 표면 추적이 아닌 부피 추적 기능을 사용하는 것은 유체 질량의 분할과 합체를 처리하는 데 충분한 내구성을 가지고 있다는 것을 의미합니다. 또한 연속 함수를 사용하기 때문에 이산된 입자에서 발생하는 숫자를 나눌 수 없는 문제를 겪지 않게 됩니다.

Variable-Density Approximation to the VOF Method

One feature of the VOF method that requires special treatment is the application of boundary conditions. As a surface moves through a grid, the cells containing fluid continually change, which means that the solution region is also changing. At the free boundaries of this changing region the proper free surface stress conditions must also be applied.

VOF 법의 가변 밀도 근사

VOF 법의 특수 처리가 필요한 기능 중 하나는 경계 조건의 적용입니다. 표면이 격자를 통과하여 이동할 때 유체를 포함하는 셀은 끊임없이 변화합니다. 즉, 계산 영역도 변화하고 있다는 것입니다. 이 변화하고있는 영역의 자유 경계에는 적절한 자유 표면 응력 조건도 적용해야합니다.

Updating the flow region and applying boundary conditions is not a trivial task. For this reason some approximations to the VOF method have been used in which flow is computed in both liquid and gas regions. Typically, this is done by treating the flow as a single fluid having a variable density. The F function is used to define the density. An argument is then made that because the flow equations are solved in both liquid and gas regions there is no need to set interfacial boundary conditions.

유체 영역의 업데이트 및 경계 조건의 적용은 중요한 작업입니다. 따라서 액체와 기체의 두 영역에서 흐름이 계산되는 VOF 법에 약간의 근사가 사용되어 왔습니다. 일반적으로 가변 밀도를 가진 단일 유체로 흐름을 처리함으로써 이루어집니다. 밀도를 정의하려면 F 함수를 사용합니다. 그리고, 흐름 방정식은 액체와 기체의 두 영역에서 계산되기 때문에 계면의 경계 조건을 설정할 필요가 없다는 논증이 이루어집니다.

Unfortunately, this approach does not work very well in practice for two reasons. First, the sensitivity of a gas region to pressure changes is generally much greater than that in liquid regions. This makes it difficult to achieve convergence in the coupled pressure-velocity solution. Sometimes very large CPU times are required with this technique.

공교롭게도 이 방법은 두 가지 이유로 인해 실제로는 그다지 잘 작동하지 않습니다. 하나는 압력의 변화에 대한 기체 영역의 감도가 일반적으로 액체 영역보다 훨씬 큰 것입니다. 따라서 압력 – 속도 결합 해법 수렴을 달성하는 것은 어렵습니다. 이 기술은 필요한 CPU 시간이 매우 커질 수 있습니다.

The second, and more significant, reason is associated with the possibility of a tangential velocity discontinuity at interfaces. Because of their different responses to pressure, gas and liquid velocities at an interface are usually quite different. In the Variable-Density model interfaces are moved with an average velocity, but this often leads to unrealistic movement of the interfaces.

두 번째 더 중요한 이유는 계면에서 접선 속도가 불연속이되는 가능성에 관련이 있습니다. 압력에 대한 반응이 다르기 때문에 계면에서 기체와 액체의 속도는 일반적으로 크게 다릅니다. 가변 밀도 모델은 계면은 평균 속도로 동작하지만, 이는 계면의 움직임이 비현실적으로 되는 경우가 많습니다.

Even though the Variable-Density method is sometimes referred to as a VOF method, because is uses a fraction-of-fluid function, this designation is incorrect. For accurately tracking sharp liquid-gas interfaces it is necessary to actually treat the interface as a discontinuity. This means it is necessary to have a technique to define an interface discontinuity, as well as a way to impose the proper boundary conditions at that interface. It is also necessary to use a special numerical method to track interface motions though a grid without destroying its character as a discontinuity.

가변 밀도 방법은 유체 분율 함수를 사용하기 때문에 VOF 방법이라고도하지만 이것은 올바르지 않습니다. 날카로운 액체-가스 인터페이스를 정확하게 추적하려면 인터페이스를 실제로 불연속으로 처리해야합니다. 즉, 인터페이스 불연속성을 정의하는 기술과 해당 인터페이스에서 적절한 경계 조건을 적용하는 방법이 필요합니다. 또한 불연속성으로 특성을 훼손하지 않고 격자를 통해 인터페이스 동작을 추적하기 위해 특수한 수치 방법을 사용해야합니다.

Summary

A brief discussion of the various techniques used to numerically model free surfaces has been given here with some comments about their relative advantages and disadvantages. Readers should not be surprised to learn that there have been numerous variations of these basic techniques proposed over the years. Probably the most successful of the methods is the VOF technique because of its simplicity and robustness. It is this method, with some refinement, that is used in the FLOW-3D program.

여기에서는 자유 표면을 수치적으로 모델링 할 때 사용하는 다양한 방법에 대해 상대적인 장점과 단점에 대한 설명을 포함하여 쉽게 설명하였습니다. 오랜 세월에 걸쳐 이러한 기본적인 방법이 많이 제안되어 온 것을 알고도 독자 여러분은 놀라지 않을 것입니다. 아마도 가장 성과를 거둔 방법은 간결하고 강력한 VOF 법 입니다. 이 방법에 일부 개량을 더한 것이 현재 FLOW-3D 프로그램에서 사용되고 있습니다.

Attempts to improve the VOF method have centered on better, more accurate, ways to move fluid fractions through a grid. Other developments have attempted to apply the method in connection with body-fitted grids and to employ more than one fluid fraction function in order to model more than one fluid component. A discussion of these developments is beyond the scope of this introduction.

VOF 법의 개선은 더 나은, 더 정확한 방법으로 유체 점유율을 격자를 통과하여 이동하는 것에 중점을 두어 왔습니다. 기타 개발은 물체 적합 격자(body-fitted grids) 관련 기법을 적용하거나 여러 유체 성분을 모델링하기 위해 여러 유체 점유율 함수를 채용하기도 했습니다. 이러한 개발에 대한 논의는 여기에서의 설명 범위를 벗어납니다.

References

1965 Harlow, F.H. and Welch, J.E., Numerical Calculation of Time-Dependent Viscous Incompressible Flow, Phys. Fluids 8, 2182.

1969 Daly, B.J., Numerical Study of the Effect of Surface Tension on Interface Instability, Phys. Fluids 12, 1340.

1970 Hirt, C.W., Cook, J.L. and Butler, T.D., A Lagrangian Method for Calculating the Dynamics of an Incompressible Fluid with Free Surface, J. Comp. Phys. 5, 103.

1971 Nichols, B.D. and Hirt, C.W.,Calculating Three-Dimensional Free Surface Flows in the Vicinity of Submerged and Exposed Structures, J. Comp. Phys. 12, 234.

1974 Hirt, C.W., Amsden, A.A., and Cook, J.L.,An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Computing Method for all Flow Speeds, J. Comp. Phys., 14, 227.

1975 Nichols, B.D. and Hirt, C.W., Methods for Calculating Multidimensional, Transient Free Surface Flows Past Bodies, Proc. of the First International Conf. On Num. Ship Hydrodynamics, Gaithersburg, ML, Oct. 20-23.

1980 Nichols, B.D. and Hirt, C.W., Numerical Simulation of BWR Vent-Clearing Hydrodynamics, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 73, 196.

1981 Hirt, C.W. and Nichols, B.D., Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries, J. Comp. Phys. 39, 201.

Oil & Gas Separators

FLOW-3D는 오일 및 물과 같은 혼합 불가능한 유체를 모델링할 수 있으며, 개방된 환경(주변 공기)에 관련된 구성 요소 간의 고유한 인터페이스를 정확하게 추적할 수 있습니다.

전체 영역에 영향을 미치는 역학 관계로 유체가 자유롭게 혼합될 수 있습니다. 시간이 지남에 따라 유체는 연속 위상과 분산 위상 사이의 표류 관계에 따라 다시 분리됩니다.

중력 분리기의 성능은 CFD 모델링을 통해 향상 될 수 있습니다 :

Develop vessel inlet configurations to improve uniformity of gas and liquid flows and avoid mixing of oil & water due to wave-induced sloshing
Determine the influence of internal equipment on hydraulic efficiency and separation performance
Gauge the effects of changes in operating conditions
Accurately model small-scale phenomena (multi-phase flows, drops, particles, bubbles)

Wave Energy Devices

파동 에너지 장치 모델링
최근 몇 년 동안 파력 에너지와 같은 재생 가능 자원을 사용하여 환경 영향이 적은 에너지를 생산하는 신기술 개발에 대한 국제적인 관심이 기하 급수적으로 증가했습니다. 바다 (해류, 파도 등)에서 전기를 유도하는 파동 에너지 장치는 특히 중요하며 FLOW-3D로 정확하게 모델링 할 수 있습니다.

포인트 흡수 장치
점 흡수 장치는 수면의 파도를 사용하여 에너지를 생성하는 많은 파도 장치 중 하나입니다. 포인트 흡수 에너지 장치는 기본적으로 파도에서 에너지를 흡수하고 바닥에 대한 부력 상단의 움직임을 전력으로 변환하는 부동 구조입니다.

이 시뮬레이션은 부력 구형 구조가 위에 있는 포인트 흡수기 장치를 보여주고, 들어오는 파동의 파고와 수조에 따라 위아래로 움직입니다. FLOW-3D의 이동 객체 모델은 x 또는 y 방향으로 이동을 제한하면서 z 방향으로 커플링 모션을 허용하는 데 사용됩니다. 스톡스 유형의 파장은 진폭 5m, 파장은 100m로 사용되었습니다. RNG 모델은 파동이 포인트 업소버 장치와 상호작용할 때 발생하는 난류를 포착하기 위해 사용되었습니다. 예상대로, 많은 난류 운동 에너지가 장치 근처에서 생성됩니다. 그림은 난류로 인해 장치 근처의 복잡한 속도장이 진화하기 때문에 질량 중심의 불규칙한 순환 운동을 보여줍니다.

Multi-Flap, Bottom-Hinged Wave Energy Converter

Oscillating flap은 바다의 파동으로부터 에너지를 추출하여 기계 에너지로 변환합니다. 암은 Water wave에 반응하여 피벗 조인트에 장착된 진자로 진동합니다. 플랩을 배열로 구성하여 멀티플랩파 에너지 변환기를 만들 수 있습니다. 3개의 플랩 배열이 아래 왼쪽에 표시된 CFD 시뮬레이션에서 시뮬레이션됩니다. 모든 플랩은 하단에 힌지로 연결되며 폭 15m x 높이 10m x 두께 2m입니다. 어레이는 깊이 30m에서 주파수가 10초인 4m 진폭 파형으로 작동 중입니다. 시뮬레이션은 한 플랩이 배열 내의 다른 플랩에 미치는 영향을 연구하는 데 중요한 중심 평면을 따라 복잡한 속도 ISO 표면을 보여줍니다. 3개의 플랩이 유사한 동적 모션으로 시작하는 동안, 곧 플랩의 상호 작용 효과가 모션을 위상 밖으로 렌더링합니다. 우측에는 유사한 플랩 에너지 변환기가 표시되어 있습니다. 이 시뮬레이션에서 플랩은 가장 낮은 지점에서 완전히 물에 잠깁니다. 이러한 에너지 변환기를 표면 천공 플랩 에너지 변환기라고 합니다. 이 두 시뮬레이션 예는 모두 미네르바 다이내믹스에 의해 제공되었습니다.

Oscillating Water Column

진동하는 물 기둥은 부분적으로 잠긴 속이 빈 구조입니다. 그것은 물의 기둥 위에 공기 기둥을 둘러싸고 수선 아래의 바다로 열려 있습니다. 파도는 물 기둥을 상승 및 하강시키고, 차례로 공기 기둥을 압축 및 감압합니다. 이 갇힌 공기는 일반적으로 기류의 방향에 관계없이 회전 할 수있는 터빈을 통해 대기로 흐르게됩니다. 터빈의 회전은 전기를 생성하는 데 사용됩니다.

위의 CFD 시뮬레이션은 진동하는 water columns를 보여줍니다. FLOW-3D로 포착된 물리학을 강조하기 위해 물기둥이 중공 구조에서 상승 및 하강하는 부분만 모델링합니다. 시뮬레이션은 파형 생성의 다른 선택을 제외하고 유사한 결과를 전달합니다. 왼쪽의 시뮬레이션은 웨이브 유형 경계 조건을 사용하고 오른쪽의 시뮬레이션은 움직이는 물체 모델을 사용하여 실험실에서 수행한 것처럼 차례로 웨이브를 생성하는 움직이는 플런저를 생성합니다. 각 시뮬레이션에 대해 속이 빈 구조의 압력 플롯이 표시됩니다. 결국 그 압력에 기초하여 터빈이 회전 운동으로 설정되기 때문에 챔버에서 얼마나 많은 압력이 생성되는지 아는 것이 중요합니다.

Coastal applications using FLOW-3D/연안(해변) FLOW-3D해석사례

배수(Backwaters)이론

Air entrainment(공기 혼입 모델)
Turbulence(난류 모델)
Waves(파동 모델)
Sediment scour and deposition(세굴 모델)

하구 매커니즘(Estuarine mechanisms)

Air entrainment(공기 혼입 모델)
Turbulence(난류 모델)
Density Evaluation(밀도 유동 모델)
Wind

Wave generation

Solitary Wave
Linear Wave
JONSWAP
Pierson-Moskowitz
Stokes Wave

Wave 생성하는 모델은 크게 위의 5가지 모델이 있습니다. 아래는 위의 5가지 모델에 대한 해석 사례를 보여줍니다. 이를 참고하시면 해석에 도움이 됩니다.

부두에서 파도 부하 추정, 물리적 모델링 및 수치테스트, 새로운 Wave에 대한 고유 2차원 비선형 접근방식 등의 FLOW-3D결과는 실제 실험 데이터와 잘 일치함을 보여줍니다.

Eillott, T., and Fullarton, M., “Cyclone wave loads on wharf structure using the new wave approach”, FLOW-3D Americas User conference, 2014

세굴 모델(Sediment scour and deposition)

Critical Shields number definition(임계 Shields 수) : 0.05
Bed Load Transport Rate equation : Meyer-Peter & Muller equation
Richardson-Zaki coefficient multipller : 1
다음과 같이 Wave와 세굴(Sediment)를 같이 고려해서 해석하는 것을 추천합니다.
– 퇴적물 탱크의 파동(Solitary wave)
– 무연탄 및 모래
– 움직이는 물체 모델을 사용하여 생성된 파도

해석 결과

Validation of a 3D Dam Breaking Problem

3D 댐 붕괴 문제 검증

이 기사는영국에서 Peter Arnold, Minerva Dynamics, The Guildhall, High Street Bath에 의해 기고되었다.

자유 표면 흐름 시뮬레이션을 위한 FLOW-3D 성능을 평가하기 위해, 장애물 구성이 포함된 3D댐을 검증 사례 중 하나로 선정했습니다. 이 문제는 문서화되어 있으며 ERCOFTAC데이터베이스에서 다운로드할 수 있도록 생성된 모든 실험 데이터를 사용하여 쉽게 설정할 수 있습니다[1]. 장애물은 선박 갑판의 녹색 물에 노출된 컨테이너를 대표하는 것으로 선택됩니다. 실험은 0.55 m의 물을 고정하는 슬라이딩 도어를 가진 대형 탱크 그림 1로 구성됩니다. 도어는 중량 감소에 의해 수직으로 위쪽으로 열리고 물이 방출되어 장애물을 침해한 후 탱크 벽으로부터 3회 반사됩니다. 자유 표면 고도는 탱크 중심선을 따라 4개 위치에서 측정되며 8개의 압력 센서가 장애물의 선행 수직 및 수평 표면에 내장되어 있습니다(그림2). FLOW-3D를 사용한 CFD시뮬레이션은 연속적으로 미세한 메쉬를 사용하여 6초간 실시간으로 수행되었으며 다른 주문 번호 체계와 난류 모델을 사용했습니다.

Figure 1. Snapshot of SPH simulation and experiment at 0.56 secs

시뮬레이션 방법론

시뮬레이션은 3.22mx1mx1.5m 크기의 도메인에 대해 설정되었습니다. 즉, 탱크 지붕에 대한 수직 분사를 허용하기 위해 z방향에서 0.5m 더 큰 도메인이 설정되었습니다. 기본 메쉬는 x-방향의 간격 161개, y-방향 50개, z-방향의 경우 75개가 균일하게 수용되는 육각 셀을 가지고 있었습니다. 장애물 및 센서 위치를 방해하므로 총 약 603,750개의 셀이 사용됩니다. 장애물은 그 영역에 들어갔고 모든 벽은 미끄러짐이 없는 것으로 간주되었습니다. 물의 초기 위치와 점도를 규정한 후, 층류 시간에 의존하는 시뮬레이션을 실시간으로 총 6초 동안 점진적으로 미세화하였습니다. 기본 60cm 셀 메시에서 시작하는 메쉬. 단순히 각 방향의 셀의 수를 2개의 큐브 루트에 의해 증가시킴으로써 각 점진적 메쉬에 대해 총 셀 카운트를 2배 증가시키는 것이었습니다. 이렇게 총 네개의 메쉬가 생겼습니다. 그런 다음 네개의 위치에서 자유 표면 고도의 시간 이력과 여덟개의 압력 센서로부터의 압력을 실험 데이터에 대해 도표로 작성했습니다. CPU와 시뮬레이션의 경과 시간또한 기록되었습니다.

Figure 2. Locations of water height and pressure measurements

기본 메쉬만 사용하여, 추진력 유도에 사용된 수치 구별 계획의 효과를 조사하였습니다. 디폴트가 1st order, 2nd order monotonicity preserving 그리고 3rd order schem이 모두 사용되었으며 결과를 비교했습니다. 또한 single 과 double precision의 효과를 비교하였습니다.

난류 변동은 주로 직접 시뮬레이션을 통해 모델링되었지만 FLOW-3D에서 사용할 수있는 두 가지 난류 모델, 즉 RNG (Renormalization Group) 모델과 LES (Large Eddy Simulations) 모델의 결과도 비교했습니다. 모든 모델은 가장 거칠고 기본 메쉬에서만 실행되었습니다. 메쉬 해상도에 대한 과도한 요구로 인해 탱크 벽에서 가장 가까운 노드의 거리에 대한 일반적인 난기류 모델 관련 제약 조건을 충족시키지 못했습니다.

또한 흐름이 크게 혼란스럽고 장애물이 날카로울 때 흐름 분리 효과의 예측은 점진적인 구분에 의해서가 아닌 기하학적 변화에 의해서 주도될 것입니다. 질서 정연한 경계 층의 변형 따라서, 우리는 경계 층의 분해능이 주 흐름 특성을 예측하는 관점에서 도메인 내부의 흐름을 해결하는 것보다 덜 관련된다고 가정했습니다.

자유 표면 결과

그림 3과 4는 장애물의 상류 위치 H2와 하류 위치 H1에서 시간에 대해 플롯 된 실험 및 계산 된 자유 표면 고도를 보여줍니다. 크기와 타이밍에 약간의 차이가 있지만 주요 기능이 잘 표현되어 있는지 확인하는 것이 좋습니다. 그러나 실험 데이터에는 오류 막대가 제공되지 않으며 혼란스럽고 분리 된 유동장에서 프로브를 사용하여 자유 표면 고도를 측정하는 것은 자유 표면 고도가 문제가 될 수 있다고 말해야합니다. 단일 한 시간 함수가 될 수 없습니다. 이것은 아마도 약 1 초의 초기 가파른 상승 단계에서 H1 높이의 불일치를 설명합니다. 나머지 H1 레코드는 실험과 잘 일치합니다. H2 플롯은 특히 초기 물 상승 단계에서 더 나은 일치를 보여주고 궁극적으로 물의 최대 높이를 잘 예측합니다.

모든 그림에는 실험 뒤에 있는 시뮬레이션의 시간 지연 특징이 있습니다. 차이의 원인은 불분명하지만 시뮬레이션을 통해 점진적으로 도입되는 것으로 보입니다.

압력 센서 결과

그림 5는 시간에 대해 플롯 된 바닥에서 가장 가까운 전면 압력 센서 P1을 보여 주며, 일반적으로 실험과 시뮬레이션 간의 양호한 일치를 나타냅니다. 이 센서는 압력 피크의 도달 거리와 크기를 가장 정확하게 추정합니다. 장애물과 왼쪽 벽에서 물이 튀어 나오면서 신호가 안정되면서 약 2초간 도달할 때까지 압력 신호에 상당한 변동이 있습니다. 그리고 시뮬레이션 값은 실험 값과 잘 일치합니다.

그림 6은 상부 수평 얼굴 압력 센서 P7을 보여 줍니다. 1초에서 2초 사이에 압력 변동이 크므로 시뮬레이션과 실험 데이터가 안정되고 합의가 개선됩니다.

메쉬 수리, 수치 구성 순서 및 난류 모델

메쉬 정밀도의 효과 측면에서 볼 때, 수치 솔루션이 고유한 솔루션으로 수렴되고 있다는 증거는 거의 없는 것으로 보입니다. 난류 모델을 사용하는 대신 직접 시뮬레이션을 통해 유동장의 난류를 모델링 하려고 시도해 왔기 때문에 이는 놀라운 일이 아닐 수 있습니다. 이 접근 방식을 사용하면 메쉬가 미세하게 정제되고 초기 조건에서 섭동에 더 민감해 지기 때문에 흐름 필드에서 보다 상세한 정보를 파악할 수 있을 것으로 예상됩니다. 또한 약간 다른 초기 조건을 가진 많은 시뮬레이션의 평균이 메시 정교함으로 평균화된 솔루션으로 수렴될 것으로 예상합니다. 그러나, 실험에 대한 합의의 수준에 있어서는 35배나 더 오래 걸리는 가장 적은 비용과 가장 비싼 해결책 사이에는 차이가 거의 없습니다. 공학적 관점에서 볼 때, 가장 불리한 메쉬 솔루션은 기본 값이 충분히 정확하고 경과된 시뮬레이션이 단지 15분 이상인 것을 고려할 때 매우 좋은 가치를 나타냅니다.

가속도계 숫자 체계 순서의 효과와 단일 또는 이중 정밀도 산술 실행의 효과는 다음과 같이 요약됩니다. 2차 주문과 3차 주문 계획은 매우 유사한 결과를 보여 주는데, 두가지 모두 실험 곡선을 따르는 것이 더 다양한 1차 주문 계획보다 더 가깝습니다. 또한 상위 순서 방식은 보다 정교한 메쉬의 첫번째 순서 방식보다 코어저 기본 메쉬의 실험 곡선을 따르는 것으로 보입니다. 이중 정밀도 곡선은 단일 정밀도 1차 주문 곡선에서 약간 벗어납니다. 높은 순서도와 이중 정밀도 산술을 사용하는 데 드는 상대적으로 적은 비용을 감안할 때 안정성이 훼손되지 않는다면 향후 계산에서 그렇게 하는 것이 합리적일 것입니다.

난류 변동을 모델링 하는 데 사용되는 방법에 대해서는 각 모델의 실험 시간 이력을 보다 정확하게 예측할 수 있는 능력 면에서 확실한 승자가 없습니다. LES모델의 CPU시간을 더 전통적인 RNG제제와 비교할 때 거의 두 배만큼 층류 모델로써 경제적입니다.

결론

FLOW-3D는 매우 까다로운 자유 표면 유동 문제를 시뮬레이션하는 데 사용되었으며 실험 데이터와 정 성적, 양적 계약을 맺었습니다. 주요 불일치는 종종 고유하지 않은 매개 변수의 자유 표면 높이를 측정하는 데 문제가 있기 때문에 쉽게 발생할 수 있습니다. 흐름이 충돌하는 장애물 표면의 압력 예측은 일반적으로 실험 측정과 잘 일치하며, 주 편차는 실험 측정에서 상당한 양의 변동이있는 곳에서 다시 나타납니다. 실험 측정의 반복성은 문헌에서 논의되지 않았지만 적어도 CFD 시뮬레이션의 차이만큼 클 수있다. 또한 4 개의 프로세서를 통한 공유 메모리 구성에서 약 15 분 내에 난류 모델없이 1 차 차분을 사용하여 비교적 거친 메시에서 솔루션을 적절하게 얻을 수 있음을 확인했습니다. 난류 모델이 필요하지 않다는 것은 결과 흐름을 지배하는 난류 구조가이 수준의 메쉬 미세 조정에서 해석 될 수 있음을 시사합니다.

Download a full-length validation study of this work: FLOW-3D Dam Breaking Validation

References

SPH European Research Interest Community SIG, R. Issa and D. Violeau, Test-Case 2 3D dam breaking, http://wimanchester.ac.uk/spheric/index.php/Test2
M.T Kleefsman, Fekken, A.E P Veldman, B. Iwanowski, and B. Buchner, A volume of fluid based simulation method for wave impact problems,J Comp Phs, 206: 363-393, 2005.

Wave Forces on Coastal Bridges

Wave Forces on Coastal Bridges

This article was contributed by Jun Jin, Assistant Professor in the Maritime Systems Engineering Department at Texas A&M University at Galveston.

최근 몇 년 동안 허리케인은 멕시코만 연안의 4개 주에서 여러 해안 고속도로 교량에 구조적 피해를 입혔습니다. 허리케인 피해를 방지하기 위해 연안 교량에 가해지는 파도 하중의 크기는 합리적인 정확성을 가지고 결정되어야 합니다. 일반적으로 구조에 대한 파도 하중의 계산은 구조 상호작용의 여러 특성으로 인해 복잡해집니다. 이 본문은 이러한 복잡한 문제들 중 해결할 수 있는 몇 가지를 보여줍니다.

Validation of Stokes Nonlinear Wave Solution in FLOW-3D

FLOW-3D는 해안 교량의 파도 하중을 계산하고 구조물 고도 및 녹색갑판 위의 물 하중에 대한 영향을 조사하기 위해 사용되었습니다. FLOW-3D에서 StokesWave의 정확도를 평가하기 위해 계산 도메인의 세개 지점을 선택했습니다(그림 1). 시뮬레이션을 하는 동안, 각 입자 소스는 초당 10개의 입자를 방출했습니다. 입자 궤적은 그림 1에 표시되어 있습니다. 한 지점의 입자 속도를 이론적 결과와 비교했습니다(그림 2a 및 2b). FLOW-3D에 의해 계산된 입자의 역학은 Stokes비선형 파동이론과 잘 일치한다고 결론내렸습니다.

Figure 1. Particle trajectories and pressure variation during a wave simulation

Figure 2a. Comparison of computed particle velocities of a point with theoretical results

Figure 2b. Comparison of computed particle velocities of a point with theoretical results

Wave Loads vs. Superstructure Elevations

다리 갑판을 다른 높이로 설정하고 2m파형 높이와 6초 주기의 파형으로 시뮬레이션을 수행했습니다. 그림 3은 파형력이 최대치에 있을 때의 파동 단면과 압력 등고선을 보여 줍니다.

Figure 3. Wave profile and pressure contours at different moments (Pressure unit: Pa).

Flow Field under Bridge Deck

시뮬레이션은 다른 파도 높이로 실행되었습니다. 그림 4에서 볼 수 있듯이 교량 바닥판 밑의 유동장은 복잡합니다. 대들보와 상부 구조물에 의해 형성된 개방된 공간내에서, 물의 흐름은 경계를 따라 원형패턴으로 있었습니다. 또한 유동의 복잡성은 웨이브 높이가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다.

Observations

시뮬레이션 결과에서 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있습니다.

상부 구조물의 높이가 증가함에 따라 교량 상부 구조물의 수직 방향 파동력이 감소하는 반면, 수평 방향 파형력은 교량의 상부 구조물의 상부 표면이 웨이브 높이의 아래에 있을 때 큰 영향을 미치지 않습니다.
교량 상층부의 물 하중은 파고와 함께 증가합니다. 파손이 거의 발생하는 경우 최대 물 하중이 최대 수직 파력의 50 %를 초과했습니다. 그러나 그린 워터 하중과 상향 파력 사이의 위상차로 인해 수직 파력의 최대 값은 물의 부하에 의해 현저히 감소하지는 않았습니다.
교량 상부 구조물 주위의 유동장은 평행한 대들보에 의해 차단됩니다. 그러므로 웨이브 힘에 대한 순전히 기반한 방법은 웨이브 힘을 계산하는데 사용할 수 없습니다.

Figure 4. Vectors of water particle velocity at the moment of maximum wave force (Velocity unit: m/s)

Learn more about the power and versatility of modeling coastal and maritime applications with FLOW-3D>

Landslide-Induced Wave Hazard

Landslide-Induced Wave Hazard

Figure 1. The outskirts of Chungtangh village

인도 Sikkim에 위치한 The Teesta III Hydropower Project는 가파르고 좁은 히말라야 계곡에 위치한 60m의 Concrete Face Rockfill Dam (CFRD)이 포함되어 있습니다. 이 계곡은 지진 활동이 활발하며 가파른 경사면은 산사태를 발생시킬 수 있습니다. 댐 상류 저수지의 산사태로 CFRD를 범람할 수 있다는 우려가 있었습니다. 몇 초 이상 과도하게 지속되면 오버플로우로 인해 CFRD가 잘못될 수 있습니다. 비록 댐이 무너지지 않았지만, 여전히 Chungtangh에 있는 상류쪽 작은 마을은 홍수가 날 것이라는 우려가 있었습니다.

Teesta강 계곡의 가장 가파른 경사면은 댐의 바로 상류에 위치해 있는데, 댐의 산사태가 가장 일어날 가능성이 높은 지역입니다. 이 분석의 목적은 저수지에 대한 산사태를 시뮬레이션하고 그 결과로 발생하는 파도가 댐에 넘치는지 여부를 결정하는 것이었습니다.

Moving Objects Model Used to Simulate Landslide

Tecsult는 저수지의 침전물과 퇴적물을 모델링하는데 성공적이었기 때문에 FLOW-3D를 선택하여 이를 시뮬레이션하였습니다. 저수지의 시뮬레이션은 시작점으로 사용되었습니다. FLOW-3D의 Moving Objects모델은 산사태를 시뮬레이션하는데 사용되었으며 VOF모델은 웨이브 생성을 시뮬레이션하는 데 사용되었습니다.

저수지의 산사태를 추정하기 위해서는 여러가지 방법이 고려되었습니다. 경험적 방법은 흔히 산사태가 발생한 파도를 평가하는데 사용되지만, 이러한 방법은 여러가지 면에서 부족합니다. 이러한 방법은 근접 필드 또는 스플래시 영역에 대한 정보를 제공하지 않습니다. 댐은 슬라이드 면과 매우 가깝기 때문에 스플래시 영역을 아는 것이 중요했습니다. CFRD는 몇 초 이상 overflow를 견딜 수 없었습니다. FLOW-3D는 미끄러운 지형 질량과 물 사이의 완전 결합된 상호 작용을 계산하여 시나리오를 3 차원에서 시뮬레이션하는 방법을 제공합니다.

이 문제를 시뮬레이션하기 위해 간단하고 작은 크기의 자유 낙하 블록으로 구성된 실험과 비교하였습니다. 이 경우는 아래 동영상에 나와 있습니다. 그 결과로 생긴 파도 높이는 그 실험과 잘 맞았습니다.

이 모델의 STL파일은 FLOW-3D로 직접 가져옵니다. 예상 산사태 지역의 크기는 지질 정보와 주변 산사태 관측치를 바탕으로 결정되었습니다. 30,000m³, 100m높이의 산사태가 310만 셀의 메쉬로 시뮬레이션 되었습니다. 높이가 1m인 측면 3m의 균일한 셀을 사용했습니다. 최대 슬라이딩 속도는 진입 지점에서 23m/s에 도달했습니다. 파도는 높이 8m, 속도 10m/s로 댐에 도달하여 몇 초 동안 범람했습니다. 그 결과로 상류 마을에서는 홍수가 나타나지 않았습니다.

Figure 3. Prediction of wave height in the splash zone and near field in a small reservoir, with refraction.

Figure 4. Wave heights plotted against each other

Figure 5. Downstream view of TEEST III dam and water intake CATIA model

Conclusions

이 작업의 주된 관심사는 댐의 범람으로 인해 댐과 Chungtangh 마을이 파괴될 수 있었다는 것입니다. 그러나 시뮬레이션에 따르면 댐은 잠시 동안만 범람했고 파도는 마을에 닿지 않았습니다. Chungtangh마을은 강 위에 충분히 높기 때문에, 그것을 범람시키기 위해서는 상당한 파도의 높이가 필요할 것입니다.

Aerial Landslide Generated Wave Simulations

Aerial Landslide Generated Wave Simulations

Aerial Landslide Generated Wave(ALGW)는 수역에 영향을 미치는 빠른 슬라이드의 결과이다. 이것은 암석에 의해 생성된 작은 파도 이거나, 3000만 입방 미터의 암석으로 인한 500m를 초과하는 파도 일 수도 있다.
공학적 관점에서 보면 ALGW는 근접한 해안을 따라 인간이 거주하는 인구/자산이 있는 수역에서 발생할 때 큰 관심을 가진다. 여기서 파동이 발생하면 해안선이 파손되고 홍수가 날수 있으며, 댐붕괴로 인한 사망까지 일으킬 수 있다(Müller-Salzburg, 1987). 결과적으로, ALGW에 의해 야기되는 최대 파도 상승을 예측하는 것은 경제적, 환경적, 안전상의 이유로 매우 중요합니다.
안타깝게도 분석적인 솔루션이 없는 매우 복잡한 문제로, 유체 역학적인 측면에서뿐만 아니라 지질학적인 관점(즉, 크기/기하학적인 슬라이드의 밀도 프로파일)에서도 마찬가지입니다. 이와 같이, 대부분의 현장 별 ALGW 최대 파형 예측은 확장된 물리적 모델을 사용하여 평가되었다. 일부는 전산유체역학(CFD) 소프트웨어를 기반으로 할 수도 있지만 비용이 많이 들며, 특히 풀 스케일 3차원 문제의 경우 정확성에 대한 논쟁의 대상이 되고 있습니다.
그러나 컴퓨터 하드웨어와 CFD소프트웨어가 계속 발전함에 따라 이제 CFD를 사용하여 ALGW를 실제로 시뮬레이션할 수 있게 되었습니다. 이와 같이 본 연구는 고 충실도의 물리적 모델 데이터를 FLOW-3D와 비교하여 ALGW를 CFD시뮬레이션을 검증하기 위한 지속적인 노력으로 진척시키는 것을 목표로 한다.
다음 절에서는 실제 및 수치 모델 설정에 대한 개요를 제공한다. 뿐만 아니라, 생성된 데이터와 간단한 비교를 제공한다.

Experimental Setup
물리적 실험은 Northwest Hydraulic Consultants 노스 밴쿠버, 캐나다 실험실에서 만들어졌고 실험을 거쳤다. 그것은 30° 경사의 서쪽 벽을 가진 0.5미터 폭의 수로, 45°의 경사진 동쪽 벽, 그리고 두개의 북쪽과 남쪽 측면에 수직 벽, 그리고 1.025m의 수평 단면을 가진 0.610m 너비의 수로로 구성되었다. ALGW를 생성하고 평가하기 위해, 45° 경사 노즈를 가진 0.177×0.305×0.305m의 아크릴 박스를 사용한 6초 시험을 사용했다.
이 슬라이드를 놓았을 때, 슬라이드는 (중력에 의해) 0.607m 심층수에 충돌하기 전에 서쪽 경사면에서 0.768m 아래로 이동했다. 그 후, 물을 통해 또 다른 1.05m를 이동하여 정지 블록을 치기 시작했다. 슬라이드 가속 및 변위뿐만 아니라 파고 높이는 6 초 실험 전체에 대해 100Hz의 주파수에서 기록되었다. 이 데이터를 수집하는 데 사용 된 도구는 다음과 같다.

컴퓨터화된 데이터 수집 시스템
슬라이드의 시간에 따라 이동 한 거리를 측정하는 문자열 가변 저항기
슬라이드 가속도를 측정하는 1 차원 가속도계
물의 주요 본체 내에 배치 된 3 개의 1 차원 커패시턴스 웨이브 – 프로브
웨이브 런업을 캡처하기 위해 동쪽 경사면을 따라 사용되는 저항 사다리꼴 웨이브 프로브
타이밍 스위치 캡처 슬라이드 릴리스 시간 사용
흑백 비디오 카메라

테스트가 반복 가능하고 오작동이 발생하지 않았는지 확인하기 위해 테스트를 5 번 반복하고 각 장비에 대해 평균을 구했다.

Numerical Model Setup
물리적 실험의 전산화 된 3 차원 모델을 제작한 STL 파일을 FLOW-3D로 가져왔다. 일단 FLOW-3D에 들어간 3D 모델은 약 1,370 만개의 0.0075m 크기의 정사각형 셀로 이산화되었고, 벽을 둘러싸고있는 6 개의면 각각에 ‘wall’경계가 사용되었다.
슬라이드를 일반적인 이동 물체로 설정하고, 물리 모델로부터 수집 된 데이터(즉, 가속 및 변위 데이터의 후 처리)에 기초하여 속도가 주어졌다. 동서면 경사면의 표면 거칠기는 0.00025m으로 설정되었다. 모델링 된 유체는 293k의 물이었고, 동적 RNG 난류 모델이 기본 설정과 함께 사용되었다(implicit pressure solve; and, explicit viscous stress, free surface pressure, advection, moving object/fluid coupling solvers).
물리적 모델과 마찬가지로 FLOW-3D는 6 초의 시간을 시뮬레이트하지만 실제 모델과 같이 매 0.01 초가 아닌 0.02 초마다 데이터를 저장하였다(데이터 관리 관점에서 선택하였음).

Result

FLOW-3D 실험의 결과는 그림에 나와 있다. 4개의 웨이브 각각에 대해 실험 시간 동안 파고를 보여준다. 이와 같이, 제시된 파도 높이는 단순히 flume을 통해 전파되는 파도의 구현(즉, 2 차원의 경우에서 볼 수있는 것)이 아니라 오히려 여러 파도의 상호 작용으로 인한 파도 높이를 초래한다.

슬라이드 충격시 발생하는 충격파(1차 신호)
슬라이드 뒤의 충격파 충돌(2차 신호)
북쪽, 동쪽, 서쪽 및 남쪽 벽에서의 웨이브 반사(3차 신호)

또한 길이 방향의 FLOW-3D 데이터(중심선에서)를 실제 모델 비디오 위에 겹쳐서 자유 표면의 FLOW-3D 글로벌 예측을 평가했다. 이것은 아래의 동영상에서 볼 수 있다.
그림과 위의 비디오를 보면 FLOW-3D 데이터가 웨이브 프로브 1, 2 및 3의 경우 물리적 데이터를 매우 잘 일치한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 하지만 웨이브 프로브 4에 대해서는 정확도가 떨어진다.
FLOW-3D 시간 데이터와 관련된 오류는 각 웨이브 프로브에 대한 RMSE (root-mean-square-error)를 취하여 평가된다.

Discussion
이 조사에서 실제 모델의 고 충실도 데이터는 ALGW로 최대 파도 상승에 대한 FLOW-3D 예측과 비교되었다. RNG 모형의 기본 설정을 사용하여 FLOW-3D는 주요 수역 내에서 파고를 정확하게 재현 할 수 있었다. 그러나 최대 파동은 약 43%가 넘었다.
최대 웨이브 런업을 줄이기 위해 몇 가지 대안인 FLOW-3D 물리 설정이 사용되었다. 그러나 43 % 이하로 떨어지는 것은 불가능했다. 이러한 대체 시뮬레이션에 대한 주목할만한 관찰은 다음과 같다.

first-order momentum advection scheme의 0.01m 메쉬는 최대 파동 상승 오차가 96% 인 반면 동일하게 0.0075m 메쉬의 오차는 130%였다. 그러나 second-order로 변경하면 0.01 m 및 0.0075 m 메시의 경우 각각 55% 및 43%의 오차가 발생한다. 또한 메쉬 셀 크기를 0.005m으로 줄이면 80%의 오차가 발생한다.
이 테스트 케이스에서 가장 중요한 매개 변수는 momentum advection scheme이다. 평균적으로 second-order를 사용하면 first-order대비 오차가 약 50% 감소한다.
FLOW-3D의 MP 버전을 사용하여 0.005m의 메쉬 셀 크기를 사용해야 한다. 해석 시 CPU 시간은 33 시간이었다. 비교를 위해 FLOW-3D의 SMP 버전은 0.0075m의 메쉬 셀 크기로 시뮬레이션을 실행하는 데 26시간이 필요했지만 MP 버전은 4.5시간 밖에 걸리지 않았다.

[1] 3.5GHz 8 코어 AMD FX-8320 프로세서에서 약 6초의 시뮬레이션 시간이 대략 26시간 소요되었다.

References
Fritz, H. M., Hager, W. H., & Minor, H.-E. (2004). Near Field Characteristics of Landslide Generated Impulse Waves. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal & Ocean Engineering, 130(6), 287–302. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2004)130:6(287)
Miller, D. J. (1960). Giant Waves in Lituya Bay Alaska (Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 354-C). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
Müller-Salzburg, L. (1987). The Vajont catastrophe— A personal review. Engineering Geology, 24(1–4), 423–444. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(87)90078-0

Wave Forces on Coastal Bridges

Wave Forces on Coastal Bridges

This article was contributed by Jun Jin, Assistant Professor in the Maritime Systems Engineering Department at Texas A&M University at Galveston.

최근 몇 년 동안 허리케인은 멕시코만 연안의 4 개 주에서 여러 해안 고속도로 교량에 구조적 피해를 입혔습니다. 허리케인 피해를 방지하기 위해 연안 교량에 가해지는 파도 하중의 크기는 합리적인 정확성을 가지고 결정되어야 합니다. 일반적으로 구조에 대한 파도 하중의 계산은 구조 상호작용의 여러 특성으로 인해 복잡해집니다. 이 본문은 이러한 복잡한 문제들 중 해결할 수 있는 몇 가지를 보여줍니다.

Validation of Stokes Nonlinear Wave Solution in FLOW-3D

Figure 1. Particle trajectories and pressure variation during a wave simulation

Figure 2a. Comparison of computed particle velocities of a point with theoretical results

Figure 2b. Comparison of computed particle velocities of a point with theoretical results

Wave Loads vs. Superstructure Elevations

Figure 3. Wave profile and pressure contours at different moments (Pressure unit: Pa).

Flow Field under Bridge Deck

Observations

시뮬레이션 결과에서 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있습니다.

상부 구조물의 높이가 증가함에 따라 교량 상부 구조물의 수직 방향 파동력이 감소하는 반면, 수평 방향 파형력은 교량의 상부 구조물의 상부 표면이 웨이브 높이의 아래에 있을 때 큰 영향을 미치지 않습니다.
교량 상층부의 물 하중은 파고와 함께 증가합니다. 파손이 거의 발생하는 경우 최대 물 하중이 최대 수직 파력의 50 %를 초과했습니다. 그러나 그린 워터 하중과 상향 파력 사이의 위상차로 인해 수직 파력의 최대 값은 물의 부하에 의해 현저히 감소하지는 않았습니다.
교량 상부 구조물 주위의 유동장은 평행한 대들보에 의해 차단됩니다. 그러므로 웨이브 힘에 대한 순전히 기반한 방법은 웨이브 힘을 계산하는데 사용할 수 없습니다.

Figure 4. Vectors of water particle velocity at the moment of maximum wave force (Velocity unit: m/s)

Learn more about the power and versatility of modeling coastal and maritime applications with FLOW-3D>

CFD Predicts Air Gap and Wave Impact Loads of Offshore Structures

CFD Predicts Air Gap and Wave Impact Loads of Offshore Structures

This article was contributed by Anup Paul & Chris Matice of Stress Engineering Services¹.

연안 플랫폼 갑판 아래의 간격은 중요한 설계 매개변수이며 극한 설계 조건에서 요구되는 최소 공극 격차에 의해 결정된다. 반잠수재 및 다리구조물과 같은 구조의 경우 최소 공극과 갑판에 대한 충격영향을 예측하는 것은 어렵다.

Dynamic response of a spar with a 12 m wave

파도는 공극 설계에서 설명되어야 하는 플랫폼 다리와 상호작용으로 인해 상당한 비선형적 행동과 파장의 증폭을 보여준다. 극한의 환경에서 음의 공기 격차가 발생하는 경우 갑판 충격하중에 대한 예측이 중요해집니다. 석유 및 가스 생산이 더 깊은 물로 이동함에 따라 부양 장치가 필요하며 갑판 높이는 중량 및 안정성 요구사항에 따라 제한됩니다. 극한의 환경에서 이러한 구조물의 성능을 예측하는 데 있어 자유 표면 및 갑판 충격하중에 대한 구조물의 성능을 정확하게 예측하는 것이 중요합니다.

Computational Fluid Dynamics

CFD(전산 유체 역학)방법은 다양한 산업 분야에 광범위하게 적용되어 유체 흐름과 열 전달 특성을 나타냅니다. CFD는 VOF(Volume of Fluid) 모델과 함께 연안 플랫폼의 공극 차이와 파장 영향 부하를 예측하는데 효과적으로 사용할 수 있습니다. VOF방법은 자유 표면 형상과 비선형 파형 동작을 정확하게 예측하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 부유식 시스템의 경우 CFD를 FEA와 결합하여 파형 충격 시 플랫폼의 동적 및 구조적 반응을 예측할 수 있습니다.

Wave Interaction of a SPAR Platform

Figure 1: Dynamic response of SPAR

그림 1은 10m및 20m파에 대한 SPAR의 동적 응답을 보여 줍니다. 두 파 모두 20초의 주기를 가지며 선형 파형 경계 조건을 사용하여 생성됩니다. SPAR은 질량 중심에 6도의 자유도를 가진 강체로 모형화 됩니다. 그림 2는 질량의 SPAR중심의 수직 변위를 보여 줍니다. 그림 3은 파형 상호 작용으로 인한 SPAR의 수평 방향 힘을 보여 줍니다.

Wave Impact on a Gravity Based Structure (GBS)

그림 4는 중력 기반 구조 (GBS)의 갑판에 대한 파동의 영향을 보여줍니다. 평균 수심은 151.1 미터이고 초기 공극은 21.7 미터입니다. 이 파도는 40 미터의 높이와 17 초의 주기를 가집니다. 그림 5는 상단부분의 웨이브 충격으로 인한 GBS의 수평 및 수직력을 보여줍니다. 힘의 급상승은 그림 4에서와 같이 GBS 전면의 파동과 갑판 상단의 2 차 충격에 대한 초기 충격과 일치합니다.

Figure 2: Vertical displacement of SPAR

Figure 3: Horizontal forces on SPAR

Figure 4: Wave impact on GBS .

Figure 5: Force history of GBS due to wave impact on deck

Anup Paul is an Associate with SES, specializing in fluid dynamic analysis of structures, products and processes

Chris Matice, Ph.D., P.E. is a Principal with SES and heads their Process Technology Group, specializing in fluid dynamic and structural evaluation of plant and equipment.

Learn more about the power and versatility of modeling coastal and maritime applications with FLOW-3D>

Interaction Between Waves and Breakwaters

Interaction Between Waves and Breakwaters

This article is an adapted version of an article published in the journal of the Engineering Association for Offshore and Marine in Italy by Fabio Dentale, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S.D. Russo, and Stefano Mascetti. The first three authors are users at the University of Salerno; Mr. Mascetti is an engineer at XC Engineering, Flow Science’s associate for Italy and France.

방파제의 설계는 복잡한 자연 시스템 (바다와 해안)과 인공 구조물 (방파제)의 상호 작용에 대한 완전한 이해가 필요합니다. 일반적으로 설계 작업은 광범위한 물리적 모델링을 수반하므로 비용이 많이 들고 시간이 오래 걸릴 수 있습니다. 최근까지 방파제의 복잡한 측면은 상세한 수치 시뮬레이션에 너무 어려웠습니다. 이것은 물이 비정상적인 동작으로 복잡한 경로를 통해 흐르는 콘크리트 또는 암석 블록으로 구성된 방파제의 경우 특히 그렇습니다.

컴퓨팅 기술의 진보로 수치, 물리적 조사 간의 격차가 좁혀졌습니다. 상호 작용하는 개별 블록으로 구성된 견고한 구조를 정확하게 표현할 수 있으므로 블록 사이의 빈 공간 내에 수치적으로 유동 영역을 생성 할 수 있습니다. 이것은 방류수가 균일한 다공성 매질로 근사되는 Classical Darcy 주제에 고려될 수 없는 대류항 및 난류의 영향을 포함한 전체 유체 역학적 거동의 영향을 평가할 수 있게 합니다

Modeling Rubble Mound Breakwaters

The following examples describe cases where rubble mound breakwaters are modelled on the basis of their real geometry, taking into account the hydrodynamic interactions with the wave motion.

잔재물 분쇄기 모델링

다음의 사례는 잔해 분쇄물이 파도 운동과의 유체 역학적 상호 작용을 고려하여 실제 형상을 기반으로 모델링된 경우를 설명합니다.

Figure 1: Artificial blocks

Figure 2a: Submerged Breakwaters

Figures 2b and 2c: Emerged Breakwater – Accropode regular & Accropode irregular

방파제의 개략적인 표현을 고려하여 구체 세트로 재현한 것으로 the cube, the modified cube, the antifer, the tetrapod, the accropode, the accropode II, the coreloc, the xbloc,and the xbloc base 등과 같은 일반적으로 사용되는 인공 블록을 고려하기 위해 개발되었습니다. (그림 1).

방파제는 물에 잠기거나 잠긴 경우에는 문헌에 나와 있는 표준 실험식을 사용하여 크기를 결정하고 실제 기하학적 패턴을 따르는 전체 크기, 구조 및 물리적 모델링과 같이 수치적으로 구성했습니다 (그림. 2).

제안된 절차의 품질을 검증하기 위해 침수된 방파제에 대해 세 가지 기하학적 구조를 고려했다. 즉, 부유, 다공성, 고형물과 부유물(그림 2a)이 출현한 방파제의 경우, 두 가지 다른 기하학적 구조를 사용했다(Fig. 2b – 2c).

방파제가 결정되면 기하학적 구조을 FLOW-3D로 가져 와서 유체 역학적 작용을 평가 및 Wave propagation의 연구를 위해 테스트했습니다. 시뮬레이션은 RNG 난류 모델과 coarse격자 안쪽에 중첩된 미세한 격자가 있는 전산메쉬를 사용하여 Navier-Stokes 방정식을 3 차원으로 통합하여 수행되었습니다.

수중 장벽 (계산 영역: 90 × 1.9 × 6.5m)의 경우, 포함된 메쉬 블록은 동일한 크기 (0.30 × 0.27 × 0.30m)의 46,200 개의 요소로 구성되며 중첩된 블록은 2,353,412 개의 요소로 구성하였습니다(0.061 × 0.055 × 0.061m).

방파제에도 동일한 기준이 적용되었습니다. 포함된 격자 블록은 150,000개의 요소(0.50×0.20×0.30m)로 구성되며, 중첩된 블록은 2,025,000개의 요소(0.10× 0.10×0.10m)로 생성되었습니다.

Figures 3a and 3b: Mesh views of submerged breakwater (3a above) & emerged breakwater (3b below)

Figures 4b: Emerged Breakwater – Accropode regular

Figures 4a: Submerged breakwater

결과 중 일부는 다음 이미지에 요약되어 있습니다. 그림 4에서 3 차원 영역의 2 차원 단면을 따른 압력 및 난류 에너지가 나타납니다. 그림 5에는 서로 다른 순간에 잡힌 자유 표면의 3 차원 형상이 나타나있습니다.

유동경로를 따라 개별 솔리드 요소의 윤곽의 유체 역학에 의한 유동 변화는 쉽게 검출 가능합니다. 이것은 자유 표면의 3 차원 재구성에서 가장 잘 드러나며 (그림 5) 방파제에 대한 파동 작용의 효과가보다 자세하게 표현됩니다.

Figures 5a: Submerged breakwater.

Figures 5b: Emerged Breakwater – Accropode regular.

Figures 5c: Emerged Breakwater – Accropode irregular

Conclusions

잠수함이나 해상 구조물 간의 상호 작용을 정확히 표현하기 위한 Navier-Stoke기반 수치 시뮬레이션을 활용한 방법, 그리고 유체 움직임이 입증되었습니다. 시뮬레이션은 난류 시뮬레이션을 위한 RANS와 자유 표면 계산을 포함하는 첨단 컴퓨터 유체 동적 소프트웨어 시스템(FLOW-3D)을 사용하여 수행되었습니다.

이 결과는 블록 사이의 경로 내에서 유체 운동의 상세한 그림을 제공함으로써 기존의 흐름 방법보다 더 정확한 시뮬레이션을 제공함을 보여줍니다. 블록을 사용하여 기존의 누설 흐름 방법보다 더 정확한 시뮬레이션을 제공합니다. 원칙적으로 모든 관련 부품(필터, 코어 및 토우)에서 구조물이 물에 잠기거나 나타나는 경우 시뮬레이션이 가능하며 제한은 없습니다.

Further studies will be aimed at assessing the stability of individual blocks through the use of the Moving Object model in FLOW-3D.

Additive Manufacturing & Welding Bibliography

다음은 적층 제조 및 용접 참고 문헌의 기술 문서 모음입니다. 이 모든 논문에는 FLOW-3D AM 결과가 나와 있습니다. FLOW-3D AM을 사용하여 적층 제조, 레이저 용접 및 기타 용접 기술에서 발견되는 프로세스를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

2024년 11월 20일 update

121-24 Lovejoy Mutswatiwa, Lauren Katch, Nathan John Kizer, Judith Anne Todd, Tao Sun, Samuel James Clark, Kamel Fezzaa, Jordan Lum, David Matthew Stobbe, Griffin Jones, Kenneth Charles Meinert Jr., Andrea Paola Argüelles, Christopher Micheal Kube, High-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging of melt pool dynamics during ultrasonic melt processing of Al6061, Communications Materials, 5; 143, 2024. doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00584-3

120-24 Mysore Nagaraja Kishore, Dong Qian, Masakazu Soshi, Wei Li, Conforming mesh modeling of multi-physics effect on residual stress in multi-layer powder bed fusion process, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 124; pp. 793-804, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.033

113-24 Yusufu Ekubaru, Takuya Nakabayashi, Tomoharu Fujiwara, Behrang Poorganji, Processing windows of Ni625 alloy fabricated using direct energy deposition, Advanced Engineering Materials, 2024. doi.org/10.1002/adem.202400962

111-24 Ruijie Liu, Melt pool dynamic modelling for the titanium-based metal additive manufacturing process, Thesis, The University of Auckland, 2024.

104-24 Ju Wang, Meng Li, Huarong Zhang, Zhe Liu, Xiaodan Li, Dengzhi Yao, Yuhang Wu, Qiong Wu, Xizhong An, Shujun Li, Jian Wang, Xing Zhang , Cumulative effects of powder beds and melted areas on pore defects in electron beam powder bed fusion of tungsten, Powder Technology, 443; 119971, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2024.119971

100-24 Xuesong Gao, Aryan Aryan, Wei Zhang, Numerical analysis of rotating scans’ effect on surface roughness in laser-powder bed fusion, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 30; pp. 8671-8682, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.05.214

95-24 Yongbiao Wang, Yue Zhang, Junjie Jiang, Yang Zhang, Hongyang Cui, Xintian Liu, Yujuan Wu, Cross-scale simulation of macro/microstructure evolution during selective laser melting of Mg–Gd–Y alloy, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B , 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11663-024-03104-3

94-24 Yang Chu, Haichuan Shi, Peilei Zhang, Zhishui Yu, Hua Yan, Qinghua Lu, Shijie Song, Kaichang Yu, Simulation-assisted parameter optimization and tribological behavior of graphene reinforced IN718 matrix composite prepared by SLM, Intermetallics, 170; 108307, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2024.108307

92-24 Ying Wei, Song Han, Shiwei Yu, Ziwei Chen, Ziang Li, Hailong Wang, Wenbo Cheng, Mingzhe An , Parameter impact on 3D concrete printing from single to multi-layer stacking, Automation in Construction, 164; 105449, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105449

90-24 Chuanbin Du, Yuewei Ai, Yiyuan Wang, Chenglong Ye, The effect mechanism of laser beam defocusing on the surface quality of IN718 alloy prepared by laser powder bed fusion, Powder Technology, 443; 119841, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2024.119841

88-24 Arash Samaei, Joseph P. Leonor, Zhengtao Gan, Zhongsheng Sang, Xiaoyu Xie, Brian J. Simonds, Wing Kam Liu, Gregory J. Wagner, Benchmark study of melt pool and keyhole dynamics, laser absorptance, and porosity in additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V, Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40964-024-00637-6

83-24 Ao Fu, Zhonghao Xie, Jian Wang, Yuankui Cao, Bingfeng Wang, Jia Li, Qihong Fang, Xiaofeng Li, Bin Liu, Yong Liu, Controlling of cellular substructure and its effect on mechanical properties of FeCoCrNiMo0.2 high entropy alloy fabricated by selective laser melting, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 901; 146547, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.146547

82-24 Fatemeh Bodaghi, Mojtaba Movahedi, Suck-Joo Na, Lin-Jie Zhang, Amir Hossein Kokabi, Effect of welding current and speed on solidification cracking susceptibility in gas tungsten arc fillet welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys: Coupling a weld simulation and a cracking criterion, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 30: pp. 4777-4785, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.04.195

81-24 Myeonghwan Choi, Dae-Won Cho, Kwang-Hyeon Lee, Seonghoon Yoo, Sangyong Nam, Namhyun Kang, Severe Mn vaporization for partial-penetrated laser keyhole welds of high-manganese cryogenic steel, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 227; 125567, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125567

78-24 An Wang, Qianglong Wei, Zijue Tang, J.P. Oliviera, Chu Lun Alex Leung, Pengyuan Ren, Xiaolin Zhang, Yi Wu, Haowei Wang, Hongze Wang, Effects of hatch spacing on pore segregation and mechanical properties during blue laser directed energy deposition of AlSi10Mg, Additive Manufacturing, 85; 104147, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2024.104147

77-24 Jeongho Yang, Seonghun Ji, Du-Rim Eo, Jongcheon Yoon, Parviz Kahhal, Hyub Lee, Sang Hu Park, Effect of abnormal powder feeding on mechanical properties of fabricated part in directed energy deposition, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing – Green Technology, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40684-024-00620-0

72-24 Minglei Qu, Jiandong Yuan, Ali Nabaa, Junye Huang, Chihpin Andrew Chuang, Lianyi Chen, Melting and solidification dynamics during laser melting of reaction-based metal matrix composites uncovered by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, Acta Materialia, 271; 119875, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2024.119875

71-24 Chenze Li, Manish Jain, Qian Liu, Zhuohan Cao, Michael Ferry, Jamie J. Kruzic, Bernd Gludovatz, Xiaopeng Li, Multi-scale microstructure manipulation of an additively manufactured CoCrNi medium entropy alloy for superior mechanical properties and tunable mechanical anisotropy, Additive Manufacturing, 84; 104104, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2024.104104

68-24 Jialu Wang, Shuaicheng Zhu, Miaojin Jiang, Yunwei Gui, Huadong Fu, Jianxin Xie, Solidification track morphology, residual stress behavior, and microstructure evolution mechanism of FGH96-R nickel-based superalloys during laser powder bed fusion process, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-09326-5

66-24 Erik Holmen Olofsson, Ashley Dan, Michael Roland, Ninna Halberg Jokil, Rohit Ramachandran, Jesper Henri Hattel, Numerical modeling of fill-level and residence time in starve-fed single-screw extrusion: a dimensionality reduction study from a 3D CFD model to a 2D convection-diffusion model, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 132; pp. 1111-1125, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13378-1

64-24 Feipeng An, Linjie Zhang, Wei Ma, Suck Joo Na, Influences of the powder size and process parameters on the quasi-stability of molten pool shape in powder bed fusion-laser beam of molybdenum, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-09328-3

63-24 Haodong Chen, Xin Lin, Yajing Sun, Shuhao Wang, Kunpeng Zhu, Binbin Dan, Revealing formation mechanism of end of process depression in laser powder bed fusion by multi-physics meso-scale simulation, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 19.1; e2326599, 2024. doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2024.2326599

57-24 Masayuki Okugawa, Kenji Saito, Haruki Yoshima, Katsuhiko Sawaizumi, Sukeharu Nomoto, Makoto Watanabe, Takayoshi Nakano, Yuichiro Koizumi, Solute segregation in a rapidly solidified Hastelloy-X Ni-based superalloy during laser powder bed fusion investigated by phase-field and computational thermal-fluid dynamics simulations, Additive Manufacturing, 84; 104079, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2024.104079

51-24 Jeongho Yang, Dongseok Kang, Si Mo Yeon, Yong Son, Sang Hu Park, Interval island laser-scanning strategy of Ti–6Al–4V part additively manufactured for anisotropic stress reduction, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 25; pp. 1087-1099, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s12541-024-00967-z

50-24 James Lamb, Ruben Ochoa, Adriana Eres-Castellanos, Jonah Klemm-Toole, McLean P. Echlin, Tao Sun, Kamel Fezzaa, Amy Clarke, Tresa M. Pollack, Quantification of melt pool dynamics and microstructure during simulated additive manufacturing, Scripta Materialia, 245; 116036, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2024.116036

41-24 Xiong Zhang, Chunjin Wang, Benny C.F. Cheung, Gaoyang Mi, Chunming Wang, Ultrafast laser ablation of tungsten carbide: Quantification of threshold range and interpretation of feature transition, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 107.6; pp. 3724-3734, 2024. doi.org/10.1111/jace.19718

38-24 Hao-Ping Yeh, Mohamad Bayat, Amirhossein Arzani, Jesper H. Hattel, Accelerated process parameter selection of polymer-based selective laser sintering via hybrid physics-informed neural network and finite element surrogate modelling, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 130; pp. 693-712, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2024.03.030

34-24 Khalid El Abbaoui, Issam Al Korachi, Mostapha El Jai, Berin Šeta, Md. Tusher Mollah, 3D concrete printing using computational fluid dynamics: Modeling of material extrusion with slip boundaries, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 118; pp. 448-459, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.03.042

33-24 Hao Lu, Lida Zhu, Pengsheng Xue, Boling Yan, Yanpeng Hao, Zhichao Yang, Jinsheng Ning, Chuanliang Shi, Hao Wang, Ultrasonic machining response and improvement mechanism for differentiated bio-CoCrMo alloys manufactured by directed energy deposition, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 193; pp. 226-243, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.12.037

32-24 Yinghang Liu, Zhe Song, Yi Guo, Gaoming Zhu, Yunhao Fan, Huamiao Wang, Wentao Yan, Xiaoqin Zeng, Leyun Wang, Simultaneously enhancing strength and ductility of LPBF Ti alloy via trace Y2O3 nanoparticle addition, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 191; pp. 146-156, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.011

27-24 Zehui Liu, Yiyang Hu, Mingyang Zhang, Wei Zhang, Jun Wang, Wenbo Lei, Chunming Wang, Surface morphology evolution mechanisms of pulse laser polishing mold steel, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 269; 109039, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2024.109039

25-24 Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Kashif Ishfaq, Marwan Khraisheh, Inconel-718 processing windows by directed energy deposition: a framework combining computational fluid dynamics and machine learning models with experimental validation, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 130; pp. 3997-4011, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-12980-7

24-24 Jinsheng Ning, Lida Zhu, Shuhao Wang, Zhichao Yang, Peihua Xu, Pengsheng Xue, Hao Lu, Miao Yu, Yunhang Zhao, Jiachen Li, Susmita Bose, Amit Bandyopadhyay, Printability disparities in heterogeneous material combinations via laser directed energy deposition: a comparative study, International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 6; 025001, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ad172f

18-24 Delong Jia, Dong Zhou, Peng Yi, Chuanwei Zhang, Junru Li, Yankuo Guo, Shengyue Zhang, Yanhui Li, Splat deposition stress formation mechanism of droplets impacting onto texture, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 266; 109002, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2024.109002

11-24 Dae Gune Jung, Ji Young Park, Choong Mo Ryu, Jong Jin Hwang, Seung Jae Moon, Numerical study of laser welding of 270 μm thick silicon-steel sheets for electrical motors, Metals, 14.1; 24, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/met14010024

8-24 Zhifu Yao, Longke Bao, Mujin Yang, Yuechao Chen, Minglin He, Jiang Yi, Xintong Yang, Tao Yang, Yilu Zhao, Cuiping Wang, Zheng Zhong, Shuai Wang, Xingjun Liu, Thermally stabe strong <101> texture in additively manufactured cobalt-based superalloys, Scripta Materialia, 242; 115942, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115942

5-24 Xi Shu, Chunyu Wang, Guoqing Chen, Chunju Wang, Lining Sun, Pre-melted electron beam freeform fabrication additive manufacturing: modeling and numerical simulation, Welding in the World, 68; pp. 163-176, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01647-8

4-24 Lin Gao, Andrew C. Chuang, Peter Kenesei, Zhongshu Ren, Lilly Balderson, Tao Sun, An operando synchrotron study on the effect of wire melting state on solidification microstructures of Inconel 718 in wire-laser directed energy deposition, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 194; 104089, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2023.104089

3-24 Kunjie Dai, Xing He, Decheng Kong, Chaofang Dong, Multi-physical field simulation to yield defect-free IN718 alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, Materials Letters, 355; 135437, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135437

2-24 You Wang, Yinkai Xie, Huaixue Li, Caiyou Zeng, Ming Xu, Hongqiang Zhang, In-situ monitoring plume, spattering behavior and revealing their relationship with melt flow in laser powder bed fusion of nickel-based superalloy, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 177; pp. 44-58, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.068

1-24 Yukai Chen, Hongtu Xu, Yu Lu, Yin Wang, Shuangyuzhou Wang, Ke Huang, Qi Zhang, Prediction of microstructure for Inconel 718 laser welding process using multi-scale model, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity – Current Trends in the Technology of Plasticity, pp. 713-722, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41341-4_75

211-23 Giovanni Chianese, Qamar Hayat, Sharhid Jabar, Pasquale Franciosa, Darek Ceglarek, Stanislao Patalano, A multi-physics CFD study to investigate the impact of laser beam shaping on metal mixing and molten pool dynamics during laser welding of copper to steel for battery terminal-to-casing connections, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 322; 118202, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.118202

207-23 Dong Liu, Jiaqi Pei, Hua Hou, Xiaofeng Niu, Yuhong Zhao, Optimizing solidification dendrites and process parameters for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of GH3536 superalloy by finite volume and phase-field method, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 27; pp. 3323-3338, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.188

206-23 Houshang Yin, Jingfan Yang, Ralf D. Fischer, Zilong Zhang, Bart Prorok, Lang Yuan, Xiaoyuan Lou, Pulsed laser additive manufacturing for 316L stainless steel: a new approach to control subgrain cellular structure, JOM, 75; pp. 5027-5036, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-06177-8

205-23 Francis Ogoke, William Lee, Ning-Yu Kao, Alexander Myers, Jack Beuth, Jonathan Malen, Amir Barati Farimani, Convolutional neural networks for melt depth prediction and visualization in laser powder bed fusion, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 129; pp. 3047-3062, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12384-z

202-23 Habib Hamed Zargari, Kazuhiro Ito, Abhay Sharma, Effect of workpiece vibration frequency on heat distribution and material flow in the molten pool in tandem-pulsed gas metal arc welding, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 129; pp. 2507-2522, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-12424-8

199-23 Yukai Chen, Yin Wang, Hao Li, Yu Lu, Bin Han, Qi Zhang, Effects of process parameters on the microstructure of Inconel 718 during powder bed fusion based on cellular automata approach, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 18.1; e2251032, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2023.2251032

197-23 Qiong Wu, Chuang Qiao, Yuhang Wu, Zhe Liu, Xiaodan Li, Ju Wang, Xizhong An, Aijun Huang, Chao Voon Samuel Lim, Numerical investigation on the reuse of recycled powders in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing, 77; 103821, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103821

196-23 Daicong Zhang, Chunhui Jing, Wei Guo, Yuan Xiao, Jun Luo, Lehua Qi, Microchannels formed using metal microdroplets, Micromachines, 14.10; 1922, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/mi14101922

195-23 Trong-Nhan Le, Santosh Rauniyar, V.H. Nismath, Kevin Chou, An investigation into the effects of contouring process parameters on the up-skin surface characteristics in laser powder-bed fusion process, Manufacturing Letters, 35; Supplement, pp. 707-716, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.08.085

194-23 Kyubok Lee, Teresa J. Rinker, Masoud M. Pour, Wayne Cai, Wenkang Huang, Wenda Tan, Jennifer Bracey, Jingjing Li, A study on cracks and IMCs in laser welding of Al and Cu, Manufacturing Letters, 35; Supplement, pp. 221-231, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.08.026

192-23 Kunjie Dai, Xing He, Wei Zhang, Decheng Kong, Rong Guo, Minlei Hu, Ketai He, Chaofang Dong, Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties for Hastelloy X alloy by laser powder bed fusion via scanning strategy, Materials & Design, 235; 112386, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112386

191-23 Jun Du, Daqing Wang, Jimiao He, Yongheng Zhang, Zhike Peng, Influence of droplet size and ejection frequency on molten pool dynamics and deposition morphology in TIG-aided droplet deposition manufacturing, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 148; 107075, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2023.107075

188-23 Jin-Hyeong Park, Du-Song Kim, Dae-Won Cho, Jaewoong Kim, Changmin Pyo, Influence of thermal flow and predicting phase transformation on various welding positions, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00231-023-03429-w

184-23 Lin Gao, Jishnu Bhattacharyya, Wenhao Lin, Zhongshu Ren, Andrew C. Chuang, Pavel D. Shevchenko, Viktor Nikitin, Ji Ma, Sean R. Agnew, Tao Sun, Tailoring material microstructure and property in wire-laser directed energy deposition through a wiggle deposition strategy, Additive Manufacturing, 77; 103801, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103801

182-23 Liping Guo, Hanjie Liu, Hongze Wang, Qianglong Wei, Jiahui Zhang, Yingyan Chen, Chu Lun Alex Leung, Qing Lian, Yi Wu, Yu Zou, Haowei Wang, A high-fidelity comprehensive framework for the additive manufacturing printability assessment, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 105; pp. 219-231, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.09.041

172-23 Liping Guo, Hanjie Liu, Hongze Wang, Qianglong Wei, Yakai Xiao, Zijue Tang, Yi Wu, Haowei Wang, Identifying the keyhole stability and pore formation mechanisms in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 321; 118153, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.118153

171-23 Yuhang Wu, Qiong Wu, Meng Li, Ju Wang, Dengzhi Yao, Hao Luo, Xizhong An, Haitao Fu, Hao Zhang, Xiaohong Yang, Qingchuan Zou, Shujun Li, Haibin Ji, Xing Zhang, Numerical investigation on effects of operating conditions and final dimension predictions in laser powder bed fusion of molybdenum, Additive Manufacturing, 76; 103783, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103783

158-23 K. El Abbaoui, I. Al Korachi, M.T. Mollah, J. Spangenberg, Numerical modelling of planned corner deposition in 3D concrete printing, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 121.2; pp. 71-79, 2023. doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8488

156-23 Liping Guo, Hanjie Liu, Hongze Wang, Valentino A.M. Cristino, C.T. Kwok, Qianglong Wei, Zijue Tang, Yi Wu, Haowei Wang, Deepening the scientific understanding of different phenomenology in laser powder bed fusion by an integrated framework, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 216; 124596, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124596

154-23 Zhiyong Li, Xiuli He, Shaoxia Li, Xinfeng Kan, Yanjun Yin, Gang Yu, Sulfur-induced transitions of thermal behavior and flow dynamics in laser powder bed fusion of 316L powders, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 45; 102072, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102072

149-23 Shardul Kamat, Wayne Cai, Teresa J. Rinker, Jennifer Bracey, Liang Xi, Wenda Tan, A novel integrated process-performance model for laser welding of multi-layer battery foils and tabs, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 320; 118121, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.118121

148-23 Reza Ghomashchi, Shahrooz Nafisi, Solidification of Al12Si melt pool in laser powder bed fusion, Journal of Materials En gineering and Performance, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08502-3

133-23 Hesam Moghadasi, Md Tusher Mollah, Deepak Marla, Hamid Saffari, Jon Spangenberg, Computational fluid dynamics modeling of top-down digital light processing additive manufacturing, Polymers, 15.11; 2459, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/polym15112459

131-23 Luca Santoro, Raffaella Sesana, Rosario Molica Nardo, Francesca Curà, In line defect detection in steel welding process by means of thermography, Experimental Mechanics in Engineering and Biomechanics – Proceedings ICEM20, 19981, 2023.

128-23 Md Tusher Mollah, Raphaël Comminal, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Berin Šeta, Jon Spangenberg, Computational fluid dynamics modelling and experimental analysis of reinforcement bar integration in 3D concrete printing, Cement and Concrete Research, 173; 107263, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107263

123-23 Arash Samaei, Zhongsheng Sang, Jennifer A. Glerum, Jon-Erik Mogonye, Gregory J. Wagner, Multiphysics modeling of mixing and material transport in additive manufacturing with multicomponent powder beds, Additive Manufacturing, 67; 103481, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103481

122-23 Chu Han, Ping Jiang, Shaoning Geng, Lingyu Guo, Kun Liu, Inhomogeneous microstructure distribution and its formation mechanism in deep penetration laser welding of medium-thick aluminum-lithium alloy plates, Optics & Laser Technology, 167; 109783, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109783

111-23 Alexander J. Myers, Guadalupe Quirarte, Francis Ogoke, Brandon M. Lane, Syed Zia Uddin, Amir Barati Farimani, Jack L. Beuth, Jonathan A. Malen, High-resolution melt pool thermal imaging for metals additive manufacturing using the two-color method with a color camera, Additive Manufacturing, 73; 103663, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103663

107-23 M. Mohsin Raza, Yu-Lung Lo, Hua-Bin Lee, Chang Yu-Tsung, Computational modeling of laser welding for aluminum–copper joints using a circular strategy, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25; pp. 3350-3364, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.122

106-23 H.Z. Lu, L.H. Liu, X. Luo, H.W. Ma, W.S. Cai, R. Lupoi, S. Yin, C. Yang, Formation mechanism of heterogeneous microstructures and shape memory effect in NiTi shape memory alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion, Materials & Design, 232; 112107, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112107

105-23 Harun Kahya, Hakan Gurun, Gokhan Kucukturk, Experimental and analytical investigation of the re-melting effect in the manufacturing of 316L by direct energy deposition (DED) method, Metals, 13.6; 1144, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/met13061144

100-23 Dongju Chen, Gang Li, Peng Wang, Zhiqiang Zeng, Yuhang Tang, Numerical simulation of melt pool size and flow evolution for laser powder bed fusion of powder grade Ti6Al4V, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 223; 103971, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2023.103971

97-23 Mahyar Khorasani, Martin Leary, David Downing, Jason Rogers, Amirhossein Ghasemi, Ian Gibson, Simon Brudler, Bernard Rolfe, Milan Brandt, Stuart Bateman, Numerical and experimental investigations on manufacturability of Al–Si–10Mg thin wall structures made by LB-PBF, Thin-Walled Structures, 188; 110814, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2023.110814

95-23 M.S. Serdeczny, Laser welding of dissimilar materials – simulation driven optimization of process parameters, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1281; 012018, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1281/1/012018

90-23 Lin Liu, Tubin Liu, Xi Dong, Min Huang, Fusheng Cao, Mingli Qin, Numerical simulation of thermal dynamic behavior and morphology evolution of the molten pool of selective laser melting BN/316L stainless steel composite, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08210-y

89-23 M. P. Serdeczny, A. Jackman, High fidelity modelling of bead geometry in directed energy deposition – simulation driven optimization, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, NOLAMP19, 2023.

88-23 Lu Wang, Shuhao Wang, Yanming Zhang, Wentao Yan, Multi-phase flow simulation of powder streaming in laser-based directed energy deposition, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 212; 124240, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124240

80-23 Mahyar Khorasani, AmirHossein Ghasemi, Martin Leary, David Downing, Ian Gibson, Elmira G. Sharabian, Jithin Kozuthala Veetil, Milan Brandt, Stuart Batement, Bernard Rolfe, Benchmark models for conduction and keyhole modes in laser-based powder bed fusion of Inconel 718, Optics & Laser Technology, 164; 109509, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109509

78-23 Md. Tusher Mollah, Raphaël Comminal, Marcin P. Serdeczny, Berin Šeta, Jon Spangenberg, Computational analysis of yield stress buildup and stability of deposited layers in material extrusion additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing, 71; 103605, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103605

76-23 Asif Ur Rehman, Kashif Azher, Abid Ullah, Celal Sami Tüfekci, Metin Uymaz Salamci, Binder jetting of SS316L: a computational approach for droplet-powder interaction, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2023. doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-08-2022-0264

75-23 Dengzhi Yao, Ju Wang, Hao Luo, Yuhang Wu, Xizhong An, Thermal behavior and control during multi-track laser powder bed fusion of 316 L stainless steel, Additive Manufacturing, 70; 103562, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103562

61-23 Yaqing Hou, Hang Su, Hao Zhang, Fafa Li, Xuandong Wang, Yazhou He, Dupeng He, An integrated simulation model towards laser powder bed fusion in-situ alloying technology, Materials & Design, 228; 111795, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111795

56-23 Maohong Yang, Guiyi Wu, Xiangwei Li, Shuyan Zhang, Honghong Wang, Jiankang Huang, Influence of heat source model on the behavior of laser cladding pool, Journal of Laser Applications, 35.2; 2023. doi.org/10.2351/7.0000963

45-23 Daniel Martinez, Philip King, Santosh Reddy Sama, Jay Sim, Hakan Toykoc, Guha Manogharan, Effect of freezing range on reducing casting defects through 3D sand-printed mold designs, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11112-x

39-23 Peter S. Cook, David J. Ritchie, Determining the laser absorptivity of Ti-6Al-4V during laser powder bed fusion by calibrated melt pool simulation, Optics & Laser Technology, 162; 109247. 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109247

36-23 Yixuan Chen, Weihao Wang, Yao Ou, Yingna Wu, Zirong Zhai, Rui Yang, Impact of laser power and scanning velocity on microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 738LC alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, TMS 2023 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, pp. 138-149, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22524-6_15

34-23 Chao Kang, Ikki Ikeda, Motoki Sakaguchi, Recoil and solidification of a paraffin droplet impacted on a metal substrate: Numerical study and experimental verification, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 118; 103839, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2023.103839

30-23 Fei Wang, Tiechui Yuan, Ruidi Li, Shiqi Lin, Zhonghao Xie, Lanbo Li, Valentino Cristino, Rong Xu, Bing liu, Comparative study on microstructures and mechanical properties of ultra ductility single-phase Nb40Ti40Ta20 refractory medium entropy alloy by selective laser melting and vacuum arc melting, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 942; 169065, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169065

29-23 Haejin Lee, Yeonghwan Song, Seungkyun Yim, Kenta Aoyagi, Akihiko Chiba, Byoungsoo Lee, Influence of linear energy on side surface roughness in powder bed fusion electron beam melting process: Coupled experimental and simulation study, Powder Technology, 418; 118292, 2023.

27-23 Yinan Chen, Bo Li, Double-phase refractory medium entropy alloy NbMoTi via selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2419; 012074, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2419/1/012074

23-23 Yunwei Gui, Kenta Aoyagi, Akihiko Chiba, Development of macro-defect-free PBF-EB-processed Ti–6Al–4V alloys with superior plasticity using PREP-synthesized powder and machine learning-assisted process optimization, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 864; 144595, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.144595

21-23 Tatsuhiko Sakai, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Nozomi Taura, Riku Saito, Akira Okada, Effect of scanning speed on molten metal behaviour under angled irradiation with a continuous-wave laser, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 313; 117866, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.117866

19-23 Gianna M. Valentino, Arunima Banerjee, Alexander lark, Christopher M. Barr, Seth H. Myers, Ian D. McCue, Influence of laser processing parameters on the density-ductility tradeoff in additively manufactured pure tantalum, Additive Manufacturing Letters, 4; 100117, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.addlet.2022.100117

15-23 Runbo Jiang, Zhongshu Ren, Joseph Aroh, Amir Mostafaei, Benjamin Gould, Tao Sun, Anthony D. Rollett, Quantifying equiaxed vs epitaxial solidification in laser melting of CMSX-4 single crystal superalloy, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 54; pp. 808-822, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06929-2

14-23 Nguyen Thi Tien, Yu-Lung Lo, M. Mohsin Raza, Cheng-Yen Chen, Chi-Pin Chiu, Optimization of processing parameters for pulsed laser welding of dissimilar metal interconnects, Optics & Laser Technology, 159; 109022, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.109022

9-23 Hou Yi Chia, Wentao Yan, High-fidelity modeling of metal additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing Technology: Design, Optimization, and Modeling, Ed. Kun Zhou, 2023.

8-23 Akash Aggarwal, Yung C. Shin, Arvind Kumar, Investigation of the transient coupling between the dynamic laser beam absorptance and the melt pool – vapor depression morphology in laser powder bed fusion process, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 201.2; 123663, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123663

199-22 Md. Tusher Mollah, Raphaël Comminal, Marcin P. Serdeczny, David B. Pedersen, Jon Spangenberg, Numerical predictions of bottom layer stability in material extrusion additive manufacturing, JOM, 74; pp. 1096-1101, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-05035-9

198-22 Md. Tusher Mollah, Amirpasha Moetazedian, Andy Gleadall, Jiongyi Yan, Wayne Edgar Alphonso, Raphael Comminal, Berin Seta, Tony Lock, Jon Spangenberg, Investigation on corner precision at different corner angles in material extrusion additive manufacturing: An experimental and computational fluid dynamics analysis, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2022.

197-22 Md. Tusher Mollah, Marcin P. Serdeczny, Raphaël Comminal, Berin Šeta, Marco Brander, David B. Pedersen, Jon Spangenberg, A numerical investigation of the inter-layer bond and surface roughness during the yield stress buildup in wet-on-wet material extrusion additive manufacturing, ASPE and euspen Summer Topical Meeting, 77, 2022.

182-22 Chan Kyu Kim, Dae-Won Cho, Seok Kim, Sang Woo Song, Kang Myung Seo, Young Tae Cho, High-throughput metal 3D printing pen enabled by a continuous molten droplet transfer, Advanced Science, 2205085, 2022. doi.org/10.1002/advs.202205085

180-22 Xu Kaikai, Gong Yadong, Zhang Qiang, Numerical simulation of dynamic analysis of molten pool in the process of direct energy deposition, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10271-7

179-22 Yasuhiro Okamoto, Nozomi Taura, Akira Okada, Study on laser drilling process of solid metal on its liquid, International Journal of Electrical Machining, 27; 2022. doi.org/10.2526/ijem.27.35

175-22 Lu Min, Xhi Xiaojie, Lu Peipei, Wu Meiping, Forming quality and wettability of surface texture on CuSn10 fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, AIP Advances, 12.12; 125114, 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0122076

174-22 Thinus Van Rhijn, Willie Du Preez, Maina Maringa, Dean Kouprianoff, An investigation into the optimization of the selective laser melting process parameters for Ti6Al4V through numerical modelling, JOM, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05608-2

171-22 Jonathan Yoshioka, Mohsen Eshraghi, Temporal evolution of temperature gradient and solidification rate in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s00231-022-03318-8

170-22 Subin Shrestha and Kevin Chou, Residual heat effect on the melt pool geometry during the laser powder bed fusion process, Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 6.6; 153, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmmp6060153

169-22 Aryan Aryan, Obinna Chukwubuzo, Desmond Bourgeois, Wei Zhang, Hardness prediction by incorporating heat transfer and molten pool fluid flow in a mult-pass, multi-layer weld for onsite repair of Grade 91 steel, U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information, DOE-OSU-0032067, 2022. doi.org/10.2172/1898594

158-22 Dafan Du, Lu Wang, Anping Dong, Wentao Yan, Guoliang Zhu, Baode Sun, Promoting the densification and grain refinement with assistance of static magnetic field in laser powder bed fusion, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 183; 103965, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2022.103965

157-22 Han Chu, Jiang Ping, Geng Shaoning, Liu Kun, Nucleation mechanism in oscillating laser welds of 2024 aluminium alloy: A combined experimental and numerical study, Optics & Laser Technology, 158.A; 108812, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108812

153-22 Zixiang Li, Yinan Cui, Baohua Chang, Guan Liu, Ze Pu, Haoyu Zhang, Zhiyue Liang, Changmeng Liu, Li Wang, Dong Du, Manipulating molten pool in in-situ additive manufacturing of Ti-22Al-25 Nb through alternating dual-electron beams, Additive Manufacturing, 60.A; 103230, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103230

149-22 Qian Chen, Yao Fu, Albert C. To, Multiphysics modeling of particle spattering and induced defect formation mechanism in Inconel 718 laser powder bed fusion, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 123; pp. 783-791, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10201-7

146-22 Zixuan Wan, Hui-ping Wang, Jingjing Li, Baixuan Yang, Joshua Solomon, Blair Carlson, Effect of welding mode on remote laser stitch welding of zinc-coated steel with different sheet thickness combinations, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, MANU-21-1598, 2022. doi.org/10.1115/1.4055792

143-22 Du-Rim Eo, Seong-Gyu Chung, JeongHo Yang, Won Tae Cho, Sun-Hong Park, Jung-Wook Cho, Surface modification of high-Mn steel via laser-DED: Microstructural characterization and hot crack susceptibility of clad layer, Materials & Design, 223; 111188, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111188

142-22 Zichuan Fu, Xiangman Zhou, Bin Luo, Qihua Tian, Numerical simulation study of the effect of weld current on WAAM welding pool dynamic and weld bead morphology, International Conference on Mechanical Design and Simulation, Proceedings, 12261; 122614G, 2022. doi.org/10.1117/12.2639074

132-22 Yiyu Huang, Zhonghao Xie, Wenshu Li, Haoyu Chen, Bin Liu, Bingfeng Wang, Dynamic mechanical properties of the selective laser melting NiCrFeCoMo0.2 high entropy alloy and the microstructure of molten pool, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 927; 167011, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167011

126-22 Jingqi Zhang, Yingang Liu, Gang Sha, Shenbao Jin, Ziyong Hou, Mohamad Bayat, Nan Yang, Qiyang Tan, Yu Yin, Shiyang Liu, Jesper Henri Hattel, Matthew Dargusch, Xiaoxu Huang, Ming-Xing Zhang, Designing against phase and property heterogeneities in additively manufactured titanium alloys, Nature Communications, 13; 4660, 2022. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32446-2

119-22 Xu Kaikai, Gong Yadong, Zhao Qiang, Numerical simulation on molten pool flow of Inconel718 alloy based on VOF during additive manufacturing, Materials Today Communications, 33; 104147, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104147

118-22 AmirPouya Hemmasian, Francis Ogoke, Parand Akbari, Jonathan Malen, Jack Beuth, Amir Barati Farimani, Surrogate modeling of melt pool thermal field using deep learning, SSRN, 2022. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4190835

117-22 Chiara Ransenigo, Marialaura Tocci, Filippo Palo, Paola Ginestra, Elisabetta Ceretti, Marcello Gelfi, Annalisa Pola, Evolution of melt pool and porosity during laser powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V alloy: Numerical modelling and experimental validation, Lasers in Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40516-022-00185-3

112-22 Chris Jasien, Alec Saville, Chandler Gus Becker, Jonah Klemm-Toole, Kamel Fezzaa, Tao Sun, Tresa Pollock, Amy J. Clarke, In situ x-ray radiography and computational modeling to predict grain morphology in β-titanium during simulated additive manufacturing, Metals, 12.7; 1217, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/met12071217

110-22 Haotian Zhou, Haijun Su, Yinuo Guo, Peixin Yang, Yuan Liu, Zhonglin Shen, Di Zhao, Haifang Liu, Taiwen Huang, Min Guo, Jun Zhang, Lin Liu, Hengzhi Fu, Formation and evolution mechanisms of pores in Inconel 718 during selective laser melting: Meso-scale modeling and experimental investigations, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 81; pp. 202-213, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.06.072

109-22 Yufan Zhao, Huakang Bian, Hao Wang, Aoyagi Kenta, Yamanaka Kenta, Akihiko Chiba, Non-equilibrium solidification behavior associated with powder characteristics during electron beam additive manufacturing, Materials & Design, 221; 110915, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110915

107-22 Dan Lönn, David Spångberg, Study of process parameters in laser beam welding of copper hairpins, Thesis, University of Skövde, 2022.

106-22 Liping Guo, Hongze Wang, Qianglong Wei, Hanjie Liu, An Wang, Yi Wu, Haowei Wang, A comprehensive model to quantify the effects of additional nano-particles on the printability in laser powder bed fusion of aluminum alloy and composite, Additive Manufacturing, 58; 103011, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103011

104-22 Hongjiang Pan, Thomas Dahmen, Mohamad Bayat, Kang Lin, Xiaodan Zhang, Independent effects of laser power and scanning speed on IN718’s precipitation and mechanical properties produced by LBPF plus heat treatment, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 849; 143530, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143530

101-22 Yufan Zhao, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka, Akihiko Chiba, A survey on basic influencing factors of solidified grain morphology during electron beam melting, Materials & Design, 221; 110927, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110927

98-22 Jon Spangenberg, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Md. Tusher Mollah, Raphaël Comminal, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang, Integrating reinforcement with 3D concrete printing: Experiments and numerical modelling, Third RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Eds. Ana Blanco, Peter Kinnell, Richard Buswell, Sergio Cavalaro, pp. 379-384, 2022.

93-22 Minglei Qu, Qilin Guo, Luis I. Escano, Samuel J. Clark Kamel Fezzaa, Lianyi Chen, Mitigating keyhole pore formation by nanoparticles during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing Letters, 100068, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.addlet.2022.100068

86-22 Patiparn Ninpetch, Prasert Chalermkarnnon, Pruet Kowitwarangkul, Multiphysics simulation of thermal-fluid behavior in laser powder bed fusion of H13 steel: Influence of layer thickness and energy input, Metals and Materials International, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01239-z

85-22 Merve Biyikli, Taner Karagoz, Metin Calli, Talha Muslim, A. Alper Ozalp, Ali Bayram, Single track geometry prediction of laser metal deposited 316L-Si via multi-physics modelling and regression analysis with experimental validation, Metals and Materials International, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01243-3

76-22 Zhichao Yang, Shuhao Wang, Lida Zhu, Jinsheng Ning, Bo Xin, Yichao Dun, Wentao Yan, Manipulating molten pool dynamics during metal 3D printing by ultrasound, Applied Physics Reviews, 9; 021416, 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0082461

73-22 Yu Sun, Liqun Li, Yu Hao, Sanbao Lin, Xinhua Tang, Fenggui Lu, Numerical modeling on formation of periodic chain-like pores in high power laser welding of thick steel plate, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 306; 117638, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117638

67-22 Yu Hao, Hiu-Ping Wang, Yu Sun, Liqun Li, Yihan Wu, Fenggui Lu, The evaporation behavior of zince and its effect on spattering in laser overlap welding of galvanized steels, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 306; 117625, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117625

65-22 Yanhua Zhao, Chuanbin Du, Peifu Wang, Wei Meng, Changming Li, The mechanism of in-situ laser polishing and its effect on the surface quality of nickel-based alloy fabricated by selective laser melting, Metals, 12.5; 778, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/met12050778

58-22 W.E. Alphonso, M. Bayat, M. Baier, S. Carmignato, J.H. Hattel, Multi-physics numerical modelling of 316L Austenitic stainless steel in laser powder bed fusion process at meso-scale, 17th UK Heat Transfer Conference (UKHTC2021), Manchester, UK, April 4-6, 2022.

57-22 Brandon Hayes, Travis Hainsworth, Robert MacCurdy, Liquid-solid co-printing of multi-material 3D fluidic devices via material jetting, Additive Manufacturing, in press, 102785, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102785

55-22 Xiang Wang, Lin-Jie Zhang, Jie Ning, Suck-joo Na, Fluid thermodynamic simulation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in laser wire deposition, 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2022. doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2021.0159

54-22 Junhao Zhao, Binbin Wang, Tong Liu, Liangshu Luo, Yanan Wang, Xiaonan Zheng, Liang Wang, Yanqing Su, Jingjie Guo, Hengzhi Fu, Dayong Chen, Study of in situ formed quasicrystals in Al-Mn based alloys fabricated by SLM, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 909; 164847, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164847

48-22 Yueming Sun, Jianxing Ma, Fei Peng, Konstantin G. Kornev, Making droplets from highly viscous liquids by pushing a wire through a tube, Physics of Fluids, 34; 032119, 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0082003

46-22 H.Z. Lu, T. Chen, H. Liu, H. Wang, X. Luo, C.H. Song, Constructing function domains in NiTi shape memory alloys by additive manufacturing, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 17.3; 2022. doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2022.2053821

42-22 Islam Hassan, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, Microfluidic printheads for highly switchable multimaterial 3D printing of soft materials, Advanced Materials Technologies, 2101709, 2022. doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101709

41-22 Nan Yang, Youping Gong, Honghao Chen, Wenxin Li, Chuanping Zhou, Rougang Zhou, Huifeng Shao, Personalized artificial tibia bone structure design and processing based on laser powder bed fusion, Machines, 10.3; 205, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/machines10030205

31-22 Bo Shen, Raghav Gnanasambandam, Rongxuan Wang, Zhenyu (James) Kong, Multi-Task Gaussian process upper confidence bound for hyperparameter tuning and its application for simulation studies of additive manufacturing, IISE Transactions, 2022. doi.org/10.1080/24725854.2022.2039813

27-22 Lida Zhu, Shuhao Wang, Hao Lu, Dongxing Qi, Dan Wang, Zhichao Yang, Investigation on synergism between additive and subtractive manufacturing for curved thin-walled structure, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 17.2; 2022. doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2022.2029009

24-22 Hoon Sohn, Peipei Liu, Hansol Yoon, Kiyoon Yi, Liu Yang, Sangjun Kim, Real-time porosity reduction during metal directed energy deposition using a pulse laser, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 116; pp. 214-223. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.013

18-22 Yaohong Xiao, Zixuan Wan, Pengwei Liu, Zhuo Wang, Jingjing Li, Lei Chen, Quantitative simulations of grain nucleation and growth at additively manufactured bimetallic interfaces of SS316L and IN625, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 302; 117506, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117506

06-22 Amal Charles, Mohamad Bayat, Ahmed Elkaseer, Lore Thijs, Jesper Henri Hattel, Steffen Scholz, Elucidation of dross formation in laser powder bed fusion at down-facing surfaces: Phenomenon-oriented multiphysics simulation and experimental validation, Additive Manufacturing, 50; 102551, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102551

05-22 Feilong Ji, Xunpeng Qin, Zeqi Hu, Xiaochen Xiong, Mao Ni, Mengwu Wu, Influence of ultrasonic vibration on molten pool behavior and deposition layer forming morphology for wire and arc additive manufacturing, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 130; 105789, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105789

150-21 Daniel Knüttel, Stefano Baraldo, Anna Valente, Konrad Wegener, Emanuele Carpanzano, Model based learning for efficient modelling of heat transfer dynamics, Procedia CIRP, 102; pp. 252-257, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.09.043

149-21 T. van Rhijn, W. du Preez, M. Maringa, D. Kouprianoff, Towards predicting process parameters for selective laser melting of titanium alloys through the modelling of melt pool characteristics, Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie, 40.1; 2021.

148-21 Qian Chen, Multiscale process modeling of residual deformation and defect formation for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA, 2021.

147-21 Pareekshith Allu, Developing process parameters through CFD simulations, Lasers in Manufacturing Conference, 2021.

143-21 Asif Ur Rehman, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Fatih Pitir, Metin Uymaz Salamci, Andrei C. Popescu, Ion N. Mihailescu, Spatter formation and splashing induced defects in laser-based powder bed fusion of AlSi10Mg alloy: A novel hydrodynamics modelling with empirical testing, Metals, 11.12; 2023, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/met11122023

142-21 Islam Hassan, Ponnambalam Ravi Selvaganapathy, A microfluidic printhead with integrated hybrid mixing by sequential injection for multimaterial 3D printing, Additive Manufacturing, 102559, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102559

137-21 Ting-Yu Cheng, Ying-Chih Liao, Enhancing drop mixing in powder bed by alternative particle arrangements with contradictory hydrophilicity, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 104160, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.104160

134-21 Asif Ur Rehman, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Fatih Pitir, Metin Uymaz Salamci, Andrei C. Popescu, Ion N. Mihailescu, Keyhole formation by laser drilling in laser powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V biomedical alloy: Mesoscopic computational fluid dynamics simulation versus mathematical modelling using empirical validation, Nanomaterials, 11.2; 3284, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/nano11123284

128-21 Sang-Woo Han, Won-Ik Cho, Lin-Jie Zhang, Suck-Joo Na, Coupled simulation of thermal-metallurgical-mechanical behavior in laser keyhole welding of AH36 steel, Materials & Design, 212; 110275, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110275

127-21 Jiankang Huang, Zhuoxuan Li, Shurong Yu, Xiaoquan Yu, Ding Fan, Real-time observation and numerical simulation of the molten pool flow and mass transfer behavior during wire arc additive manufacturing, Welding in the World, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01214-z

123-21 Boxue Song, Tianbiao Yu, Xingyu Jiang, Wenchao Xi, Xiaoli Lin, Zhelun Ma, ZhaoWang, Development of the molten pool and solidification characterization in single bead multilayer direct energy deposition, Additive Manufacturing, 102479, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102479

112-21 Kathryn Small, Ian D. McCue, Katrina Johnston, Ian Donaldson, Mitra L. Taheri, Precision modification of microstructure and properties through laser engraving, JOM, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04959-6

111-21 Yongki Lee, Jason Cheon, Byung-Kwon Min, Cheolhee Kim, Modelling of fume particle behaviour and coupling glass contamination during vacuum laser beam welding, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2021.1990658

110-21 Menglin Liu, Hao Yi, Huajun Cao, Rufeng Huang, Le Jia, Heat accumulation effect in metal droplet-based 3D printing: Evolution mechanism and elimination strategy, Additive Manufacturing, 48.A; 102413, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102413

108-21 Nozomi Taura, Akiya Mitsunobu, Tatsuhiko Sakai, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Akira Okada, Formation and its mechanism of high-speed micro-grooving on metal surface by angled CW laser irradiation, Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering, 16.2, 2021. doi.org/10.2961/jlmn.2021.02.2006

105-21 Jon Spangenberg, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Raphaël Comminal, Md. Tusher Mollah, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang, Numerical simulation of multi-layer 3D concrete printing, RILEM Technical Letters, 6; pp. 119-123, 2021. doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.142

104-21 Lin Chen, Chunming Wang, Gaoyang Mi, Xiong Zhang, Effects of laser oscillating frequency on energy distribution, molten pool morphology and grain structure of AA6061/AA5182 aluminum alloys lap welding, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 15; pp. 3133-3148, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.09.141

101-21 R.J.M. Wolfs, T.A.M. Salet, N. Roussel, Filament geometry control in extrusion-based additive manufacturing of concrete: The good, the bad and the ugly, Cement and Concrete Research, 150; 106615, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106615

89-21 Wenlin Ye, Jin Bao, Jie Lei, Yichang Huang, Zhihao Li, Peisheng Li, Ying Zhang, Multiphysics modeling of thermal behavior of commercial pure titanium powder during selective laser melting, Metals and Materials International, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01019-1

81-21 Lin Chen, Gaoyang Mi, Xiong Zhang, Chunming Wang, Effects of sinusoidal oscillating laser beam on weld formation, melt flow and grain structure during aluminum alloys lap welding, Journals of Materials Processing Technology, 298; 117314, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117314

77-21 Yujie Cui, Yufan Zhao, Haruko Numata, Kenta Yamanaka, Huakang Bian, Kenta Aoyagi, Akihiko Chiba, Effects of process parameters and cooling gas on powder formation during the plasma rotating electrode process, Powder Technology, 393; pp. 301-311, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.062

76-21 Md Tusher Mollah, Raphaël Comminal, Marcin P. Serdeczny, David B. Pedersen, Jon Spangenberg, Stability and deformations of deposited layers in material extrusion additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing, 46; 102193, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102193

72-21 S. Sabooni, A. Chabok, S.C. Feng, H. Blaauw, T.C. Pijper, H.J. Yang, Y.T. Pei, Laser powder bed fusion of 17–4 PH stainless steel: A comparative study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties, Additive Manufacturing, 46; 102176, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102176

71-21 Yu Hao, Nannan Chena, Hui-Ping Wang, Blair E. Carlson, Fenggui Lu, Effect of zinc vapor forces on spattering in partial penetration laser welding of zinc-coated steels, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 298; 117282, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117282

67-21 Lu Wang, Wentao Yan, Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamic model for laser-based metal additive manufacturing, Physical Review Applied, 15.6; 064051, 2021. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.064051

61-21 Ian D. McCue, Gianna M. Valentino, Douglas B. Trigg, Andrew M. Lennon, Chuck E. Hebert, Drew P. Seker, Salahudin M. Nimer, James P. Mastrandrea, Morgana M. Trexler, Steven M. Storck, Controlled shape-morphing metallic components for deployable structures, Materials & Design, 208; 109935, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109935

60-21 Mahyar Khorasani, AmirHossein Ghasemi, Martin Leary, William O’Neil, Ian Gibson, Laura Cordova, Bernard Rolfe, Numerical and analytical investigation on meltpool temperature of laser-based powder bed fusion of IN718, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 177; 121477, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121477

57-21 Dae-Won Cho, Yeong-Do Park, Muralimohan Cheepu, Numerical simulation of slag movement from Marangoni flow for GMAW with computational fluid dynamics, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 125; 105243, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105243

55-21 Won-Sang Shin, Dae-Won Cho, Donghyuck Jung, Heeshin Kang, Jeng O Kim, Yoon-Jun Kim, Changkyoo Park, Investigation on laser welding of Al ribbon to Cu sheet: Weldability, microstructure and mechanical and electrical properties, Metals, 11.5; 831, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/met11050831

50-21 Mohamad Bayat, Venkata K. Nadimpalli, Francesco G. Biondani, Sina Jafarzadeh, Jesper Thorborg, Niels S. Tiedje, Giuliano Bissacco, David B. Pedersen, Jesper H. Hattel, On the role of the powder stream on the heat and fluid flow conditions during directed energy deposition of maraging steel—Multiphysics modeling and experimental validation, Additive Manufacturing, 43;102021, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102021

47-21 Subin Shrestha, Kevin Chou, An investigation into melting modes in selective laser melting of Inconel 625 powder: single track geometry and porosity, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07105-3

34-21 Haokun Sun, Xin Chu, Cheng Luo, Haoxiu Chen, Zhiying Liu, Yansong Zhang, Yu Zou, Selective laser melting for joining dissimilar materials: Investigations ofiInterfacial characteristics and in situ alloying, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 52; pp. 1540-1550, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06178-9

32-21 Shanshan Zhang, Subin Shrestha, Kevin Chou, On mesoscopic surface formation in metal laser powder-bed fusion process, Supplimental Proceedings, TMS 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition (Virtual), pp. 149-161, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65261-6_14

22-21 Patiparn Ninpetch, Pruet Kowitwarangkul, Sitthipong Mahathanabodee, Prasert Chalermkarnnon, Phadungsak Rattanadecho, Computational investigation of thermal behavior and molten metal flow with moving laser heat source for selective laser melting process, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 24; 100860, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.100860

19-21 M.B. Abrami, C. Ransenigo, M. Tocci, A. Pola, M. Obeidi, D. Brabazon, Numerical simulation of laser powder bed fusion processes, La Metallurgia Italiana, February; pp. 81-89, 2021.

16-21 Wenjun Ge, Jerry Y.H. Fuh, Suck Joo Na, Numerical modelling of keyhole formation in selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 62; pp. 646-654, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.01.005

11-21 Mohamad Bayat, Venkata K. Nadimpalli, David B. Pedersen, Jesper H. Hattel, A fundamental investigation of thermo-capillarity in laser powder bed fusion of metals and alloys, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 166; 120766, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120766

10-21 Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka, Akihiko Chiba, Thermal properties of powder beds in energy absorption and heat transfer during additive manufacturing with electron beam, Powder Technology, 381; pp. 44-54, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.082

9-21 Subin Shrestha, Kevin Chou, A study of transient and steady-state regions from single-track deposition in laser powder bed fusion, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 61; pp. 226-235, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.11.023

6-21 Qian Chen, Yunhao Zhao, Seth Strayer, Yufan Zhao, Kenta Aoyagi, Yuichiro Koizumi, Akihiko Chiba, Wei Xiong, Albert C. To, Elucidating the effect of preheating temperature on melt pool morphology variation in Inconel 718 laser powder bed fusion via simulation and experiment, Additive Manufacturing, 37; 101642, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101642

04-21 Won-Ik Cho, Peer Woizeschke, Analysis of molten pool dynamics in laser welding with beam oscillation and filler wire feeding, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 164; 120623, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120623

128-20 Mahmood Al Bashir, Rajeev Nair, Martina M. Sanchez, Anil Mahapatro, Improving fluid retention properties of 316L stainless steel using nanosecond pulsed laser surface texturing, Journal of Laser Applications, 32.4, 2020. doi.org/10.2351/7.0000199

127-20 Eric Riedel, Niklas Bergedieck, Stefan Scharf, CFD simulation based investigation of cavitation cynamics during high intensity ultrasonic treatment of A356, Metals, 10.11; 1529, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10111529

126-20 Benjamin Himmel, Material jetting of aluminium: Analysis of a novel additive manufacturing process, Thesis, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, 2020.

121-20 Yufan Zhao, Yujie Cui, Haruko Numata, Huakang Bian, Kimio Wako, Kenta Yamanaka, Kenta Aoyagi, Akihiko Chiba, Centrifugal granulation behavior in metallic powder fabrication by plasma rotating electrode process, Scientific Reports, 10; 18446, 2020. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75503-w

116-20 Raphael Comminal, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang, Jon Spangenberg, Modelling of 3D concrete printing based on computational fluid dynamics, Cement and Concrete Research, 138; 106256, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106256

112-20 Peng Liu, Lijin Huan, Yu Gan, Yuyu Lei, Effect of plate thickness on weld pool dynamics and keyhole-induced porosity formation in laser welding of Al alloy, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 111; pp. 735-747, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05818-5

108-20 Fan Chen, Wentao Yan, High-fidelity modelling of thermal stress for additive manufacturing by linking thermal-fluid and mechanical models, Materials & Design, 196; 109185, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109185

104-20 Yunfu Tian, Lijun Yang, Dejin Zhao, Yiming Huang, Jiajing Pan, Numerical analysis of powder bed generation and single track forming for selective laser melting of SS316L stainless steel, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 58; pp. 964-974, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.09.002

100-20 Raphaël Comminal, Sina Jafarzadeh, Marcin Serdeczny, Jon Spangenberg, Estimations of interlayer contacts in extrusion additive manufacturing using a CFD model, International Conference on Additive Manufacturing in Products and Applications (AMPA), Zurich, Switzerland, September 1-3: Industrializing Additive Manufacturing, pp. 241-250, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54334-1_17

97-20 Paree Allu, CFD simulation for metal Additive Manufacturing: Applications in laser- and sinter-based processes, Metal AM, 6.4; pp. 151-158, 2020.

95-20 Yufan Zhao, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka, Akihiko Chiba, Role of operating and environmental conditions in determining molten pool dynamics during electron beam melting and selective laser melting, Additive Manufacturing, 36; 101559, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101559

94-20 Yan Zeng, David Himmler, Peter Randelzhofer, Carolin Körner, Processing of in situ Al3Ti/Al composites by advanced high shear technology: influence of mixing speed, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 110; pp. 1589-1599, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05956-w

93-20 H. Hamed Zargari, K. Ito, M. Kumar, A. Sharma, Visualizing the vibration effect on the tandem-pulsed gas metal arc welding in the presence of surface tension active elements, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 161; 120310, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120310

90-20 Guangxi Zhao, Jun Du, Zhengying Wei, Siyuan Xu, Ruwei Geng, Numerical analysis of aluminum alloy fused coating process, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Science and Engineering, 42; 483, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-02569-y

85-20 Wenkang Huang, Hongliang Wang, Teresa Rinker, Wenda Tan, Investigation of metal mixing in laser keyhold welding of dissimilar metals, Materials & Design, 195; 109056, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109056

82-20 Pan Lu, Zhang Cheng-Lin, Wang Liang, Liu Tong, Liu Jiang-lin, Molten pool structure, temperature and velocity flow in selective laser melting AlCu5MnCdVA alloy, Materials Research Express, 7; 086516, 2020. doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abadcf

80-20 Yujie Cui, Yufan Zhao, Haruko Numata, Huakang Bian, Kimio Wako, Kento Yamanaka, Kenta Aoyagi, Chen Zhang, Akihiko Chiba, Effects of plasma rotating electrode process parameters on the particle size distribution and microstructure of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy powder, Powder Technology, 376; pp. 363-372, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.08.027

78-20 F.Q. Liu, L. Wei, S.Q. Shi, H.L. Wei, On the varieties of build features during multi-layer laser directed energy deposition, Additive Manufacturing, 36; 101491, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101491

75-20 Nannan Chen, Zixuan Wan, Hui-Ping Wang, Jingjing Li, Joshua Solomon, Blair E. Carlson, Effect of Al single bond Si coating on laser spot welding of press hardened steel and process improvement with annular stirring, Materials & Design, 195; 108986, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108986

72-20 Yujie Cui, Kenta Aoyagi, Yufan Zhao, Kenta Yamanaka, Yuichiro Hayasaka, Yuichiro Koizumi, Tadashi Fujieda, Akihiko Chiba, Manufacturing of a nanosized TiB strengthened Ti-based alloy via electron beam powder bed fusion, Additive Manufacturing, 36; 101472, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101472

64-20 Dong-Rong Liu, Shuhao Wang, Wentao Yan, Grain structure evolution in transition-mode melting in direct energy deposition, Materials & Design, 194; 108919, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108919

61-20 Raphael Comminal, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang, Jon Spangenberg, Influence of processing parameters on the layer geometry in 3D concrete printing: Experiments and modelling, 2nd RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, RILEM Bookseries, 28; pp. 852-862, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_83

60-20 Marcin P. Serdeczny, Raphaël Comminal, Md. Tusher Mollah, David B. Pedersen, Jon Spangenberg, Numerical modeling of the polymer flow through the hot-end in filament-based material extrusion additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing, 36; 101454, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101454

58-20 H.L. Wei, T. Mukherjee, W. Zhang, J.S. Zuback, G.L. Knapp, A. De, T. DebRoy, Mechanistic models for additive manufacturing of metallic components, Progress in Materials Science, 116; 100703, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100703

55-20 Masoud Mohammadpour, Experimental study and numerical simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in laser welded and brazed joints, Thesis, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, US; Available in Mechanical Engineering Research Theses and Dissertations, 24, 2020.

48-20 Masoud Mohammadpour, Baixuan Yang, Hui-Ping Wang, John Forrest, Michael Poss, Blair Carlson, Radovan Kovacevica, Influence of laser beam inclination angle on galvanized steel laser braze quality, Optics and Laser Technology, 129; 106303, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106303

34-20 Binqi Liu, Gang Fang, Liping Lei, Wei Liu, A new ray tracing heat source model for mesoscale CFD simulation of selective laser melting (SLM), Applied Mathematical Modeling, 79; pp. 506-520, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.10.049

27-20 Xuesong Gao, Guilherme Abreu Farira, Wei Zhang and Kevin Wheeler, Numerical analysis of non-spherical particle effect on molten pool dynamics in laser-powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Computational Materials Science, 179, art. no. 109648, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2020.109648

26-20 Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka and Akihiko Chiba, Isothermal γ → ε phase transformation behavior in a Co-Cr-Mo alloy depending on thermal history during electron beam powder-bed additive manufacturing, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 50, pp. 162-170, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.11.040

21-20 Won-Ik Cho and Peer Woizeschke, Analysis of molten pool behavior with buttonhole formation in laser keyhole welding of sheet metal, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 152, art. no. 119528, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119528

06-20 Wei Xing, Di Ouyang, Zhen Chen and Lin Liu, Effect of energy density on defect evolution in 3D printed Zr-based metallic glasses by selective laser melting, Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 63, art. no. 226111, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s11433-019-1485-8

04-20 Santosh Reddy Sama, Tony Badamo, Paul Lynch and Guha Manogharan, Novel sprue designs in metal casting via 3D sand-printing, Additive Manufacturing, 25, pp. 563-578, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.009

02-20 Dongsheng Wu, Shinichi Tashiro, Ziang Wu, Kazufumi Nomura, Xueming Hua, and Manabu Tanaka, Analysis of heat transfer and material flow in hybrid KPAW-GMAW process based on the novel three dimensional CFD simulation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 147, art. no. 118921, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118921

01-20 Xiang Huang, Siying Lin, Zhenxiang Bu, Xiaolong Lin, Weijin Yi, Zhihong Lin, Peiqin Xie, and Lingyun Wang, Research on nozzle and needle combination for high frequency piezostack-driven dispenser, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 96, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.102453

88-19 Bo Cheng and Charles Tuffile, Numerical study of porosity formation with implementation of laser multiple reflection in selective laser melting, Proceedings Volume 1: Additive Manufacturing; Manufacturing Equipment and Systems; Bio and Sustainable Manufacturing, ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA, June 10-14, 2019. doi.org/10.1115/MSEC2019-2891

87-19 Shuhao Wang, Lida Zhu, Jerry Ying His Fuh, Haiquan Zhang, and Wentao Yan, Multi-physics modeling and Gaussian process regression analysis of cladding track geometry for direct energy deposition, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 127:105950, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2019.105950

78-19 Bo Cheng, Lukas Loeber, Hannes Willeck, Udo Hartel, and Charles Tuffile, Computational investigation of melt pool process dynamics and pore formation in laser powder bed fusion, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 28:11, 6565-6578, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04435-y

77-19 David Souders, Pareekshith Allu, Anurag Chandorkar, and Ruendy Castillo, Application of computational fluid dynamics in developing process parameters for additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing Journal, 9th International Conference on 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing Technologies (AM 2019), Bangalore, India, September 7-9, 2019.

75-19 Raphaël Comminal, Marcin Piotr Serdeczny, Navid Ranjbar, Mehdi Mehrali, David Bue Pedersen, Henrik Stang, Jon Spangenberg, Modelling of material deposition in big area additive manufacturing and 3D concrete printing, Proceedings, Advancing Precision in Additive Manufacturing, Nantes, France, September 16-18, 2019.

73-19 Baohua Chang, Zhang Yuan, Hao Cheng, Haigang Li, Dong Du 1, and Jiguo Shan, A study on the influences of welding position on the keyhole and molten pool behavior in laser welding of a titanium alloy, Metals, 9:1082, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/met9101082

57-19 Shengjie Deng, Hui-Ping Wang, Fenggui Lu, Joshua Solomon, and Blair E. Carlson, Investigation of spatter occurrence in remote laser spiral welding of zinc-coated steels, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 140, pp. 269-280, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.06.009

53-19 Mohamad Bayat, Aditi Thanki, Sankhya Mohanty, Ann Witvrouw, Shoufeng Yang, Jesper Thorborg, Niels Skat Tieldje, and Jesper Henri Hattel, Keyhole-induced porosities in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of Ti6Al4V: High-fidelity modelling and experimental validation, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 30, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100835

51-19 P. Ninpetch, P. Kowitwarangkul, S. Mahathanabodee, R. Tongsri, and P. Ratanadecho, Thermal and melting track simulations of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), International Conference on Materials Research and Innovation (ICMARI), Bangkok, Thailand, December 17-21, 2018. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 526, 2019. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/526/1/012030

46-19 Hongze Wang and Yu Zou, Microscale interaction between laser and metal powder in powder-bed additive manufacturing: Conduction mode versus keyhole mode, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 142, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118473

45-19 Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka, and Akihiko Chiba, Manipulating local heat accumulation towards controlled quality and microstructure of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy in powder bed fusion with electron beam, Materials Letters, Vol. 254, pp. 269-272, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.07.078

44-19 Guoxiang Xu, Lin Li, Houxiao Wang, Pengfei Li, Qinghu Guo, Qingxian Hu, and Baoshuai Du, Simulation and experimental studies of keyhole induced porosity in laser-MIG hybrid fillet welding of aluminum alloy in the horizontal position, Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 119, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105667

38-19 Subin Shrestha and Y. Kevin Chou, A numerical study on the keyhole formation during laser powder bed fusion process, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol. 141, No. 10, 2019. doi.org/10.1115/1.4044100

34-19 Dae-Won Cho, Jin-Hyeong Park, and Hyeong-Soon Moon, A study on molten pool behavior in the one pulse one drop GMAW process using computational fluid dynamics, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 139, pp. 848-859, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.038

30-19 Mohamad Bayat, Sankhya Mohanty, and Jesper Henri Hattel, Multiphysics modelling of lack-of-fusion voids formation and evolution in IN718 made by multi-track/multi-layer L-PBF, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 139, pp. 95-114, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.003

29-19 Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Daixiu Wei, Kenta Yamanaka, and Akihiko Chiba, Comprehensive study on mechanisms for grain morphology evolution and texture development in powder bed fusion with electron beam of Co–Cr–Mo alloy, Materialia, Vol. 6, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100346

28-19 Pareekshith Allu, Computational fluid dynamics modeling in additive manufacturing processes, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) 148th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, March 10-14, 2019.

24-19 Simulation Software: Use, Advantages & Limitations, The Additive Manufacturing and Welding Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019

22-19 Hunchul Jeong, Kyungbae Park, Sungjin Baek, and Jungho Cho, Thermal efficiency decision of variable polarity aluminum arc welding through molten pool analysis, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 138, pp. 729-737, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.04.089

07-19 Guangxi Zhao, Jun Du, Zhengying Wei, Ruwei Geng and Siyuan Xu, Numerical analysis of arc driving forces and temperature distribution in pulsed TIG welding, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 41, No. 60, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s40430-018-1563-0

04-19 Santosh Reddy Sama, Tony Badamo, Paul Lynch and Guha Manogharan, Novel sprue designs in metal casting via 3D sand-printing, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 25, pp. 563-578, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.009

03-19 Dongsheng Wu, Anh Van Nguyen, Shinichi Tashiro, Xueming Hua and Manabu Tanaka, Elucidation of the weld pool convection and keyhole formation mechanism in the keyhold plasma arc welding, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 131, pp. 920-931, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.108

97-18 Wentao Yan, Ya Qian, Wenjun Ge, Stephen Lin, Wing Kam Liu, Feng Lin, Gregory J. Wagner, Meso-scale modeling of multiple-layer fabrication process in Selective Electron Beam Melting: Inter-layer/track voids formation, Materials & Design, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.12.031

84-18 Bo Cheng, Xiaobai Li, Charles Tuffile, Alexander Ilin, Hannes Willeck and Udo Hartel, Multi-physics modeling of single track scanning in selective laser melting: Powder compaction effect, Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, pp. 1887-1902, 2018.

81-18 Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Daixiu Wei, Kenta Yamanaka and Akihiko Chiba, Molten pool behavior and effect of fluid flow on solidification conditions in selective electron beam melting (SEBM) of a biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloy, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 26, pp. 202-214, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.002

77-18 Jun Du and Zhengying Wei, Numerical investigation of thermocapillary-induced deposited shape in fused-coating additive manufacturing process of aluminum alloy, Journal of Physics Communications, Vol. 2, No. 11, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aaedc7

76-18 Yu Xiang, Shuzhe Zhang, Zhengying We, Junfeng Li, Pei Wei, Zhen Chen, Lixiang Yang and Lihao Jiang, Forming and defect analysis for single track scanning in selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V, Applied Physics A, 124:685, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2056-9

74-18 Paree Allu, CFD simulations for laser welding of Al Alloys, Proceedings, Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 15-17, 2018.

72-18 Hunchul Jeong, Kyungbae Park, Sungjin Baek, Dong-Yoon Kim, Moon-Jin Kang and Jungho Cho, Three-dimensional numerical analysis of weld pool in GMAW with fillet joint, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol. 19, No. 8, pp. 1171-1177, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s12541-018-0138-4

60-18 R.W. Geng, J. Du, Z.Y. Wei and G.X. Zhao, An adaptive-domain-growth method for phase field simulation of dendrite growth in arc preheated fused-coating additive manufacturing, IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063, 012077, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012077

59-18 Guangxi Zhao, Jun Du, Zhengying Wei, Ruwei Geng and Siyuan Xu, Coupling analysis of molten pool during fused coating process with arc preheating, IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063, 012076, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012076 (Available at http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012076/pdf and in shared drive)

58-18 Siyuan Xu, Zhengying Wei, Jun Du, Guangxi Zhao and Wei Liu, Numerical simulation and analysis of metal fused coating forming, IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063, 012075, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012075

55-18 Jason Cheon, Jin-Young Yoon, Cheolhee Kim and Suck-Joo Na, A study on transient flow characteristic in friction stir welding with realtime interface tracking by direct surface calculation, Journal of Materials Processing Tech., vol. 255, pp. 621-634, 2018.

54-18 V. Sukhotskiy, P. Vishnoi, I. H. Karampelas, S. Vader, Z. Vader, and E. P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic drop-on-demand liquid metal additive manufacturing: System overview and modeling, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, Niagara Falls, Canada, June 7 – 9, 2018; Paper no. 155, 2018. doi.org/10.11159/ffhmt18.155

52-18 Michael Hilbinger, Claudia Stadelmann, Matthias List and Robert F. Singer, Temconex® – Kontinuierliche Pulverextrusion: Verbessertes Verständnis mit Hilfe der numerischen Simulation, Hochleistungsmetalle und Prozesse für den Leichtbau der Zukunft, Tagungsband 10. Ranshofener Leichtmetalltage, 13-14 Juni 2018, Linz, pp. 175-186, 2018.

38-18 Zhen Chen, Yu Xiang, Zhengying Wei, Pei Wei, Bingheng Lu, Lijuan Zhang and Jun Du, Thermal dynamic behavior during selective laser melting of K418 superalloy: numerical simulation and experimental verification, Applied Physics A, vol. 124, pp. 313, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1737-8

19-18 Chenxiao Zhu, Jason Cheon, Xinhua Tang, Suck-Joo Na, and Haichao Cui, Molten pool behaviors and their influences on welding defects in narrow gap GMAW of 5083 Al-alloy, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 126:A, pp.1206-1221, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.05.132

16-18 P. Schneider, V. Sukhotskiy, T. Siskar, L. Christie and I.H. Karampelas, Additive Manufacturing of Microfluidic Components via Wax Extrusion, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 162 – 165, 2018.

09-18 The Furlani Research Group, Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal 3D Printing, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, © University at Buffalo, May 2018.

08-18 Benjamin Himmel, Dominik Rumschöttel and Wolfram Volk, Thermal process simulation of droplet based metal printing with aluminium, Production Engineering, March 2018 © German Academic Society for Production Engineering (WGP) 2018.

07-18 Yu-Che Wu, Cheng-Hung San, Chih-Hsiang Chang, Huey-Jiuan Lin, Raed Marwan, Shuhei Baba and Weng-Sing Hwang, Numerical modeling of melt-pool behavior in selective laser melting with random powder distribution and experimental validation, Journal of Materials Processing Tech. 254 (2018) 72–78.

60-17 Pei Wei, Zhengying Wei, Zhen Chen, Yuyang He and Jun Du, Thermal behavior in single track during selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg powder, Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 123:604, 2017. doi.org/10.1007/z00339-017-1194-9

51-17 Koichi Ishizaka, Keijiro Saitoh, Eisaku Ito, Masanori Yuri, and Junichiro Masada, Key Technologies for 1700°C Class Ultra High Temperature Gas Turbine, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, vol. 54, no. 3, 2017.

49-17 Yu-Che Wu, Weng-Sing Hwang, Cheng-Hung San, Chih-Hsiang Chang and Huey-Jiuan Lin, Parametric study of surface morphology for selective laser melting on Ti6Al4V powder bed with numerical and experimental methods, International Journal of Material Forming, © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2017. doi.org/10.1007/s12289-017-1391-2.

37-17 V. Sukhotskiy, I. H. Karampelas, G. Garg, A. Verma, M. Tong, S. Vader, Z. Vader, and E. P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic Drop-on-Demand Liquid Metal 3D Printing, Solid Freeform Fabrication 2017: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference

15-17 I.H. Karampelas, S. Vader, Z. Vader, V. Sukhotskiy, A. Verma, G. Garg, M. Tong and E.P. Furlani, Drop-on-Demand 3D Metal Printing, Informatics, Electronics and Microsystems TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 4

14-17 Jason Cheon and Suck-Joo Na, Prediction of welding residual stress with real-time phase transformation by CFD thermal analysis, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 131–132 (2017) 37–51.

91-16 Y. S. Lee and D. F. Farson, Surface tension-powered build dimension control in laser additive manufacturing process, Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2016) 85:1035–1044, doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7974-5.

84-16 Runqi Lin, Hui-ping Wang, Fenggui Lu, Joshua Solomon, Blair E. Carlson, Numerical study of keyhole dynamics and keyhole-induced porosity formation in remote laser welding of Al alloys, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 108 (2017) 244–256, Available online December 2016.

68-16 Dongsheng Wu, Xueming Hua, Dingjian Ye and Fang Li, Understanding of humping formation and suppression mechanisms using the numerical simulation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 104, January 2017, Pages 634–643, Published online 2016.

39-16 Chien-Hsun Wang, Ho-Lin Tsai, Yu-Che Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, Investigation of molten metal droplet deposition and solidification for 3D printing techniques, IOP Publishing, J. Micromech. Microeng. 26 (2016) 095012 (14pp), doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/9/095012, July 8, 2016

29-16 Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Advances in Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, Nanotech 2016 Conference & Expo, May 22-25, Washington, DC.

26-16 Y.S. Lee and W. Zhang, Modeling of heat transfer, fluid flow and solidification microstructure of nickel-base superalloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, S2214-8604(16)30087-2, doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.05.003, ADDMA 86.

123-15 Koji Tsukimoto, Masashi Kitamura, Shuji Tanigawa, Sachio Shimohata, and Masahiko Mega, Laser welding repair for single crystal blades, Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress, pp. 1354-1358, 2015.

122-15 Y.S. Lee, W. Zhang, Mesoscopic simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in laser powder bed additive manufacturing, Proceedings, 26th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Austin, Texas, 2015.

116-15 Yousub Lee, Simulation of Laser Additive Manufacturing and its Applications, Ph.D. Thesis: Graduate Program in Welding Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2015, Copyright by Yousub Lee 2015

103-15 Ligang Wu, Jason Cheon, Degala Venkata Kiran, and Suck-Joo Na, CFD Simulations of GMA Welding of Horizontal Fillet Joints based on Coordinate Rotation of Arc Models, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Available online December 29, 2015

96-15 Jason Cheon, Degala Venkata Kiran, and Suck-Joo Na, Thermal metallurgical analysis of GMA welded AH36 steel using CFD – FEM framework, Materials & Design, Volume 91, February 5 2016, Pages 230-241, published online November 2015

86-15 Yousub Lee and Dave F. Farson, Simulation of transport phenomena and melt pool shape for multiple layer additive manufacturing, J. Laser Appl. 28, 012006 (2016). doi: 10.2351/1.4935711, published online 2015.

63-15 Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Washington, D.C., June 14-17, 2015

46-15 Adwaith Gupta, 3D Printing Multi-Material, Single Printhead Simulation, Advanced Qualification of Additive Manufacturing Materials Workshop, July 20 – 21, 2015, Santa Fe, NM

25-15 Dae-Won Cho and Suck-Joo Na, Molten pool behaviors for second pass V-groove GMAW, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 945–956.

21-15 Jungho Cho, Dave F. Farson, Kendall J. Hollis and John O. Milewski, Numerical analysis of weld pool oscillation in laser welding, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (4) (2015) 1715~1722, www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x, doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-0344-2.

82-14 Yousub Lee, Mark Nordin, Sudarsanam Suresh Babu, and Dave F. Farson, Effect of Fluid Convection on Dendrite Arm Spacing in Laser Deposition, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, August 2014, Volume 45, Issue 4, pp 1520-1529

59-14 Y.S. Lee, M. Nordin, S.S. Babu, and D.F. Farson, Influence of Fluid Convection on Weld Pool Formation in Laser Cladding, Welding Research/ August 2014, VOL. 93

18-14 L.J. Zhang, J.X. Zhang, A. Gumenyuk, M. Rethmeier, and S.J. Na, Numerical simulation of full penetration laser welding of thick steel plate with high power high brightness laser, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.03.016.

36-13 Dae-Won Cho,Woo-Hyun Song, Min-Hyun Cho, and Suck-Joo Na, Analysis of Submerged Arc Welding Process by Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2013. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.06.017

12-13 D.W. Cho, S.J. Na, M.H. Cho, J.S. Lee, A study on V-groove GMAW for various welding positions, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, April 2013, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.02.015.

01-13 Dae-Won Cho & Suck-Joo Na & Min-Hyun Cho & Jong-Sub Lee, Simulations of weld pool dynamics in V-groove GTA and GMA welding, Weld World, doi.org/10.1007/s40194-012-0017-z, © International Institute of Welding 2013.

63-12 D.W. Cho, S.H. Lee, S.J. Na, Characterization of welding arc and weld pool formation in vacuum gas hollow tungsten arc welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.09.024, September 2012.

77-10 Lim, Y. C.; Yu, X.; Cho, J. H.; et al., Effect of magnetic stirring on grain structure refinement Part 1-Autogenous nickel alloy welds, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume: 15 Issue: 7, Pages: 583-589, doi.org/10.1179/136217110X12720264008277, October 2010

18-10 K Saida, H Ohnishi, K Nishimoto, Fluxless laser brazing of aluminium alloy to galvanized steel using a tandem beam–dissimilar laser brazing of aluminium alloy and steels, Welding International, 2010

58-09 Cho, Jung-Ho; Farson, Dave F.; Milewski, John O.; et al., Weld pool flows during initial stages of keyhole formation in laser welding, Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics, Volume: 42 Issue: 17 Article Number: 175502 ; doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/17/175502, September 2009

57-09 Lim, Y. C.; Farson, D. F.; Cho, M. H.; et al., Stationary GMAW-P weld metal deposit spreading, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume: 14 Issue: 7 ;Pages: 626-635, doi.org/10.1179/136217109X441173, October 2009

1-09 J.-H. Cho and S.-J. Na, Three-Dimensional Analysis of Molten Pool in GMA-Laser Hybrid Welding, Welding Journal, February 2009, Vol. 88

52-07 Huey-Jiuan Lin and Wei-Kuo Chang, Design of a sheet forming apparatus for overflow fusion process by numerical simulation, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 353 (2007) 2817–2825.

50-07 Cho, Min Hyun; Farson, Dave F., Understanding bead hump formation in gas metal arc welding using a numerical simulation, Metallurgical and Mateials Transactions B-Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, Volume: 38, Issue: 2, Pages: 305-319, doi.org/10.1007/s11663-007-9034-5, April 2007

49-07 Cho, M. H.; Farson, D. F., Simulation study of a hybrid process for the prevention of weld bead hump formation, Welding Journal Volume: 86, Issue: 9, Pages: 253S-262S, September 2007

48-07 Cho, M. H.; Farson, D. F.; Lim, Y. C.; et al., Hybrid laser/arc welding process for controlling bead profile, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume: 12 Issue: 8, Pages: 677-688, doi.org/10.1179/174329307X236878, November 2007

47-07 Min Hyun Cho, Dave F. Farson, Understanding Bead Hump Formation in Gas Metal Arc Welding Using a Numerical Simulation, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 38, Issue 2, pp 305-319, April 2007

36-06 Cho, M. H.; Lim, Y. C.; Farson, D. F., Simulation of weld pool dynamics in the stationary pulsed gas metal arc welding process and final weld shape, Welding Journal, Volume: 85 Issue: 12, Pages: 271S-283S, December 2006

조선/해양 분야

Coastal & Maritime

FLOW-3D 는 선박설계, 슬로싱 동역학, 파도에 미치는 영향 및 환기를 포함하여 해안 및 해양 관련 분야에 사용할 수 있는 이상적인 소프트웨어입니다.

자유 표면 유체 역학, 파동 생성, 움직이는 물체, 계선 및 용접 공정과 관련한 FLOW-3D 의 기능은 해양 및 해양 산업에서 CFD 공정을 모델링하는 데 매우 적합한 도구입니다. 해안 응용 분야의 경우 FLOW-3D 해안 응용 분야의 경우 FLOW-3D 는 해안 구조물에 대한 심한 폭풍 및 쓰나미 파동의 세부 사항을 정확하게 예측하고 돌발 홍수 및 중요 구조물 홍수 및 피해 분석에 사용됩니다. 기능은 다음과 같습니다.

자유 표면 – 파동 유체 역학 및 오버 토핑 : 규칙 및 불규칙파 및 파동 스펙트럼 (Pierson Moskowitz, JONSWAP)
Seakeeping – slamming, planing, porpoising 및 선체 선체 변위 : 완전히 결합된 선박 및 수중 차량 유체 역학
선체 – Resistance, stability and dynamics: surging, heaving, pitching and rolling motion (response amplitude operators or RAOs)
슬로싱 – LNG / 밸러스트 탱크
해양 공학 – 파동 에너지 변환기

해안 응용 분야의 경우, FLOW-3D 는 강력한 폭풍과 쓰나미 현상에 의한 해안 구조물이 받는 영향에 대한 세부 사항 예측, 돌발 홍수에 의한 중요한 시설물에 대한 정확한 피해 분석 등을 위해 사용됩니다.

Mooring Lines, Springs and Ropes

FLOW-3D (계류선 및 스프링 등)의 특수 물체를 다른 움직이는 물체에 부착하면 엔지니어가 선박 런칭, 부유 장애물 역학, 부표, 파도에너지 변환기 등을 정확하게 포착할 수 있습니다.

Welding

FLOW-3D 용접 모듈이 추가되면서 조선업계의 용접분야에서는 다공성 등 용접 결함을 최소화할 수 있어 선체의 품질을 크게 높이는 동시에 생산 시간을 최적화할 수 있습니다.

Coastal & Maritime Case Studies

FLOW-3D 사용자들은 연약한 해안선 보호, 구조물에 대한 파장 시뮬레이션, 선체 설계 최적화, 선박 내 환기 연구 등 해안 및 해양 애플리케이션에 FLOW-3D를 사용합니다.

우리는 보트가 세계 항해를 하면서 마주칠 것 같은 다양한 조건에서 항해를 할 수 있는지를 볼 수 있었습니다. 그리고 속도뿐만 아니라 연료 효율과 안전도 고려하도록 설계를 수정할 수 있었습니다.
– Pete Bethune, skipper of Earthrace

Lateral wave impact in water — Validation of Sloshing Simulations in Narrow Tanks / Aerial Landslide Generated Wave Simulations / Earthrace: Speed, Fuel Efficiency and Safety

Wave results — Validation of Sloshing Simulations in Narrow Tanks / Aerial Landslide Generated Wave Simulations / Earthrace: Speed, Fuel Efficiency and Safety

기타

Bibliography

Development of Wave Power Generation Device with Resonance Channels
Models with all the Right Curves
Rubble Mound Breakwater: Run-Up, Reflection and Overtopping by Numerical 3D Simulation
Access the FLOW-3D Bibliography

Models

Hybrid Shallow Water/3D Flow
Moving Objects
Sediment Scour
More Modeling Capabilities

관련 기술자료

파도 / Waves

파도 / Waves FLOW-3D 는 비정형 파뿐만 아니라 일반 선형 및 비선형파 표면을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있는 기능이 있습니다. 선형파는 ...

FLOW-3D 수치해석용 노트북 선택 가이드

Propagation Velocity of Excitation Waves Caused by Turbidity Currents

혼탁류에 의한 자극파의 전파 속도 Guohui Xu, Shiqing Sun, Yupeng Ren, Meng Li, Zhiyuan Chen Abstract Turbidity currents are important ...

Study on the Sand-Scouring Characteristics of Pulsed Submerged Jets Based on Experiments and Numerical Methods

실험과 수치 해석을 기반으로 한 펄스 잠수 제트의 모래 침식 특성 연구 Hongliang Wang, Xuanwen Jia,Chuan Wang, Bo Hu, Weidong ...

Ecological inferences on invasive carp survival using hydrodynamics and egg drift models

수리역학 및 알 이동 모델을 활용한 외래종 잉어 생존에 대한 생태적 추론 Ruichen Xu, Duane C. Chapman, Caroline M. Elliott, ...

Dynamic Performance of Suspended Pipelines with Permeable Wrappers under Solitary Waves

단일 파동 하에서 투과성 포장지가 있는 현수 파이프라인의 동적 성능 Youkou Dong, Enjin Zhao, Lan Cui, Yizhe Li, Yang Wang ...

Non-Equilibrium Scour Evolution around an Emerged Structure Exposed to a Transient Wave

일시적인 파도에 노출된 구조에서의 비평형 세굴 결과 Deniz Velioglu Sogut ,Erdinc Sogut ,Ali Farhadzadeh,Tian-Jian Hsu Abstract The present study evaluates ...

Prediction of the Vortex Evolution and Influence Analysis of Rough Bed in a Hydraulic Jump with the Omega-Liutex Method

Omega-Luitex법을 이용한 수력점프 발생시 러프 베드의 와류 진화 예측 및 영향 분석 Cong Trieu Tran, Cong Ty Trinh Abstract The ...

Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Perforated Monopiles

Mary Kathryn WalkerFlorida Institute of Technology, mwalker2022@my.fit.edu Robert J. Weaver, Ph.D.Associate ProfessorOcean Engineering and Marine SciencesMajor Advisor Chungkuk Jin, Ph.D.Assistant ...

Numerical Investigation of the Local Scour for Tripod Pile Foundation

Waqed H. Hassan | Zahraa Mohammad Fadhe* | Rifqa F. Thiab | Karrar MahdiCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Kerbala 56001, IraqCivil ...

계류 라인 / Mooring Lines

계류 라인 Mooring Lines

현재 버전의 FLOW-3D 는 여러 움직이는 물체를 탄성 로프를 통해 다른 움직이는 물체 또는 고정 된 장소에 연결할 수 있습니다.

로프는 무겁고 늘릴 때 항상 직선으로 간주됩니다. 로프 장력은 로프를 따라 균일하며 단순히 로프 연장 및 스프링 상수와 관련됩니다. 로프 동역학과 로프로 묶인 물건의 움직임에 미치는 영향은 무시됩니다. 이러한 가정은 탄성 로프 모델에 제한을 부과했습니다.

예를 들어, 계류 된 유조선의 움직임을 시뮬레이션 할 때, 모델은 taut mooring lines에 대해서는 작동하지만 catenary mooring lines 에서는 실패합니다. 이는 taut mooring lines이 선의 장력에 비해 가벼우며 모양이 거의 직선 인 반면 catenary lines 은 중량이 커서 선의 모양과 동력에 큰 영향을주기 때문입니다.

모델 설명

이러한 제한을 극복하기 위해 FLOW-3D 버전 11.1에서 호환 계류 라인 모델이 개발 및 구현되었습니다. 모델은 계선에 중력, 부력, 유체 항력 및 인장력을 고려합니다. 계류 선의 전체 3D 동역학뿐만 아니라 계류 물체와의 동적 상호 작용이 계산됩니다. 선은 긴장되거나 느슨해 질 수 있으며, 그 순간 모양이 계산됩니다.

이 모델은 유한 계단 접근법을 사용하여 3D 계량 라인 역학을 수치적으로 해결합니다. 각 라인은 일정 수의 개별 세그먼트로 균등하게 분할됩니다. 하위 시간 단계 알고리즘을 사용하여 각 세그먼트에 대한 질량 중심의 위치 및 속도가 동적 운동 방정식을 계산하여 계산됩니다.

세그먼트의 법선 방향과 접선 방향의 유체 항력은 2 차 항력 항법에 따라 계산됩니다. 이웃 한 두 세그먼트의 조인트에서 인장력은 세그먼트의 스프링 상수와 두 개의 매스 센터 간의 라인 확장을 사용하여 Hooke의 법칙에 의해 계산됩니다. 계류 라인의 모양은 모든 세그먼트의 질량 중심의 공간 분포에 의해 결정됩니다. 계류 라인과 움직이는 물체의 동적 연결은 물체가 라인의 밧줄 끝 위치를 제공하는 동안 라인 역학이 물체에 장력을 제공하는 방식으로 구현됩니다.

시뮬레이션 결과

애니메이션은 해저에 고정되어 진행형 파도에 표류하는 직사각형의 떠다니는 물체에 묶인 4 개의 느슨한 계류 라인의 시뮬레이션 결과를 보여줍니다.

물체의 크기는 64m x 72m x 30m이고 밀도는 500kg/m³ 입니다. 들어오는 비선형 파는 높이가 10m이고주기는 8 초입니다. 수심은 70m입니다. 각 계류 라인의 방해받지 않은 길이는 85m입니다. 합성 계류 라인의 길이 밀도는 5 kg/m이고 스프링 상수는 2.4 x 10⁵ N/m입니다. 선들에 대한 법선과 접선 방향의 항력 계수는 각각 1.0과 0.3입니다.

초기에, 계류 선은 전선 모양과 정적 평형을 이룹니다. 파도에 힘입어 물체가 움직이고 파동 전파 방향으로 계류 선이 그려집니다. 시간이 지남에 따라 두 개의 업스트림 라인은 슬랙에서 긴장으로 바뀌며 상당한 길이의 확장을 경험하는 반면 두 개의 다운 스트림 라인은 슬랙 상태를 유지하고 웨이브 모션과 함께 변동합니다. 시뮬레이션이 끝나면 두 개의 긴장 계류 선에 의해 물체의 평균 위치가 유지됩니다.

애니메이션 1. 물결 운동으로 움직이는 떠 다니는 물체는 계선 라인에 의해 구속됩니다.

모델 응용 프로그램

mooring lines 모델은 많은 엔지니어링 응용 분야를 가지고 있습니다. 가장 중요한 응용 분야 중 하나는 해상 석유 및 가스 산업에서 FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessels)를 위한 계류 시스템입니다. 또한 Floating Wave Energy Converters (WEC), floating wave breakers, anchored ship 및 기타 여러 계류 구조물, 장비 및 장치에 대한 계류 라인을 시뮬레이션하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 계 류 라인 모델을 통합함으로써 FLOW-3D 는 사용자가 실제 문제를 더 잘 시뮬레이션 할 수 있도록 도와줍니다.

Steady-State Solver for Free-Surface Flows [자유 표면 유동에 대한 정상 상태 솔버]

Introduction
There is frequently a need to have a faster way to generate a steady free-surface flow than by simply trying to compute the asymptotic state of a transient flow. The situation is similar to solving for incompressible flow by trying to use a compressible flow solver. In the latter case, compression waves can take an extremely long time to decay and leave a resultant “incompressible” flow. Correspondingly, in free-surface flows the fluid is incompressible, but surface waves may require a very long time to damp out to produce a steady surface configuration.

A Surface Tension Model Update [표면장력 모델 업데이트]

PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND
The modeling of surface tension forces is computationally difficult because it requires the evaluation of surface curvatures, i.e., second derivatives of the surface location. This is
particularly true in FLOW-3D® since it uses a regular rectangular grid that does not conform to surface shapes. Although this simple grid structure makes it more difficult to evaluate surface
slopes and curvatures, it is this feature that also gives the strength needed to simulate coalescence and breakup of fluid blobs.
Evaluation of surface slope and curvature in FLOW-3D® is done by determining which coordinate direction is closest to the outward normal vector to the surface. Then fluid in a 3 by 3
by 3 set of grid cells surrounding a given cell is summed up in the cell columns parallel to the normal. This, in effect, gives a discrete representation of the surface height in nine (3×3)
columns, which can be used to compute slopes and curvatures.
In most cases this procedure works quite well, but when normal directions in the grid are near 45° the surface may be too steep for this procedure to work accurately. A consequence of this
loss of accuracy is the introduction of spurious pressures or perturbations that sometimes generate undesirable capillary waves (i.e., kinetic energy noise). Occasionally, these
perturbations can even destroy a computation.
A summary of the original surface tension model was given in Technical Note TN6, “Surface Tension Validation Tests,” (1987). Since that Note there have been a number of major improvements:

1. Wall adhesion sensitive to slope of wall,
2. Static contact angle as an obstacle property,
3. Two-fluid interfacial surface tension,
4. Thermocapillary (i.e., tangential) surface forces (see TN47).

In this Technical Note we document another improvement that has been made. In particular, we have improved the accuracy of the column summation technique for the computation of surface
curvatures. As the following examples will show, this improvement is quite dramatic in many cases where the earlier model experienced substantial difficulties.

Microfluidics Bibliography

다음은 Microfluidics Bibliography의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 결과를 특징으로 합니다. 미세 유체 공정 및 장치 를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하기 위해 FLOW-3D 를 사용 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오 .

2024년 11월 20일 Update

109-24 Dileep Karnam, Yu-Lung Lo, Chia-Hua Yang, Spray mist-assisted drilling of through silicon vias (TSV) using nanosecond laser: Influence of CNT nanofluid, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 31; pp. 679-688, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.06.109

22-24 Bin-Jie Lai, Li-Tao Zhu, Zhe Chen, Bo Ouyang, Zheng-Hong Luo, Review on blood flow dynamics in lab-on-a-chip systems: an engineering perspective, Chem & Bio Engineering, 1.1; pp. 26-43, 2024. doi.org/10.1021/cbe.3c00014

196-23 Daicong Zhang, Chunhui Jing, Wei Guo, Yuan Xiao, Jun Luo, Lehua Qi, Microchannels formed using metal microdroplets, Micromachines, 14.10; 1922, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/mi14101922

121-23 Feng Lin Ng, Zhanhong Cen, Yi-Chin Toh, Lay Poh Tan, A 3D-printed micro-perfused culture device with embedded 3D fibrous scaffold for enhanced biomimicry, International Journal of Bioprinting, 2023. doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0226

104-23 Cristina González-Fernández, Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Eugenio Bringas, Inmaculada Ortiz, Computer-aided design of magnetophoretic microfluidic systems for enhanced recovery of target products, 33rd European Symposium on Computer-Aided Engineering (ESCAPE), 2023.

64-23 Tihomir Tjankov, Dimitar Trifonov, Conceptual design and 3D modeling of a microfluidic device for liver cells investigation, Industry 4.0, 8.2; pp. 39-41, 2023.

64-22 Babatunde Aramide, Computational modelling of electrohydrodynamic jetting (Taylor cone formation, dripping & jet evolution): Case study of electrospinning, Thesis, University College London, 2022.

138-21 Enver Guler, Mine Eti, Aydin Cihanoglu, Esra Altiok, Kadriye Ozlem Hamaloglu, Burcu Gokcal, Ali Tuncel, Nalan Kabay, Ion exchange membranes with enhanced antifouling properties to produce energy from renewable sources, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Green and Smart Technologies for a Sustainable Society, Santander, Cantabria, Spain, December 9-10, 2021.

45-21 Navid Tonekaboni, Mahdi Feizbahr, Nima Tonekaboni, Guang-Jun Jiang, Hong-Xia Chen, Optimization of solar CCHP systems with collector enhanced by porous media and nanofluid, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021; 9984940, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/9984840

40-21 B. Hayes, G.L. Whiting, R. MacCurdy, Modeling of contactless bubble–bubble interactions in microchannels with integrated inertial pumps, Physics of Fluids, 33.4; 042002, 2021. doi.org/10.1063/5.0041924

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Microfluidics Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate microfluidic processes and devices.

14-21 Jian-Chiun Liou, Chih-Wei Peng, Philippe Basset, Zhen-Xi Chen, DNA printing integrated multiplexer driver microelectronic mechanical system head (IDMH) and microfluidic flow estimation, Micromachines, 12.1; 25, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/mi12010025

08-20 Li Yong-Qiang, Dong Jun-Yan and Rui Wei, Numerical simulation for capillary driven flow in capsule-type vane tank with clearances under microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s12217-019-09773-z

89-19 Tim Dreckmann, Julien Boeuf, Imke-Sonja Ludwig, Jorg Lumkemann, and Jorg Huwyler, Low volume aseptic filling: impact of pump systems on shear stress, European Journal of Pharmeceutics and Biopharmeceutics, in press, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.006

88-19 V. Amiri Roodan, J. Gomez-Pastora, C. Gonzalez-Fernandez, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani, and I. Ortiz, CFD analysis of the generation and manipulation of ferrofluid droplets, TechConnect Briefs, pp. 182-185, 2019. TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Boston, Massachussetts, USA, June 17-19, 2019.

55-19 Julio Aleman, Sunil K. George, Samuel Herberg, Mahesh Devarasetty, Christopher D. Porada, Aleksander Skardal, and Graça Almeida‐Porada, Deconstructed microfluidic bone marrow on‐a‐chip to study normal and malignant hemopoietic cell–niche interactions, Small, 2019. doi: 10.1002/smll.201902971

37-19 Feng Lin Ng, Miniaturized 3D fibrous scaffold on stereolithography-printed microfluidic perfusion culture, Doctoral Thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 2019.

32-19 Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Ioannis H. Karampelas, Eugenio Bringas, Edward P. Furlani, and Inmaculada Ortiz, Numerical analysis of bead magnetophoresis from flowing blood in a continuous-flow microchannel: Implications to the bead-fluid interactions, Nature: Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 7265, 2019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43827-x

01-19 Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Computational analysis of self-similar capillary-driven thinning and pinch-off dynamics during dripping using the volume-of-fluid method, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 31, 2019. doi: 10.1063/1.5061715

75-18 Tobias Ladner, Sebastian Odenwald, Kevin Kerls, Gerald Zieres, Adeline Boillon and Julien Bœuf, CFD supported investigation of shear induced by bottom-mounted magnetic stirrer in monoclonal antibody formulation, Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 35, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2492-4

53-18 Venoos Amiri Roodan, Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Aditi Verma, Eugenio Bringas, Inmaculada Ortiz and Edward P. Furlani, Computational analysis of magnetic droplet generation and manipulation in microfluidic devices, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, Niagara Falls, Canada, June 7 – 9, 2018; Paper no. 154, 2018. doi: 10.11159/ffhmt18.154

35-18 Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Cristina González Fernández, Marcos Fallanza, Eugenio Bringas and Inmaculada Ortiz, Flow patterns and mass transfer performance of miscible liquid-liquid flows in various microchannels: Numerical and experimental studies, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 344, pp. 487-497, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.110

15-18 J. Gómez-Pastora, I.H. Karampelas, A.Q. Alorabi, M.D. Tarn, E. Bringas, A. Iles, V.N. Paunov, N. Pamme, E.P. Furlani, I. Ortiz, CFD analysis and experimental validation of magnetic droplet generation and deflection across multilaminar flow streams, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 182-185, 2018.

14-18 J. Gómez-Pastora, C. González-Fernández, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani, and I. Ortiz, Design of Magnetic Blood Cleansing Microdevices through Experimentally Validated CFD Modeling, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 170-173, 2018.

10-18 A. Gupta, I.H. Karampelas, J. Kitting, Numerical modeling of the formation of dynamically configurable L2 lens in a microchannel, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, Vol. 3, pp. 186 – 189, 2018.

17-17 I.H. Karampelas, J. Gómez-Pastora, M.J. Cowan, E. Bringas, I. Ortiz and E.P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Acoustophoretic Discrete Particle Focusing in Microchannels, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 3

16-17 J. Gómez-Pastora, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani and I. Ortiz, CFD analysis of particle magnetophoresis in multiphase continuous-flow bioseparators, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 3

102-16 J. Brindha, RA.G. Privita Edwina, P.K. Rajesh and P.Rani, “Influence of rheological properties of protein bio-inks on printability: A simulation and validation study,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 3, no.10, pp. 3285-3295, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.10.010

99-16 Ioannis H. Karampelas, Kai Liu, Fatema Alali, and Edward P. Furlani, Plasmonic Nanoframes for Photothermal Energy Conversion, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 120 (13), pp 7256–7264

98-16 Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Drop formation, pinch-off dynamics and liquid transfer of simple and complex fluids, http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2016.MAR.B53.12, APS March Meeting 2016, Volume 61, Number 2, March 14–18, 2016, Baltimore, Maryland

67-16 Vahid Bazargan and Boris Stoeber, Effect of substrate conductivity on the evaporation of small sessile droplets, PHYSICAL REVIEW E 94, 033103 (2016), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.033103

57-16 Ioannis Karampelas, Computational analysis of pulsed-laser plasmon-enhanced photothermal energy conversion and nanobubble generation in the nanoscale, PhD Dissertation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, July 2016

44-16 Takeshi Sawada et al., Prognostic impact of circulating tumor cell detected using a novel fluidic cell microarray chip system in patients with breast cancer, EBioMedicine, Available online 27 July 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.027.

30-16 Ioannis H. Karampelas, Kai Liu and Edward P. Furlani, Plasmonic Nanocages as Photothermal Transducers for Nanobubble Cancer Therapy, Nanotech 2016 Conference & Expo, May 22-25, Washington, DC.

02-16 Stephen D. Hoath (Editor), Fundamentals of Inkjet Printing: The Science of Inkjet and Droplets, ISBN: 978-3-527-33785-9, 472 pages, February 2016 (see chapters 2 and 3 for FLOW-3D results)

125-15 J. Berthier, K.A. Brakke, E.P. Furlani, I.H. Karampelas, V. Poher, D. Gosselin, M. Cubinzolles and P. Pouteau, Whole blood spontaneous capillary flow in narrow V-groove microchannels, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 206, pp. 258-267, 2015.

77-15 Ho-Lin Tsai, Weng-Sing Hwang, Jhih-Kai Wang, Wen-Chih Peng and Shin-Hau Chen, Fabrication of Microdots Using Piezoelectric Dispensing Technique for Viscous Fluids, Materials 2015, 8(10), 7006-7016. doi: 10.3390/ma8105355

46-15 Adwaith Gupta, 3D Printing Multi-Material, Single Printhead Simulation, Advanced Qualification of Additive Manufacturing Materials Workshop, July 20 – 21, 2015, Santa Fe, NM

28-15 Yongqiang Li, Mingzhu Hu, Ling Liu, Yin-Yin Su, Li Duan, and Qi Kang, Study of Capillary Driven Flow in an Interior Corner of Rounded Wall Under Microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, June 2015

20-15 Pamela J. Waterman, Diversity in Medical Simulation Applications, Desktop Engineering, May 2015, pp 22-26,

16-15 Saurabh Singh, Ann Junghans, Erik Watkins, Yash Kapoor, Ryan Toomey, and Jaroslaw Majewski, Effects of Fluid Shear Stress on Polyelectrolyte Multilayers by Neutron Scattering Studies, © 2015 American Chemical Society, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00037, Langmuir 2015, 31, 2870−2878, February 17, 2015

11-15 Cheng-Han Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, The effect of process condition of the ink-jet printing process on the molten metallic droplet formation through the analysis of fluid propagation direction, Canadian Journal of Physics, 2015. doi: 10.1139/cjp-2014-0259

03-15 Hanchul Cho, Sivasubramanian Somu, Jin Young Lee, Hobin Jeong and Ahmed Busnaina, High-Rate Nanoscale Offset Printing Process Using Directed Assembly and Transfer of Nanomaterials, Adv. Materials, doi: 10.1002/adma.201404769, February 2015

122-14 Albert Chi, Sebastian Curi, Kevin Clayton, David Luciano, Kameron Klauber, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Sebastián D’hers and Noel M Elman, Rapid Reconstitution Packages (RRPs) implemented by integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D printed microfluidics, Research Gate, doi: 10.1007/s13346-014-0198-7, July 2014

113-14 Cihan Yilmaz, Arif E. Cetin, Georgia Goutzamanidis, Jun Huang, Sivasubramanian Somu, Hatice Altug, Dongguang Wei and Ahmed Busnaina, Three-Dimensional Crystalline and Homogeneous Metallic Nanostructures Using Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles, 10.1021/nn500084g, © 2014 American Chemical Society, April 2014

110-14 Koushik Ponnuru, Jincheng Wu, Preeti Ashok, Emmanuel S. Tzanakakis and Edward P. Furlani, Analysis of Stem Cell Culture Performance in a Microcarrier Bioreactor System, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

109-14 Ioannis H. Karampelas, Young Hwa Kim and Edward P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Laser Induced Photothermal Effects using Colloidal Plasmonic Nanostructures, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

108-14 Chenxu Liu, Xiaozheng Xue and Edward P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Transport and Free-Flow Magnetophoretic Sorting in Microfluidic Systems, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

95-14 Cheng-Han Wu, Weng-Sing Hwang, The effect of the echo-time of a bipolar pulse waveform on molten metallic droplet formation by squeeze mode piezoelectric inkjet printing, Accepted November 2014, Microelectronics Reliability (2014) , © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

61-14 Chenxu Liu, A Computational Model for Predicting Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Dynamics and Self-Assembly for Magnetic Particle Applications, Master’s Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 2014, 75 pages; 1561583, http://gradworks.umi.com/15/61/1561583.html

41-14 Albert Chi, Sebastian Curi, Kevin Clayton, David Luciano, Kameron Klauber, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Sebastian D’hers, and Noel M. Elman, Rapid Reconstitution Packages (RRPs) implemented by integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D printed microfluidics, Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res., DOI 10.1007/s13346-014-0198-7, # Controlled Release Society 2014. Available for purchase online at SpringerLink.

21-14 Suk-Hee Park, Ung Hyun Koh, Mina Kim, Dong-Yol Yang, Kahp-Yang Suh and Jennifer Hyunjong Shin, Hierarchical multilayer assembly of an ordered nanofibrous scaffold via thermal fusion bonding, Biofabrication 6 (2014) 024107 (10pp), doi:10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024107, IOP Publishing, 2014. Available for purchase online at IOP.

17-14 Vahid Bazargan, Effect of substrate cooling and droplet shape and composition on the droplet evaporation and the deposition of particles, Ph.D. Thesis: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, March 2014, © Vahid Bazargan, 2014

73-13 Oliver G. Harlen, J. Rafael Castrejón-Pita, and Arturo Castrejon-Pita, Asymmetric Detachment from Angled Nozzles Plates in Drop-on Demand Inkjet Printing, NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference, 2013 International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies. Pages 253-549, pp. 277-280(4)

63-13 Fatema Alali, Ioannis H. Karampelas, Young Hwa Kim, and Edward P. Furlani, Photonic and Thermofluidic Analysis of Colloidal Plasmonic Nanorings and Nanotori for Pulsed-Laser Photothermal Applications, J. Phys. Chem. C, Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/jp406986y, Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society, September 2013.

25-13 Sudhir Srivastava, Theo Driessen, Roger Jeurissen, Herma Wijshoff, and Federico Toschi, Lattice Boltzmann Method to Study the Contraction of a Viscous Ligament, International Journal of Modern Physics © World Scientific Publishing Company, May 2013.

11-13 Li-Chieh Hsu, Yong-Jhih Chen, Jia-Huang Liou, Numerical Investigation in the Factors on the Pool Boiling, Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 311 (2013) pp 456-461, © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.311.456. Available for purchase online at Scientific.Net.

10-13 Pamela J. Waterman, CFD: Shaping the Medical World, Desktop Engineering, April 2013. Full article available online at Desktop Engineering.

90-12 Charles R. Ortloff and Martin Vogel, Spray Cooling Heat Transfer- Test and CFD Analysis, Electronics Cooling, June 2012. Available online at Electronics Cooling.

79-12 Daniel Parsaoran Siregar, Numerical simulation of evaporation and absorption of inkjet printed droplets, Ph.D. Thesis: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, September 18, 2012, Copyright 2012 by D.P. Siregar, ISBN: 978-90-386-3190-5.

71-12 Jong-hyeon Chang, Kyu-Dong Jung, Eunsung Lee, Minseog Choi, Seungwan Lee, and Woonbae Kim, Varifocal liquid lens based on microelectrofluidic technology, Optics Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 21, pp. 4377-4379 (2012) http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.004377

70-12 Jong-hyeon Chang, Kyu-Dong Jung, Eunsung Lee, Minseog Choi, and Seunwan Lee, Microelectrofluidic Iris for Variable Aperture, Proc. SPIE 8252, MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, 82520O (February 9, 2012); doi:10.1117/12.906587

69-12 Jong-hyeon Chang, Eunsung Lee, Kyu-Dong Jung, Seungwan Lee, Minseog Choi, and Woonbae Kim, Microelectrofluidic Lens for Variable Curvature, Proc. SPIE 8486, Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XIII, 84860X (October 11, 2012); doi:10.1117/12.925852.

61-12 Biddut Bhattacharjee, Study of Droplet Splitting in an Electrowetting Based Digital Microfluidic System, Thesis: Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Graduate Studies (Applied Sciences), The University of British Columbia, September 2012, © Biddut Bhattacharjee.

55-12 Hejun Li, Pengyun Wang, Lehua Qi, Hansong Zuo, Songyi Zhong, Xianghui Hou, 3D numerical simulation of successive deposition of uniform molten Al droplets on a moving substrate and experimental validation, Computational Materials Science, Volume 65, December 2012, Pages 291–301. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

54-12 Edward P. Furlani, Anthony Nunez, Gianmarco Vizzeri, Modeling Fluid Structure-Interactions for Biomechanical Analysis of the Human Eye, Nanotech Conference & Expo, June 18-21, 2012, Santa Clara, CA.

53-12 Xinyun Wu, Richard D. Oleschuk and Natalie M. Cann, Characterization of microstructured fibre emitters in pursuit of improved nano electrospray ionization performance, The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012, http://pubs.rsc.org, DOI: 10.1039/c2an35249d, May 2012

25-12 Edward P. Furlani, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Qian Xie, Analysis of Pulsed Laser Plasmon-assisted Photothermal Heating and Bubble Generation at the Nanoscale, Lab on a Chip, 10.1039/C2LC40495H, Received 01 May 2012, Accepted 07 Jun 2012. First published on the web 13 Jun 2012.

22-12 R.A. Sultanov, D. Guster, Numerical Modeling and Simulations of Pulsatile Human Blood Flow in Different 3D-Geometries, Book chapter #21 in Fluid Dynamics, Computational Modeling and Applications (2012), ISBN: 978-953-51-0052-2, p. 475 [18 pages]. Available online at INTECH.

21-12 Guo-Wei Huang, Tzu-Yi Hung, and Chin-Tai Chen, Design, Simulation, and Verification of Fluidic Light-Guide Chips with Various Geometries of Micro Polymer Channels, NEMS 2012, Kyoto, Japan, March 5-8, 2012. Available for purchase online at IEEE.

103-11 Suk-Hee Park, Development of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds containing Electrospun Nanofibers and their Applications to Tissue Regeneration, Ph.D. Thesis: School of Mechanical, Aersospace and Systems Engineering, Division of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 2011.

81-11 Xinyun Wu, Modeling and Characterization of Microfabricated Emitters-In Pursuit of Improved ESI-MS Performance, thesis: Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, December 2011, Copyright © Xinyun Wu, 2011

77-11 Ge Bai, W. Thomas Leach, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) insights into agitation stress methods in biopharmaceutical development, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Available online 8 December 2011, ISSN 0378-5173, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.044. Available online at SciVerse.

72-11 M.R. Barkhudarov, C.W. Hirt, D. Milano, and G. Wei, Comments on a Comparison of CFD Software for Microfluidic Applications, Flow Science Technical Note #93, FSI-11-TN93, December 2011

45-11 Chang-Wei Kang, Jiak Kwang Tan, Lunsheng Pan, Cheng Yee Low and Ahmed Jaffar, Numerical and experimental investigations of splat geometric characteristics during oblique impact of plasma spraying, Applied Surface Science, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 20 July 2011, ISSN 0169-4332, DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.081. Available to purchase online at SciVers

33-11 Edward P. Furlani, Mark T. Swihart, Natalia Litchinitser, Christopher N. Delametter and Melissa Carter, Modeling Nanoscale Plasmon-assisted Bubble Nucleation and Applications, Nanotech Conference and Expo 2011, Boston, MA, June 13-16, 2011

32-11 Lu, Cong and Mills, James K., Three cell separation design for realizing automatic cell injection, Complex Medical Engineering (CME), 2011 IEEE/ICME, pp: 599 – 603, Harbin, China, 10.1109/ICCME.2011.5876811, June 2011. Available online at IEEEXplore.

25-11 Issam M. Bahadur, James K. Mills, Fluidic vacuum-based biological cell holding device with piezoelectrically induced vibration, Complex Medical Engineering (CME), 2011 IEEE/ICME International Conference on, 22-25 May 2011, pp: 85 – 90, Harbin, China. Available online at: IEEE Xplore.

14-11 Edward P. Furlani, Roshni Biswas, Alexander N. Cartwright and Natalia M. Litchinitser, Antiresonant guiding optofluidic biosensor, doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2011.04.014, Optics Communication, April 2011

05-11 Hyeju Eom and Keun Park, Integrated numerical analysis to evaluate replication characteristics of micro channels in a locally heated mold by selective induction, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 12, Number 1, 53-60, DOI: 10.1007/s12541-011-0007-x, 2011. Available online at: SpringerLink.

70-10 I.N. Volnov, V.S. Nagornyi, Modeling Processes for Generation of Streams of Monodispersed Fluid Droplets in Electro-inkjet Applications, Science and Technology News, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 4, pp 294-300, 2010. In Russian.

62-10 F. Mobadersani, M. Eskandarzade, S. Azizi and S. Abbasnezhad, Effect of Ambient Pressure on Bubble Growth in Micro-Channel and Its Pumping Effect, ESDA2010-24436, pp. 577-584, doi:10.1115/ESDA2010-24436, ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA2010), Istanbul, Turkey, July 12–14, 2010. Available online at the ASME Digital Library.

58-10 Tsung-Yi Ho, Jun Zeng, and Chakrabarty, K, Digital microfluidic biochips: A vision for functional diversity and more than moore, Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), 2010 IEEE/ACM International Conference on, DOI: 10.1109/ICCAD.2010.5654199, © IEEE, November 2010. Available online at IEEE Explore.

51-10 Regina Bleul, Marion Ritzi-Lehnert, Julian Höth, Nico Scharpfenecker, Ines Frese, Dominik Düchs, Sabine Brunklaus, Thomas E. Hansen-Hagge, Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes, Klaus S. Drese, Compact, cost-efficient microfluidics-based stopped-flow device, Anal Bioanal Chem, DOI 10.1007/s00216-010-4446-5, Available online at Springer, November 2010

22-10 Krishendu Chakrabarty, Richard B. Fair and Jun Zeng, Design Tools for Digital Microfluidic Biochips Toward Functional Diversification and More than Moore, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 29, No. 7, July 2010

14-10 E. P. Furlani and M. S. Hanchak, Nonlinear analysis of the deformation and breakup of viscous microjets using the method of lines, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (2010), © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Published online in Wiley InterScience. DOI: 10.1002/fld.2205

55-09 R.A. Sultanov, and D. Guster, Computer simulations of pulsatile human blood flow through 3D models of the human aortic arch, vessels of simple geometry and a bifurcated artery, Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS (Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society), Minneapolis, September 2-6, 2009, p.p. 4704-4710.

30-09 Anurag Chandorkar and Shayan Palit, Simulation of Droplet Dynamics and Mixing in Microfluidic Devices using a VOF-Based Method, Sensors & Transducers journal, ISSN 1726-5479 © 2009 by IFSA, Vol.7, Special Issue “MEMS: From Micro Devices to Wireless Systems,” October 2009, pp. 136-149.

13-09 E.P. Furlani, M.C. Carter, Analysis of an Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Drop Ejector, Presented at Nanotech Conference & Expo 2009, Houston, Texas, USA, May 3-7, 2009

12-09 A. Chandorkar, S. Palit, Simulation of Droplet-Based Microfluidics Devices Using a Volume-of-Fluid Approach, Presented at Nanotech Conference & Expo 2009, Houston, Texas, USA, May 3-7, 2009

3-09 Christopher N. Delametter, FLOW-3D Speeds MEMS Inkjet Development, Desktop Engineering, January 2009

42-08 Tien-Li Chang, Jung-Chang Wang, Chun-Chi Chen, Ya-Wei Lee, Ta-Hsin Chou, A non-fluorine mold release agent for Ni stamp in nanoimprint process, Microelectronic Engineering 85 (2008) 1608–1612

26-08 Pamela J. Waterman, First-Pass CFD Analyses – Part 2, Desktop Engineering, November 2008

09-08 M. Ren and H. Wijshoff, Thermal effect on the penetration of an ink droplet onto a porous medium, Proc. Eurotherm2008 MNH, 1 (2008)

04-08 Delametter, Christopher N., MEMS development in less than half the time, Small Times, Online Edition, May 2008

02-08 Renat A. Sultanov, Dennis Guster, Brent Engelbrekt and Richard Blankenbecler, 3D Computer Simulations of Pulsatile Human Blood Flows in Vessels and in the Aortic Arch – Investigation of Non-Newtonian Characteristics of Human Blood, The Journal of Computational Physics, arXiv:0802.2362v1 [physics.comp-ph], February 2008

01-08 Herman Wijshoff, thesis: University of Twente, Structure- and fluid dynamics in piezo inkjet printheads, ISBN 978-90-365-2582-4, Venlo, The Netherlands January 2008.

30-07 A. K. Sen, J. Darabi, and D. R. Knapp, Simulation and parametric study of a novel multi-spray emitter for ESI–MS applications, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, Volume 3, Number 3, June 2007, pp. 283-298(16)

28-07 Dan Soltman and Vivek Subramanian, Inkjet-Printed Line Morphologies and Temperature Control of the Coffee Ring Effect, Langmuir; 2008; ASAP Web Release Date: 16-Jan-2008; (Research Article) DOI: 10.1021/la7026847

23-07 A K Sen and J Darabi, Droplet ejection performance of a monolithic thermal inkjet print head, Journal of Micromechanical and Microengineering,vol.17, pp.1420-1427 (2007) doi:10.1088/0960-1317/17/8/002; Abstract only.

18-07 Herman Wisjhoff, Better Printheads Via Simulation, Desktop Engineering, October 2007, Vol. 13, Issue 2

17-07 Jos de Jong, Ph.D. Thesis: University of Twente, Air entrapment in piezo inkjet printing, ISBN 978-90-365-2483-4, April 2007

15-07 Krishnendu Chakrabarty and Jun Zeng, (Ed.), Design Automation Methods and Tools for Microfluidics-Based Biochips, Springer, September 2006.

14-07 Fei Su and Jun Zeng, Computer-aided design and test for digital microfluidics, IEEE Design & Test of Computers, 24(1), 2007, 60-70.

13-07 Jun Zeng, Modeling and simulation of electrified droplets and its application to computer-aided design of digital microfluidics, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 25(2), 2006, 224-233.

12-07 Krishnendu Chakrabarty and Jun Zeng, (2005), Automated top-down design for microfluidic biochips, ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 1(3), 2005, 186–223.

01-07 Wijshoff, Herman, Drop formation mechanisms in piezo-acoustic inkjet, NSTI-Nanotech 2007, ISBN 1420061844 Vol. 3, 2007)

23-06 John J. Uebbing, Stephan Hengstler, Dale Schroeder, Shalini Venkatesh, and Rick Haven, Heat and Fluid Flow in an Optical Switch Bubble, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 15, No. 6, December 2006

21-06 Wijshoff, Herman, Manipulating Drop Formation in Piezo Acoustic Inkjet, Proc. IS&T’s NIP22, 79 (2006)

20-06 J. de Jong, H. Reinten, M. van den Berg, H. Wijshoff, M. Versluis, G. de Bruin, A. Prosperetti and D. Lohse, Air entrapment in piezo-driven inkjet printheads, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120(3), 1257 (2006)

11-06 A. K. Sen, J. Darabi, D. R. Knapp and J. Liu, Modeling and Characterization of a Carbon Fiber Emitter for Electrospray Ionization, 1 MEMS and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, 2 Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC

5-06 E. P. Furlani, B. G. Price, G. Hawkins, and A. G. Lopez, Thermally Induced Marangoni Instability of Liquid Microjets with Application to Continuous Inkjet Printing, Proceedings of NSTI Nanotech Conference 2006, Vol. 2, pp 534-537.

28-05 O B Fawehinmi, P H Gaskell, P K Jimack, N Kapur, and H M Thompson, A combined experimental and computational fluid dynamics analysis of the dynamics of drop formation, May 2005. DOI: 10.1243/095440605X31788

5-05 E. P. Furlani, Thermal Modulation and Instability of Newtonian Liquid Microjets, presented at Nanotech 2005, Anaheim, CA, May 8-12, 2005.

1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying, Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70

19-04 G. F. Yao, Modeling of Electroosmosis Without Resolving Physics Inside a Electric Double Layer, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-04-TN69)

12-04 Jun Zeng and Tom Korsmeyer, Principles of Droplet Electrohydrodynamics for Lab-on-a-Chip, Lab. Chip. Journal, 2004, 4(4), 265-277

9-04 Constantine N. Anagnostopoulos, James M. Chwalek, Christopher N. Delametter, Gilbert A. Hawkins, David L. Jeanmaire, John A. Lebens, Ali Lopez, and David P. Trauernicht, Micro-Jet Nozzle Array for Precise Droplet Metering and Steering Having Increased Droplet Deflection, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Solid State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, sponsored by IEEE, Boston, June 8-12, 2003, pp. 368-71

8-04 Christopher N. Delametter, David P. Trauernicht, James M. Chwalek, Novel Microfluidic Jet Deflection – Significant Modeling Challenge with Great Application Potential, Technical Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems sponsored by NSTI, San Juan, Puerto Rico, April 21-25, 2002, pp. 44-47

6-04 D. Vadillo*, G. Desie**, A Soucemarianadin*, Spreading Behavior of Single and Multiple Drops, *Laboratoire des Ecoulements Geophysiques et Industriels (LEGI), and **AGFA-Gevaert Group N.V., XXI ICTAM, 15-21 August 2004, Warsaw, Poland

2-04 Herman Wijshoff, Free Surface Flow and Acousto-Elastic Interaction in Piezo Inkjet, Nanotech 2004, sponsored by the Nano Science & Technology Institute, Boston, MA, March 2004

30-03 D Souders, I Khan and GF Yao, Alessandro Incognito, and Matteo Corrado, A Numerical Model for Simulation of Combined Electroosmotic and Pressure Driven Flow in Microdevices, 7th International Symposium on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization

27-03 Jun Zeng, Daniel Sobek and Tom Korsmeyer, Electro-Hydrodynamic Modeling of Electrospray Ionization – CAD for a µFluidic Device-Mass Spectrometer Interface, Agilent Technologies Inc, paper presented at Transducers 2003, June 03 Boston (note: Reference #10 is to FLOW-3D)

17-03 John Uebbing, Switching Fiber-optic Circuits with Microscopic Bubbles, Sensors Magazine, May 2003, Vol 20, No 5, p 36-42

16-03 CFD Speeds Development of MEMS-based Printing Technology, MicroNano Magazine, June 2003, Vol 8, No 6, p 16

3-03 Simulation Speeds Design of Microfluidic Medical Devices, R&D Magazine, March 2003, pp 18-19

1-03 Simulations Help Microscopic Bubbles Switch Fiber-Optic Circuits, Agilent Technologies, Fiberoptic Product News, January 2003, pp 22-23

27-02 Feng, James Q., A General Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Drop Ejection in Drop-on-Demand Ink Jet Devices, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology®, Volume 46, Number 5, September/October 2002

1-02 Feixia Pan, Joel Kubby, and Jingkuang Chen, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Structure Interaction in a MEMS Diaphragm Drop Ejector, Xerox Wilson Research Center, Institute of Physics Publishing, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 12 (2002), PII: SO960-1317(02)27439-2, pp. 70-76

48-01 Rainer Gruber, Radial Mass Transfer Enhancement in Bubble-Train Flow, PhD thesis in Engineering Sciences, Rheinisch- Westf alischen Technische Hochschule Aachen, December 2001.

34-01 Furlani, E.P., Delametter, C.N., Chwalek, J.M., and Trauernicht, D., Surface Tension Induced Instability of Viscous Liquid Jets, Fourth International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, April 2001

12-01 C. N. Delametter, Eastman Kodak Company, Micro Resolution, Mechanical Engineering, Col 123/No 7, July 2001, pp 70-72

11-01 C. N. Delametter, Eastman Kodak Company, Surface Tension Induced Instability of Viscous Liquid Jets, Technical Proceeding of the Fourth International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, April 2001

9-01 Aman Khan, Unipath Limited Research and Development, Effects of Reynolds Number on Surface Rolling in Small Drops, PVP-Col 431, Emerging Technologies for Fluids, Structures and Fluids, Structures and Fluid Structure Interaction — 2001

2-00 Narayan V. Deshpande, Significance of Inertance and Resistance in Fluidics of Thermal Ink-Jet Transducers, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, Volume 40, Number 5, Sept./Oct. 1996, pp.457-461

4-98 D. Deitz, Connecting the Dots with CFD, Mechanical Engineering Magazine, pp. 90-91, March 1998

14-94 M. P. O’Hare, N. V. Deshpande, and D. J. Drake, Drop Generation Processes in TIJ Printheads, Xerox Corporation, Adv. Imaging Business Unit, IS&T’s Tenth International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing, Tech. 1994

14-92 Asai, A.,Three-Dimensional Calculation of Bubble Growth and Drop Ejection in a Bubble Jet Printer, Journal of Fluids Engineering Vol. 114 December 1992:638-641

General Applications Bibliography

다음은 일반 응용 분야의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 결과를 포함하고 있습니다. 복잡한 다중 물리와 관련된 문제를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하기 위해 FLOW-3D를 사용 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our General Applications Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate problems that involve complex multiphysics.

2024년 8월 12일 Upate

204-23 Togo Shinonaga, Hibiki Tajima, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Akira Okada, Application of large-area electron beam irradiation to micro-edge filleting, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 107; pp. 65-73, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.10.039

167-23 Xiaoyong Cheng, Zhixian Cao, Ji Li, Alistair Borthwick, A numerical study of the settling of non-spherical particles in quiescent water, Physics of Fluids, 35.9; 2023. doi.org/10.1063/5.0165555

109-23 Dileep Karnam, Yu-Lung Lo, Chia-Hua Yang, Simulation study and parameter optimization of laser TSV using artificial neural networks, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25; pp. 3712-3727, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.199

66-23 Erik Holmen Olofsson, Michael Roland, Jon Spangenberg, Ninna Halberg Jokil, Jesper Henri Hattel, A CFD model with free surface tracking: predicting fill level and residence time in a starve-fed single-screw extruder, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 126; pp. 3579-3591, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11329-w

20-23 Giampiero Sciortino, Valentina Lombardi, Pietro Prestininzi, Modelling of cantilever-based flow energy harvesters featuring C-shaped vibration inducers: The role of the fluid/beam interaction, Applied Sciences, 13.1; 416, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/app13010416

134-22 Guozheng Ma, Shuying Chen, Haidou Wang, Impact spread behavior of flying droplets and properties of splats, Micro Process and Quality Control of Plasma Spraying, pp. 87-202, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2742-3_3

111-22 Chia-Lin Chiu, Chia-Ming Fan, Chia-Ren Chu, Numerical analysis of two spheres falling side by side, Physics of Fluids, 34; 072112, 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0096534

58-21 Ruizhe Liu, Haidong Zhao, Experimental study and numerical simulation of infiltration of AlSi12 alloys into Si porous preforms with micro-computed tomography inspection characteristics, Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 129.6; pp. 315-322, 2021. doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.21018

56-20 Nils Steinau, CFD modeling of ascending Strombolian gas slugs through a constricted volcanic conduit considering a non-linear rheology, Thesis, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2020.

30-20 Bita Bayatsarmadi, Mike Horne, Theo Rodopoulos and Dayalan Gunasegaram, Intensifying diffusion-limited reactions by using static mixer electrodes in a novel electrochemical flow cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167.6, 2020. doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7e8f

35-19 Sung-Won Ha, Tae-Won Kim, Joo-Hwan Choi, and Young-Jin Park, Study for flow phenomenon in the circulation water pump chamber using the Flow-3D model, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 580-589, 2019. doi: 10.5762/KAIS.2019.20.4.580

27-19 Rolands Cepuritis, Elisabeth L. Skare, Evgeny Ramenskiy, Ernst Mørtsell, Sverre Smeplass, Shizhao Li, Stefan Jacobsen, and Jon Spangeberg, Analysing limitations of the FlowCyl as a one-point viscometer test for cement paste, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 218, pp. 333-340, 2019. doi: 10.1016.j.conbuildmat.2019.05.127

26-19 Shanshan Hu, Lunliang Duan, Qianbing Wan, and Jian Wang, Evaluation of needle movement effect on root canal irrigation using a computational fluid dynamics model, BioMedical Engineering OnLine, Vol. 18, No. 52, 2019. doi: 10.1186/s12938-019-0679-5

83-18 Elisabeth Leite Skare, Stefan Jacobsen, Rolands Cepuritis, Sverre Smeplass and Jon Spangenberg, Decreasing the magnitude of shear rates in the FlowCyl, Proceedings of the 12^th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic, August 29-31, 2018.

71-18 Marc Bascompta, Jordi Vives, Lluís Sanmiqeul and José Juan de Felipe, CFD friction factors verification in an underground mine, Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering, August 16 – 18, 2018, Madrid, Spain, Paper No. MMME 105, 2018. doi.org/10.11159/mmme18.105

56-18 J. Spangenberg, A. Uzala, M.W. Nielsen and J.H. Hattel, A robustness analysis of the bonding process of joints in wind turbine blades, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, vol. 85, pp. 281-285, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.06.009

21-18 Zhang Weikang and Gong Hongwei, Numerical Simulation Study on Characteristics of Airtight Water Film with Flow Deflectors, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 032025, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/153/3/032025

59-17 Han Eol Park and In Cheol Bang, Design study on mixing performance of rotational vanes in subchannel with fuel rod bundles, Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Autumn Meeting, Gyeongju, Korea, October 26-27, 2017.

58-17 Jian Zhou, Claudia Cenedese, Tim Williams and Megan Ball, On the propagation of gravity currents over and through a submerged array of circular cylinders, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 831, pp. 394-417, 2017. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.604

24-17 Zhiyuan Ge, Wojciech Nemec, Rob L. Gawthorpe, Atle Rotevatn and Ernst W.M. Hansen, Response of unconfined turbidity current to relay-ramp topography: insights from process-based numerical modelling, doi: 10.1111/bre.12255 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

06-17 Masoud Hosseinpoor, Kamal H. Khayat, Ammar Yahia, Numerical simulation of self-consolidating concrete flow as a heterogeneous material in L-Box set-up: coupled effect of reinforcing bars and aggregate content on flow characteristics, A. Mater Struct (2017) 50: 163. doi:10.1617/s11527-017-1032-8

94-16 Mehran Seyed Ahmadi, Markus Bussmann and Stavros A. Argyropoulos, Mass transfer correlations for dissolution of cylindrical additions in liquid metals with gas agitation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 97, June 2016, Pages 767-778

83-16 Masoud Hosseinpoor, Numerical simulation of fresh SCC flow in wall and beam elements using flow dynamics models, Ph.D. Thesis: University of Sherbrooke, September 2016.

51-16 Aditi Verma, Application of computational transport analysis – Oil spill dynamics, Master Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 2016, 56 pages; 1012775

37-16 Hannah Dietterich, Einat Lev, and Jiangzhi Chen, Benchmarking computational fluid dynamics models for lava flow simulation, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU2016-2202, 2016, EGU General Assembly 2016, © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

19-16 A.J. Vellinga, M.J.B. Cartigny, E.W.M. Hansen, P.J. Tallinga, M.A. Clare, E.J. Sumner and J.T. Eggenhuisen, Process-based Modelling of Turbidity Currents – From Computational Fluid-dynamics to Depositional Signature, Second Conference on Forward Modelling of Sedimentary Systems, 25 April 2016, DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201600374

106-15 Hidetaka Oguma, Koji Tsukimoto, Saneyuki Goya, Yoshifumi Okajima, Kouichi Ishizaka, and Eisaku Ito, Development of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for High-efficiency Gas Turbines, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 52 No. 4, December 2015

93-15 James M. Brethour, Modelling of Cavitation within Highly Transient Flows with the Volume of Fluid Method, 1st Pan-American Congress on Computational Mechanics, April 27-29, 2015

90-15 Troy Shinbrot, Matthew Rutala, Andrea Montessori, Pietro Prestininzi and Sauro Succi, Paradoxical ratcheting in cornstarch, Phys. Fluids 27, 103101 (2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4934709

84-15 Nicolas Roussel, Annika Gram, Massimiliano Cremonesi, Liberato Ferrara, Knut Krenzer, Viktor Mechtcherine, Sergiy Shyshko, Jan Skocec, Jon Spangenberg, Oldrich Svec, Lars Nyholm Thrane and Ksenija Vasilic, Numerical simulations of concrete flow: A benchmark comparison, Cem. Concr. Res. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.09.022

02-15 David Souders, FLOW-3D Version 11 Enhances CFD Simulation, Desktop Engineering, January 2015

125-14 Herbert Obame Mve, Romuald Rullière, Rémi Goulet and Phillippe Haberschill, Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer of a Flow Confined by Wire Screen in Lithium Bromide Absorption Process, Defect and Diffusion Forum, ISSN: 1662-9507, Vol. 348, pp 40-50, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.348.40, © 2014 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

55-14 Agni Arumugam Selvi, Effect of Linear Direction Oscillation on Grain Refinement, Master’s Thesis: The Ohio State University, Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Copyright by Agni Arumugam Selvi, 2014

99-13 R. C. Givler and M. J. Martinez, Computational Model of Miniature Pulsating Heat Pipes, SANDIA REPORT, SAND2012-4750, Unlimited Release, Printed January 2013.

82-13 Shizhao Li, Jon Spangenberg, Jesper Hattel, A CFD Approach for Prediction of Unintended Porosities in Aluminum Syntactic Foam A Preliminary Study, 8th International Conference on Porous Metals and Metallic Foams (METFOAM 2013), Raleigh, NC, June 2013

81-13 S. Li, J. Spangenberg, J. H. Hattel, A CFD Model for Prediction of Unintended Porosities in Metal Matrix Composites A Preliminary Study, 19th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM 2013), Montreal, Canada, July 2013

78-13 Haitham A. Hussein, Rozi Abdullah, Sobri, Harun and Mohammed Abdulkhaleq, Numerical Model of Baffle Location Effect on Flow Pattern in Oil and Water Gravity Separator Tanks, World Applied Sciences Journal 26 (10): 1351-1356, 2013, ISSN 1818-4952, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.26.10.1239, © IDOSI Publications, 2013

74-13 Laetitia Martinie, Jean-Francois Lataste, and Nicolas Roussel, Fiber orientation during casting of UHPFRC: electrical resistivity measurements, image analysis and numerical simulations, Materials and Structures, DOI 10.1617/s11527-013-0205-3, November 2013. Available for purchase online at SpringerLink.

67-13 Stefan Jacobsen, Rolands Cepuritis, Ya Peng, Mette R. Geiker, and Jon Spangenberg, Visualizing and simulating flow conditions in concrete form filling using Pigments, Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 328–342, © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Available for purchase at ScienceDirect.

60-13 Huey-Jiuan Lin, Fu-Yuan Hsu, Chun-Yu Chiu, Chien-Kuo Liu, Ruey-Yi Lee, Simulation of Glass Molding Process for Planar Type SOFC Sealing Devices, Key Engineering Materials, 573, 131, September 2013. Available for purchase at Scientific.net.

32-13 M A Rashid, I Abustan and M O Hamzah, Numerical simulation of a 3-D flow within a storage area hexagonal modular pavement systems, 4th International Conference on Energy and Environment 2013 (ICEE 2013), IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 16 (2013) 012056 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012056. Full paper available at IOP.

105-12 Jon Spangenberg, Numerisk modellering af formfyldning ved støbning i selvkompakterende beton, Ph.D. Thesis: Technical University of Denmark, ID: 0eeede98-fb07-4800-86e2-0a6baeb1e7a3, 2012.

100-12 Nurul Hasan, Validation of CFD models using FLOW-3D for a Submerged Liquid Jet, Ninth International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 10-12 December 2012.

87-12 Abustan, Ismail, Hamzah, Meor Othman and Rashid, Mohd Aminur, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study of a Flow within a Permeable Pavement, OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 04, No. 02, pp. 37-44, April 2012.

86-12 Abustan, Ismail, Hamzah, Meor Othman and Rashid, Mohd Aminur, Review of Permeable Pavement Systems in Malaysia Conditions, OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 04, No. 02, pp. 27-36, April 2012.

85-12 Mohd Aminur Rashid, Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Infiltration Characteristic Modeling Using FLOW-3D within a Modular Pavement, Procedia Engineering, Volume 50, 2012, Pages 658-667, ISSN 1877-7058, 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.10.072.

73-12 Mohd Aminur Rashid, Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Infiltration Characteristic Modeling Using FLOW-3D within a Modular Pavement, Procedia Engineering, Volume 50, 2012, Pages 658-667, ISSN 1877-7058, 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.10.072.

65-12 X.H. Yang, T.J. Lu, T. Kim, Influence of non-conducting pore inclusions on phase change behavior of porous media with constant heat flux boundary, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Available online 10 October 2012. Available online at SciVerse.

56-12 Giancarlo Alfonsi, Agostino Lauria, Leonardo Primavera, Flow structures around large-diameter circular cylinder, Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing, DOI: 10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.2012005088, 2012. Available for purchase online at Begell Digital Library.

49-12 M. Janocko, M.B.J. Cartigny, W. Nemec, E.W.M. Hansen, Turbidity current hydraulics and sediment deposition in erodible sinuous channels: laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, Marine and Petroleum Geology, Available online 17 September 2012. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

32-12 Fatih Karadagli, Bruce E. Rittmann, Drew C. McAvoy, and John E. Richardson, Effect of Turbulence on the Disintegration Rate of Flushable Consumer Products, Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 5, May 2012

31-12 D. Valero Huerta and R. García-Bartual, Optimization of Air Conditioning Diffusers Location in Large Agricultural Warehouses Using CFD Techniques, International Conference of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR-AgEng2012) Valencia, Spain, July 8-12, 2012

16-12 Yi Fan Fu, Wei Dong, Ying Li, Yi Tan, Ming Hui Yi, Akira Kawasaki, Simulation of the Effects of the Physical Properties on Particle Formation of Pulsated Orifice Ejection Method (POEM), 2012, Advanced Materials Research, 509, 161. Available for purchase online at Scientific.Net.

92-11 Giancarlo Alfonsi, Agostino Lauria, Leonardo Primavera, The lower vertical structure past the Ahmed car model, International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2011. Available for purchase online at Begell Digital Library.

80-11 Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Mohd Aminur Rashid, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study of a Flow within a Permeable Pavement, OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development, ISSN 1923-6670, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 5-7th December 2011

66-11 H. Kondo, T. Furukawa, Y. Hirakawa, K. Nakamura, M. Ida, K.Watanabe, T. Kanemura, E. Wakai, H. Horiike, N. Yamaoka, H. Sugiura, T. Terai, A. Suzuki, J. Yagi, S. Fukada, H. Nakamura, I. Matsushita, F. Groeschel, K. Fujishiro, P. Garin and H. Kimura, IFMIF-EVEDA lithium test loop design and fabrication technology of target assembly as a key component, Nuclear Fusion Volume 51 Number 12, doi:10.1088/0029-5515/51/12/123008

49-11 N.I. Vatin, A.A. Girgidov, K.I. Strelets, Numerical modelling the three-dimensional velocity field in the cyclone, Inzhenerno-Stroitel’nyi Zhurnal, No. 4, 2011. In Russian.

41-11 Maiko Hosoda, Taichi Hirano, and Keiji Sakai, Low-Viscosity Measurement by Capillary Electromagnetically Spinning Technique, © 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, July 20, 2011.

18-11 Ortloff, C.R., Vogel, M., Spray cooling heat transfer — Test and CFD analysis, Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM), 2011 27th Annual IEEE, 20-24 March 2011, pp 245 – 252, San Jose, CA, 10.1109/STHERM.2011.5767208.

82-10 Dr. John Abbott, Two problems on the flow of viscous sheets of molten glass, 26th Annual Workshop on Mathematical Problems in Industry, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute, June 14-18, 2010

57-10 Chouet, B. A., Dawson, P. B., James, M. R. and Lane, S. J., Seismic source mechanism of degassing bursts at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Results from waveform inversion in the 10–50 s band, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B09311, doi:10.1029/2009JB006661, September 2010. Available online at JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH.

55-10 Pamela Waterman, FEA and CFD: Getting Better All the Time, Desktop Engineering, December 2010.

53-10 Nicolas Fries, Capillary transport processes in porous materials – experiment and model, Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen; 2010; ISBN 978-3-86955-507-2. Available at www.cuvillier.de and www.amazon.de.

45-10 Meiring Beyers, Thomas Harms, and Johan Stander, Mitigating snowdrift at the elevated SANAE IV research station in Antarctica CFD simulation and field application, The Fifth International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE2010), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, May 23-27, 2010.

31-10 J. Spangenberg, N. Roussel, J.H. Hattel, J. Thorborg, M.R. Geiker, H. Stang and J. Skocek, Prediction of the Impact of Flow-Induced Inhomogeneities in Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Ch. 25 of “Design, Production and Placement of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” RILEM Bookseries, 2010, Volume 1, Part 5, 209-215, DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9664-7_18. Available online at Springer Link.

28-10 Sirisha Burra, Daniel P. Nicolella, W. Loren Francis, Christopher J. Freitas, Nicholas J. Mueschke, Kristin Poole, and Jean X. Jiang, Dendritic processes of osteocytes are mechanotransducers that induce the opening of hemichannels, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print], Available for purchase at PNAS.

19-10 Michael T. Tolley, Michael Kalontarov, Jonas Neubert, David Erickson and Hod Lipson, Stochastic Modular Robotic Systems A Study of Fluidic Assembly Strategies, IEEE Transactions on Robotics, Vol. 26, NO. 3, June 2010

44-09 Micah Fuller, Fabian Bombardelli, Deb Niemeier, Particulate Matter Modeling in Near-Road Vegetation Environments, Contract AQ-04-01: Developing Effective and Quantifiable Air Quality Mitigation Measures, UC Davis, Caltrans, September 2009

28-09 D. C. Lo, Dong-Taur Su and Jan-Ming Chen (2009), Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations to the Analysis of Bank Effects in Restricted Waters, Journal of Navigation, 62, pp 477-491, doi:10.1017/S037346330900527X; Purchase the article online (clicking on this link will take you to the Cambridge Journals website).

24-09 Richard C. Givler and Mario J. Martinez, Modeling of Pulsating Heat Pipes, Sandia Report, SAND2009-4520, Sandia National Laboratories, August 2009.

45-08 J. Saeki, Seikei Kakou, Three-Dimensional Flow Analysis of a Thermosetting Compound in a Motor Stator, 20, 750-754 (2008) [in Japanese] (Zipped file contains paper and appendices)

38-08 Yoshifumi Kuriyama, Ken’ichi Yano and Masafumi Hamaguchi, Trajectory Planning for Meal Assist Robot Considering Spilling Avoidance, 17th IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, Part of 2008 1EEE Multi-conference on Systems and Control, San Antonio, Texas, September 3-5, 2008

29-08 Ernst W.M. Hansen, Wojciech Nemec and Snorre Heimsund, Numerical CFD simulations — a new tool for the modelling of turbidity currents and sand dispersal in deep-water basins, Production Geoscience 2008 in Stavanger, Norway, © 2008

17-08 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. & Corder, S. B., Modelling the rapid near-surface expansion of gas slugs in low-viscosity magmas, In Lane S. J., Gilbert J. S. (eds) Fluid Motion in Volcanic Conduits: A Source of Seismic and Acoustic Signals. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Pub., 307, 147-167, doi: 10.1144/SP307.9. 2008

16-08 Stefano Malavasi, Nicola Trabucchi, Numerical Investigation of the Flow Around a Rectangular Cylinder Near a Solid Wall, BBAA VI International Colloquium on: Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics & Applications, Milano, Italy, July 2008

41-07 Nicolas Roussel, Mette R. Geiker, Frederic Dufour, Lars N. Thrane and Peter Szabo, Computational modeling of concrete flow General Overview, Cement and Concrete Research 37 (2007) 1298-1307, © 2007 Elsevier Ltd.

40-07 Nemec, W., Heimsund, S., Xu, J. & Hansen, E.W.M., Numerical CFD simulation of turbidity currents, British Sedimentological Research Group (BSRG) Annual Meeting, Birmingham, 17-18 December 2007

39-07 Heimsund, S, Xu, J. & Nemec, W., Numerical Simulation of Recent Turbidity Currents in the Monterey Canyon System, Offshore California, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 10-14 December 2007

32-07 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. & Corder, S. B., Modeling the near-surface expansion of gas slugs in basaltic magma, Eos Trans. A.G.U., 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl.. Abs. V12B-03. 2007

31-07 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. and Corder, S. B., Degassing low-viscosity magma: Quantifying the transition between passive bubble-burst and explosive activity, E.G.U. Geophys. Res. Abstr., 9, 05336, SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2007-A-05336. 2007

35-06 S. Green and C. Manepally, Software Validation Report for FLOW-3D Version 9.0, Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses, August 2006

33-06 N. Roussel, Correlation between yield stress and slump: Comparison between numerical simulations and concrete rheometers results, © RILEM 2006, Materials and Structures (2006) 39:501-509, Purchase online at Springer Link.

32-06 Heimsund, S., Möller, N. and Guargena, C., FLOW-3D simulation of the Ormen Lange field, mid-Norway, In: Hoyanagi, K., Takano, O. and Kano, K. (Ed.), Abstracts, International Association of Sedimentologists 17th International Sedimentological Congress, Fukuoka, Vol. B, p. 107, 2006

10-06 Gengsheng Wei, An Implicit Method to Solve Problems of Rigid Body Motion Coupled with Fluid Flow, Flow Science Technical Note #76, FSI-05-TN76.

8-06 Gengsheng Wei, Three-Dimensional Collision Modeling for Rigid Bodies and its Coupling with Fluid Flow Computation, Flow Science Technical Note #75, FSI-06-TN75.

34-05 Young Bae Kim, Kyung Do Kim, Sang Eui Hong, Jong Goo Kim, Man Ho Park, and Ju Hyun Kim, and Jae Keun Kweon, 3D Simulation of PU Foaming Flow in a Refrigerator Cabinet, Appliance Magazine.com, January 2005.

33-05 N. Roussel, Fifty-cent rheo-meter for yield stress measurements From slump to spreading flow, @2005 by The Society of Rheolgoy, Inc., J. Rheol. 49(3), 705-718 May/June (2005)

32-05 Heimsund, S., Möller, N., Guargena, C. and Thompson, L., Field-scale modeling of turbidity currents by FLOW-3D simulations, In: Workshop Abstracts, Modeling of Turbidity Currents and Related Gravity Currents, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2 p., (2005)

15-05 Gengsheng Wei, A Fixed-Mesh Method for General Moving Objects, Flow Science Technical Note #73, FSI-05-TN73

14-05 James M. Brethour, Incremental Thermoelastic Stress Model, Flow Science Technical Note #72, FSI-05-TN72

9-05 Gengsheng Wei, A Fixed-Mesh Method for General Moving Objects in Fluid Flow, Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 19, Nos. 28-29 (2005) 1719-1722

1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70

35-04 J. Saeki, T. Kono and T. Teramae, Seikei Kakou, Formulation of Mathematical Models for Estimating Residual Stress and Strain Components Correlated with 3-D Flow of Thermosetting Compounds, 16, 5, 309-316 (2004) [in Japanese]. (Zipped file contains paper and appendices)

31-04 Heimsund, S., Möller, N., Guargena, C. and Thompson, L., The control of seafloor topography on turbidite sand dispersal in the Ormen Lange field: a large-scale application of FLOW-3D simulations, In: Martinsen, O.J. (Ed.), Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway (NGF), Deep Water Sedimentary Systems of Arctic and North Atlantic Margins, Stavanger, 3, p. 25, (2004)

26-04 Beyers, J.H.M., Harms, T.M. and Sundsbø, P.A., 2004, Numerical simulation of three dimensional, transient snow drifting around a cube, Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, vol. 92, pp. 725-747, ISSN 0167-6105

25-04 Beyers, J.H.M, Harms, T.M. and Sundsbø, P.A., 2004, Numerical simulation of snow drifting around an elevated obstacle, Proceedings of the 5th conference on snow engineering, Davos, Switzerland, pp.185-191

17-04 Michael Barkhudarov, Multi-Block Gridding Technique for FLOW-3D (Revised), Flow Science Technical Note #59-R2, FSI-00-TN59-R2

36-03 Heimsund, S., Hansen, E.W.M. and Nemec, W., Numerical CFD simulation of turbidity currents and comparison with laboratory data, In: Hodgetts, D., Hodgson, D. and Smith, R. (Ed.), Slope Modelling Workshop Abstracts, Experimental, Reservoir and Forward Modelling of Turbidity Currents and Deep-Water Sedimentary Systems, Liverpool Univ., p. 13., (2003b)

35-03 Heimsund, S., Hansen, E.W.M. and Nemec, W. Computational 3-D fluid-dynamics model for sediment transport, erosion and deposition by turbidity currents, In: Nakrem, H.A. (Ed.), Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway (NGF), Den 18. Vinterkonferansen, Oslo, 1, p. 39., (2003a)

33-03 Beyers, J.H.M., Sundsbø, P.A. and Harms, T.M., 2003, Numerical simulation and verification of drifting snow around a cube, Proceedings of the 11th international conference on wind engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA, pp. 1886-1893

27-03 Jun Zeng, Daniel Sobek and Tom Korsmeyer, Electro-Hydrodynamic Modeling of Electrospray Ionization CAD for a µFluidic Device-Mass Spectrometer Interface, Agilent Technologies Inc, paper presented at Transducers 2003, June 03 Boston (note: Reference #10 is to FLOW-3D)

25-03 J. M Brethour, Moving Boundaries an Eularian Approach, Moving Boundaries VII, Computational Modelling of Free and Moving Boundary Problems, A. A. Mammoli & C.A. Brebbia, WIT Press

19-03 James Brethour, Incremental Elastic Stress Model, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN64)

18-03 Michael Barkhudarov, Semi-Lagrangian VOF Advection Method for FLOW-3D, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN63)

11-02 Junichi Saeki and Tsutomu Kono, Three-Dimensional Flow Analysis of a Thermosetting Compound during Mold Filling, Polymer Processing Society 18th Annual Meeting, June 2002, Guimares, Portugal.

46-01 Yasunori Iwai, Takumi Hayashi, Toshihiko Yamanishi, Kazuhiro Kobayashi and Masataka Nishi, Simulation of Tritium Behavior after Intended Tritium Release in Ventilated Room, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 1, p. 63-75, January 2001

23-01 Borre Bang, Dag Lukkassen, Application of Homogenization Theory Related to Stokes Flow in Porous Media, Applications of Mathematics, Narvik, Norway, No 4, pp. 309-319.

15-01 Ernst Hansen, SINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, Norway, Computer Simulation Helps Increase Flow Rate in Three-Phase Separator, Drilling Marketplace, Vol 55, No 10, May 15, 2001, pp.14

10-01 Ernst Hansen, SINTEF Energy Research, Phenomeological Modeling and Simulation of Fluid Flow and Separation Behaviour in Offshore Gravity Separators, PVP-Col 431, Emerging Technologies for Fluids, Structures and Fluids, Structures and Fluid Structure Interaction — 2001, ASME 2001, pp. 23-29

7-01 C. Bohm, D. A. Weiss, and C. Tropea, Multi-droplet Impact onto Solid Walls Droplet-droplet Interaction and Collision of Kinemeatic Discontinuities, DaimlerChrysler Research and Technology, ILASS-Europe 2000, September 11-13, 2000

6-01 Ernst Hansen, Simulation Raises Separator Flow Rate, Engineering Talk, March 21, 2001

3-01 M. Sick, H. Keck, G. Vullioud, and E. Parkinson, New Challenges in Pelton Research

1-01 Y. Darsht, K. Kuvanov, A. Puzanov, I. Kholkin, FLOW-3D in Designing Hydraulic Systems for Heavy Machinery (in Russian), SAPR I Grafika (CAD and Graphics), August 2000, pp. 50-55.

22-00 A. K. Temu, O. K. Sønju and E. W. M. Hansen, Criteria for Minimum Particle Deposition onto a Cylinder in Crossflow, International Symposium on Multiphase Flow and Transport Phenomena, November 2000, Tekirova, Antalya, Turkey

21-00 Claus Maier, Stefan aus der Wiesche and Eberhard P. Hofer, Impact of Microdrops on Solid Surfaces for DNA-Synthesis, Department of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, University of Ulm, Technical Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, pp. 586-589

11-00 Thomas K. Thiis, A Comparison of Numerical Simulations and Full-scale Measurements of Snowdrifts around Buildings, Wind and Structures – ISSN: 1226-6116,Vol. 3, nr. 2 (2000), pp. 73-81

10-00 P.A. Sundsbo and B. Bang, Snow drift control in residential areas-Field measurements and numerical simulations, Fourth International Conference on Snow Engineering, pp. 377-382

9-00 Thomas K. Thiis and Christian Jaedicke, The Snowdrift Pattern Around Two Cubical Obstacles with Varying Distance—Measurement and Numerical Simulations, Snow Engineering, edited by Hjorth-Hansen, et al, Balkema, Rotterdam, 2000, pp.369-375.

8-00 Thomas K. Thiis and Christian Jaedicke, Changes in the Snowdrift Pattern Caused by a Building Extension—Investigations Through Scale Modeling and Numerical Simulations, Snow Engineering, edited by Hjorth-Hansen, et al, Balkema, Rotterdam, 2000, pp. 363-368

7-00 Bruce Letellier, Louis Restrepo, and Clinton Shaffer, Near-Field Dispersion of Fission Products in Complex Terrain Using a 3-D Turbulent Fluid-Flow Model, CCPS International Conference, San Francisco, CA, September 28-October 1, 1999

6-00 Bruce Letellier, Patrick McClure, and Louis Restrepo, Source-Term and Building-Wake Consequence Modeling for the GODIVA IV Reactor at Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1999 Safety Analysis Workshop, Portland, Oregon, June 13-18, 1999

11-99 Thomas K. Thiis and Yngvar Gjessing, Large-scale Measurements of Snowdrifts Around Flat-roofed and Single-pitch-roofed Buildings, Cold Regions Science and Technology 30, Narvik, Norway, May 17, 1999, pp. 175-181

3-99 A. A. Gubaidullin, Jr., T. N. Dinh, and B. R. Sehgal, Analysis of Natural Convection Heat Transfer and Flows in Internally Heated Stratified Liquid, accepted for publication 33rd Natl. Heat Transfer Conf. CD proceedings, Albuquerque, NM, August 15-17, 1999

20-98 Mark W. Silva, A Computational Study of Highly Viscous Impinging Jets, published by the Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium, ANRCP-1998-18, November 1998

17-98 P. A. Sundsbo and B. Bang, 1998, Calculation of Snowdrift Around Roadside Safety Barriers, Proc of the International Snow Science Workshop, Sept. 1998, Sunriver, Oregon, USA 279-283

11-98 P-A Sundsbo, Numerical simulations of wind deflection fins to control snow accumulation in building steps, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 74-76 (1998) 543-552

23-97 P.E. O’Donoghue, M.F. Kanninen, C.P. Leung, G. Demofonti, and S. Venzi, The development and validation of a dynamic propagation model for gas transmission pipelines, Intl J. Pres. Ves. & Piping 70 (1997) 11-25, P11 : S0308 – 0161 (96) 00012 – 9.

22-97 Christopher J. Matice, Simulation of High Speed Filling, Presented at High Speed Processing & Filling of Plastic Containers, SME, Chicago, Illinois, November 11, 1997.

12-97 B. Entezam and W. K. Van Moorhem, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT and J. Majdalani, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, Modeling of a Rijke-Tube Pulse Combustor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, presented at 33rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Seattle, WA, July 6-9, 1997.

11-97 B. Entezam, Computational and Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Flowfield Inside the Rijke Tube, doctoral thesis submitted to University of Utah, Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT, June 1997

2-97 K. Fujisaki, T. Ueyama, and K. Okazawa, Magnetohydrodynamic Calculation of In-Mold Electromagnetic Stirring, Nippon Steel Corp., IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 2, March 1997

1-97 P. A. Sundsbo, Four Layer Modelling and Numerical Simulations of Snow Drift, to be submitted to the Journal of Glaciology, 1997

23-96 Andy K Palmer, Computational Fluid Dynamic Software Comparison and Electrostatic Precipitator Modeling, Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Summer 1996

21-96 P. A. Sundsbo, Computer Simulation of Snow-Drift around Structures, Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Vol. 2, 533-539, Finland, 9-10 Sep. 1996

20-96 P. A. Sundsbo and E.W.M. Hansen, Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Snow-Drift around Snow Fences, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Snow Engineering, Sendai, Japan, 26-31 May 1996

19-96 P. A. Sundsbo, Numerical Modelling and Simulation of Snow Accumulations around Porous Fences, Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 6-10 Oct. 1996

18-96 T. Iverson, Editor, Applied Modelling and Simulation, Proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulation Conference, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

17-96 C. L. Parish, Modeling Compressible Flow Through an Orifice Stack Using Numerical Methods, thesis submitted for M.S. Mech. Engineering, NM State University, Las Cruces, NM, December 1996

15-96 T. Wiik and R. K. Calay, A Study of Balcony on Flow-Field and Wind Loads for Low-Rise Buildings, Fourth Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Dipoli, Espoo, Finland, September 1996

14-96 T. Wiik, E.W.M. Hansen, The Assessment of Wind Loads on Roof Overhang of Low-Rise Buildings, Second International Symposium Wind Engineering, Fort Collins, CO, September 1996

13-96 T. Wiik, R. K. Calay, and A. Holdo, A Study of Effects of Eaves on Flow-Field and Wind Loads for Low-Rise Houses, Third International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Applications, Blacksburg, Virginia, August 1996

11-96 Y. Miyamoto and M. Harada, A Flow Analysis accompanied by Formation of the Liquid Droplets shown with an Animation Display Technique, SEA Corporation, presented at Visualization Information Conference, Tokyo, Japan, July 17, 1996

8-96 J. Bakken, E. Naess, T. Engebretsen, and E. W. M. Hansen, Fluid Flow in Porous Media, proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulations Conference, Norwegian Univ. of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

7-96E. W. M. Hansen, Performance of Oil/Water Gravity Separators Imposed to Motion, proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulations Conference, Norwegian Univ. of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

8-95 J. J. Francis, Computational Hydrodynamic Study of Flow through a Vertical Slurry Heat Exchanger, NSF Summer Research Program, Dept. Mech. Engineering, Univ. of Nevada Las Vegas, August 9, 1995

4-94 J. L. Ditter and C. W. Hirt, A Scalable Model for Mixing Vessels, Flow Science report, FSI-94-00-1, presented at the 1994 ASME Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, Incline Village, NV, June 1994

3-94 A. Nielsen, B. Bang, P. A. Sundsbo and T. Wiik, Computer Simulation of Windspeed, Windpressure and Snow Accumulation around Buildings (SNOW-SIM), 1st International Conference on HVAC in Cold Climate, Rovaniemi, Finland, from Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, March 1994

2-94 J. M. Sicilian, Addition of an Extended Bubble Model to FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, FSI-94-58-1, March 1994

1-94 T. Hong, C. Zhu, P. Cal and L-S Fan, Numerical Modeling of Basic Modes of Formation and Interactions of Bubbles in Liquids, Dept. Chem. Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, March 1994

14-93 J. L. Ditter and C. W. Hirt, A Scalable Model for Stir Tanks, Flow Science Technical Note #38, December 1993 (FSI-93-TN38)

13-93 J. Partinen, N. Saluja and J. K. Kirtley, Jr., Experimental and Computational Investigation of Rotary Electromagnetic Stirring in a Woods Metal System, Dept. of Math, Science and Engr. and Dept. of Electrical Engr. and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

12-93 J. Partinen, N. Saluja and J. K. Kirtley, Jr., Modeling of Surface Deformation in an Electromagnetically Stirred Metallic Melt, Dept. of Math, Science, and Engr. and Dept. of Electrical Engr. and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

10-93 C. Philippe, Summary Report on Test Calculations with FLOW-3D/CAST93, (coupled-rigid-body dynamics model), ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, September 17, 1993

5-93 J. M. Sicilian, J. L. Ditter and C. L. Bronisz, FLOW-3D Analyses of CFD Triathlon Benchmark, Flow Science report, presented at the ASME Fluids Engineering Conference, Washington DC, June 20-24, 1993

4-93 T. Wiik, Ventilation of the Attic due to Wind Loads on Low-Rise Buildings, paper for 3rd Symposium of Building Physics in Nordic Countries, Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, summer 1993

3-93 E. W. M. Hansen, Modelling and Simulation of Separation Effects and Fluid Flow Behaviour in Process-Units, SIMS’93 – 35th Simulation Conference, Kongsberg, Norway, June 9-11, 1993

2-93 M. A. Briones, R. S. Brodsky and J. J. Chalmers, Computer Simulation of the Rupture of a Gas Bubble at a Gas-Liquid Interface and its Implications in Animal Cell Damage, Dept. Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University, Manuscript No. RB68, April 1993

11-92 G. Trapaga, E. F. Matthys, J. J. Valencia and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Solidification of Molten Metal Droplets Impinging on Substrates: Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Results, Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol. 23B, pp. 701-718, December 1992

10-92 J. B. Dalin, J. M. Le Guilly, P. Le Roy and E. Maas, Numerical Simulations Applied to the Production of Automotive Foundry Components, Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes, Wood & Zienkiewicz (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1992

5-92 C. W. Hirt, Volume-Fraction Techniques: Powerful Tools for Flow Modeling, Flow Science report (FSI-92-00-02), presented at the Computational Wind Engineering Conference, University of Tokyo, August 1992

3-92 C. L. Bronisz and C.W. Hirt, Lubricant Flow in a Rotary Lip Seal, Flow Science Technical Note #33, February 1992 (FSI-92-TN33)

16-91 A. Nielsen, SNOW-SIM – Computer Model for Simulation of Wind and Snow Loads on Buildings and Structures, Building Science, Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, (not dated)

15-91 E. W. M. Hansen, H. Heitmann, B. Laska, A. Ellingsen, O. Ostby, T. B. Morrow and F. T. Dodge, Fluid Flow Modelling of Gravity Separators, SINTEF, Norway and Southwest Research Institute, Texas, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991

14-91 E. W. M. Hansen, H. Heitmann, B. Laska and M. Loes, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow Behaviour Inside, and Redesign of a Field Separator, SINTEF, Norway and STATOIL, Norway (not dated)

13-91 G. Trapaga and J. Szekely, Mathematical Modeling of the Isothermal Impingement of Liquid Droplets in Spraying Processes, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 22B, pp. 901-914, December 1991

11-91 N. Saluja and J. Szekely, Velocity Fields and Free Surface Phenomena in an Inductively Stirred Mercury Pool, European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 563-572, Oct. 1991

4-90 J. M. Sicilian, A Note on Implementing Specified Velocities and Momentum Sources, Flow Science report, September 1990 (FSI-90-00-5)

13-90 P. Jonsson, N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow Phenomena in the Filling of Cylindrical Molds Using Newtonian (Turbulent) and Non-Newtonian (Power Law) Fluids, submitted to Trans. of the American Foundrymen’s Soc., June 1990

12-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Computation of the Velocity Fields and the Dynamic Free Surface Generated in a Liquid Metal Column by a Rotating Magnetic Field, submitted to J. Fluid Mech., July 1990

7-90 C. L. Bronisz and C. W. Hirt, Modeling Unsaturated Flow in Porous Media: A FLOW-3D Extension, Flow Science report, July 1990 (FSI-90-48-2)

5-90 C. L. Bronisz and C. W. Hirt, Hydrodynamic Ram Simulations Using FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, May 1990 (FSI-90-49-1)

3-90 C. W. Hirt, Turbojet Plume Flow Analysis, Flow Science report, February 1990 (FSI-90-45-1)

5-89 K. S. Eckhoff and E. W. M. Hansen, Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Investigation of Separation in Two-Phase Rotating Flow, SINTEF-Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Report No. OR 22 1907.00.01.89, 29 April 1989

2-89 J. M. Sicilian and J. R. Tegart, Comparisons of FLOW-3D Calculations with Very Large Amplitude Slosh Data, presented at the Symposium on Computational Experiments, PVP ASME Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 22-27, 1989

2-88 J. M. Sicilian and C. W. Hirt, AFT Field Joint: CFD Analysis Using the FLOW-3D Program, in Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor Circumferential Flow Technical Interchange Meeting Final Report, NASA-TWR-17788, February 1988

14-87 C. J. Freitas, S. T. Green, and T. B. Morrow, Fluid Dynamics Associated with Ductile Pipeline Fracture, Southwest Research Institute report presented at ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, December 1987

13-87 J. Sicilian, The FLOW-3D Model for Thermal Conduction in Solids, Flow Science report, Dec. 1987 (FSI-87-00-4)

7-87 C.W. Hirt, Vectored Nozzle Flow with Turbulence Modeling, Flow Science report, Sept. 1987 (FSI-87-29-1)

4-87 J.M. Sicilian, C.W. Hirt, and R. P. Harper, FLOW-3D: Computational Modeling Power for Scientists and Engineers, Flow Science report, 1987 (FSI-87-00-1)

3-86 J. M. Sicilian, Natural-Convection Heat-Transfer Analysis, Flow Science Technical Note #4, June 1986 (FSI-86-00-TN4)

2-86 J. Navickas and C. R. Cross, Air Circulation Characteristics and Convective Losses in a 5-MW Molten Salt Cavity Solar Receiver, ASME 8th Annual Conference on Solar Engineering, Anaheim, California, April 13-16, 1986

5-85 C. W. Hirt and R. P. Harper, Calculations of Vent Clearing in a Chemical Process Tank, Flow Science report, December 1985 (FSI-85-28-1)

2-84 Applications of SOLA-3D/FSI to Fluid Slosh, Flow Science report, May 1984

Coastal & Maritime Bibliography

다음은 연안 및 해양 분야의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D를 사용하여 연안 및 해양 시설물을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

2024년 11월 20일 Update

119-24 Faris Ali Hamood Al-Towayti, Hee-Min Teh, Zhe Ma, Idris Ahmed Jae, Agusril Syamsir, Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Hydrodynamic performance assessment of emerged, alternatively submerged and submerged semicircular breakwater: An experimental and computational study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12; 1105, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071105

117-24 Dong Zeng, Wuyang Bi, Yi Yu, Yun Yan, Weiqiu Chen, Yong Yao, Cheng Zhang, Tianyu Wu, Prediction of local scouring of offshore wind turbine foundations based on the amplification principle of local seabed shear stress, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-125, 2024.

116-24 Chen-Shan Kung, Ya-Cing You, Pei-Yu Lee, Siu-Yu Pan, The air entrainment effect of pump blades operation under different water depths, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-595, 2024.

114-24 Chen-Shan Kung, Siu-Yu Pan, Pei-Yu Lee, Ya-Cing You, Sediment flushing of different angle on density outflow, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-183, 2024.

102-24 Mary Kathryn Walker, Computational fluid dynamics study of perforated monopiles, Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology, 2024.

80-24 Deniz Velioglu Sogut, Erdinc Sogut, Ali Farhadzadeh, Tian-Jian Hsu, Non-equilibrium scour evolution around an emerged structure exposed to a transient wave, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12; 946, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060946

79-24 Sujantoko, D.R. Ahidah, W. Wardhana, E.B. Djatmiko, M. Mustain, Numerical modeling of wave reflection and transmission in I-shaped floating breakwater series, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1321; 012010, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1321/1/012010

75-24 Sahel Sohrabi, Mohamad Ali Lofollahi Yaghin, Alireza Mojtahedi, Mohamad Hosein Aminfar, Mehran Dadashzadeh, Experimental and numerical investigation of a hybrid floating breakwater-WEC system, Ocean Engineering, 303; 117613, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117613

73-24 Penghui Wang, Chunning Ji, Xiping Sun, Dong Xu, Chao Ying, Development and test of FDEM–FLOW-3D—A CFD–DEM model for the fluid–structure interaction of AccropodeTM blocks under wave loads, Ocean Engineering, 303; 117735, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117735

67-24 Alexander Schendel, Stefan Schimmels, Mario Welzel, Philippe April-LeQuéré, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Clemens Krautwald, Jacob Stolle, Ioan Nistor, Nils Goseberg, Spatiotemporal scouring processes around a square column on a sloped beach induced by tsunami bores, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 150.3; 2024. https://doi.org/10.1061/JWPED5.WWENG-2052

65-24 Kaiqi Yu, Elda Miramontes, Matthieu J.B. Cartigny, Yuping Yang, Jingping Xu, The impacts of profile concavity on turbidite deposits: Insights from the submarine canyons on global continental margins, Geomorphology, 454; 109157, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109157

61-24 M.T. Mansouri Kia, H.R. Sheibani, A. Hoback, Initial maintenance notes about the first river ship lock in Iran, Journal of Hydraulic and Water Engineering, 1.2; pp. 143-162, 2024.

47-24 Cheng Yee Ng, Nauman Riyaz Maldar, Muk Chen Ong, Numerical investigation on performance enhancement in a drag-based hydrokinetic turbine with a diffuser, Ocean Engineering, 298; 117179, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117179

26-24 Zegao Yin, Guoqing Li, Fei Wu, Zihan Ni, Feifan Li, Experimental and numerical study on hydrodynamic characteristics of a bottom-hinged pitching flap breakwater under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, 293; 116665, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.116665

21-24 Young-Ki Moon, Chang-Ill Yoo, Jong-Min Lee, Sang-Hyub Lee, Han-Sam Yoon, Evaluation of pedestrian safety for wave overtopping by ship-induced waves in waterfront revetment, Journal of Coastal Research, 116; pp.314-318, 2024. doi.org/10.2112/JCR-SI116-064.1

14-24 Hongliang Wang, Xuanwen Jia, Chuan Wang, Bo Hu, Weidong Cao, Shanshan Li, Hui Wang, Study on the sand-scouring characteristics of pulsed submerged jets based on experiments and numerical models, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12.1; 57, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010057

239-23 Sara Tuozzo, Angela Di Leo, Mariano Buccino, Fabio Dentale, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Mario Calabrese, The effect of wind stress on wave overtopping on vertical seawall, Coastal Engineering Proceedings, 37; 2023. doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.papers.49

224-23 Helia Molaei Nodeh, Reza Dezvareh, Mahdi Yousefifard, Numerical analysis of the effects of rubble mound breakwater geometry under the effect of nonlinear wave force, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08520-2

212-23 Feifei Cao, Mingqi Yu, Meng Han, Bing Liu, Zhiwen Wei, Juan Jiang, Huiyuan Tian, Hongda Shi, Yanni Li, WECs microarray effect on the coupled dynamic response and power performance of a floating combined wind and wave energy system, Renewable Energy, 219.2; 119476, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119476

210-23 H. Omara, Sherif M. Elsayed, Karim Adel Nassar, Reda Diab, Ahmed Tawfik, Hydrodynamic and morphologic investigating of the discrepancy in flow performance between inclined rectangular and oblong piers, Ocean Engineering, 288.2; 116132, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116132

190-23 M.F. Ahmad, M.I. Ramli, M.A. Musa, S.E.G. Goh, C.W.M.N Che Wan Othman, E.H. Ariffin, N.A. Mokhtar, Numerical simulation for overtopping discharge on tetrapod breakwater, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2746.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1063/5.0153371

183-23 Youkou Dong, Enjin Zhao, Lan Cui, Yizhe Li, Yang Wang, Dynamic performance of suspended pipelines with permeable wrappers under solitary waves, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.10; 1872, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101872

176-23 Guoxu Niu, Yaoyong Chen, Jiao Lu, Jing Zhang, Ning Fan, Determination of formulae for the hydrodynamic performance of a fixed box-type free surface breakwater in the intermediate water, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.9; 1812, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091812

168-23 Yupeng Ren, Huiguang Zhou, Houjie Wang, Xiao Wu, Guohui Xu, Qingsheng Meng, Study on the critical sediment concentration determining the optimal transport capability of submarine sediment flows with different particle size composition, Marine Geology, 464; 107142, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107142

163-23 Ahmad Fitriadhy, Sheikh Fakruradzi, Alamsyah Kurniawan, Nita Yuanita, Anuar Abu Bakar, 3D computational fluid dynamic investigation on wave transmission behind low-crested submerged geo-bag breakwater, CFD Letters, 15.10; 2023. doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.15.10.1222

162-23 Ramtin Sabeti, Landslide-generated tsunami waves-physical and numerical modelling, International Seminar on Tsunami Research, University of Bath, 2023.

161-23 Duy Linh Du, Study on the optimal location for pile-rock breakwater in reducing wave height in Dong Hai District, Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam, Thesis, Can Tho University, 2023.

160-23 Duy Linh Du, Dai Bang Pham, Van Duy Dinh, Tan Ngoc Cao, Van Ty Tran, Gia Bao Tran, Hieu Duc Tran, Modelling the wave reduction effectiveness of pile-rock breakwater using FLOW-3D, (in Vietnamese) Journal of Materials and Construction, 13.04; 2023. doi.org/10.54772/jomc.04.2023.537

151-23 Zhiguo Zhang, Jinpeng Chen, Tong Ye, Zhengguo Zhu, Mengxi Zhang, Yutao Pan, Wave-induced response of seepage pressure around shield tunnel in sand seabed slope, International Journal of Geomechanics, 23.10; 2023. doi.org/10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8072

147-23 Jiale Li, Jijian Lian, Haijun Wang, Yaohua Guo, Sha Liu, Yutong Zhang, FengWu Zhang, Numerical study of the local scour characteristics of bottom-supported installation platforms during the installation of a monopile, Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2023.2243700

144-23 Weixang Liang, Min Lou, Changhong Fan, Deguang Zhao, Xiang Li, Coupling effect of vortex-induced vibration and local scour of double tandem pipelines in steady current, Ocean Engineering, 286.1; 115495, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.11549

136-23 Zegao Yin, Jiahao Li, Yanxu Wang, Haojian Wang, Tianxu Yin, Solitary wave attenuation characteristics of mangroves and multi-parameter prediction model, Ocean Engineering, 285.2; 115372, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115372

130-23 Sheng Wang, Chaozhe Yuan, Yuchi Hao, Xiaowei Yan, Feasibility analysis of laying and construction of deep-water dredging sinking pipeline, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-1-23-030, 2023.

127-23 Chen-Shan Kung, Ya-Cing You, Pei-Yu Lee, Siu-Yu Pan, Yu-Chun Chen, The air entrainment effect stability on the marine pipeline, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-23-242, 2023.

126-23 Yuting Wang, Zhaode Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Numerical simulationa and measurement of artificial flow creation in reclamation projects, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-1-23-168, 2023.

125-23 Chen-Shan Kung, Siu-Yu Pan, Pei-Yu Lee, Ya-Cing You, Yu-Chun Chen, Numerical simulation of wave motion on the submarine HDPE pipe system, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-23-327, 2023.

115-23 Qishun Li, Yanpeng Hao, Peng Zhang, Haotian Tan, Wanxing Tian, Linhao Chen, Lin Yang, Numerical study of the local scouring process and influencing factors of semi-exposed submarine cables, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.7; 1349, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071349

113-23 Minxi Zhang, Hanyan Zhao, Dongliang Zhao, Shaolin Yue, Huan Zhou, Xudong Zhao, Carlo Gualtieri, Guoliang Yu, Numerical study of the flow at a vertical pile with net-like scour protection mat, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2023.06.002

108-23 Seyed A. Ghaherinezhad, M. Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating effect of changing vegetation height with irregular layout on reduction of waves using FLOW-3D numerical model, Journal of Hydraulic and Water Engineering, 1.1; pp.55-64, 2023. doi.org/10.22044/JHWE.2023.12844.1004

92-23 Tongshun Yu, Xingyu Chen, Yuying Tang, Junrong Wang, Yuqiao Wang, Shuting Huang, Numerical modelling of wave run-up heights and loads on multi-degree-of-freedom buoy wave energy converters, Applied Energy, 344; 121255, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121255

85-23 Emilee A. Wissmach, Biomimicry of natural reef hydrodynamics in an artificial spur and groove reef formation, Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology, 2023.

81-23 Zhi Fan, Feifei Cao, Hongda Shi, Numerical simulation on the energy capture spectrum of heaving buoy wave energy converter, Ocean Engineering, 280; 114475, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114475

72-23 Zegao Yin, Fei Wu, Yingni Luan, Xuecong Zhang, Xiutao Jiang, Jie Xiong, Hydrodynamic and aeration characteristics of an aerator of a surging water tank with a vertical baffle under a horizontal sinusoidal motion, Ocean Engineering, 287; 114396, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114396

71-23 Erfan Amini, Mahdieh Nasiri, Navid Salami Pargoo, Zahra Mozhgani, Danial Golbaz, Mehrdad Baniesmaeil, Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Mehdi Neshat, Davide Astiaso Garcia, Georgios Sylaios, Design optimization of ocean renewable energy converter using a combined Bi-level metaheuristic approach, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 19; 100371, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.100371

70-23 Ali Ghasemi, Rouholla Amirabadi, Ulrich Reza Kamalian, Numerical investigation of hydrodynamic responses and statistical analysis of imposed forces for various geometries of the crown structure of caisson breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 278; 114358, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114358

67-23 Aisyah Dwi Puspasari, Jyh-Haw Tang, Numerical simulation of scouring around groups of six cylinders with different flow directions, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 46.4; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2023.2194919

62-23 Rob Nairn, Qimiao Lu, Rebecca Quan, Matthew Hoy, Dain Gillen, Data collection and modeling in support of the Mid-Breton Sediment Diversion Project, Coastal Sediments, 2023. doi.org/10.1142/9789811275135_0246

55-23 Yupeng Ren, Hao Tian, Zhiyuan Chen, Guohui Xu, Lejun Liu, Yibing Li, Two kinds of waves causing the resuspension of deep-sea sediments: excitation and internal solitary waves, Journal of Ocean University of China, 22; pp. 429-440, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11802-023-5293-2

42-23 Antonija Harasti, Gordon Gilja, Simulation of equilibrium scour hole development around riprap sloping structure using the numerical model, EGU General Assembly, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6811

25-23 Ke Hu, Xinglan Bai, Murilo A. Vaz, Numerical simulation on the local scour processing and influencing factors of submarine pipeline, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.1; 234, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010234

12-23 Fan Zhang, Zhipeng Zang, Ming Zhao, Jinfeng Zhang, Numerical investigations on scour and flow around two crossing pipelines on a sandy seabed, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10.12; 2019, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10122019

10-23 Wenshe Zhou, Yongzhou Cheng, Zhiyuan Lin, Numerical simulation of long-wave wave dissipation in near-water flat-plate array breakwaters, Ocean Engineering, 268; 113377, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113377

181-22 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of water waves generated by subaerial granular and solid-block landslides: Validation, comparison, and predictive equations, Ocean Engineering, 266.3; 112853, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112853

167-22 Zhiyong Zhang, Cunhong Pan, Jian Zeng, Fuyuan Chen, Hao Qin, Kun He, Kui Zhu, Enjin Zhao, Hydrodynamics of tidal bore overflow on the spur dike and its infuence on the local scour, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 113140, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113140

166-22 Nguyet-Minh Nguyen, Duong Do Van, Duy Tu Le, Quyen Nguyen, Bang Tran, Thanh Cong Nguyen, David Wright, Ahad Hasan Tanim, Phong Nguyen Thanh, Duong Tran Anh, Physical and numerical modeling of four different shapes of breakwaters to test the suspended sediment trapping capacity in the Mekong Delta, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 279; 108141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2022.108141

163-22 Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani, Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio, Felice D’Alessandro, Antonio Francone, Formula for wave transmission at submerged homogeneous porous breakwaters, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 113053, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113053

162-22 Kai Wei, Xueshuang Yin, Numerical study into configuration of horizontal flanges on hydrodynamic performance of moored box-type floating breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 112991, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112991

161-22 Sung-Chul Jang, Jin-Yong Jeong, Seung-Woo Lee, Dongha Kim, Identifying hydraulic characteristics related to fishery activities using numerical analysis and an automatic identification system of a fishing vessel, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1619, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111619

156-22 Keith Adams, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Extratropical cyclone damage to the seawall in Dawlish, UK: Eyewitness accounts, sea level analysis and numerical modelling, Natural Hazards, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05692-2

155-22 Youxiang Lu, Zhenlu Wang, Zegao Yin, Guoxiang Wu, Bingchen Liang, Experimental and numerical studies on local scour around closely spaced circular piles under the action of steady current, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1569, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111569

152-22 Nauman Riyaz Maldar, Ng Cheng Yee, Elif Oguz, Shwetank Krishna, Performance investigation of a drag-based hydrokinetic turbine considering the effect of deflector, flow velocity, and blade shape, Ocean Engineering, 266.2; 112765, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112765

148-22 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of water waves generated by subaerial granular and solid-block landslides: Validation, comparison, and predictive equations, Ocean Engineering, 266.3; 112853, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112853

145-22 I-Fan Tseng, Chih-Hung Hsu, Po-Hung Yeh, Ting-Chieh Lin, Physical mechanism for seabed scouring around a breakwater—a case study in Mailiao Port, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1386, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101386

144-22 Jiarui Yu, Baozeng Yue, Bole Ma, Isogeometric analysis with level set method for large-amplitude liquid sloshing, Ocean Engineering, 265; 112613, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112613

141-22 Qi Yang, Peng Yu, Hongjun Liu, Computational investigation of scour characteristics of USAF in multi-specie sand under steady current, Ocean Engineering, 262; 112141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112141

128-22 Atish Deoraj, Calvin Wells, Justin Pringle, Derek Stretch, On the reef scale hydrodynamics at Sodwana Bay, South Africa, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-022-09896-9

108-22 Angela Di Leo, Mariano Buccino, Fabio Dentale, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, CFD analysis of wind effect on wave overtopping, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-22-428, 2022.

105-22 Pin-Tzu Su, Chen-shan Kung, Effects of currents and sediment flushing on marine pipes, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-22-153, 2022.

89-22 Kai Wei, Cong Zhou, Bo Xu, Spatial distribution models of horizontal and vertical wave impact pressure on the elevated box structure, Applied Ocean Research, 125; 103245, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103245

87-22 Tran Thuy Linh, Numerical modelling (3D) of wave interaction with porous structures in the Mekong Delta coastal zone, Thesis, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 2022.

82-22 Seyyed-Mahmood Ghassemizadeh, Mohammad Javad Ketabdari, Modeling of solitary wave interaction with curved-facing seawalls using numerical method, Advances in Civil Engineering, 5649637, 2022. doi.org/10.1155/2022/5649637

81-22 Raphael Alwan, Boyin Ding, David M. Skene, Zhaobin Li, Luke G. Bennetts, On the structure of waves radiated by a submerged cylinder undergoing large-amplitude heave motions, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Shanghai, China, June 5-10, 2022. doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12828

77-22 Weiyun Chen, Linchong Huang, Dan Wang, Chao Liu, Lingyu Xu, Zhi Ding, Effects of siltation and desiltation on the wave-induced stability of foundation trench of immersed tunnel, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 160; 107360, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107360

63-22 Yongzhou Cheng, Zhiyuan Lin, Gan Hu, Xing Lyu, Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the porous I-type composite breakwater, Journal of Marine Science and Application, 21; pp. 140-150, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11804-022-00251-4

37-22 Ray-Yeng Yang, Chuan-Wen Wang, Chin-Cheng Huang, Cheng-Hsien Chung, Chung-Pang, Chen, Chih-Jung Huang, The 1:20 scaled hydraulic model test and field experiment of barge-type floating offshore wind turbine system, Ocean Engineering, 247.1; 110486, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110486

35-22 Mingchao Cui, Zhisong Li, Chenglin Zhang, Xiaoyu Guo, Statistical investigation into the flow field of closed aquaculture tanks aboard a platform under periodic oscillation, Ocean Engineering, 248; 110677, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110677

30-22 Jijian Lian, Jiale Li, Yaohua Guo, Haijun Wang, Xu Yang, Numerical study on local scour characteristics of multi-bucket jacket foundation considering exposed height, Applied Ocean Research, 121; 103092. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103092

19-22 J.J. Wiegerink, T.E. Baldock, D.P. Callaghan, C.M. Wang, Slosh suppression blocks – A concept for mitigating fluid motions in floating closed containment fish pen in high energy environments, Applied Ocean Research, 120; 103068, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103068

9-22 Amir Bordbar, Soroosh Sharifi, Hassan Hemida, Investigation of scour around two side-by-side piles with different spacing ratios in live-bed, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 208; pp. 302-309, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7735-9_33

7-22 Jinzhao Li, Xuan Kong, Yilin Yang, Lu Deng, Wen Xiong, CFD investigations of tsunami-induced scour around bridge piers, Ocean Engineering, 244; 110373, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110373

3-22 Ana Gomes, José Pinho, Wave loads assessment on coastal structures at inundation risk using CFD modelling, Climate Change and Water Security, 178; pp. 207-218, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_17

2-22 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of tsunami wave generation by submarine landslides: Validation and sensitivity analysis to landslide parameters, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148.2; 05021016, 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000694

146-21 Ming-ming Liu, Hao-cheng Wang, Guo-qiang Tang, Fei-fei Shao, Xin Jin, Investigation of local scour around two vertical piles by using numerical method, Ocean Engineering, 244; 110405, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110405

135-21 Jian Guo, Jiyi Wu, Tao Wang, Prediction of local scour depth of sea-crossing bridges based on the energy balance theory, Ships and Offshore Structures, 16.10, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2021.2005362

133-21 Sahel Sohrabi, Mohamad Ali Lofollahi Yaghin, Mohamad Hosein Aminfar, Alireza Mojtahedi, Experimental and numerical investigation of hydrodynamic performance of a sloping floating breakwater with and without chain-net, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, , 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00780-y

131-21 Seyed Morteza Marashian, Mehdi Adjami, Ahmad Rezaee Mazyak, Numerical modelling investigation of wave interaction on composite berm breakwater, China Ocean Engineering, 35; pp. 631-645, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13344-021-0060-x

124-21 Ramin Safari Ghaleh, Omid Aminoroayaie Yamini, S. Hooman Mousavi, Mohammad Reza Kavianpour, Numerical modeling of failure mechanisms in articulated concrete block mattress as a sustainable coastal protection structure, Sustainability, 13.22; pp. 1-19, 2021.

118-21 A. Keshavarz, M. Vaghefi, G. Ahmadi, Investigation of flow patterns around rectangular and oblong peirs with collar located in a 180-degree sharp bend, Scientia Iranica A, 28.5; pp. 2479-2492, 2021.

109-21 Jacek Jachowski, Edyta Książkiewicz, Izabela Szwoch, Determination of the aerodynamic drag of pneumatic life rafts as a factor for increasing the reliability of rescue operations, Polish Maritime Research, 28.3; p. 128-136, 2021. doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2021-0040

107-21 Jiay Han, Bing Zhu, Baojie Lu, Hao Ding, Ke Li, Liang Cheng, Bo Huang, The influence of incident angles and length-diameter ratios on the round-ended cylinder under regular wave action, Ocean Engineering, 240; 109980, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109980

96-21 Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, Triggers and consequences of landslide-induced impulse waves – 3D dynamic reconstruction of the Taan Fiord 2015 tsunami event, Engineering Geology, 294; 106384, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106384

95-21 Ahmed A. Romya, Hossam M. Moghazy, M.M. Iskander, Ahmed M. Abdelrazek, Performance assessment of corrugated semi-circular breakwaters for coastal protection, Alexandria Engineering Journal, in press, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.08.086

87-21 Ruigeng Hu, Hongjun Liu, Hao Leng, Peng Yu, Xiuhai Wang, Scour characteristics and equilibrium scour depth prediction around umbrella suction anchor foundation under random waves, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9; 886, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080886

78-21 Sahir Asrari, Habib Hakimzadeh, Nazila Kardan, Investigation on the local scour beneath piggyback pipelines under clear-water conditions, China Ocean Engineering, 35; pp. 422-431, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13344-021-0039-7

64-21 Pin-Tzu Su, Chen-shan Kung, Effects of diffusers on discharging jet, 31st International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Rhodes, Greece, June 20-25, 2021.

62-21 Fei Wu, Wei Li, Shuzhao Li, Xiaopeng Shen, Delong Dong, Numerical simulation of scour of backfill soil by jetting flows on the top of buried caisson, 31st International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Rhodes, Greece, June 20-25, 2021.

56-21 Murat Aksel, Oral Yagci, V.S. Ozgur Kirca, Eryilmaz Erdog, Naghmeh Heidari, A comparitive analysis of coherent structures around a pile over rigid-bed and scoured-bottom, Ocean Engineering, 226; 108759, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108759

52-21 Byeong Wook Lee, Changhoon Lee, Equation for ship wave crests in a uniform current in the entire range of water depths, Coastal Engineering, 167; 103900, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103900

43-21 Agnieszka Faulkner, Claire E. Bulgin, Christopher J. Merchant, Characterising industrial thermal plumes in coastal regions using 3-D numerical simulations, Environmental Research Communications, 3; 045003, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abf62e

39-21 Fan Yang, Yiqi Zhang, Chao Liu, Tieli Wang, Dongin Jiang, Yan Jin, Numerical and experimental investigations of flow pattern and anti-vortex measures of forebay in a multi-unit pumping station, Water, 13.7; 935, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13070935

30-21 Norfadhlina Khalid, Aqil Azraie Che Shamshudin, Megat Khalid Puteri Zarina, Analysis on wave generation and hull: Modification for fishing vessels, Advanced Engineering for Processes and Technologies II: Advanced Structured Materials, 147; pp. 77-89, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67307-9_9

28-21 Jae-Sang Jung, Jae-Seon Yoon, Seokkoo Kang, Seokil Jeong, Seung Oh Lee, Yong-Sung Park, Discharge characteristics of drainage gates on Saemangeum tidal dyke, South Korea, KSCE Journal of Engineering, 25; pp. 1308-1325, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0590-z

24-21 Ali Temel, Mustafa Dogan, Time dependent investigation of the wave induced scour at the trunk section of a rubble mound breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 221; 108564, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108564

13-21 P.X. Zou, L.Z. Chen, The coupled tube-mooring system SFT hydrodynamic characteristics under wave excitations, Proceedings, 14th International Conference on Vibration Problems, Crete, Greece, September 1 – 4, 2019, pp. 907-923, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8049-9_55

122-20 M.A. Musa, M.F. Roslan, M.F. Ahmad, A.M. Muzathik, M.A. Mustapa, A. Fitriadhy, M.H. Mohd, M.A.A. Rahman, The influence of ramp shape parameters on performance of overtopping breakwater for energy conversion, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.11; 875, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110875

120-20 Lee Hooi Chie, Ahmad Khairi Abd Wahab, Derivation of engineering design criteria for flow field around intake structure: A numerical simulation study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.10; 827, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100827

109-20 Mario Maiolo, Riccardo Alvise Mel, Salvatore Sinopoli, A stepwise approach to beach restoration at Calabaia Beach, Water, 12.10; 2677, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12102677

107-20 S. Deshpande, P. Sundsbø, S. Das, Ship resistance analysis using CFD simulations in Flow-3D, International Journal of Multiphysics, 14.3; pp. 227-236, 2020. doi.org/10.21152/1750-9548.14.3.227

103-20 Mahmood Nematollahi, Mohammad Navim Moghid, Numerical simulation of spatial distribution of wave overtopping on non-reshaping berm breakwaters, Journal of Marine Science and Application, 19; pp. 301-316, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s11804-020-00147-1

98-20 Lin Zhao, Ning Wang, Qian Li, Analysis of flow characteristics and wave dissipation performances of a new structure, Proceedings, 30th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Online, October 11-16, ISOPE-I-20-3289, 2020.

96-20 Xiaoyu Guo, Zhisong Li, Mingchao Cui, Benlong Wang, Numerical investigation on flow characteristics of water in the fish tank on a force-rolling aquaculture platform, Ocean Engineering, 217; 107936, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107936

92-20 Yong-Jun Cho, Scour controlling effect of hybrid mono-pile as a substructure of offshore wind turbine: A numerical study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.9; 637, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090637

89-20 Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, The
1958 Lituya Bay tsunami – pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software
Flow-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 20; pp. 2255–2279, 2020. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2255-2020

81-20 Eliseo Marchesi, Marco Negri, Stefano Malavasi, Development and analysis of a numerical model for a two-oscillating-body wave energy converter in shallow water, Ocean Engineering, 214; 107765, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107765

79-20 Zegao Yin, Yanxu Wang, Yong Liu, Wei Zou, Wave attenuation by rigid emergent vegetation under combined wave and current flows, Ocean Engineering, 213; 107632, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107632

71-20 B. Pan, N. Belyaev, FLOW-3D software for substantiation the layout of the port water area, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Construction Mechanics, Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering (CONMECHYDRO), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 23-25 April, 883; 012020, 2020. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/883/1/012020

51-20 Yupeng Ren, Xingbei Xu, Guohui Xu, Zhiqin Liu, Measurement and calculation of particle trajectory of liquefied soil under wave action, Applied Ocean Research, 101; 102202, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102202

50-20 C.C. Battiston, F.A. Bombardelli, E.B.C. Schettini, M.G. Marques, Mean flow and turbulence statistics through a sluice gate in a navigation lock system: A numerical study, European Journal of Mechanics – B/Fluids, 84; pp.155-163, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2020.06.003

49-20 Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nur Amira Adam, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, Mohammad Fadhli Ahmad, Ahmad Jusoh, Noraieni Hj. Mokhtar, Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman, CFD investigation into the effect of heave plate on vertical motion responses of a floating jetty, CFD Letters, 12.5; pp. 24-35, 2020. doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.12.5.2435

40-20 P. April Le Quéré, I. Nistor, A. Mohammadian, Numerical modeling of tsunami-induced scouring around a square column: Performance assessment of FLOW-3D and Delft3D, Journal of Coastal Research (preprint), 2020. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00181

38-20 Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani, Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio, Daniele Conte, Stefano Mascetti, Sensitivity analysis of existing exponential empirical formulas for pore pressure distribution inside breakwater core using numerical modeling, Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1; pp. 65-71, 2020. doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2020-01.S-08

36-20 Mohammadamin Torabi, Bruce Savage, Efficiency improvement of a novel submerged oscillating water column (SOWC) energy harvester, Proceedings, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress (Cancelled), Henderson, Nevada, May 17–21, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/9780784482940.003

32-20 Adriano Henrique Tognato, Modelagem CFD da interação entre hidrodinâmica costeira e quebra-mar submerso: estudo de caso da Ponta da Praia em Santos, SP (CFD modeling of interaction between sea waves and submerged breakwater at Ponta de Praia – Santos, SP: a case study, Thesis, Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, 2020.

29-20 Ana Gomes, José L. S. Pinho, Tiago Valente, José S. Antunes do Carmo and Arkal V. Hegde, Performance assessment of a semi-circular breakwater through CFD modelling, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.3, art. no. 226, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8030226

23-20 Qi Yang, Peng Yu, Yifan Liu, Hongjun Liu, Peng Zhang and Quandi Wang, Scour characteristics of an offshore umbrella suction anchor foundation under the combined actions of waves and currents, Ocean Engineering, 202, art. no. 106701, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106701

04-20 Bingchen Liang, Shengtao Du, Xinying Pan and Libang Zhang, Local scour for vertical piles in steady currents: review of mechanisms, influencing factors and empirical equations, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.1, art. no. 4, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010004

104-19 A. Fitriadhy, S.F. Abdullah, M. Hairil, M.F. Ahmad and A. Jusoh, Optimized modelling on lateral separation of twin pontoon-net floating breakwater, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 13.4, pp. 5764-5779, 2019. doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.4.2019.04.0460

103-19 Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, Nur Adlina Aldin and Adi Maimun, CFD analysis on course stability of an asymmetrical bridle towline model of a towed ship, CFD Letters, 11.12, pp. 43-52, 2019.

90-19 Eric P. Lemont and Karthik Ramaswamy, Computational fluid dynamics in coastal engineering: Verification of a breakwater design in the Torres Strait, Proceedings, pp. 762-768, Australian Coasts and Ports 2019 Conference, Hobart, Australia, September 10-13, 2019.

86-19 Mohammed Arab Fatiha, Benoît Augier, François Deniset, Pascal Casari, and Jacques André Astolfi, Morphing hydrofoil model driven by compliant composite structure and internal pressure, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7:423, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120423

83-19 Cong-Uy Nguyen, So-Young Lee, Thanh-Canh Huynh, Heon-Tae Kim, and Jeong-Tae Kim, Vibration characteristics of offshore wind turbine tower with gravity-based foundation under wave excitation, Smart Structures and Systems, 23:5, pp. 405-420, 2019. doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.23.5.405

68-19 B.W. Lee and C. Lee, Development of an equation for ship wave crests in a current in whole water depths, Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019; pp. 207-212, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_29

62-19 Byeong Wook Lee and Changhoon Lee, Equation for ship wave crests in the entire range of water depths, Coastal Engineering, 153:103542, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.103542

23-19 Mariano Buccino, Mohammad Daliri, Fabio Dentale, Angela Di Leo, and Mario Calabrese, CFD experiments on a low crested sloping top caisson breakwater, Part 1: Nature of loadings and global stability, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 182, pp. 259-282, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.04.017

21-19 Mahsa Ghazian Arabi, Deniz Velioglu Sogut, Ali Khosronejad, Ahmet C. Yalciner, and Ali Farhadzadeh, A numerical and experimental study of local hydrodynamics due to interactions between a solitary wave and an impervious structure, Coastal Engineering, Vol. 147, pp. 43-62, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.02.004

15-19 Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen, and Yizhou Zhang, Accumulation of pore water pressure in a homogeneous sandy seabed around a rocking mono-pile subjected to wave loads, Vol. 173, pp. 810-822, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.12.072

09-19 Yaoyong Chen, Guoxu Niu, and Yuliang Ma, Study on hydrodynamics of a new comb-type floating breakwater fixed on the water surface, 2018 International Symposium on Architecture Research Frontiers and Ecological Environment (ARFEE 2018), Wuhan, China, December 14-16, 2018, E3S Web of Conferences Vol. 79, Art. No. 02003, 2019. doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197902003

08-19 Hongda Shi, Zhi Han, and Chenyu Zhao, Numerical study on the optimization design of the conical bottom heaving buoy convertor, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 173, pp. 235-243, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.12.061

06-19 S. Hemavathi, R. Manjula and N. Ponmani, Numerical modelling and experimental investigation on the effect of wave attenuation due to coastal vegetation, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018), Vol. 2, pp. 99-110, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3134-3_9

87-18 Muhammad Syazwan Bazli, Omar Yaakob and Kang Hooi Siang, Validation study of u-oscillating water column device using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation, 11^thInternational Conference on Marine Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 13-14, 2018.

86-18 Nur Adlina Aldin, Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, and Adi Maimun, CFD analysis on unsteady yaw motion characteristic of a towed ship, 11^th International Conference on Marine Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 13-14, 2018.

78-18 A.A. Abo Zaid, W.E. Mahmod, A.S. Koraim, E.M. Heikal and H.E. Fath, Wave interaction of partially immersed semicircular breakwater suspended on piles using FLOW-3D, CSME Conference Proceedings, Toronto, Canada, May 27-30, 2018.

73-18 Jian Zhou and Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Near-field mean flow dynamics of a cylindrical canopy patch suspended in deep water, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 858, pp. 634-655, 2018. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.775

69-18 Keisuke Yoshida, Shiro Maeno, Tomihiro Iiboshi and Daisuke Araki, Estimation of hydrodynamic forces acting on concrete blocks of toe protection works for coastal dikes by tsunami overflows, Applied Ocean Research, Vol. 80, pp. 181-196, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.09.001

68-18 Zegao Yin, Yanxu Wang and Xiaoyu Yang, Regular wave run-up attenuation on a slope by emergent rigid vegetation, Journal of Coastal Research (in-press), 2018. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-17-00200.1

65-18 Dagui Tong, Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen and Qi Zhang, Numerical simulation of a sandy seabed response to water surface waves propagating on current, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2018. doi.org/10.3390/jmse6030088

61-18 Manuel Gerardo Verduzco-Zapata, Aramis Olivos-Ortiz, Marco Liñán-Cabello, Christian Ortega-Ortiz, Marco Galicia-Pérez, Chris Matthews, and Omar Cervantes-Rosas, Development of a Desalination System Driven by Low Energy Ocean Surface Waves, Journal of Coastal Research: Special Issue 85 – Proceedings of the 15th International Coastal Symposium, pp. 1321 – 1325, 2018. doi.org/10.2112/SI85-265.1

37-18 Songsen Xu, Chunshuo Jiao, Meng Ning and Sheng Dong, Analysis of Buoyancy Module Auxiliary Installation Technology Based on Numerical Simulation, Journal of Ocean University of China, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 267-280, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3305-4

36-18 Deniz Velioglu Sogut and Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner, Performance comparison of NAMI DANCE and FLOW-3D® models in tsunami propagation, inundation and currents using NTHMP benchmark problems, Pure and Applied Geophysics, pp. 1-39, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1907-9

26-18 Mohammad Sarfaraz and Ali Pak, Numerical investigation of the stability of armour units in low-crested breakwaters using combined SPH–Polyhedral DEM method, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 81, pp. 14-35, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.04.016

25-18 Yen-Lung Chen and Shih-Chun Hsiao, Numerical modeling of a buoyant round jet under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, vol. 161, pp. 154-167, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.093

13-18 Yizhou Zhang, Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen, Dagui Tong, and Jianhua Wang, Numerical analysis of interaction between seabed and mono-pile subjected to dynamic wave loadings considering the pile rocking effect, Ocean Engineering, Volume 155, 1 May 2018, Pages 173-188, doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.02.041

11-18 Ching-Piao Tsai, Chun-Han Ko and Ying-Chi Chen, Investigation on Performance of a Modified Breakwater-Integrated OWC Wave Energy Converter, Open Access Sustainability 2018, 10(3), 643; doi:10.3390/su10030643, © Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018.

56-17 Yu-Shu Kuo, Chih-Yin Chung, Shih-Chun Hsiao and Yu-Kai Wang, Hydrodynamic characteristics of Oscillating Water Column caisson breakwaters, Renewable Energy, vol. 103, pp. 439-447, 2017. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.11.028

47-17 Jae-Nam Cho, Chang-Geun Song, Kyu-Nam Hwang and Seung-Oh Lee, Experimental assessment of suspended sediment concentration changed by solitary wave, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 649-655 (2017) 649 DOI: 10.6119/JMST-017-1226-04

45-17 Muhammad Aldhiansyah Rifqi Fauzi, Haryo Dwito Armono, Mahmud Mustain and Aniendhita Rizki Amalia, Comparison Study of Various Type Artificial Reef Performance in Reducing Wave Height, Regional Conference in Civil Engineering (RCCE) 430 The Third International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER) August 1st-2nd 2017, Surabaya – Indonesia.

44-17 Fabio Dentale, Ferdinando Reale, Angela Di Leo, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A CFD approach to rubble mound breakwater design, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Available online 30 December 2017.

39-17 Milad Rashidinasab and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Modeling the Pressure Distribution and the Changes of Water Level around the Offshore Platforms Exposed to Waves, Using the Numerical Model of FLOW-3D, Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 2017, 6, 97-106, http://www.scirp.org/journal/cweee, ISSN Online: 2168-1570, ISSN Print: 2168-1562

30-17 Omid Nourani and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Comparison of the Effect of Tetrapod Block and Armor X block on Reducing Wave Overtopping in Breakwaters, Open Journal of Marine Science, 2017, 7, 472-484 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojms ISSN Online: 2161-7392.

29-17 J.A. Vasquez, Modelling the generation and propagation of landslide generated waves, Leadership in Sustainable Infrastructure, Annual Conference – Vancouver, May 31 – June 3, 2017

28-17 Manuel G. Verduzco-Zapata, Francisco J. Ocampo-Torres, Chris Matthews, Aramis Olivos-Ortiz, Diego E. and Galván-Pozos, Development of a Wave Powered Desalination Device Numerical Modelling, Proceedings of the 12th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference 27th Aug -1st Sept 2017, Cork, Ireland

20-17 Chu-Kuan Lin, Jaw-Guei Lin, Ya-Lan Chen, Chin-Shen Chang, Seabed Change and Soil Resistance Assessment of Jack up Foundation, Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh (2017) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 25-30, 2017, Copyright © 2017 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-97-5; ISSN 1098-6189.

19-17 Velioğlu Deniz, Advanced Two- and Three-Dimensional Tsunami – Models Benchmarking and Validation, Ph.D Thesis:, Middle East Technical University, June 2017

18-17 Farrokh Mahnamfar and Abdüsselam Altunkaynak, Comparison of numerical and experimental analyses for optimizing the geometry of OWC systems, Ocean Engineering 130 (2017) 10–24.

07-17 Jonas Čerka, Rima Mickevičienė, Žydrūnas Ašmontas, Lukas Norkevičius, Tomas Žapnickas, Vasilij Djačkov and Peilin Zhou, Optimization of the research vessel hull form by using numerical simulation, Ocean Engineering 139 (2017) 33–38

05-17 Liang, B.; Ma, S.; Pan, X., and Lee, D.Y., Numerical modelling of wave run-up with interaction between wave and dolosse breakwater, In: Lee, J.L.; Griffiths, T.; Lotan, A.; Suh, K.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), 2017, The 2nd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 79, pp. 294-298. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

02-17 A. Yazid Maliki, M. Azlan Musa, Ahmad M.F., Zamri I., Omar Y., Comparison of numerical and experimental results for overtopping discharge of the OBREC wave energy converter, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, In Press, © School of Engineering, Taylor’s University

01-17 Tanvir Sayeed, Bruce Colbourne, David Molyneux, Ayhan Akinturk, Experimental and numerical investigation of wave forces on partially submerged bodies in close proximity to a fixed structure, Ocean Engineering, Volume 132, Pages 70–91, March 2017

101-16 Xin Li, Liang-yu Xu, Jian-Min Yang, Study of fluid resonance between two side-by-side floating barges, Journal of Hydrodynamics, vol. B-28, no. 5, pp. 767-777, 2016. doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(16)60679-0

81-16 Loretta Gnavi, Deep water challenges: development of depositional models to support geohazard assessment for submarine facilities, Ph.D. Thesis: Politecnico di Torino, May 2016

80-16 Mohammed Ibrahim, Hany Ahmed, Mostafa Abd Alall and A.S. Koraim, Proposing and investigating the efficiency of vertical perforated breakwater, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2016, ISSN 2229-5518

72-16 Yen-Lung Chen and Shih-Chun Hsiao, Generation of 3D water waves using mass source wavemaker applied to Navier–Stokes model, Coastal Engineering 109 (2016) 76–95.

64-16 Jae Nam Cho, Dong Hyun Kim and Seung Oh Lee, Experimental Study of Shape and Pressure Characteristics of Solitary Wave generated by Sluice Gate for Various Conditions, Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 70-75, April 2016, Copyright @ 2016 by The Korean Society of Safety (pISSN 1738-3803, eISSN 2383-9953) All right reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.14346/JKOSOS.2016.31.2.70

56-16 Ali A. Babajani, Mohammad Jafari and Parinaz Hafezi Sefat, Numerical investigation of distance effect between two Searasers for hydrodynamic performance, Alexandria Engineering Journal, June 2016.

53-16 Hwang-Ki Lee, Byeong-Kuk Kim, Jongkyu Kim and Hyeon-Ju Kim, OTEC thermal dispersion in coastal waters of Tarawa, Kiribati, OCEANS 2016 – Shanghai, April 2016, 10.1109/OCEANSAP.2016.7485548, © IEEE.

50-16 Mohsin A. R. Irkal, S. Nallayarasu and S. K. Bhattacharyya, CFD simulation of roll damping characteristics of a ship midsection with bilge keel, Proceedings of the ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2016, June 19-24, 2016, Busan, South Korea

49-16 Bill Baird, Seth Logan, Wim Van Der Molen, Trevor Elliot and Don Zimmer, Thoughts on the future of physical models in coastal engineering, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Application of Physical Modelling in Coastal and Port Engineering and Science (Coastlab16) Ottawa, Canada, May 10-13, 2016 Copyright ©: Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

47-16 KH Kim et. al, Numerical analysis on the effects of shoal on the ship wave, Applied Engineering, Materials and Mechanics: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Applied Engineering, Materials and Mechanics (ICAEMM 2016)

17-16 Nan-Jing Wu, Shih-Chun Hsiao, Hsin-Hung Chen, and Ray-Yeng Yang, The study on solitary waves generated by a piston-type wave maker, Ocean Engineering, 117(2016)114–129

13-16 Maryam Deilami-Tarifi, Mehdi Behdarvandi-Askar, Vahid Chegini, and Sadegh Haghighi-Pou, Modeling of the Changes in Flow Velocity on Seawalls under Different Conditions Using FLOW-3DSoftware, Open Journal of Marine Science, 2016, 6, 317-322, Published Online April 2016 in SciRes.

01-16 Mohsin A.R. Irkal, S. Nallayarasu, and S.K. Bhattacharyya, CFD approach to roll damping of ship with bilge keel with experimental validation, Applied Ocean Research, Volume 55, February 2016, Pages 1–17

121-15 Josh Carter, Scott Fenical, Craig Hunter and Joshua Todd, CFD modeling for the analysis of living shoreline structure performance, Coastal Structures and Solutions to Coastal Disasters Joint Conference, Boston, MA, Sept. 9-11, 2015. © 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. doi.org/10.1061/9780784480304.047

114-15 Jisheng Zhang, Peng Gao, Jinhai Zheng, Xiuguang Wu, Yuxuan Peng and Tiantian Zhang, Current-induced seabed scour around a pile-supported horizontal-axis tidal stream turbine, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 929-936 (2015) 929, DOI: 10.6119/JMST-015-0610-11

108-15 Tiecheng Wang, Tao Meng, and Hailong Zha, Analysis of Tsunami Effect and Structural Response, ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online), DOI: 10.17559/TV-20150122115308

107-15 Jie Chen, Changbo Jiang, Wu Yang, Guizhen Xiao, Laboratory study on protection of tsunami-induced scour by offshore breakwaters, Natural Hazards, 2015, 1-19

85-15 Majid A. Bhinder, M.T. Rahmati, C.G. Mingham and G.A. Aggidis, Numerical hydrodynamic modelling of a pitching wave energy converter, European Journal of Computational Mechanics, Volume 24, Issue 4, 2015, DOI: 10.1080/17797179.2015.1096228

65-15 Giancarlo Alfonsi, Numerical Simulations of Wave-Induced Flow Fields around Large-Diameter Surface-Piercing Vertical Circular Cylinder, Computation 2015, 3(3), 386-426; doi:10.3390/computation3030386

61-15 Bingchen Liang, Duo Li, Xinying Pan and Guangxin Jiang, Numerical Study of Local Scour of Pipeline under Combined Wave and Current Conditions, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189.

60-15 Chun-Han Ko, Ching-Piao Tsai, Ying-Chi Chen, and Tri-Octaviani Sihombing, Numerical Simulations of Wave and Flow Variations between Submerged Breakwaters and Slope Seawall, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189.

57-15 Giacomo Viccione and Settimio Ferlisi, A numerical investigation of the interaction between debris flows and defense barriers, Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering, ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6, 2015

56-15 Vittorio Bovolin, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli and Giacomo Viccione, A numerical study of liquid impact on inclined surfaces, Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering, ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6, 2015

49-15 Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, and Ferdinando Reale, A numerical method to analyze the interaction between sea waves and rubble mound emerged breakwaters, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on FLUID MECHANICS, E-ISSN: 2224-347X, Volume 10, 2015

45-15 Diego Vicinanza, Daniela Salerno, Fabio Dentale and Mariano Buccino, Structural Response of Seawave Slot-cone Generator (SSG) from Random Wave CFD Simulations, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015, Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189

38-15 Yen-Lung Chen, Shih-Chun Hsiao, Yu-Cheng Hou, Han-Lun Wu and Yuan Chieh Wu, Numerical Simulation of a Neutrally Buoyant Round Jet in a Wave Environment, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

34-15 Dieter Vanneste and Peter Troch, 2D numerical simulation of large-scale physical model tests of wave interaction with a rubble-mound breakwater, Coastal Engineering, Volume 103, September 2015, Pages 22–41.

29-15 Masanobu Toyoda, Hiroki Kusumoto, and Kazuo Watanabe, Intrinsically Safe Cryogenic Cargo Containment System of IHI-SPB LNG Tank, IHI Engineering Review, Vol. 47, No. 2, 2015.

24-15 Xixi Pan, Shiming Wang, and Yongcheng Liang, Three-dimensional simulation of floating wave power device, International Power, Electronics and Materials Engineering Conference (IPEMEC 2015)

05-15 M. A. Bhinder, A. Babarit, L. Gentaz, and P. Ferrant, Potential Time Domain Model with Viscous Correction and CFD Analysis of a Generic Surging Floating Wave Energy Converter, (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijome.2015.01.005

137-14 A. Najafi-Jilani, M. Zakiri Niri and Nader Naderi, Simulating three dimensional wave run-up over breakwaters covered by antifer units, Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:297~306

128-14 Dong Chule Kim, Byung Ho Choi, Kyeong Ok Kim and Efim Pelinovsky, Extreme tsunami runup simulation at Babi Island due to 1992 Flores tsunami and Okushiri due to 1993 Hokkido tsunami, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 16, EGU2014-1341, 2014, EGU General Assembly 2014, © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

123-14 Irkal Mohsin A.R., S. Nallayarasu and S.K. Bhattacharyya, Experimental and CFD Simulation of Roll Motion of Ship with Bilge Keel, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics MARHY 2014 3-4 December 2014, Chennai, India.

101-14 Dieter Vanneste, Corrado Altomare, Tomohiro Suzuki, Peter Troch and Toon Verwaest, Comparison of Numerical Models for Wave Overtopping and Impact on a Sea Wall, Coastal Engineering 2014

91-14 Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Numerical wave interaction with tetrapods breakwater, Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:0~0, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0214, ⓒSNAK, 2014, pISSN: 2092-6782, eISSN: 2092-6790

87-14 Philipp Behruzi, Simulation of breaking wave impacts on a flat wall, The 15th International Workshop on Trends In Numerical and Physical Modeling for Industrial Multiphase Flows, Cargèse, Corsica, October 13th–17th, 2014

86-14 Chuan Sim and Sung-uk Choi, Three-Dimensional Scour at Submarine Pipelines under Indefinite Boundary Conditions, 2014

83-14 Hongda Shi, Dong Wang, Jinghui Song, and Zhe Ma, Systematic Design of a Heaving Buoy Wave Energy Device, 5th International Conference on Ocean Energy, 4th November, Halifax, 2014

71-14 Hadi Sabziyan, Hassan Ghassemi, Farhood Azarsina, and Saeid Kazemi, Effect of Mooring Lines Pattern in a Semi-submersible Platform at Surge and Sway Movements, Journal of Ocean Research, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, 17-22 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jor/2/1/4 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jor-2-1-4

56-14 Fernandez-Montblanc, T., Izquierdo, A., and Bethencourt, M., Modelling the oceanographic conditions during storm following the Battle of Trafalgar, Encuentro de la Oceanografıa Fısica Espanola 2014

52-14 Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A new numerical approach to the study of the interaction between wave motion and roubble mound breakwaters, Latest Trends in Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology, ISBN: 978-960-474-376-6

49-14 H. Ahmed and A. Schlenkhoff, Numerical Investigation of Wave Interaction with Double Vertical Slotted Walls, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Ecological, Geological and Mining Engineering Vol:8 No:8, 2014

32-14 Richard Keough, Victoria Mullaley, Hilary Sinclair, and Greg Walsh, Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Water Current Energy Device, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Mechanical Design Project II – ENGI 8926, April 2014

25-14 Paulius Rapalis, Vytautas Smailys, Vygintas Daukšys, Nadežda Zamiatina, and Vasilij Djačkov, Vandens – Duju Silumos Mainai Gaz-Lifto Tipo Skruberyje,Technologijos mokslo darbai Vakarų Lietuvoje, Vol 9 > Rapalis. Available for download at http://journals.ku.lt/index.php/TMD/article/view/259.

92-13 Matteo Tirindelli, Scott Fenical and Vladimir Shepsis, State-of-the-Art Methods for Extreme Wave Loading on Bridges and Coastal Highways, Seventh National Seismic Conference on Bridges and Highways (7NSC), May 20-22, 2013, Oakland, CA

89-13 Worakanok Thanyamanta, Don Bass and David Molyneux, Prediction of sloshing effects using a coupled non-linear seakeeping and CFD code, Proceedings of the ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2013, June 9-14, 2013, Nantes, France. Available for purchase online at ASME.

83-13 B.W. Lee and C. Lee, Development of Wave Power Generation Device with Resonance Channels, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2013) Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26, 2013

68-13 Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Rubble Mound Breakwater Run-Up, Reflection and Overtopping by Numerical 3D Simulation, ICE Conference, September 2013, Edinburgh (UK).

66-13 Peter Arnold, Validation of FLOW-3D against Experimental Data for an Axi-Symmetric Point Absorber WEC, © wavebob™, 2013

62-13 Yanan Li, Junwei Zhou, Dazheng Wang and Yonggang Cui, Resistance and Strength Analysis of Three Hulls with ifferent Knuckles, Advanced Materials Research Vols. 779-780 (2013) pp 615-618, © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.779-780.615.

61-13 M.R. Soliman, Satoru Ushijima, Nobu Miyagi and Tetsuay Sumi, Density Current Simulation Using Two-Dimensional High Resolution Model, Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No 56 B, 2013.

59-13 Guang Wei Liu, Qing He Zhang, and Jin Feng Zhang, Wave Forces on the Composite Bucket Foundation of Offshore Wind Turbines, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 405-408, 1420, September 2013. Available for purchase online at Scientific.net.

50-13 Joel Darnell and Vladimir Shepsis, Pontoon Launch Analysis, Design and Performance, Ports 2013, © ASCE 2013. Available for purchase online at ASCE.

45-13 Min-chi Li, Numerical Simulation of Wave Overtopping Rate at Sloping Seawalls with Different Configurations of Wave Dissipators, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University. Abstract only available here: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0701113-144919.

22-13 Nahidul Khan, Jonathan Smith, and Michael Hinchey, Models with all the right curves, © Journal of Ocean Technology, The Journal of Ocean Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013.

20-13 Efim Pelinovsky, Dong-Chul Kim, Kyeong-Ok Kim and Byung-Ho Choi, Three-dimensional simulation of extreme runup heights during the 2004 Indonesian and 2011 Japanese tsunamis, EGU General Assembly 2013, held 7-12 April, 2013 in Vienna, Austria, id. EGU2013-1760. Online at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.1760P.

18-13 Dazheng Wang, Fei Ma, and Lei Mei, Optimization of a 17m Catamaran based on the Resistance Performance, Advanced Materials Research Vols. 690-693, pp 3414-3418, © Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.690-693.3414, May 2013.

16-13 Dong Chule Kim, Kyeong Ok Kim, Efim Pelinovsky, Ira Didenkulova, and Byung Ho Choi, Three-dimensional tsunami runup simulation for the port of Koborinai on the Sanriku coast of Japan, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

15-13 Dong Chule Kim, Kyeong Ok Kim, Byung Ho Choi, Kyung Hwan Kim, and Efin Pelinovsky, Three –dimensional runup simulation of the 2004 Ocean tsunami at the Lhok Nga twin peaks, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

14-13 Jae-Seol Shim, Jinah Kim, Dong-Shul Kim, Kiyoung Heo, Kideok Do, and Sun-Jung Park, Storm surge inundation simulations comparing three-dimensional with two-dimensional models based on Typhoon Maemi over Masan Bay of South Korea, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

115-12 Worakanok Thanyamanta and David Molyneux, Prediction of Stabilizing Moments and Effects of U-Tube Anti-Roll Tank Geometry Using CFD, ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Volume 5: Ocean Engineering; CFD and VIV, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 1–6, 2012, ISBN: 978-0-7918-4492-2, Copyright © 2012 by ASME

114-12 Dane Kristopher Behrens, The Russian River Estuary: Inlet Morphology, Management, and Estuarine Scalar Field Response, Ph.D. Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Davis, © 2012 by Dane Kristopher Behrens. All Rights Reserved.

111-12 James E. Beget, Zygmunt Kowalik, Juan Horrillo, Fahad Mohammed, Brian C. McFall, and Gyeong-Bo Kim, NEeSR-CR Tsunami Generation by Landslides Integrating Laboratory Scale Experiments, Numerical Models and Natural Scale Applications, George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Research, July 2012, Boston, MA.

109-12 D. Vanneste, Experimental and Numerical study of Wave-Induced Porous Flow in Rubble-Mound Breakwaters, Ph.D. thesis (Chapters 5 and 6), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent (Belgium), 2012.

104-12 Junwoo Choi, Kab Keun Kwon, and Sung Bum Yoon, Tsunami Inundation Simulation of a Built-up Area using Equivalent Resistance Coefficient, Coastal Engineering Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2 (2012) 1250015 (25 pages), © World Scientific Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers, DOI: 10.1142/S0578563412500155

94-12 Parviz Ghadimi, Abbas Dashtimanesh, Mohammad Farsi, and Saeed Najafi, Investigation of free surface flow generated by a planing flat plate using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method and FLOW-3D simulations, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, December 7, 2012 1475090212465235. Available for purchase online at sage journals.

92-12 Panayotis Prinos, Maria Tsakiri, and Dimitris Souliotis, A Numerical Simulation of the WOS and the Wave Propagation along a Coastal Dike, Coastal Engineering 2012.

88-12 Nahidul Khan and Michael Hinchey, Adaptive Backstepping Control of Marine Current Energy Conversion System, PKP Open Conference Systems, IEEE Newfoundland and Labrador Section, 2012.

72-12 F. Dentale, G. Donnarumma, and E. Pugliese Carratelli, Wave Run Up and Reflection on Tridimensional Virtual, Journal of Hydrogeology & Hydrologic Engineering, 2012, 1:1, http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jhhe.1000102.

64-12 Anders Wedel Nielsen, Xiaofeng Liu, B. Mutlu Sumer, Jørgen Fredsøe, Flow and bed shear stresses in scour protections around a pile in a current, Coastal Engineering, Volume 72, February 2013, Pages 20–38.

51-12 Chun-Ho Chen, Study on the Application of FLOW-3D for Wave Energy Dissipation by a Porous Structure, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, July 2012. In Chinese.

37-12 Yu-Ren Chen, Numerical Modeling on Internal Solitary Wave propagation over an obstacle using FLOW-3D, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University June 2012. In Chinese.

26-12 D.C. Lo Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic interaction produced during the overtaking and the head-on encounter process of two ships, Engineering Computations: International Journal for Computer-Aided Engineering and Software, Vol. 29 No. 1, 2012. pp. 83-10, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, www.emeraldinsight.com/0264-4401.htm.

14-12 Bahaa Elsharnouby, Akram Soliman, Mohamed Elnaggar, and Mohamed Elshahat, Study of environment friendly porous suspended breakwater for the Egyptian Northwestern Coast, Ocean Engineering 48 (2012) 47-58. Available for purchase online at Science Direct.

11-12 Sang-Ho Oh, Young Min Oh, Ji-Young Kim, Keum-Seok Kang, A case study on the design of condenser effluent outlet of thermal power plant to reduce foam emitted to surrounding seacoast, Ocean Engineering, Volume 47, June 2012, Pages 58–64. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

101-11 Tsunami – A Growing Disaster, edited by Mohammad Mokhtari, ISBN 978-953-307-431-3, 232 pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published December 16, 2011 under CC BY 3.0 license, DOI: 10.5772/922. Available for download at Intech.

100-11 Kwang-Oh Ko, Jun-Woo Choi, Sung-Bum Yoon, and Chang-Beom Park, Internal Wave Generation in FLOW-3D Model, Proceedings of the Twenty-first (2011) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Maui, Hawaii, USA, June 19-24, 2011, Copyright © 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-96-8 (Set); ISSN 1098-6189 (Set); www.isope.org

95-11 S. Brizzolara, L. Savio, M. Viviani, Y. Chen, P. Temarel, N. Couty, S. Hoflack, L. Diebold, N. Moirod and A. Souto Iglesias, Comparison of experimental and numerical sloshing loads in partially filled tanks, Ships and Offshore Structures, Vol. 6, Nos. 1–2, 2011, 15–43. Available for purchase online at Francis & Taylor.

85-11 Andrew Eoghan Maguire, Hydrodynamics, control and numerical modelling of absorbing wavemakers, thesis: The University of Edinburgh, 2011.

74-11 Jonathan Smith, Nahidul Khan and Michael Hinchey, CFD Simulation of AUV Depth Control, Paper presented at NECEC 2011, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Abstract available online.

70-11 G. Kim, S.-H. Oh, K.S. Lee, I.S. Han, J.W. Chae, and S.-J Ahn, Numerical Investigation on Water Discharge Capability of Sluice Caisson of Tidal Power Plant, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

69-11 G. Alfonsi, A. Lauria, and L. Primavera, Wave-Field Flow Structures Developing Around Large-Diameter Vertical Circular Cylinder, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

68-11 C. Lee, B.W. Lee, Y.J. Kim, and K.O. Ko, Ship Wave Crests in Intermediate-Depth Water, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

63-11 Worakanok Thanyamanta, Paul Herrington, and David Molyneux, Wave patterns, wave induced forces and moments for a gravity based structure predicted using CFD, Proceedings of the ASME 2011, 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2011, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, June 19-24, 2011.

61-11 Jun Jin and Bo Meng, Computation of wave loads on the superstructures of coastal highway bridges, Ocean Engineering, available online October 19, 2011, ISSN 0029-8018, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2011.09.029. Available for purchase at Science Direct.

36-11 Nadir Yilmaz, Geoffrey E. Trapp, Scott M. Gagan, Timothy R. Emmerich, CFD Supported Examination of Buoy Design for Wave Energy Conversion, IGEC-VI-2011-173, pp: 537-541

28-11 Rodolfo Bolaños, Laurent O. Amoudry and Ken Doyle, Effects of Instrumented Bottom Tripods on Process Measurements, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, June 2011, Vol. 28, No. 6: pp. 827-837. Available online at: AMS Journals Online.

80-10 Juan J. Horrillo, Amanda L. Wood, Charles Williams, Ashwin Parambath, and Gyeong-Bo Kim, Construction of Tsunami Inundation Maps in the Gulf of Mexico, Report to the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, December 2010.

69-10 George A Aggidis and Clive Mingham, A Joint Numerical and Experimental Study of a Surging Point Absorbing Wave Energy Converter (WRASPA), Joule Centre Research Grant Joint Final Report (Lancaster University and Macnhester Metropolitan University), Joule Grant No: JIRP306/02, 2010

67-10 Kazuhiko Terashima, Ryuji Ito, Yoshiyuki Noda, Yoji Masui and Takahiro Iwasa, Innovative Integrated Simulator for Agile Control Design on Shipboard Crane Considering Ship and Load Sway, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, Part of 2010 IEEE Multi-Conference on Systems and Control, Yokohama, Japan, September 8-10, 2010

66-10 Shan-Hwei Ou, Tai-Wen Hsu, Jian-Feng Lin, Jian-Wu Lai, Shih-Hsiang Lin, Chen-Chen Chang, Yuan-Jyh Lan, Experimental and Numerical Studies on Wave Transformation over Artificial Reefs, Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Engineering, No 32 (2010), Shanghai, China, 2010.

65-10 Tai-Wen Hsu, Jian-Wu Lai, Yuan-Jyh Lan, Experimental and Numerical Studies on Wave Propagation over Coarse Grained Sloping Beach, Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Engineering, No 32 (2010), Shanghai, China, 2010.

26-10 R. Marcer, C. Berhault, C. de Jouëtte, N. Moirod and L. Shen, Validation of CFD Codes for Slamming, V European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, ECCOMAS CFD 2010, J.C.F. Pereira and A. Sequeira (Eds), Lisbon, Portugal, 14-17 June 2010

25-10 J.M. Zhan, Z. Dong, W. Jiang, and Y.S. Li, Numerical Simulation of wave transformation and runup incorporating porous media wave absorber and turbulence models, Ocean Engineering (2010), doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.06.005. Available for purchase at Science Direct.

17-10 F. Dentale, S.D. Russo, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S. Mascetti, A New Numerical Approach to Study the Wave Motion with Breakwaters and the Armor Stability, Marine Technology Reporter, May 2010

01-10 F. Dentale, S.D. Russo, E. Pugliese Carratelli, Innovative Numerical Simulation to Study the Fluid withing Rubble Mound Breakwaters and the Armour Stability, 17th Armourstone Wallingford Armourstone Meeting, Wallingford, UK, February 2010.

52-09 Mark Reed, Øistein Johansen, Frode Leirvik, and Bård Brørs, Numerical Algorithm to Compute the Effects of Breaking Waves on Surface Oil Spilled at Sea, Final Report, Second revision, SINTEF, October 2009.

49-09 Anna Pellicioli, Indagine Numerica Sulla Resistenza Idrodinamica Di Uno Scafo In Presenza Di Superficie Libera, thesis: Univerista Degli Studi Di Bergamo, 2008/2009. In Italian. Available upon request.

46-09 Carlos Guedes Soares, P.K. Das, Analysis and Design of Marine Structures, CRC Press; 1 Har/Cdr edition (March 2, 2009), 0415549345

32-09 M.A. Binder, C.G. Mingham, D.M. Causon, M.T. Rahmati, G.A. Aggidis, R.V. Chaplin, Numerical Modelling of a Surging Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter, 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference EWTEC 2009, Uppsala, Sweden, 7-10 September 2009

26-09 Fabio Dentale, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S.D. Russo, and Stefano Mascetti, Advanced Numerical Simulations on the Interaction between Waves and Rubble Mound Breakwaters, Journal of the Engineering Association for Offshore and Marine in Italy, (translation from the Italian)

25-09 F. Dentale, B. Messina, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S. Mascetti, Studio numerico avanzato sul moto di filtrazione in ambito marittimo, A & C, Analisi e Calcolo, Giugno 2009 (in Italian)

22-09 M.A. Bhinder, C.G. Mingham, D.M. Causon, M.T. Rahmati, G.A. Aggidis and R.V. Chaplin, A Joint Numerical And Experimental Study Of a Surging Point Absorbing Wave Energy Converter (WRASPA)2, Proceedings of the ASME 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2009-79392, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 31-June 5, 2009

8-09 Basu, D., S. Green, K. Das, R. Janetzke, and J. Stamatakos, Numerical Simulation of Surface Waves Generated by a Subaerial Landslide at Lituya Bay, 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, May 31–June 5, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii

17-09 Das, K., R. Janetzke, D. Basu, S. Green, and J. Stamatakos, Numerical Simulations of Tsunami Wave Generation by Submarine and Aerial Landslides Using RANS and SPH Models, 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, May 31–June 5, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii

16-09 Basu, D., S. Green, K. Das, R. Janetzke, and J. Stamatakos, Navier-Stokes Simulations of Surface Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides Effect of Slide Geometry and Turbulence, 2009 Society of Petroleum Engineering Americas E&P Environmental & Safety Conference, March 23–25, 2009, San Antonio, Texas.

48-08 Osamu Kiyomiya1 and Kazuya Kuroki, Flap Gate to Prevent Urban Area from Tsunami, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

43-08 Eldina Fatimah, Ahmad Khairi Abd. Wahab, and Hadibah Ismail, Numerical modeling approach of an artificial mangrove root system (ArMs) submerged breakwater as wetland habitat protector, COPEDEC VII, Dubai UAE, 2008.

40-08 Giacomo Viccione, Fabio Dentale, and Vittorio Bovolin, Simulation of Wave Impact Pressure on Vertical Structures with the SPH Method, 3rd ERCOFTAC SPHERIC workshop on SPH applications, Laussanne, Switzerland, June 4-6, 2008.

39-08 Kang, Young-Seung, Kim, Pyeong-Joong, Hyun, Sang-Kwon and Sung, Ha-Keun, Numerical Simulation of Ship-induced Wave Using FLOW-3D, Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers / v.20, no.3, 2008, pp.255-267, ISSN: 1976-8192, http://ksci.kisti.re.kr/search/article/articleView.ksci?articleBean.artSeq=HOHODK_2008_v20n3_255

35-08 B.W. Nam, S.H. Shin, K.Y. Hong, S.W. Hong, Numerical Simulation of Wave Flow over the Spiral-Reef Overtopping Device, Proceedings of the Eighth (2008) ISOPE Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, November 10-14, 2008, © 2008 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, ISBN 978-1-880653-52-4

34-08 B. H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, D.C. Kim, I. Didenkulova and S.-B. Woo, Two and three-dimensional computation of solitary wave runup on non-plane beach, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 15, 489-502, 2008, www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/15/489/2008 (c) Author(s) 2008.

23-08 Barb Schmitz, Tecplot, Nastran & FLOW-3D Win the Race, Desktop Engineering’s Elements of Analysis, September 2008

38-07 Choi, B.-H., Kim, D. C., Pelinovsky, E., and Woo, S. B., Three-dimensional simulation of tsunami run-up around conical island, Coast. Eng., Vol. 54, Issue 8, 618-629, 2007.

33-07 Mirela Zalar, Sime Malenica, Zoran Mravak, Nicolas Moirod, Some Aspects of Direct Calculation Methods for the Assessment of LNG Tank Structure Under Sloshing Impacts, La Asociación Española del Gas (sedigas) Spain 2007

20-07 Oceanic Consulting Corporation, Berthing Studies for LNG Carriers in the Calcasieu River Waterway, Making Waves: Newsletter of Oceanic Consulting Corporation, Winter 2007

10-07 Gildas Colleter, Breaking wave uplift and overtopping on a horizontal deck using physical and numerical modeling, Coasts and Ports 2007 Conference in Melbourne, Australia

18-06 Brizzolara, Stefano and Rizzuto, Enrico, Wind Heeling Moments on Very Large Ships. Some Insights through CFD Results, Proceedings on the 9th International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Rio de Janeiro, September 25, 2006

16-06 Ransau, Samuel R, and Hansen, Ernst W.M., Numerical Simulations of Sloshing in Rectangular Tanks, Proceedings of OMAE2006, 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Hamburg, Germany, June 4-9, 2006

15-06 Ema Muk-Pavic, Shin Chin and Don Spencer, Validation of the CFD code FLOW-3D for the free surface flow around the ships’; hulls, 14th Annual Conference of the CFD Society of Canada, Kingston, Canada, July 16-18, 2006

3-06 Hansen, E.W.M. and Geir J. Rørtveit, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Mechanisms and Separation Behaviour in Offshore Gravity Separators, Chapter 16 in Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, 2nd Edition, edited by Johan Sjøblom, Taylor & Francis, 2006

24-05 Hansen E.W., Separation Offshore Survey – Design-Redesign of Gravity Separators, Exploration & Production: The Oil & Gas Review 2005 – Issue 2

8-05 T. Kristiansen, R. Baarholm, C.T. Stansberg, G. Rortveit and E.W.M. Hansen, Kinematics in a Diffracted Wave Field Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Numerical Models, Presented at the 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 67176, Halkidiki, Greece, June 12-17, 2005

7-05 C.T. Stansberg, R. Baarholm, T. Kristiansen, E.W.M. Hansen and G. Rortveit, Extreme Wave Amplification and Impact Loads on Offshore Structures, presented at the 2005 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, May 2-5, 2005

16-04 Carl Trygve Stansberg, Kjetil Berget, Oyvind Hellan, Ole A. Hermundstad, Jan R. Hoff and Trygve Kristiansen and Ernst Hansen, Prediction of Green Sea Loads on FPSO in Random Seas, presented at the 14th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2004), Toulon, France, May 2004

15-04 Š. Malenica, M. Zalar, J.M. Orozco, B. LeGallo & X.B. Chen, Linear and Non-Linear Effects of Sloshing on Ship Motions, 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering, OMAE 2004, Vancouver, June 2004

11-04 Don Bass, David Molyneux, Kevin McTaggart, Simulating Wave Action in the Well Deck of Landing Platform Dock Ships Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

37-03 Sreenivasa C Chopakatla, A CFD Model for Wave Transformations and Breaking in the Surf Zone, thesis: Master of Science, The Ohio State Univeristy, 2003.

29-02 O. Bayle, V. L’Hullier, M. Ganet, P. Delpy, J.L. Francart and D. Paris, Influence of the ATV Propellant Sloshing on the GNC Performance, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, Monterey, California, 5-8 August 2002, © 2002 by EADS Launch Vehicles

25-02 Y. Kim, Numerical Analysis of Sloshing Problem, American Bureau of Shipping, Research Dept, Houston, TX

10-02 Peter Chang III & Xiongjun Wu, Entrainment Correlations Based on a Fuel-Water Stratified Shear Flow, Proceedings of FEDSM2002, 2002 ASME Fluids Engineering Decision Summer Meeting, July 14-18, 2002, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

37-01 Ismail B. Celik, Allen E. Badeau Jr., Andrew Burt and Sherif Kandil, A Single Fluid Transport Model For Computation of Stratified Immiscible Liquid-Liquid Flows, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, West Virginia University, Proceedings of the XXIX IAHR Congress, September 2001. Beijing, China

14-01 Charles Ortloff, CTC/United Defense, Computer Simulation Analyzed Typhoon Damage to FPSOs, Marine News, April 30, 2001, pp. 22-23

8-01 Charles Ortloff, Computer Simulations Analyze Wave Damage to Offloading Vessels, Marine News, April 30, 2001, pp. 22-23

25-00 Faltinsen, O.A. and Rognebakke, O.F., Sloshing in Rectangular Tanks and Interaction with Ship Motions-Sloshing, Int. Conf. on Ship and Shipping Research NAV, Venice, Italy, 2000.

20-97 C.R. Ortloff, Numerical Test Tank Simulation of Ocean Engineering Problems by Computational Fluid Dynamics, Offshore Technology Conference Paper 8269B, Houston, TX, 1997

19-97 C.R. Ortloff and M. Krafft, Numerical Test Tanks-Computer Simulation-Test Verification of Major Ocean Engineering Problems for the Off-Shore Oil Industry, OTC 8269A, Offshore Technology Conference, Copyright 1997, Houston, Texas, May 1997

9-94 P. A. Chang, C-W Lin, CD-NSWC, Hydrodynamic Analysis of Oil Outflow from Double Hull Tankers, The Advanced Double-Hull Technical Symposium, Gaithersburg, MD, October 25-26, 1994.

8-90 C. W. Hirt, Computational Modeling of Cavitation, Flow Science report, July 1990, presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Performance Enhancement for Marine Applications, Newport, RI, October 14-16, 1990

10-87 H. W. Meldner, USA’s Revolutionary Appendages and CFD, CORDTRAN Corp. Report presented at AIAA and SNAME 17th Annual International Symposium on Sailing, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 1987

3-85 C. W. Hirt and J. M. Sicilian, A Porosity Technique for the Definition of Obstacles in Rectangular Cell Meshes, Fourth International Conference on Ship Hydrodynamics, Washington, DC, September 1985

Water & Environmental Bibliography

다음은 수자원 및 환경 분야에 대한 참고 문 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 해석 결과를 사용하였습니다. FLOW-3D 를 사용하여 수처리 및 환경 산업을 위한 응용 프로그램을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Water and Environmental Bibliography

2024년 11월 20일 Update

118-24 Lei Liao, Jia Li, Min Chen, Ruidong An, Effects of hydraulic cues in barrier environments on fish navigation downstream of dams, Journal of Environmental Management, 365; 121495, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121495

115-24 H. Liu, Y.G. Cheng, Z.Y. Yang, J. Zhang, J.Y. Fan, W.X. Li, Effect of uneven inflow on hydrodynamic performance of bulb turbine, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2752; 012032, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2752/1/012032

112-24 Jian Guo, Bowen Weng, Jiyi Wu, Investigation of the energy loss in cylindrical bridge piers scour depth prediction on sand-bed, Ocean Engineering, 309.1; 118513, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118513

110-24 Siyu Chen, Xiyen Liu, Junyao Tang, Ying Gao, Tianyou Zhang, Linhao Gu, Tao Ma, Can Chen, Study on the influence of design parameters of porous asphalt pavement on drainage performance, Journal of Hydrology, 638; 131514, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131514

108-24 Abubaker Sami Dheyab, Mustafa Günal, Experimental and numerical study for local scour around cylindrical bridge pier in non-cohesive sediment bed, 4th International Congress of Engineering and Natural Sciences (ICENSS), 2024.

106-24 P. Asabian, C.D. Rennie, N. Egsgard, Experimental and numerical investigation of the flow-structure of river surf waves, River Flow 2022, eds. Ana Maria Ferreira da Silva, Colin Rennie, Susan Gaskin, Jay Lacey, Bruce MacVicar, 2024.

105-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işık, Nizamettin Hamidi, An experimental and numerical investigation of hydraulic performance of in-channel triangular labyrinth weir for free overflow, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, pp. 1-10, 2024. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2024.2363224

103-24 Yazhou Wang, Jinrong Da, Yuchen Luo, Sirui He, Zuocong Tian, Ziyi Xue, Zehao Li, Xianyu Zhao, Desheng Yin, Hui Peng, Xiang Liu, Xiaoning Liu , Minimization of heavy metal adsorption in struvite through effective separation and manipulation of flow field, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 474; 134820, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134820

101-24 Davut Yilmaz, Tugce Basar, Arzu Ozkaya, Assessing the pressure variation in the plunge pool of Yusufeli dam, Dams and Reservoirs, 2024. doi.org/10.1680/jdare.2024.1

99-24 Azim Turan, High resolution flash flood forecasting by combining a hydrometeorological modeling system with a computational fluid dynamics model, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2024.

97-24 Umut Aykan, Numerical investigation of vortex formation at single and multiple symmetric horizontal intakes, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2024.

91-24 Di Wang, Xiaoyong Cheng, Zhixuan Cao, Jinyun Deng, Three-dimensional flow structure in a confluence-bifurcation unit, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 18.1; 2024. doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2024.2349076

86-24 M.Z. Qamar, M.K. Verma, A.P. Meshram, Physical and numerical modelling for settling efficiency of desilting chamber, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 30.3; 2024. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2024.2345338

85-24 Ruichen Xu, Duane C. Chapman, Caroline M. Elliott, Bruce C. Call, Robert B. Jacobson, Binbin Wang, Ecological inferences on invasive carp survival using hydrodynamics and egg drift models, Scientific Reports, 14; 9556, 2024. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60189-1

84-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işik, Experimental and numerical investigation of rectangular labyrinth weirs in an open channel, Water Management , 2024. doi.org/10.1680/jwama.22.00112

76-24 Chyan-Deng Jan, Litan Dey, Slump-flow channel test for evaluating the relations between spreading and rheological parameters of sediment mixtures, European Journal of Mechanics – B/Fluids, 106; pp. 137-147, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2024.04.005

74-24 Abhishek K. Pandey, Pranab K. Mohapatra, 3D numerical simulations of the bed evolution at an open-channel junction in flood conditions, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 150.3; 2024. doi.org/10.1061/JIDEDH.IRENG-10321

70-24 Jianing Rao, Qi Wei, Lian Tang, Yuanming Wang, Ruifeng Liang, Kefeng Li, A design of a nature-like fishway to solve the fractured river connectivity caused by small hydropower based on hydrodynamics and fish behaviors, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31; pp. 27883-27896, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33034-1

69-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işık, Determination of effective flow behaviors on discharge performance of trapezoidal labyrinth weirs using numerical and physical models, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 10; pp. 3763-3776, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-01996-3

62-24 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Estimating maximum initial wave amplitude of subaerial landslide tsunamis: A three-dimensional modelling approach, Ocean Modelling, 189; 102360, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102360

60-24 Mahdi Ebrahimi, Mirali Mohammadi, Sayed Mohammad Hadi Meshkati, Farhad Imanshoar, Embankment dams overtopping breach: A numerical investigation of hydraulic results, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01387-9

59-24 Behshad Mardasi, Rasoul Ilkhanipour Zeynali, Majid Heydari, Conducting experimental and numerical studies to analyze the impact of the base nose shape on flow hydraulics in PKW weir using FLOW-3D, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 9.4; pp. 88-113, 2024. doi.org/10.22055/JHS.2024.45888.1284

58-24 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Alessandro Romano, Gabriel Barajas Ojeda, Javier L. Lara, Three-dimensional simulations of subaerial landslide-generated waves: Comparing OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D HYDRO models, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 181; pp. 1075-1093, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03443-x

56-24 Ali Poorkarimi, Khaled Mafakheri, Shahrzad Maleki, Effect of inlet and baffle position on the removal efficiency of sedimentation tank using FLOW-3D software, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 9.4; pp. 76-87, 2024. doi.org/10.22055/jhs.2024.44817.1265

55-24 P Sujith Nair, Aniruddha D. Ghare, Ankur Kapoor, An approach to hydraulic design of conical central baffle flumes, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 97; 102573, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102573

54-24 Isabelle Cheff, Julie Taylor, Andrew Mitchell, Kathleen Horita, Darren Shepherd, Steven Rintoul, Rob Millar, Evaluating uncertainty in debris flood modelling for the design of a steep built channel, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-20781, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-20781

53-24 Antonija Harasti, Gordon Gilja, Josip Vuco, Jelena Boban, Manousos Valyrakis, Temporal development of the scour hole next to the riprap sloping structure, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-10349, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-10349

52-24 Gordon Gilja, Antonija Harasti, Dea Delija, Iva Mejašić, Manousos Valyrakis, Change in flow field next to riprap sloping structure caused by variability of scoured bathymetry, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-10417, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-10417

49-24 Mehdi Hamidi, Mehran Sadeqlu, Ali Mahdian Khalili, Investigating the design and arrangement of dual submerged vanes as mitigation countermeasure of bridge pier scour depth using a numerical approach, Ocean Engineering, 299; 117270, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117270

48-24 Yingying Wang, Mouchao Lv, Wen’e Wang, Ming Meng, Discharge formula and hydraulics of rectangular side weirs in the small channel and field inlet, Water, 16.5; 713, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16050713

45-24 José Saldanha Matos, Filipa Ferreira, Lisbon Master Plans and nature-based solutions, Urban Green Spaces – New Perspectives for Urban Resilience, Eds. Cristina M. Monteiro, Cristina Santos, Cristina Matos, Ana Briga Sá. doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113870

44-24 Muhanad Al-Jubouri, Richard P. Ray, Enhancing pier local scour prediction in the presence of floating debris, Pollack Periodica, 2024. doi.org/10.1556/606.2023.00952

42-24 Huanquan Yang, Jiabao Ma, Xueying Liu, Numerical simulation research on energy dissipation characteristics of fish scale weir, ES3 Web of Conferences, 490; 03005, 2024. doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449003005

39-24 Henry-John Wright, Investigation of novel deflector shapes for uncontrolled spillways, Thesis, Stellenbosch University, 2024.

37-24 Filipe Romão, Ana L. Quaresma, Joana Simão, Francisco J. Bravo-Córdoba, Teresa Viseu, José M. Santos, Francisco J. Sanz-Ronda, António N. Pi, Debating the rules: an experimental approach to assess cyprinid passage performance thresholds in vertical slot fishways, Water, 16.3; 439, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16030439

36-24 Berkay Erat, Efe Barbaros, Kerem Taştan, Experimental and numerical investigation on flow and scour upstream of pipe intake structures, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49; pp. 5973-5987, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08539-5

31-24 Mahmoud T. Ghonim, Ashraf Jatwary, Magdy H. Mowafy, Martina Zelenakova, Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, H. Omara, Hazem M. Eldeeb, Estimating the peak outflow and maximum erosion rate during the breach of embankment dam, Water, 16.3; 399, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16030399

30-24 Deli Qiu, Jiangdong Xu, Hai Lin, Numerical analysis of the overtopping failure of the tailings dam model based on inception similarity optimization, Applied Sciences, 14.3; 990, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/app14030990

29-24 Tino Kostić, Yuanjie Ren, Stephan Theobald, 3D-CFD analysis of bedload transport in channel bifurcations, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 26.2; 480, 2024. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2024.175

28-24 Chenhao Zhang, Xin Li, Renyu Zhou, Bernard A. Engel, Yubao Wang, Hydraulic characteristics and flow measurement performance of portable primary and subsidiary fish-shaped flumes in U-shaped channels, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 96; 102539, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102539

23-24 Arash Ahmadi, Amir H. Azimi, Effects of ramp slope and discharge on hydraulic performance of submerged hump weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 96; 102520, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102520

20-24 Parisa Mirkhorli, Amir Ghaderi, Forough Alizadeh Sanami, Mirali Mohammadi, Alban Kuriqi, An investigation on hydraulic aspects of rectangular labyrinth pool and weir fishway using FLOW-3D, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08537-7

17-24 Veysi Kartal, M. Emin Emiroglu, Numerical simulation of the flow passing through the side weir-gate, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 95; 102519, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102519

16-24 Junqi Chen, Wen Zhang, Chen Cao, Han Yin, Jia Wang, Wankun Li, Yanhao Zheng, The effect of the check dam on the sediment transport and control in debris flow events, Engineering Geology, 329; 107397, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107397

15-24 Jingxin Mao, Yijun Wang, Hao Zhang, Xiaofei Jing, Study on the influence of urban water supply pipeline leakage on the scouring failure law of cohesive soil subgrade, Water, 16.1; 93, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010093

13-24 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Alessandro Romano, Gabriel Barajas Ojeda, Javier L. Lara, Three-dimensional simulations of subaerial landslide-generated wave: comparing OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D HYDRO models, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03443-x

12-24 Damoon Mohammad Ali Nezhadian, Hossein Hamidifar, Effects of floating debris on flow characteristics around slotted bridge piers: a numerical simulation, Water, 16.1; 90, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010090

10-24 Zhong Gao, Jinpeng Liu, Wen He, Bokai Lu, Manman Wang, Zikai Tang, Study of a tailings dam failure pattern and post-failure effects under flooding conditions, Water, 16.1; 68, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010068

9-24 Yilin Yang, Jinzhao Li, Waner Zou, Benshuang Chen, Numerical investigation of flow and scour around complex bridge piers in wind-wave-current conditions, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12.1; 23, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010023

7-24 Penfeng Li, Haixiao Jing, Guodong Li, Generation and prediction of water waves induced by rigid piston-like landslide, Natural Hazards, 120; pp. 2683-2704, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06300-7

6-24 Jie-yuan Zhang, Xing-Guo Yang, Gang Fan, Hai-bo Li, Jia-wen Zhou, Physical and numerical modeling of a landslide dam breach and flood routing process, Journal of Hydrology, 628; 130552, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130552

241-23 Kamyab Habibi, Farinaz Erfani Fard, Seyed Amin Asghari Pari, Investigation of the flow field around bridge piers on a non-eroding bed using FLOW-3D, 22nd Iranian Conference on Hydraulics, 2023.

240-23 Dong Hyun Kim, Su-Hyun Yang, Sung Sik Joo, Seung Oh Lee, Analysis of flow velocity in the channel according to the type of revetments blocks using 3D numerical model, Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security, 16.4; pp. 9-18, 2023.

238-23 Mohamed Elberry, Abdelazim Ali, Fahmy Abdelhaleem, Amir Ibrahim, Numerical investigations of stilling basin efficiency downstream radial gates – A case study of New Assuit Barrage, Egypt, Journal of Water and Land Development, 59 (X-XII); pp. 126-134, 2023. doi.org/10.24425/jwld.2023.147237

237-23 Oğuzhan Uluyurt, Numerical investigation of energy dissipation using macro roughness elements in a stilling basin, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2023.

236-23 Mohamed Galal Eltarabily, Mohamed Kamel Elshaarawy, Mohamed Elkiki, Tarek Selim, Computational fluid dynamics and artificial neural networks for modelling lined irrigation canals with low-density polyethylene and cement concrete liners, Irrigation and Drainage, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/ird.2911

234-23 Saman Baharvand, Babak Lashkar-Ara, Hydrodynamic and biological assessment of modified meander C-type fishway to pass rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish species, Scientia Iranica, 2023.

232-23 Chung R. Song, Richard L. Wood, Basil Abualshar, Bashar Al-Nimri, Mark O’Brien, Mitra Nasimi, Erosion resistant rock shoulder, Nebraska Department of Transportation, Final Report SPR-P1(20), 2023.

230-23 Rongzhao Zhang, Wen Xiong, Xiaolong Ma, C.S. Cai, A forensic investigation of progressive bridge collapse under floods and asymmetric scour validated by incident video footages, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2023.2290701

229-23 Vivek Sharma Jai, Hydraulic simulation and numerical investigation of the flow in the stepped spillway with the help of FLOW-3D software, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 8; 2023. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8076943

228-23 Hao Chen, Yang Tang, Jinyuan Li, Faxin Zhu, Xianbin Teng, The influence of impinging distance variable on the effect of submerged jet scour, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2660; 012004, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2660/1/012004

225-23 Kyle Thomson, Towards safer bridges: Overcoming 2D model limitations and reducing flood risks through computational fluid dynamics, IPWEA Annual Conference Gold Coast, 2023.

223-23 Chong-xun Wang, Jia-wen Zhou, Chang-bing Zhang, Yu-xiang Hu, Hao Chen, Hai-bo Li, Failure mechanism analysis and mass movement assessment of a post‑earthquake high slope, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16; 683, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11737-y

222-23 Alaa Ghzayel, Anthony Beaudoin, Sébastien Jarny, Three-dimensional numerical study of a local scour downstream of a submerged sluice gate using two hydro-morphodynamic models, SedFoam and FLOW-3D, Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, 351.G2; pp. 525-550, 2023. doi.org/10.5802/crmeca.223

221-23 Othon José Rocha, Luiz Renato Martini Filho, Caio Gripp Benevente, Letícia Imbuzeiro, Modelagem CFD-3D aplicada ao setor de mineração (3D CFD modeling applied to the mining sector), 34th Seminario Nacional de Grandes Barragens, 2023.

220-23 Gaetano Crispino, David Dorthe, Corrado Gisonni, Michael Pfister, Optimal hydraulic design of supercritical bend manholes, Proceedings of the 40th IAHR World Congress, Eds. Helmut Habersack, Michael Tritthart, Lisa Waldenberger, 2023. doi.org/10.3850/978-90-833476-1-5_iahr40wc-p0090-cd

218-23 Arun Goel, Aditya Thakare, M.K. Verma, M.Z. Qamar, Evaluation of design approaches of desilting basins for hydroelectric projects in Himalayan region, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 30.1; pp. 122-131, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2023.2283593

215-23 Ahmed Ashour, Emam Salah, Numerical study of energy dissipation in baffled stepped spillway using FLOW-3D, International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 6.11; 2023.

214-23 Farshid Mosaddeghi, Mete Koken, Ismail Aydin, Finite volume analysis of dam breaking subjected to earthquake accelerations, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 61.6; pp. 845-865, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2023.2259858

213-23 Habib Ahmari, Ashish Bhurtyal, Srinivas Prabakar, Qazi Ashique Mowla, Saman Baharvand, Hassan Alsaud, Laboratory testing of engineered media for biofiltration swales, University of Texas Arlington, Project No. TRN6835 Final Report, 2023.

209-23 Cong Trieu Tran, Cong Ty Trinh, Prediction of the vortex evolution and influence analysis of rough bed in a hydraulic jump with the Omega-Liutex method, Tehnički Vjesnik, 30.6; 2023. doi.org/10.17559/TV-20230206000327

203-23 Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali, Kaleem Sarwar, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad Taimoor Mustafa, Faizan Ahmed Waris, Numerical investigation of hydraulic jumps with USBR and wedge-shaped baffle block basins for lower tailwater, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.11; 2081, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.261

201-23 E.F.R. Bollaert, Digital cloud-based platform to predict rock scour at high-head dams, Role of Dams and Reservoirs in a Successful Energy Transition, Eds. Robert Boes, Patrice Droz, Raphael Leroy, 2023. doi.org/10.1201/9781003440420

200-23 Iacopo Vona, Oysters’ integration on submerged breakwaters as nature-based solution for coastal protection within estuarine environments, Thesis, University of Maryland, 2023.

198-23 Hao Chen, Xianbin Teng, Zhibin Zhang, Faxin Zhu, Jie Wang, Zhaohao Zhang, Numerical analysis of the influence of the impinging distance on the scouring efficiency of submerged jets, Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, 20.2; pp. 429-445, 2023. doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2023.030585

193-23 Chen Peng, Liuweikai Gu, Qiming Zhong, Numerical simulation of dam failure process based on FLOW-3D, Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, pp. 545-550, 2023. doi.org/10.3233/ATDE230245

189-23 Rebecca G. Englert, Age J. Vellinga, Matthieu J.B. Cartigny, Michael A. Clare, Joris T. Eggenhuisen, Stephen M. Hubbard, Controls on upstream-migrating bed forms in sandy submarine channels, Geology, 51.12; PP. 1137-1142, 2023. doi.org/10.1130/G51385.1

187-23 J.W. Kim, S.B. Woo, A numerical approach to the treatment of submerged water exchange processes through the sluice gates of a tidal power plant, Renewable Energy, 219.1; 119408, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119408

186-23 Chan Jin Jeong, Hyung Jun Park, Hyung Suk Kim, Seung Oh Lee, Study on fish-friendly flow characteristic in stepped fishway, Proceedings of the Korean Water Resources Association Conference, 2023. (In Korean)

185-23 Jaehwan Yoo, Sedong Jang, Byunghyun Kim, Analysis of coastal city flooding in 2D and 3D considering extreme conditions and climate change, Proceedings of the Korean Water Resources Association Conference, 2023. (In Korean)

180-23 Prathyush Nallamothu, Jonathan Gregory, Jordan Leh, Daniel P. Zielinski, Jesse L. Eickholt, Semi-automated inquiry of fish launch angle and speed for hazard analysis, Fishes, 8.10; 476, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100476

179-23 Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Veli Sume, Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Upstream vortices of a sluice gate: an experimental and numerical study, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.10; 1906, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.269

178-23 Bai Hao Li, How Tion Puay, Muhammad Azfar Bin Hamidi, Influence of spur dike’s angle on sand bar formation in a rectangular channel, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1238; 012027, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012027

177-23 Hao Zhe Khor, How Tion Puay, Influence of gate lip angle on downpull forces for vertical lift gates, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1238; 012019, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012019

175-23 Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Rafael García-Bartual, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, Francisco José Vallés-Morán, Numerical modeling of hydraulic jumps at negative steps to improve energy dissipation in stilling basins, Applied Water Science, 13.203; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01985-4

174-23 Ahintha Kandamby, Dusty Myers, Narrows bypass chute CFD analysis, Dam Safety, 2023.

173-23 H. Jalili, R.C. Mahon, M.F. Martinez, J.W. Nicklow, Sediment sluicing from the reservoirs with high efficiency, SEDHYD, 2023.

170-23 Ramith Fernando, Gangfu Zhang, Beyond 2D: Unravelling bridge hydraulics with CFD modelling, 24th Queensland Water Symposium, 2023.

169-23 K. Licht, G. Lončar, H. Posavčić, I. Halkijević, Short-time numerical simulation of ultrasonically assisted electrochemical removal of strontium from water, 18th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (CEST), 2023.

166-23 Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Wawan Septiawan Damanik, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Understanding the stability of passenger vehicles exposed to water flows through 3D CFD modelling, Sustainability, 15.17; 13262, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su151713262

165-23 Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Wawan Septiawan Damanik, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, 3-dimensional numerical study on the critical orientation of the flooded passenger vehicles, Engineering Letters, 31.3; 2023.

159-23 Ruosi Zha, Weiwen Zhao, Decheng Wan, Numerical study of wave-ice floe interactions and overwash by a meshfree particle method, Ocean Engineering, 286.2; 115681, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115681

157-23 Hamidreza Abbaszadeh, Kiyoumars Roushangar, Zahra Salahpour, Theoretical and numerical investigation of the sluice and radial gates discharge coefficient in the conditions of sill application, Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2023.

155-23 Ting Zhang, Qunwei Dai, Dejun An, R. Agustin Mors, Qiongfang Li, Ricardo A. Astini, Jingwen He, Jie Cui, Ruiyang Jiang, Faqin Dong, Zheng Dang, Effective mechanisms in the formation of pool-rimstone dams in continental carbonate systems: The case study of Huanglong, China, Sedimentary Geology, 455; 106486, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2023.106486

153-23 Jyh-Haw Tang, Aisyah Puspasari, Numerical simulation of scouring around four cylindrical piles with different inclination angles arrangements, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICATECH), 1; pp. 139-145, 2023. doi.org/10.5220/0012115500003680

152-23 Yasser El-Saie, Osama Saleh, Marihan El-Sayed, Abdelazim Ali, Eslam El-Tohamy, Yasser Mohamed Sadek, Dissipation of water energy by using a special stilling basin via three-dimensional numerical model, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 17; 2023.

150-23 Shelby J. Koldewyn, Using computational fluid dynamics for predicting hydraulic performance of arced labyrinth weirs, Thesis, Utah State University, 2023.

146-23 Lav Kumar Gupta, Manish Pandey, P. Anand Raj, Numerical modeling of scour and erosion processes around spur dike, CLEAN Soil Air Water, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/clen.202300135

145-23 Nariman Mehranfar, Morteza Kolahdoozan, Shervin Faghihirad, Development of multiphase solver for the modeling of turbidity currents (the case study of Dez Dam), International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 168; 104586, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104586

143-23 Fei Ma, Lei You, Jin Liu, Estimation in jet deflection angle of deflector on the chutes, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2023.2241416

142-23 Ali Emre Ulu, M. Cihan Aydin, Fevzi Önen, Energy dissipation potentials of grouped spur dikes in an open channel, Water Resources Management, 37; pp. 4491-4506, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03571-4

141-23 Haofei Feng, Shengtao Du, David Z. Zhu, Numerical study of effects of flushing gate height and sediment bed properties on cleaning efficiency in a simplified self-cleaning device, Water Science & Technology, 88.3; pp. 542-555, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/wst.2023.245

140-23 Brian Fox, 3D CFD modeling with FLOW-3D HYDRO, Proceedings, SEDHYD, 2023.

139-23 Masoumeh (Negar) Ghahramani, Improved empirical and numerical predictive modelling of potential tailings dam breaches and their downstream impacts, Thesis, The University of British Columbia, 2023.

138-23 Rui-Tao Yin, Bing Zhu, Shuai-Wei Yuan, Jun-Nan Li, Zhen-Yu Yang, Zhi-Ying Yang, Dynamic analyses of long-span cable-stayed and suspension cooperative system bridge under combined actions of wind and regular wave loads, Applied Ocean Research, 138; 103683, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2023.103683

137-23 Xuefeng Chen, Shikang Liu, Yuanming Wang, Yuetong Hao, Kefeng Li, Hongtao Wang, Ruifeng Liang, Restoration of a fish-attracting flow field downstream of a dam based on the swimming ability of endemic fishes: A case study in the upper Yangtze River basin, Journal of Environmental Management, 345; 118694, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118694

135-23 Nelson Cely Calixto, Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano, Alberto Galvis Castaño, Gustavo Carrillo Soto, Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers, EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 4; 2023. doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002682

134-23 Tarek Selim, Abdelrahman Kamal Hamed, Mohamed Elkiki, Mohamed Galal Eltarabily, Numerical investigation of flow characteristics and energy dissipation over piano key and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs under free-flow conditions, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01844-w

132-23 Gang Lei, Hongbao Huang, Xiongan Fan, Junan Su, Qingxiang Wang, Xiaoliang Wang, Kai Peng, Jianmin Zhang, Influence of the transition section shape on the cavitation characteristics of the bottom outlet, Water Supply, 23.8; pp. 3061-3077, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.181

129-23 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, John Patrick Abraham, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Behnaz Akhondi, Maryam Abar, Determination of flow characteristics over sharp-crested triangular plan form weirs using numerical simulation, Water Science, 37.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2023.2236384

124-23 Imad Habeeb Obead, Ahmed Rahim Sahib, Mathematical models for simulating the hydraulic behavior of flow deflectors: laboratory and CFD-based study, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8; 213, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01170-1

120-23 Kwang-Su Kim, Jong-Song Jo, Improving the power output estimation for a tidal power plant: a case study, Energy, 2023. doi.org/10.1680/jener.23.00007

119-23 Hanif Pourshahbaz, Tadros Ghobrial, Ahmad Shakibaeinia, Evaluating a CFD model for three-dimensional simulation of ice structure interaction, CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE), 22nd Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers, 2023.

118-23 Sruthi T. Kalathil, Venu Chandra, Experimental and numerical investigation on the hydraulic design criteria for a step-pool nature-like fishway, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1177/03091333231187619

117-23 Lav Kumar Gupta, Manish Pandey, P. Anand Raj, Numerical simulation of local scour around the pier with and without airfoil collar (AFC) using FLOW-3D, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-023-09932-2

116-23 Paolo Peruzzo, Matteo Cappozzo, Nicola Durighetto, Gianluca Botter, Local processes with a global impact: unraveling the dynamics of gas evasion in a step-and-pool configuration, Biogeosciences, 20; pp. 3261-3271, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3261-2023

114-23 Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Numerical investigation of hydraulic jump for different stilling basins using FLOW-3D, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.7; pp. 1320-1343, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.290

112-23 J. Chandrashekhar Iyer, E.J. James, Indispensability of model studies in the design of settling basins of hydropower projects in river basins with high sediment yield, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, pp. 367-381, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9151-6_30

110-23 Ehsan Afaridegan, Nosratollah Amanian, Abbas Parsaie, Amin Gharehbaghi, Hydraulic investigation of modified semi-cylindrical weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 93; 102405, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102405

103-23 Jin Yang, Weqiang Su, Binhua Li, Calculation of natural alluvial separation of sandy tailings slurry based on FLOW-3D, Mechanics in Engineering, 45.3; pp. 559-564, 2023.

101-23 Tutku Ezgi Yönter, Modeling of river flow and flow dynamics near junctions, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2023.

99-23 Mohammad Sadeghpour, Mohammad Vaghefi, Seyed Hamed Meraji, Artificial roughness dimensions and their influence on bed topography variations downstream of a culvert: An experimental study, Water Resources Management, 37; pp. 4143-4157, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03543-8

98-23 M. Aksel, Numerical analysis of the flow structure around inclined solid cylinder and its effect on bed shear stress distribution, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 16.8; pp. 1627-1639, 2023. doi.org/10.47176/jafm.16.08.1697

96-23 Waqed H. Hassan, Nidaa Ali Shabat, Numerical investigation of the optimum angle for open channel junction, Civil Engineering Journal, 9.5; 2023. doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-07

94-23 Emad Khanahmadi, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Seyed Nasrollah Alenabi, Navid Dehghani, Edward Barry, Hydraulic of curved type-B piano key weirs characteristics under free flow conditions, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01790-7

93-23 Laura-Louise Alicke, Improved priming of a siphon spillway with the use of a flexible membrane researched through numerical modeling, Thesis, Idaho State University, 2023.

91-23 Wahidullah Hakim Safi, Pranab K. Mohapatra, Flow past: An artificial channel confluence with mobile bed, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, 2023. doi.org/10.1061/9780784484852.023

86-23 Ghasem Aghashirmohammadi, Mohammad Heidarnejad, Mohammad Hossein Purmohammadi, Alireza Masjedi, Experimental and numerical study the effect of flow splitters on trapezoidal and triangular labyrinth weirs, Water Science, 37.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2023.2210391

84-23 Nikolaos Xafoulis, Evangelia Farsirotou, Spyridon Kotsopoulos, Three-dimensional computational flow dynamics analysis of free-surface flow in a converging channel, Energy Systems, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s12667-023-00575-2

83-23 Navid Zarrabi, Mohammad Navid Moghim, Mohammad Reza Eftakhar, A semi-analytical study of fiber reinforced concrete abrasion-erosion through water-borne sand-jet flow in hydraulic structures, Tribology International, 185; 108568, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108568

82-23 Somayyeh Saffar, Abbas Safaei, Farnoush Aghaee Daneshvar, Mohsen Solimani Babarsad, FLOW-3D numerical modeling of converged side weir, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-023-01077-y

79-23 Wangshu Wei, Optimization of the mixing in a produced water storage tank using CFD, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Eds. Sajjad Ahmad, Regan Murray, 2023. doi.org/10.1061/9780784484852

77-23 Paolo Peruzzo, Matteo Cappozzo, Nicola Durighetto, Gianluca Botter, Local processes with global impact: unraveling the dynamics of gas evasion in a step-and-pool configuration, Biogeosciences, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-68

74-23 Kaywan Othman Ahmed, Nazim Nariman, Dara Muhammad Hawez, Ozgur Kisi, Ata Amini, Predicting and optimizing the influenced parameters for culvert outlet scouring utilizing coupled FLOW 3D-surrogate modeling, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 47; pp. 1763-1776, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-023-01096-9

73-23 Ashkan Pilbala, Mahmood Shafai Bejestan, Seyed Mohsen Sajjadi, Luigi Fraccarollo, Investigation of the different models of elliptical-Lopac gate performance under submerged flow conditions, Water Resources Management, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03512-1

69-23 Chonoor Abdi Chooplou, Masoud Ghodsian, Davoud Abediakbar, Aram Ghafouri, An experimental and numerical study on the flow field and scour downstream of rectangular piano key weirs with crest indentations, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8; 140, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01108-7

68-23 Mahmood Shafai Bajestan, Mostafa Adineh, Hesam Ghodousi, Numerical modeling of sediment washing (flushing) in dams (Case study of Sefidrood dam), Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 2023.

65-23 Charles R. Ortloff, CFD investigations of water supply and distribution systems of ancient old and new world archaeological sites to recover ancient water engineering technologies, Water, 15.7; 1363, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/w15071363

63-23 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Alban Kuriqi, Effect of geometric shapes of chimney weir on discharge coefficient, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2023.2192977

59-23 Hongbo Mi, Chuan Wang, Xuanwen Jia, Bo Hu, Hongliang Wang, Hui Wang, Yong Zhu, Hydraulic characteristics of continuous submerged jet impinging on a wall by using numerical simulation and PIV experiment, Sustainability, 15.6; 5159, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15065159

58-23 O.P. Maurya, K.K. Nandi, S. Modalavalasa, S. Dutta, Flow hydrodynamics influences due to flood plain sand mining in a meandering channel, Sustainable Environment (NERC 2022), Eds. D. Deka, S.K. Majumder, M.K., Purkait, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8464-8_16

57-23 Harshvardhan Harshvardhan, Deo Raj Kaushal, CFD modelling of local scour and flow field around isolated and in-line bridge piers using FLOW-3D, EGU General Assembly, EGU23-3820, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3820

54-23 Reza Nematzadeh, Gholam-Abbas Barani, Ehsan Fadaei-Kermani, Numerical investigation of bed-load changes on sediment flushing cavity, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 4; 2023. doi.org/10.22055/jhs.2023.42542.1237

53-23 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Alban Kuriqi, Influence of sill integration in labyrinth sluice gate hydraulic performance, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8.118; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01083-z

52-23 Shu Jiang, Yutong Hua, Mengxing He, Ying-Tien Lin, Biyun Sheng, Effect of a circular cylinder on hydrodynamic characteristics over a strongly curved channel, Sustainability, 15.6; 4890, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15064890

51-23 Ehsan Aminvash, Kiyoumars Roushangar, Numerical investigation of the effect of the frontal slope of simple and blocky stepped spillway with sem-circular crest on its hydraulic parameters, Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 17.1; pp. 102-116, 2023.

50-23 Shizhuang Chen, Anchi Shi, Weiya Xu, Long Yan, Huanling Wang, Lei Tian, Wei-Chau Xie, Numerical investigation of landslide-induced waves: a case study of Wangjiashan landslide in Baihetan Reservoir, China, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 82.110; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03148-w

49-23 Jiří Procházka, Modelling flow distribution in inlet galleries, VTEI, 1; 2023. doi.org/10.46555/VTEI.2022.11.002

47-23 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Numerical investigation of labyrinth‑shaft spillway, Applied Water Science, 13.89; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01896-4

46-23 Guangwei Lu, Jinxin Liu, Zhixian Cao, Youwei Li, Xueting Lei, Ying Li, A computational study of 3D flow structure in two consecutive bends subject to the influence of tributary inflow in the middle Yangtze River, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 17.1; 2183901, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2023.2183901

44-23 Xun Huang, Zhijian Zhang, Guoping Xiang, Sensitivity analysis of a built environment exposed to the synthetic monophasic viscous debris flow impacts with 3-D numerical simulations, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 23; pp. 871-889, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-871-2023

43-23 Yisheng Zhang, Jiangfei Wang, Qi Zhou, Haisong Li, Wei Tang, Investigation of the reduction of sediment deposition and river flow resistance around dimpled surface piers, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26034-0

41-23 Nejib Hassen Abdullahi, Zulfequar Ahmad, Experimental and CFD studies on the flow field and bed morphology in the vicinity of a sediment mining pit, EGU General Assembly, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-446

40-23 Seonghyeon Ju, Jongchan Yi, Junho Lee, Jiyoon Kim, Chaehwi Lim, Jihoon Lee, Kyungtae Kim, Yeojoon Yoon, High-efficiency microplastic sampling device improved using CFD analysis, Sustainability, 15.5; 3907, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15053907

37-23 Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Hydraulic investigation of stilling basins of the barrage before and after remodelling using FLOW-3D, Water Supply, 23.2; pp. 796-820, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.032

35-23 Mehmet Cihan, Ali Emre Ulu, Developing and testing a novel pressure-controlled hydraulic profile for siphon-shaft spillways, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 90; 102332, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102332

28-23 Yuhan Li, Deshen Chen, Yan Zhang, Hongliang Qian, Jiangyang Pan, Yinghan Huang, Boo Cheong Khoo, Thermal structure and hydrodynamic analysis for a new type of flexible temperature-control curtain, Journal of Hydrology, 618; 129170, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129170

22-23 Rong Lu, Wei Jiang, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan, Yupeng Li, Yukai Hou, Congcong Liu, Evaluation of moisture migration characteristics of permeable asphalt pavement: Field research, Journal of Environmental Management, 330; 117176, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117176

18-23 Thu Hien-T. Le, Van Chien Nguyen, Cong Phuc Dang, Thanh Thin-T. Nguyen, Bach Quynh-T. Pham, Ngoc Thoa Le, Numerical assessment on hydraulic safety of existing conveyance structures, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01685-z

17-23 Meysam Nouri, Parveen Sihag, Ozgur Kisi, Mohammad Hemmati, Shamsuddin Shahid, Rana Muhammad Adnan, Prediction of the discharge coefficient in compound broad-crested weir gate by supervised data mining techniques, Sustainability, 15.1; 433, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15010433

16-23 Mohammad Bananmah, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Mehrdad Ghorbani Mooselu, Amir H. Gandomi, Optimum design of the chute-flip bucket system using evolutionary algorithms considering conflicts between decision-makers, Expert Systems with Applications, 216; 119480, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.119480

13-23 Xiaoyu Yi, Wenkai Feng, Botao Li, Baoguo Yin, Xiujun Dong, Chunlei Xin, Mingtang Wu, Deformation characteristics, mechanisms, and potential impulse wave assessment of the Wulipo landslide in the Baihetan reservoir region, China, Landslides, 20; pp. 615-628, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-02010-6

11-23 Şebnem Elçi, Oğuz Hazar, Nisa Bahadıroğlu, Derya Karakaya, Aslı Bor, Destratification of thermally stratified water columns by air diffusers, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 46; pp. 44-59, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.12.001

7-23 Shikang Liu, Yuxiang Jian, Pengcheng Li, Ruifeng Liang, Xuefeng Chen, Yunong Qin, Yuanming Wang, Kefeng Li, Optimization schemes to significantly improve the upstream migration of fish: A case study in the lower Yangtze River basin, Ecological Engineering, 186; 106838, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106838

6-23 Maryam Shahabi, Javad Ahadiyan, Mehdi Ghomeshi, Marjan Narimousa, Christos Katopodis, Numerical study of the effect of a V-shaped weir on turbulence characteristics and velocity in V-weir fishways, River Research and Applications, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/rra.4064

5-23 Muhammad Nur Aiman Bin Roslan, Hee Min Teh, Faris Ali Hamood Al-Towayti, Numerical simulations of wave diffraction around a low-crested semicircular breakwater, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 421-433, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_34

4-23 V.K. Krishnasamy, M.H. Jamal, M.R. Haniffah, Modelling of wave runup and overtopping over Accropode II breakwater, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 435-444, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_35

3-23 Anas S. Ghamam, Mohammed A. Abohatem, Mohd Ridza Bin Mohd Haniffah, Ilya K. Othman, The relationship between flow and pressure head of partially submerged orifice through CFD modelling using Flow-3D, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 235-250, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_20

2-23 M.Y. Zainab, A.L.S. Zebedee, A.W. Ahmad Khairi, I. Zulhilmi, A. Shahabuddin, Modelling of an embankment failure using Flow-3D, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 273-282, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_23

1-23 Gaetano Crispino, David Dorthe, Corrado Gisonni, Michael Pfister, Hydraulic capacity of bend manholes for supercritical flow, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 149.2; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/JIDEDH.IRENG-10014

178-22 Greg Collecutt, Urs Baeumer, Shuang Gao, Bill Syme, Bridge deck afflux modelling — benchmarking of CFD and SWE codes to real-world data, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

177-22 Kyle Thomson, Mitchell Redenbach, Understanding cone fishway flow regimes with CFD, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

176-22 Kyle Thomson, Practical application of CFD for fish passage design, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

173-22 Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano, Helmer Edgardo Monroy González, Wilson Enrique Amaya Tequia, Three-dimensional numerical evaluation of hydraulic efficiency and discharge coefficient in grate inlets, Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 78.4; 2022. doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.4.31243

168-22 Mohammad Javadi Rad, Pedram Eshaghieh Firoozbadi, Fatemeh Rostami, Numerical investigation of the effect dimensions of rectangular sedimentation tanks on its hydraulic efficiency using Flow-3D Software, Acta Technica Jaurinensis, 15.4; 2022. doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00672

165-22 Saman Mostafazadeh-Fard, Zohrab Samani, Dissipating culvert end design for erosion control using CFD platform FLOW-3D numerical simulation modeling, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 14.1; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/JPSEA2.PSENG-1373

164-22 Mohammad Ahmadi, Alban Kuriqi, Hossein Mohammad Nezhad, Amir Ghaderi, Mirali Mohammadi, Innovative configuration of vertical slot fishway to enhance fish swimming conditions, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 34; pp. 917-933, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-022-0071-y

160-22 Serife Yurdagul Kumcu, Kamil Ispir, Experimental and numerical modeling of various energy dissipator designs in chute channels, Applied Water Science, 12; 266, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01792-3

154-22 Usama Majeed, Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Numerical analysis of energy dissipator options using computational fluid dynamics modeling — a case study of Mirani Dam, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 1614, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10888-8

151-22 Meibao Chen, Xiaofei Jing, Xiaohua Liu, Xuewei Huang, Wen Nie, Multiscale investigations of overtopping erosion in reinforced tailings dam induced by mud-water mixture overflow, Geofluids, 7209176, 2022. doi.org/10.1155/2022/7209176

150-22 Daniel Damov, Francis Lepage, Michel Tremblay, Arian Cueto Bergner, Marc Villaneuve, Frank Scarcelli, Gord McPhail, Calabogie GS redevelopment—Capacity upgrade and hydraulic design, CDA Annual Conference, Proceedings, 2022.

147-22 Hien T.T. Le, Chien Van Nguyen, Duc-Hau Le, Numerical study of sediment scour at meander flume outlet of boxed culvert diversion work, PLoS One, 17.9; e0275347, 2022. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275347

140-22 Jackson Tellez-Alvarez, Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Numerical simulation of the hydraulic behavior of stepped stairs in a metro station, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Eds. P. Gourbesville, G. Caignaert, pp. 1001-1009, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1600-7_62

139-22 Juan Yu, Keyao Liu, Anbin Li, Mingfei Yang, Xiaodong Gao, Xining Zhao, Yaohui Cai, The effect of plug height and inflow rate on water flow characteristics in furrow irrigation, Agronomy, 12; 2225, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092225

138-22 Nejib Hassen Abdullahi, Zulfequar Ahmad, Flow and morphological characteristics in mining pits of a river through numerical and experimental modeling, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01530-3

137-22 Romain N.H.M. Van Mol, Christian Mörtl, Azin Amini, Sofia Siachou, Anton Schleiss, Giovanni De Cesare, Plunge pool scour and bank erosion: assessment of protection measures for Ilarion dam by physical and numerical modelling, HYDRO 2022, Proceedings, 27.02, 2022.

136-22 Yong Cheng, Yude Song, Chunye Liu, Wene Wang, Xiaotao Hu, Numerical simulation research on the diversion characteristics of a trapezoidal channel, Water, 14.17; 2706, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14172706

135-22 Zegao Yin, Yao Li, Jiahao Li, Zihan Zheng, Zihan Ni, Fuxiang Zheng, Experimental and numerical study on hydrodynamic characteristics of a breakwater with inclined perforated slots under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, 264; 112190, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112190

133-22 Azin Amini, Martin Wickenhauser, Azad Koliji, Three-dimensional numerical modelling of Al-Salam storm water pumping station in Saudi Arabia, 39th IAHR World Congress, 2022. doi.org/10.3850/IAHR-39WC2521716X20221013

131-22 Alireza Koshkonesh, Mohammad Daliri, Khuram Riaz, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Silvia Di Francesco, Dam-break flow dynamics over a stepped channel with vegetation, Journal of Hydrology, 613.A; 128395, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128395

129-22 Leona Repnik, Samuel Vorlet, Mona Seyfeddine, Asin Amini, Romain Dubuis, Giovanni De Cesare, Pierre Bourqui, Pierre-Adil Abdelmoula, Underground flow section modification below the new M3 Flon Metro station in Lausanne, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Eds. P. Gourbesville, G. Caignaert, pp. 979-999, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1600-7_61

127-22 Qin Panpan, Huang Bolin, Li Bin, Chen Xiaoting, Jiang Xiannian, Hazard analysis of landslide blocking a river in Guang’an Village, Wuxi County, Chongqing, China, Landslides, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01943-2

124-22 Vaishali P. Gadhe, S.R. Patnaik, M.R. Bhajantri, V.V. Bhosekar, Physical and numerical modeling of flow pattern near upstream guide wall of Jigaon Dam spillway, Maharashtra, River and Coastal Engineering, Water Science and Technology Library 117; pp. 237-247, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05057-2_21

123-22 M.Z. Qamar, M.K. Verma, A.P. Meshram, Neena Isaac, Numerical simulation of desilting chamber using Flow 3D, River and Coastal Engineering, Water Science and Technology Library 117; pp. 177-186, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05057-2_16

122-22 Abbas Parsaie, Saleh Jaafer Suleiman Shareef, Amir Hamzeh Haghiabi, Raad Hoobi Irzooki, Rasul M. Khalaf, Numerical simulation of flow on circular crested stepped spillway, Applied Water Science, 12; 215, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01737-w

121-22 Kazuki Kikuchi, Hajime Naruse, Morphological function of trace fossil Paleodictyon: An approach from fluid simulation, Paleontological Research, 26.4; pp. 378-389, 2022. doi.org/10.2517/PR210001

120-22 Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Huali Pan, Guoqiang Ou, Numerical investigation of pressure profiles and energy dissipation across the stepped spillway having curved treads using FLOW 3D, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 1363, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10505-8

116-22 Ayşegül Özgenç Aksoy, Mustafa Doğan, Semire Oğuzhan Güven, Görkem Tanır, Mehmet Şükrü Güney, Experimental and numerical investigation of the flood waves due to partial dam break, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00919-5

115-22 Abdol Mahdi Behroozi, Mohammad Vaghefi, Experimental and numerical study of the effect of zigzag crests with various geometries on the performance of A-type piano key weirs, Water Resources Management, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03261-7

114-22 Xun Huang, Zhijian Zhang, Guoping Xiang, Sensitivity analysis of a built environment exposed to debris flow impacts with 3-D numerical simulations, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-173

113-22 Ahmad Ferdowsi, Mahdi Valikhan-Anaraki, Saeed Farzin, Sayed-Farhad Mousavi, A new combination approach for optimal design of sedimentation tanks based on hydrodynamic simulation model and machine learning algorithms, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 103201, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103201

103-22 Wangshu Wei, Optimization of the mixing in produced water (PW) retention tank with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, Produced Water Society Permian Basin, 2022.

100-22 Michael Rasmussen, Using computational fluid dynamics to predict flow through the West Crack Breach of the Great Salt Lake railroad causeway, Thesis, Utah State University, 2022.

99-22 Emad Khanahmadi, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Mehdi Meftah Halaghi, Esmaeil Kordi, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Investigating the characteristic of hydraulic T-jump on rough bed based on experimental and numerical modeling, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01434-2

97-22 Andrea Franco, A multidisciplinary approach for landslide-generated impulse wave assessment in natural mountain basins from a cascade analysis perspective, Thesis, University of Innsbruck, 2022.

96-22 Geng Li, Binbin Wang, Simulation of the flow field and scour evolution by turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 43; pp. 22-32, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.06.002

95-22 Philippe April LeQuéré, Ioan Nistor, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Stefan Schimmels, Hydrodynamics and associated scour around a free-standing structure due to turbulent bores, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148.5; 2022.

94-22 Ramtin Sobhkhiz Foumani, Alireza Mardookhpour, Numerical simulation of geotechnical effects on local scour in inclined pier group with Flow-3D software, Water Resources Engineering Journal, 15.52; 2022. doi.org/10.30495/wej.2021.20404.2114

92-22 Geng Li, Binbin Wang, Caroline M. Elliott, Bruce C.Call, Duane C. Chapman, Robert B. Jacobson, A three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking model for predicting transport of eggs of rheophilic-spawning carps in turbulent rivers, Ecological Modelling, 470; 110035, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110035

91-22 Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Yasser El-Husseini, A numerical approach to understand the responses of passenger vehicles moving through floodwaters, Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2022. doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12828

90-22 Jafar Chabokpour, Hazi Md Azamathulla, Numerical simulation of pollution transport and hydrodynamic characteristics through the river confluence using FLOW 3D, Water Supply, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.237

88-22 Michael Rasmussen, Som Dutta, Bethany T. Neilson, Brian Mark Crookston, CFD model of the density-driven bidirectional flows through the West Crack Breach in the Great Salt Lake causeway, Water, 13.17; 2423, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w13172423

84-22 M. Sobhi Alasta, Ahmed Shakir Ali Ali, Saman Ebrahimi, Muhammad Masood Ashiq, Abubaker Sami Dheyab, Adnan AlMasri, Anass Alqatanani, Mahdis Khorram, Modeling of local scour depth around bridge pier using FLOW 3D, CPRASE: Transactions of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8.2; 2781, 2022.

83-22 Mostafa Taherian, Seyed Ahmad Reza Saeidi Hosseini, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Overview of outfall discharge modeling with a focus on turbulence modeling approaches, Advances in Fluid Mechanics: Modelling and Simulations, Eds. Dia Zeidan, Eric Goncalves Da Silva, Jochen Merker, Lucy T. Zhang, 2022.

80-22 Soraya Naderi, Mehdi Daryaee, Seyed Mahmood Kashefipour, Mohammadreza Zayeri, Numerical and experimental study of flow pattern due to a plate installed upstream of orifice in pressurized flushing of dam reservoirs, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00896-9

79-22 Mahmood Nemati Qalee Maskan, Khosrow Hosseini, Effects of the simultaneous presence of bridge pier and abutment on the change of erodible bed using FLOW-3D, Journal of Iranian Water Engineering Research, 1.1; pp. 57-69, 2022. doi.org/10.22034/IJWER.2022.312074.1012

75-22 Steven Matthew Klawitter, L-shaped spillway crest leg interface geometry impacts, Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2022.

72-22 Md. Mukdiul Islam, Md. Samiun Basir, Badal Mahalder, Local scour analysis around single pier and group of piers in tandem arrangement using FLOW 3D, 6th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICCESD 2022), Khulna, Bangladesh, February 10-12, 2022.

69-22 Kuo-Wei Liao, Zhen-Zhi Wang, Investigation of air-bubble screen on reducing scour in river facility, EGU General Assembly, EGU22-1137, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1137

68-22 Cüneyt Yavuz, Energy dissipation scale for dam prototypes, ADYU Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi (Adıyaman University Journal of Engineering Sciences), 16; pp. 105-116, 2022.

66-22 Ji-jian Lian, Shu-guang Zhang, Jun-ling He, An improved numerical model of ski-jump flood discharge atomization, Journal of Mountain Science, 19; pp. 1263-1273, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7158-8

62-22 Ali Montazeri, Amirabbas Abedini, Milad Aminzadeh, Numerical investigation of pollution transport around a single non-submerged spur dike, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 248; 104018, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104018

61-22 Junhao Zhang, Yining Sun, Zhixian Cao, Ji Li, Flow structure at reservoir-tributary confluence with high sediment load, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 23-27, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1419

60-22 S. Modalavalasa, V. Chembolu, V. Kulkarni, S. Dutta, Numerical and experimental investigation of effect of green river corridor on main channel hydraulics, Recent Trends in River Corridor Management, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 229, pp. 165-176, 2022.

59-22 Philippe April LeQuéré, Scouring around multiple structures in extreme flow conditions, Thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2022.

51-22 Xianzheng Zhang, Chenxiao Tang, Yajie Yu, Chuan Tang, Ning Li, Jiang Xiong, Ming Chen, Some considerations for using numerical methods to simulate possible debris flows: The case of the 2013 and 2020 Wayao debris flows (Sichuan, China), Water, 14.7; 1050, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14071050

50-22 Daniel Valero, Daniel B. Bung, Sebastien Erpicum, Yann Peltier, Benjamin Dewals, Unsteady shallow meandering flows in rectangular reservoirs: A modal analysis of URANS modelling, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 42; pp. 12-20, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.03.002

49-22 Behzad Noroozi, Jalal Bazargan, Comparing the behavior of ogee and piano key weirs under unsteady flows, Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, 12.3; pp. 97-120. doi.org/10.22125/iwe.2022.146390

47-22 Chen Xiaoting, Huang Bolin, Li Bin, Jiang Xiannian, Risk assessment study on landslide-generated impulse waves: case study from Zhongliang Reservoir in Chongqing, China, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81; 158, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02629-8

45-22 Mehmet Cihan Aydin, Havva Seda Aytemur, Ali Emre Ulu, Experimental and numerical investigation on hydraulic performance of slit-check dams in subcritical flow condition, Water Resources Management, 36; pp. 1693-1710, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03103-6

43-22 Suresh Modalavalasa, Vinay Chembolu, Subashisa Dutta, Vinayak Kulkarni, Combined effect of bridge piers and floodplain vegetation on main channel hydraulics, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 136; 110669, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110669

40-22 Mohammad Bagherzadeh, Farhad Mousavi, Mohammad Manafpour, Reza Mirzaee, Khosrow Hoseini, Numerical simulation and application of soft computing in estimating vertical drop energy dissipation with horizontal serrated edge, Water Supply, 127, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.127

39-22 Masumeh Rostam Abadi, Saeed Kazemi Mohsenabadi, Numerical study of the weir angle on the flow pattern and scour around the submerged weirs, International Journal of Modern Physics C, 2022. doi.org/10.1142/S0129183122501108

38-22 Vahid Hassanzadeh Vayghan, Mirali Mohammadi, Behzad Shakouri, Experimental and numerical examination of flow resistance in plane bed streams, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 483, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09691-2

36-22 Kyong Oh Baek, Byong Jo Min, Investigation for flow characteristics of ice-harbor type fishway installed at mid-sized streams in Korea, Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, 55.1; pp. 33-42, 2022.

34-22 Kyong Oh Baek, Jeong-Min Lee, Eun-Jin Han, Young-Do Kim, Evaluating attraction and passage efficiencies of pool-weir type fishways based on hydraulic analysis, Applied Sciences, 12.4; 1880, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/app12041880

33-22 Christopher Paschmann, David F. Vetsch, Robert M. Boes, Design of desanding facilities for hydropower schemes based on trapping efficiency, Water, 14.4; 520, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14040520

29-22 Mehdi Heyrani, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Ioan Nistor, Omerul Faruk Dursun, Application of numerical and experimental modeling to improve the efficiency of Parshall flumes: A review of the state-of-the-art, Hydrology, 9.2; 26 2022. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9020026

28-22 Kiyoumars Roushangar, Samira Akhgar, Saman Shanazi, The effect of triangular prismatic elements on the hydraulic performance of stepped spillways in the skimming flow regime: An experimental study and numerical modeling, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2022.031

26-22 Jorge Augusto Toapaxi Alvarez, Roberto Silva, Cristina Torres, Modelación numérica tridimensional del medidor de caudal Palmer-Bowlus aplicando el programa FLOW-3D (Three-dimensional numerical modeling of the Palmer-Bowlus measuring flume applying the FLOW-3D program), Revista Politécnica, 49.1; 2022. doi.org/10.33333/rp.vol49n1.04

25-22 Shubing Dai, Sheng Jin, Numerical investigations of unsteady critical flow conditions over an obstacle using three models, Physics of Fluids, 34.2; 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0077585

23-22 Negar Ghahramani, H. Joanna Chen, Daley Clohan, Shielan Liu, Marcelo Llano-Serna, Nahyan M. Rana, Scott McDougall, Stephen G. Evans, W. Andy Take, A benchmarking study of four numerical runout models for the simulation of tailings flows, Science of the Total Environment, 827; 154245, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154245

22-22 Bahador Fatehi-Nobarian, Razieh Panahi, Vahid Nourani, Investigation of the Effect of Velocity on Secondary Currents in Semicircular Channels on Hydraulic Jump Parameters, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00800-x

21-22 G. Viccione, C. Izzo, Three-dimensional CFD modelling of urban flood forces on buildings: A case study, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2162; 012020, 2022. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2162/1/012020

20-22 Tohid Jamali Rovesht, Mohammad Manafpour, Mehdi Lotfi, Effects of flow condition and chute geometry on the shockwaves formed on chute spillway, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 71.2; pp. 312-329, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.139

17-22 Yansong Zhang, Jianping Chen, Fujun Zhou, Yiding Bao, Jianhua Yan, Yiwei Zhang, Yongchao Li, Feifan Gu, Qing Wang, Combined numerical investigation of the Gangda paleolandslide runout and associated dam breach flood propagation in the upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau, Landslides, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01768-5

16-22 I.A. Hernández-Rodríguez, J. López-Ortega, G. González-Blanco, R. Beristain-Cardoso, Performance of the UASB reactor during wastewater treatment and the effect of the biogas bubbles on its hydrodynamics, Environmental Technology, pp. 1-21, 2022. doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2022.2028015

15-22 Xu Deng, Sizhong He, Zhouhong Cao, Numerical investigation of the local scour around a coconut tree root foundation under wave-current joint actions, Ocean Engineering, 245; 110563, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110563

14-22 Rasool Kosaj, Rafid S. Alboresha, Sadeq O. Sulaiman, Comparison between numerical Flow3d software and laboratory data, for sediment incipient motion, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 961; 012031, 2022. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012031

13-22 Joseph M. Sinclair, S. Karan Venayagamoorthy, Timothy K. Gates, Some insights on flow over sharp-crested weirs using computational fluid dynamics: Implications for enhanced flow measurement, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 148.6; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001652

12-22 Mete Koken, Ismail Aydin, Serhan Ademoglu, An iterative hydraulic design methodology based on numerical modeling for piano key weirs, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 40; pp. 131-141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.01.002

11-22 Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Huali Pan, Guoqiang Ou, Muhammad Mohsin, Assad Ali, Azka Amin, Numerical analysis of pressure profiles and energy dissipation across stepped spillways having curved risers, Applied Sciences, 12.1; 448, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/app12010448

8-22 Jian-cheng Li, Wei Wang, Yan-ming Zheng, Xiao-hao Wen, Jing Feng, Li Sheng, Chen Wang, Ming-kun Qiu, Using computational fluid dynamic simulation with Flow-3D to reveal the origin of the mushroom stone in the Xiqiao Mountain of Guangdong, China, Journal of Mountain Science, 19; pp. 1-15, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7019-5

4-22 Ankur Kapoor, Aniruddha D. Ghare, Avinash M. Badar, CFD simulations of conical central baffle flumes, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 148.2, 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001653

1-22 Juan Francisco Fuentes-Pérez, Ana L. Quaresma, Antonio Pinheiro, Francisco Javier Sanz-Ronda, OpenFOAM vs FLOW-3D: A comparative study of vertical slot fishway modelling, Ecological Engineering, 174, 2022.

145-21 Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Abdurrasheed S. Abdurrasheed, Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah, Numerical simulation to assess floating instability of small passenger vehicle under sub-critical flow, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 132; pp. 258-265, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6311-3_30

140-21 J. Zulfan, B.M.Ginting, Investigation of spillway rating curve via theoretical formula, laboratory experiment, and 3D numerical modeling: A case study of the Riam Kiwa Dam, Indonesia, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 930; 012030, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012030

130-21 A.S.N. Amirah, F.Y. Boon, K.A. Nihla, Z.M. Salwa, A.W. Mahyun, N. Yaacof, Numerical simulation of flow within a storage area of HDPE modular pavement, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 920; 012044, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012044

129-21 Z.M. Yusof, Z.A.L. Shirling, A.K.A. Wahab, Z. Ismail, S. Amerudin, A hydrodynamic model of an embankment breaching due to overtopping flow using FLOW-3D, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 920; 012036, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012036

125-21 Ketaki H. Kulkarni, Ganesh A. Hinge, Comparative study of experimental and CFD analysis for predicting discharge coefficient of compound broad crested weir, Water Supply, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.403

119-21 Yan Liang, Yiqun Hou, Wangbin Hu, David Johnson, Junxing Wang, Flow velocity preference of Schizothorax oconnori Lloyd swimming upstream, Global Ecology and Conservation, 32; e01902, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01902

116-21 Atabak Feizi, Aysan Ezati, Shadi Alizadeh Marallo, Investigation of hydrodynamic characteristics of flow caused by dam break around a downstream obstacle considering different reservoir shapes, Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 6.2; pp. 36-48, 2021.

114-21 Jackson Tellez-Alvarez, Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Marko Amezaga-Kutija, Numerical and experimental approaches toestimate discharge coefficients and energy loss coefficients in pressurized grated inlets, Hydrology, 8.4; 162, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040162

113-21 Alireza Khoshkonesh, Blaise Nsom, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Payam Heidarian, Khuram Riaz, Comparison of the SWE and 3D models in simulation of the dam-break flow over the mobile bed, 5th Scientific Conference of Applied Research in Science and Technology of Iran, 2021.

103-21 Farshid Mosaddeghi, Numerical modeling of dam breach in concrete gravity dams, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 2021.

102-21 Xu Deng, Sizhong He, Zhouhong Cao, Tao Wu, Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic response of an impermeable sea-wall subjected to artificial submarine landslide-induced tsunamis, Landslides, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01773-8

100-21 Jinmeng Yang, Zhenzhong Shen, Jing Zhang, Xiaomin Teng, Wenbing Zhang, Jie Dai, Experimental and numerical investigation of flow over a spillway bend with different combinations of permeable spur dikes, Water Supply, ws2021335, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.335

99-21 Nigel A. Temple, Josh Adams, Evan Blythe, Zidane Twersky, Steve Blair, Rick Harter, Investigating the performance of novel oyster reef materials in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, ASBPA National Coastal Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, September 28-October 1, 2021.

94-21 Xiaoyang Shen, Mario Oertel, Comparitive study of nonsymmetrical trapezoidal and rectangular piano key weirs with varying key width ratios, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.11, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001942

93-21 Aysar Tuama Al-Awadi, Mahmoud Saleh Al-Khafaji, CFD-based model for estimating the river bed morphological characteristics near cylindrical bridge piers due to debris accumulation, Water Resources, 48; pp. 763-773, 2021. doi.org/10.1134/S0097807821050031

92-21 Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Francisco José Vallés-Morán, Rafael García-Bartual, Assessment of the performance of a modified USBR Type II stilling basin by a validated CFD model, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering , 147.11, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001623

91-21 Ali Yıldız, Ali İhsan Martı, Mustafa Göğüş, Numerical and experimental modelling of flow at Tyrolean weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 81; 102040, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.102040

90-21 Yasamin Aghaei, Fouad Kilanehei, Shervin Faghihirad, Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Dynamic pressure at flip buckets of chute spillways: A numerical study, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00670-4

88-21 Shang-tuo Qian, Yan Zhang, Hui Xu, Xiao-sheng Wang, Jian-gang Feng, Zhi-xiang Li, Effects of surface roughness on overflow discharge of embankment weirs, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 33; pp. 773-781, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-021-0068-y

86-21 Alkistis Stergiopoulou, Vassilios Stergiopoulos, CFD simulations of tubular Archimedean screw turbines harnessing the small hydropotential of Greek watercourses, International Journal of Energy and Environment, 12.1; pp. 19-30, 2021.

85-21 Jun-tao Ren, Xue-fei Wu, Ting Zhang, A 3-D numerical simulation of the characteristics of open channel flows with submerged rigid vegetation, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 33; pp. 833-843, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-021-0063-3

84-21 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Amir Ghaderi, Maryam Sattariyan, Babak Alinejad, Mahdi Majedi Asl, Silvia Di Francesco, Investigation of local scouring around hydrodynamic and circular pile groups under the influence of river material harvesting pits, Water, 13.6; 2192, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13162192

83-21 Mahdi Feizbahr, Navid Tonekaboni, Guang-Jun Jiang, Hong-Xia Chen, Optimized vegetation density to dissipate energy of flood flow in open canals, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021; 9048808, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/9048808

80-21 Wenjun Liu, Bo Wang, Yakun Guo, Numerical study of the dam-break waves and Favre waves down sloped wet rigid-bed at laboratory scale, Journal of Hydrology, 602; 126752, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126752

79-21 Zhen-Dong Shen, Yang Zhang, The three-dimensional simulation of granular mixtures weir, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 820; 012024, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/820/1/012024

75-21 Mehrdad Ghorbani Mooselu, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Parnian Hashempour Bakhtiari, Nooshin Bakhtiari Rayani, Azizallah Izady, Conflict resolution in the multi-stakeholder stepped spillway design under uncertainty by machine learning techniques, Applied Soft Computing, 110; 107721, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107721

73-21 Romain Van Mol, Plunge pool rehabilitation with prismatic concrete elements – Case study and physical model of Ilarion dam in Greece, Infoscience (EPFL Scientific Publications), 2021.

70-21 Khosro Morovati, Christopher Homer, Fuqiang Tian, Hongchang Hu, Opening configuration design effects on pooled stepped chutes, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.9, 2021. doi.org/10.1061%2F(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001897

68-21 R. Daneshfaraz, E. Aminvash, S. Di Francesco, A. Najibi, J. Abraham, Three-dimensional study of the effect of block roughness geometry on inclined drop, Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 6.1; pp. 1-9, 2021.

66-21 Benjamin Hohermuth, Lukas Schmoker, Robert M. Boes, David Vetsch, Numerical simulation of air entrainment in uniform chute flow, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 59.3; pp. 378-391, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2020.1780492

65-21 Junjun Tan, Honglin Tan, Elsa Goerig, Senfan Ke, Haizhen Huang, Zhixiong Liu, Xiaotao Shi, Optimization of fishway attraction flow based on endemic fish swimming performance and hydraulics, Ecological Engineering, 170; 106332, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106332

63-21 Erdinc Ikinciogullari, Muhammet Emin Emiroglu, Mehmet Cihan Aydin, Comparison of scour properties of classical and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05832-z

59-21 Elias Wehrmeister, José J. Ota, Separation in overflow spillways: A computational analysis, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 59, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2021.1908438

53-21 Zongxian Liang, John Ditter, Riadh Atta, Brian Fox, Karthik Ramaswamy, Numerical modeling of tailings dam break using a Herschel-Bulkley rheological model, USSD Annual Conference, online, May 11-21, 2021.

51-21 Yansong Zhang, Jianping Chen, Chun Tan, Yiding Bao, Xudong Han, Jianhua Yan, Qaiser Mehmood, A novel approach to simulating debris flow runout via a three-dimensional CFD code: A case study of Xiaojia Gully, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80.5, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02270-x

49-21 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Preliminary results of numerical simulation of submarine landslide-generated waves, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, April 19-30, 2021. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-284

48-21 Anh Tuan Le, Ken Hiramatsu, Tatsuro Nishiyama, Hydraulic comparison between piano key weir and rectangular labyrinth weir, International Journal of GEOMATE, 20.82; pp. 153-160, 2021. doi.org/10.21660/2021.82.j2106

46-21 Maoyi Luo, Faxing Zhang, Zhaoming Song, Liyuan Zhang, Characteristics of flow movement in complex canal system and its influence on sudden pollution accidents, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 6617385, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/6617385

42-21 Jakub Major, Martin Orfánus, Zbyněk Zachoval, Flow over broad-crested weir with inflow by approach shaft – Numerical model, Civil Engineering Journal, 30.1; 19, 2021. doi.org/10.14311/CEJ.2021.01.0019

41-21 Amir Ghaderi, Saeed Abbasi, Experimental and numerical study of the effects of geometric appendance elements on energy dissipation over stepped spillway, Water, 13.7; 957, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13070957

38-21 Ana L. Quaresma, António N. Pinheiro, Modelling of pool-type fishways flows: Efficiency and scale effects assessment, Water, 13.6; 851, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13060851

37-21 Alireza Khoshkonesh, Blaise Nsom, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Atefah Adeli, Numerical study of the dynamics and structure of a partial dam-break flow using the VOF Method, Water Resources Management, 35; pp. 1513-1528, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02799-2

36-21 Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Francesco Aristodemo, Constanza Aricò, Numerical simulations of the flow field of a submerged hydraulic jump over triangular macroroughnesses, Water, 13.5; 674, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13050674

35-21 Hongliang Qi, Junxing Zheng, Chenguang Zhang, Modeling excess shear stress around tandem piers of the longitudinal bridge by computational fluid dynamics, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2021.1884614

31-21 Seth Siefken, Robert Ettema, Ari Posner, Drew Baird, Optimal configuration of rock vanes and bendway weirs for river bends: Numerical-model insights, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.5, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001871

29-21 Débora Magalhães Chácara, Waldyr Lopes Oliveira Filho, Rheology of mine tailings deposits for dam break analyses, REM – International Engineering Journal, 74.2; pp. 235-243, 2021. doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672020740098

27-21 Ling Peng, Ting Zhang, Youtong Rong, Chunqi Hu, Ping Feng, Numerical investigation of the impact of a dam-break induced flood on a structure, Ocean Engineering, 223; 108669, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108669

26-21 Qi-dong Hou, Hai-bo Li, Yu-Xiang Hu, Shun-chao Qi, Jian-wen Zhou, Overtopping process and structural safety analyses of the earth-rock fill dam with a concrete core wall by using numerical simulations, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14; 234, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06639-w

25-21 Filipe Romão, Ana L. Quaresma, José M. Santos, Susana D. Amaral, Paulo Branco, António N. Pinheiro, Performance and fish transit time over vertical slots, Water, 13.3; 275, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13030275

23-21 Jiahou Hu, Chengwei Na, Yi Wang, Study on discharge velocity of tailings mortar in dam break based on FLOW-3D, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 6th International Conference on Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xi’an, China, December 11-13, 2020, 643; 012052, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/643/1/012052

21-21 Asad H. Aldefae, Rusul A. Alkhafaji, Experimental and numerical modeling to investigate the riverbank’s stability, SN Applied Sciences, 3; 164, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04168-5

20-21 Yangliang Lu, Jinbu Yin, Zhou Yang, Kebang Wei, Zhiming Liu, Numerical study of fluctuating pressure on stilling basin slabwith sudden lateral enlargement and bottom drop, Water, 13.2; 238, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13020238

18-21 Prashant Prakash Huddar, Vishwanath Govind Bhave, Hydraulic structure design with 3D CFD model, Proceedings, 25th International Conference on Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering (HYDRO 2020), Odisha, India, March 26-28, 2021.

17-21 Morteza Sadat Helbar, Atefah Parvaresh Rizi, Javad Farhoudi, Amir Mohammadi, 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14; 90, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06378-4

15-21 Charles R. Ortloff, Roman hydraulic engineering: The Pont du Gard Aqueduct and Nemausus (Nîmes) Castellum, Water, 13.1; 54, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13010054

12-21 Mehdi Karami Moghadam, Ata Amini, Ehsan Karami Moghadam, Numerical study of energy dissipation and block barriers in stepped spillways, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 23.2; pp. 284-297, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.245

08-21 Prajakta P. Gadge, M. R. Bhajantri, V. V. Bhosekar, Numerical simulations of air entraining characteristics over high head chute spillway aerator, Proceedings, ICOLD Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins, New Dehli, India, February 24 – 27, 2021.

07-21 Pankaj Lawande, Computational fluid dynamics simulation methodologies for stilling basins, Proceedings, ICOLD Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins, New Dehli, India, February 24 – 27, 2021.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Water & Environmental Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Water & Environmental Industry.

02-21 Aytaç Güven, Ahmed Hussein Mahmood, Numerical investigation of flow characteristics over stepped spillways, Water Supply, in press, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.283

01-21 Le Thi Thu Hien, Nguyen Van Chien, Investigate impact force of dam-break flow against structures by both 2D and 3D numerical simulations, Water, 13.3; 344, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13030344

125-20 Farhad Bahmanpouri, Mohammad Daliri, Alireza Khoshkonesh, Masoud Montazeri Namin, Mariano Buccino, Bed compaction effect on dam break flow over erodible bed; experimental and numerical modeling, Journal of Hydrology, in press, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125645

200-23 Iacopo Vona, Oysters’ integration on submerged breakwaters as nature-based solution for coastal protection within estuarine environments, Thesis, University of Maryland, 2023.

174-23 Ahintha Kandamby, Dusty Myers, Narrows bypass chute CFD analysis, Dam Safety, 2023.

173-23 H. Jalili, R.C. Mahon, M.F. Martinez, J.W. Nicklow, Sediment sluicing from the reservoirs with high efficiency, SEDHYD, 2023.

170-23 Ramith Fernando, Gangfu Zhang, Beyond 2D: Unravelling bridge hydraulics with CFD modelling, 24th Queensland Water Symposium, 2023.

124-20 John Petrie, Yan Qi, Mark Cornwell, Md Al Adib Sarker, Pranesh Biswas, Sen Du, Xianming Shi, Design of living barriers to reduce the impacts of snowdrifts on Illinois freeways, Illinois Center for Transportation Series No. 20-019, Research Report No. FHWA-ICT-20-012, 2020. doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-019

123-20 Mohammad Reza Namaee, Jueyi Sui, Yongsheng Wu, Natalie Linklater, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of local scour in the vicinity of circular side-by-side bridge piers with ice cover, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2020. doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0360

119-20 Tuğçe Yıldırım, Experimental and numerical investigation of vortex formation at multiple horizontal intakes, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, , 2020.

118-20 Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Francesco Aristodemo, Ali Ghahramanzadeh, Characteristics of free and submerged hydraulic jumps over different macroroughnesses, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 22.6; pp. 1554-1572, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.298

117-20 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Amir Ghaderi, Aliakbar Akhtari, Silvia Di Francesco, On the effect of block roughness in ogee spillways with flip buckets, Fluids, 5.4; 182, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040182

115-20 Chi Yao, Ligong Wu, Jianhua Yang, Influences of tailings particle size on overtopping tailings dam failures, Mine Water and the Environment, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00725-3

114-20 Rizgar Ahmed Karim, Jowhar Rasheed Mohammed, A comparison study between CFD analysis and PIV technique for velocity distribution over the Standard Ogee crested spillways, Heliyon, 6.10; e05165, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05165

113-20 Théo St. Pierre Ostrander, Analyzing hydraulics of broad crested lateral weirs, Thesis, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, 2020.

111-20 Mahla Tajari, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Mehdi Meftah Halaghi, Hazi Azamathulla, Use of bottom slots and submerged vanes for controlling sediment upstream of duckbill weirs, Water Supply, 20.8; pp. 3393-3403, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.238

110-20 Jian Zhou, Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, How does three-dimensional canopy geometry affect the front propagation of a gravity current?, Physics of Fluids, 32.9; 096605, 2020. doi.org/10.1063/5.0019760

106-20 Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Arnau Bayón, Rafael García-Bartual, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, Characterization of structural properties in high reynolds hydraulic jump based on CFD and physical modeling approaches, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146.12, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001820

105-20 Bin Deng, He Tao, Changbo Jian, Ke Qu, Numerical investigation on hydrodynamic characteristics of landslide-induced impulse waves in narrow river-valley reservoirs, IEEE Access, 8; pp. 165285-165297, 2020. doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3022651

102-20 Mojtaba Mehraein, Mohammadamin Torabi, Yousef Sangsefidi, Bruce MacVicar, Numerical simulation of free flow through side orifice in a circular open-channel using response surface method, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 76; 101825, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101825

101-20 Juan Francisco Macián Pérez, Numerical and physical modelling approaches to the study of the hydraulic jump and its application in large-dam stilling basins, Thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, 2020.

99-20 Chen-Shan Kung, Pin-Tzu Su, Chin-Pin Ko, Pei-Yu Lee, Application of multiple intake heads in engineering field, Proceedings, 30th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Online, October 11-17, ISOPE-I-20-3116, 2020.

91-20 Selahattin Kocaman, Stefania Evangelista, Giacomo Viccione, Hasan Güzel, Experimental and numerical analysis of 3D dam-break waves in an enclosed domain with a single oriented obstacle, Environmental Science Proceedings, 2; 35, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002035

89-20 Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, The 1958 Lituya Bay tsunami – pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software Flow-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 20; pp. 2255–2279, 2020. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2255-2020

88-20 Cesar Simon, Eddy J. Langendoen, Jorge D. Abad, Alejandro Mendoza, On the governing equations for horizontal and vertical coupling of one- and two-dimensional open channel flow models, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 58.5; pp. 709-724, 2020. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1671507

87-20 Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Moses Karakouzian, Donald Hayes, Flow topology in the confluence of an open channel with lateral drainage pipe, Hydrology, 7.3; 57, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030057

84-20 Naohiro Takeichi, Takeshi Katagiri, Harumi Yoneda, Shusaku Inoue, Yusuke Shintani, Virtual Reality approaches for evacuation simulation of various disasters, Collective Dynamics (originally presented in Proceedings from the 9th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2018), Lund, Sweden, August 21-23, 2018), 5, 2020. doi.org/10.17815/CD.2020.93

83-20 Eric Lemont, Jonathan Hill, Ryan Edison, A problematic installation: CFD modelling of waste stabilisation pond mixing alternatives, Ozwater’20, Australian Water Association, Online, June 2, 2020, 2020.

77-20 Peng Yu, Ruigeng Hu, Jinmu Yang, Hongjun Liu, Numerical investigation of local scour around USAF with different hydraulic conditions under currents and waves, Ocean Engineering, 213; 107696, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107696

76-20 Alireza Mojtahedi, Nasim Soori, Majid Mohammadian, Energy dissipation evaluation for stepped spillway using a fuzzy inference system, SN Applied Sciences, 2; 1466, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03258-0

74-20 Jackson D., Tellez Alvarez E., Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Modelling of surcharge flow through grated inlet, Advances in Hydroinformatics: SimHydro 2019 – Models for Extreme Situations and Crisis Management, Nice, France, June 12-14, 2019, pp. 839-847, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5436-0_65

73-20 Saurav Dulal, Bhola NS Ghimire, Santosh Bhattarai, Ram Krishna Regmi, Numerical simulation of flow through settling basin: A case study of Budhi-Ganga Hydropower Project (BHP), International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 9.7; pp. 992-998, 2020.

70-20 B. Nandi, S. Das, A. Mazumdar, Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of hydraulic jump, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020 6th International Conference on Environment and Renewable Energy, Hanoi, Vietnam, February 24-26, 505; 012024, 2020. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/505/1/012024

69-20 Amir Ghaderi, Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Mehdi Dasineh, Silvia Di Francesco, Energy dissipation and hydraulics of flow over trapezoidal–triangular labyrinth weirs, Water (Special Issue: Combined Numerical and Experimental Methodology for Fluid–Structure Interactions in Free Surface Flows), 12.7; 1992, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12071992

68-20 Jia Ni, Linwei Wang, Xixian Chen, Luan Luan Xue, Isam Shahrour, Effect of the fish-bone dam angle on the flow mechanisms of a fish-bone type dividing dyke, Marine Technology Society Journal, 54.3; pp. 58-67, 2020. doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.54.3.9

67-20 Yu Zhuang, Yueping Yin, Aiguo Xing, Kaiping Jin, Combined numerical investigation of the Yigong rock slide-debris avalanche and subsequent dam-break flood propagation in Tibet, China, Landslides, 17; pp. 2217-2229, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01449-9

66-20 A. Ghaderi, R. Daneshfaraz, S. Abbasi, J. Abraham, Numerical analysis of the hydraulic characteristics of modified labyrinth weirs, International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 4.2, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00082-5

65-20 D.P. Zielinski, S. Miehls, G. Burns, C. Coutant, Adult sea lamprey espond to induced turbulence in a low current system, Journal of Ecohydraulics, 5, 2020. doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2020.1775504

63-20 Raffaella Pellegrino, Miguel Ángel Toledo, Víctor Aragoncillo, Discharge flow rate for the initiation of jet flow in sky-jump spillways, Water, Special Issue: Planning and Management of Hydraulic Infrastructure, 12.6; 1814, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061814

59-20 Nesreen Taha, Maged M. El-Feky, Atef A. El-Saiad, Ismail Fathy, Numerical investigation of scour characteristics downstream of blocked culverts, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 59.5; pp. 3503-3513, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.05.032

57-20 Charles Ortloff, The Hydraulic State: Science and Society in the Ancient World, Routledge, London, UK, eBook ISBN: 9781003015192, 2020. doi.org/10.4324/9781003015192

54-20 Navid Aghajani, Hojat Karami, Hamed Sarkardeh, Sayed‐Farhad Mousavi, Experimental and numerical investigation on effect of trash rack on flow properties at power intakes, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (ZAMM), online pre-issue, 2020. doi.org/10.1002/zamm.202000017

53-20 Tian Zhou, Theodore Endreny, The straightening of a river meander leads to extensive losses in flow complexity and ecosystem services, Water (Special Issue: A Systems Approach of River and River Basin Restoration), 12.6; 1680, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061680

47-20 Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Aliasghar Nazari-Sharabian, Moses Karakouzian, Mehrdad Karami, Sacrificial piles as scour countermeasures in river bridges: A numerical study using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal, 6.6; pp. 1091-1103, 2020. doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091531

44-20 Leena Jaydeep Shevade, L. James Lo, Franco A. Montalto, Numerical 3D model development and validation of curb-cut inlet for efficiency prediction, Water, 12; 1791, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061791

43-20 Vitor Hugo Pereira de Morais, Tiago Zenker Gireli, Paulo Vatavuk, Numerical and experimental models applied to an ogee crest spillway and roller bucket stilling basin, Brazilian Journal of Water Resources, 2020. doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.252020190005

42-20 Chen Xie, Qin Chen, Gang Fan, Chen Chen, Numerical simulation of the natural erosion and breaching process of the “10.11” Baige Landslide Dam on the Jinsha River, Dam Breach Modelling and Risk Disposal, pp. 376-377, International Conference on Embankment Dams (ICED), Beijing, China, June 5 – 7, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46351-9_40

41-20 Niloofar Aghili Mahabadi, Hamed Reza Zarif Sanayei, Performance evaluation of bilateral side slopes in piano key weirs by numerical simulation, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 6; pp. 1477-1486, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00764-3

39-20 Jian Zhou, Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Impact of ambient stable stratification on gravity currents propagating over a submerged canopy, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 898; A15, 2020. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.418

37-20 Aliasghar Azma, Yongxiang Zhang, The effect of variations of flow from tributary channel on the flow behavior in a T-shape confluence, Processes, 8; 614, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/pr8050614

35-20 Selahattin Kocaman, Hasan Güzel, Stefania Evangelista, Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Giacomo Viccione, Experimental and numerical analysis of a dam-break flow through different contraction geometries of the channel, Water, 12; 1124, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12041124

31-20 Hamidreza Samma, Amir Khosrojerdi, Masoumeh Rostam-Abadi, Mojtaba Mehraein and Yovanni Cataño-Lopera, Numerical simulation of scour and flow field over movable bed induced by a submerged wall jet, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 22.2, pp. 385-401, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.091

28-20 Halah Kais Jalal and Waqed H. Hassan, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of local scour around circular bridge pier using FLOW-3D software, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012150, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019745. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012150

25-20 Faizal Yusuf and Zoran Micovic, Prototype-scale investigation of spillway cavitation damage and numerical modeling of mitigation options, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146.2, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001671

24-20 Huan Zhang, Zegao Yin, Yipei Miao, Minghui Xia and Yingnan Feng, Hydrodynamic performance investigation on an upper and lower water exchange device, Aquacultural Engineering, 90, art. no. 102072, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2020.102072

22-20 Yu-xiang Hu, Zhi-you Yu and Jian-wen Zhou, Numerical simulation of landslide-generated waves during the 11 October 2018 Baige landslide at the Jinsha River, Landslides, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01382-x

19-20 Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Saeed Abbasi and John Abraham, Investigation of trapezoidal sharp-crested side weir discharge coefficients under subcritical flow regimes using CFD, Applied Water Science, 10, art. no. 31, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1112-8

18-20 Amir Ghaderi, Saeed Abbasi, John Abraham and Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla, Efficiency of trapezoidal labyrinth shaped stepped spillways, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 72, art. no. 101711, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101711

16-20 Majid Omidi Arjenaki and Hamed Reza Zarif Sanayei, Numerical investigation of energy dissipation rate in stepped spillways with lateral slopes using experimental model development approach, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00714-z

15-20 Bo Wang, Wenjun Liu, Wei Wang, Jianmin Zhang, Yunliang Chen, Yong Peng, Xin Liu and Sha Yang, Experimental and numerical investigations of similarity for dam-break flows on wet bed, Journal of Hydrology, 583, art. no. 124598, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124598

14-20 Halah Kais Jalal and Waqed H. Hassan, Effect of bridge pier shape on depth of scour, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012001, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019671. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012001

13-20 Shahad R. Mohammed, Basim K. Nile and Waqed H. Hassan, Modelling stilling basins for sewage networks, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012111, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019671. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012111

11-20 Xin Li, Liping Jin, Bernie A. Engel, Zeng Wang, Wene Wang, Wuquan He and Yubao Wang, Influence of the structure of cylindrical mobile flumes on hydraulic performance characteristics in U-shaped channels, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 72, art. no. 101708, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101708

10-20 Nima Aein, Mohsen Najarchi, Seyyed Mohammad Mirhosseini Hezaveh, Mohammad Mehdi Najafizadeh and Ehsanollah Zeigham, Simulation and prediction of discharge coefficient of combined weir–gate structure, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Water Management (ahead of print), 2020. doi.org/10.1680/jwama.19.00047

03-20 Agostino Lauria, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi, and Antonino D’Ippolito, Discharge coefficients for sluice gates set in weirs at different upstream wall inclinations, Water, 12, art. no. 245, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12010245

113-19 Ruidong An, Jia Li, Typical biological behavior of migration and flow pattern creating for fish schooling, E-Proceedings, 38th IAHR World Congress, Panama City, Panama, September 1-6, 2019.

112-19 Wenjun Liu, Bo Wang, Hang Wang, Jianmin Zhang, Yunliang Chen, Yong Peng, Xin Liu, Sha Yang, Experimental and numerical modeling of dam-break flows in wet downstream conditions, E-Proceedings, 38th IAHR World Congress, Panama City, Panama, September 1-6, 2019.

111-19 Zhang Chendi, Liu Yingjun, Xu Mengzhen, Wang Zhaoyin, The 3D numerical study on flow properties of individual step-pool, Proceedings: 14th International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Chengdu, China, September 16-19, 2019.

110-19 Mason Garfield, The effects of scour on the flow field at a bendway weir, Thesis: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

109-19 Seth Siefken, Computational fluid dynamics models of Rio Grande bends fitted with rock vanes or bendway weirs, Thesis: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

108-19 Benjamin Israel Devadason and Paul Schweiger, Decoding the drowning machines: Using CFD modeling to predict and design solutions to remediate the dangerous hydraulic roller at low head dams, The Journal of Dam Safety, 17.1, pp. 20-31, 2019.

106-19 Amir Ghaderi and Saeed Abbasi, CFD simulations of local scouring around airfoil-shaped bridge piers with and without collar, Sādhanā, art. no. 216, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s12046-019-1196-8

105-19 Jacob van Alwon, Numerical and physical modelling of aerated skimming flows over stepped spillways, Thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, 2019.

100-19 E.H. Hussein Al-Qadami, A.S. Abdurrasheed, Z. Mustaffa, K.W. Yusof, M.A. Malek and A. Ab Ghani, Numerical modelling of flow characteristics over sharp crested triangular hump, Results in Engineering, 4, art. no. 100052, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100052

99-19 Agostino Lauria, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi, and Antonino D’Ippolito, Discharge coefficients for sluice gates set in weirs at different upstream wall inclinations, Water, 12.1, art. no. 245, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w12010245

98-19 Redvan Ghasemlounia and M. Sedat Kabdasli, Surface suspended sediment distribution pattern for an unexpected flood event at Lake Koycegiz, Turkey, Proceedings, 14th National Conference on Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Urmia, Iran, July 16-17, 2019.

97-19 Brian Fox, Best practices for simulating hydraulic structures with CFD, Proceedings, Dam Safety 2019, Orlando, Florida, USA, September 8-12, 2019.

96-19 John Wendelbo, Verification of CFD predictions of self-aeration onset on stepped chute spillways, Proceedings, Dam Safety 2019, Orlando, Florida, USA, September 8-12, 2019.

95-19 Pankaj Lawande, Anurag Chandorkar and Adhirath Mane, Predicting discharge rating curves for tainter gate controlled spillway using CFD simulations, Proceedings, 24th HYDRO 2019, International Conference, Hyderabad, India, December 18-20, 2019.

91-19 Gyeong-Bo Kim, Wei Cheng, Richards C. Sunny, Juan J. Horrillo, Brian C. McFall, Fahad Mohammed, Hermann M. Fritz, James Beget, and Zygmunt Kowalik , Three Dimensional Landslide Generated Tsunamis: Numerical and Physical Model Comparisons, Landslides, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01308-2

85-19 Susana D. Amaral, Ana L. Quaresma, Paulo Branco, Filipe Romão, Christos Katopodis, Maria T. Ferreira, António N. Pinheiro, and José M. Santos, Assessment of retrofitted ramped weirs to improve passage of potamodromous fish, Water, 11, art. no. 2441, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11122441

82-19 Shubing Dai, Yong He, Jijian Yang, Yulei ma, Sheng Jin, and Chao Liang, Numerical study of cascading dam-break characteristics using SWEs and RANS, Water Supply, 2019. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.168

81-19 Kyong Oh Baek, Evaluation technique for efficiency of fishway based on hydraulic analysis, Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, 52.spc2, pp. 855-863, 2019. doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2019.52.S-2.855

80-19 Yongye Li, Yuan Gao, Xiaomeng Jia, Xihuan Sun, and Xuelan Zhang, Numerical simulations of hydraulic characteristics of a flow discharge measurement process with a plate flowmeter in a U-channel, Water, art. no. 2392, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11112382

76-19 Youtong Rong, Ting Zhang, Yanchen Zheng, Chunqi Hu, Ling Peng, and Ping Feng, Three-dimensional urban flood inundation simulation based on digital aerial photogrammetry, Journal of Hydrology, in press, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124308

74-19 Youtong Rong, Ting Zhang, Ling Peng, and Ping Feng, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of dam discharge and flood routing in Wudu Reservoir, Water, 11, art. no. 2157, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11102157

70-19 Le Thi Thu Hien, Study the flow over chute spillway by both numerical and physical models, Proceedings, pp. 845-851, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_116

69-19 T. Vinh Cuong, N. Thanh Hung, V. Thanh Te, P. Anh Tuan, Analysis of spur dikes spatial layout to river bed degradation under reversing tidal flow, Proceedings, pp. 737-744, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_101

67-19 Zongshi Dong, Junxing Wang, David Florian Vetsch, Robert Michael Boes, and Guangming Tan, Numerical simulation of air–water two-phase flow on stepped spillways behind X-shaped flaring gate piers under very high unit discharge, Water, 11, art. no. 1956, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11101956

66-19 Tony L. Wahl, Effect of boundary layer conditions on uplift pressures at open offset spillway joints, Sustainable and Safe Dams Around the World: Proceedings, 2019. doi.org/10.1201/9780429319778-182

65-19 John Petrie, Kun Zhang, and Mahmoud Shehata, Numerical simulation of snow deposition around living snow fences, Community Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates (CESTiCC), Project Report, 2019.

64-19 Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Markus Aufleger, Michael Strasser, and Bernhard Gems, Lituya Bay 1958 Tsunami – detailed pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D-numerical modelling utilizing the CFD software FLOW-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, under review, 2019. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-285

63-19 J. Patarroyo, D. Damov, D. Shepherd, G. Snyder, M. Tremblay, and M. Villeneuve, Hydraulic design of stepped spillway using CFD supported by physical modelling: Muskrat Falls hydroelectric generating facility, Sustainable and Safe Dams Around the World: Proceedings, , pp. 205-219, 2019. doi.org/10.1201/9780429319778-19

61-19 A.S. Abdurrasheed, K.W. Yusof, E.H. Hussein Alqadami, H. Takaijudin, A.A. Ghani, M.M. Muhammad, A.T. Sholagberu, M.K. Zainalfikry, M. Osman, and M.S. Patel, Modelling of flow parameters through subsurface drainage modules for application in BIOECODS, Water, 11, art. no. 1823, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11091823

59-19 Brian Fox and Robert Feurich, CFD analysis of local scour at bridge piers, Proceedings of the Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydraulic Modeling Conference (SEDHYD), Reno, Nevada, June 24-28, 2019.

56-19 Pankaj Lawande, Brian Fox, and Anurag Chandorkar, Three dimensional CFD modeling of flow over a tainter gate spillway, International Dam Safety Conference, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, February 13-14, 2019.

49-19 Yousef Sangsefidi, Bruce MacVicar, Masoud Ghodsian, Mojtaba Mehraein, Mohammadamin Torabi, and Bruce M. Savage, Evaluation of flow characteristics in labyrinth weirs using response surface methodology, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, Vol. 69, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.101617

43-19 Gongyun Liao, Zancheng Tang, and Fei Zhu, Self-cleaning performance of double-layer porous asphalt pavements with different granular diameters and layer combinations, 19th COTA International Conference of Transportation, Nanjing, China, July 6-8, 2019.

42-19 Tsung-Chun Ho, Gwo-Jang Hwang, Kao-Shu Hwang, Kuo-Cheng Hsieh, and Lung-Wei Chen, Experimental and numerical study on desilting efficiency of the bypassing tunnel for Nan-Hua reservoir, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

41-19 Chang-Ting Hsieh, Sheng-Yung Hsu, and Chin-Pin Ko, Planning of sluicing tunnel in front of the Wushe dam – retrofit the existing water diversion tunnel as an example, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

40-19 Chi-Lin Yang, Pang-ku Yang, Fu-June Wang, and Kuo-Cheng Hsieh, Study on the transportation of high-concentration sediment flow and the operation of sediment de-silting in Deji Reservoir, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

39-19 Sam Glovik and John Wendelbo, Advanced CFD air entrainment capabilities for baffle drop structure design, NYWEA 91st Annual Meeting, New York, NY, February 3-6, 2019.

36-19 Ahmed M. Helmi, Heba T. Essawy, and Ahmed Wagdy, Three-dimensional numerical study of stacked drop manholes, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 145, No. 9, 2019. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001414

33-19 M. Cihan Aydin, A. Emre Ulu, and Çimen Karaduman, Investigation of aeration performance of Ilısu Dam outlet using two-phase flow model, Applied Water Science, Vol. 9, No. 111, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s13201-019-0982-0

16-19 Bernard Twaróg, The analysis of the reactive work of the Alden Turbine, Technical Transactions I, Environmental Engineering, 2019. doi: 10.4467/2353737XCT.19.010.10050

14-19 Guodong Li, Xingnan Li, Jian Ning, and Yabing Deng, Numerical simulation and engineering application of a dovetail-shaped bucket, Water, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2019. doi: 10.3390/w11020242

13-19 Ilaria Rendina, Giacomo Viccione, and Leonardo Cascini, Kinematics of flow mass movements on inclined surfaces, Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 107-123, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s00162-019-00486-y

10-19 O.K. Saleh, E.A. Elnikhely, and Fathy Ismail, Minimizing the hydraulic side effects of weirs construction by using labyrinth weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, Vol. 66, pp. 1-11, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.01.016

05-19 Hakan Ersoy, Murat Karahan, Kenan Gelişli, Aykut Akgün, Tuğçe Anılan, M. Oğuz Sünnetci, Bilgehan Kul Yahşi, Modelling of the landslide-induced impulse waves in the Artvin Dam reservoir by empirical approach and 3D numerical simulation, Engineering Geology, Vol. 249, pp. 112-128, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.12.025

96-18 Kyung-Seop Sin, Robert Ettema, Christopher I. Thornton, Numerical modeling to assess the influence of bendway weirs on flow distribution in river beds, Task 4 of Study: Native Channel Topography and Rock-Weir Structure Channel-Maintenance Techniques, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. CSU-HYD Report No. 2018-1, 2018.

95-18 Thulfikar Razzak Al-Husseini, Hayder A. Al-Yousify and Munaf A. Al-Ramahee, Experimental and numerical study of the effect of the downstream spillway face’s angle on the stilling basin’s energy dissipation, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9.8, pp. 1327-1337, 2018.

94-18 J. Michalski and J. Wendelbo, Utilizing CFD methods as a forensic tool in pipeline systems to assess air/water transient issues, Proceedings, 7, pp. 5519-5527, 91st Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition & Conference (WEFTEC), New Orleans, LA, United States, September 29 – October 3, 2018. doi.org/10.2175/193864718825138817

79-18 Harold Alvarez and John Wendelbo, Estudio de 3 modelos matemáticos para similar olas producidas por derrumbes en embalses y esfuerzos en compuertas, XXVIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Hidráulica, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 2018. (In Spanish)

70-18 Michael Pfister, Gaetano Crispino, Thierry Fuchsmann, Jean-Marc Ribi and Corrado Gisonni, Multiple inflow branches at supercritical-type vortex drop shaft, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 144, No. 11, 2018. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001530

67-18 F. Nunes, J. Matos and I. Meireles, Numerical modelling of skimming flow over small converging spillways, 3^rd International Conference on Protection against Overtopping, June 6-8, 2018, Grange-over-Sands, UK, 2018.

66-18 Maria João Costa, Maria Teresa Ferreira, António N. Pinheiro and Isabel Boavida, The potential of lateral refuges for Iberian barbel under simulated hydropeaking conditions, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 124, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.07.029

63-18 Michael J. Seluga, Frederick Vincent, Samuel Glovick and Brad Murray, A new approach to hydraulics in baffle drop shafts to address dry and wet weather flow in combined sewer tunnels, North American Tunneling Conference Proceedings, June 24-27, 2018, Washington, D.C. pp. 448-461, 2018. © Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration

62-18 Ana Quaresma, Filipe Romão, Paulo Branco, Maria Teresa Ferreira and António N. Pinheiro, Multi slot versus single slot pool-type fishways: A modelling approach to compare hydrodynamics, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 122, pp. 197-206, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.08.006

57-18 Amir Isfahani, CFD modeling of piano key weirs using FLOW-3D, International Dam Safety Conference, January 23-24, 2018, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Technical Session 1A, Uncertainties and Risk Management in Dams, 2018.

49-18 Jessica M. Thompson, Jon M. Hathaway and John S. Schwartz, Three-dimensional modeling of the hydraulic function and channel stability of regenerative stormwater conveyances, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, vol. 4, no.3, 2018. doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000861

46-18 A.B. Veksler and S.Z. Safin, Hydraulic regimes and downstream scour at the Kama Hydropower Plant, Power Technology and Engineering, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2-13, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s10749-018-0862-z

45-18 H. Omara and A. Tawfik, Numerical study of local scour around bridge piers, 9^th Annual Conference on Environmental Science and Development, Paris, France, Feb. 7-9, 2018; IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol. 151, 2018. doi.org:10.1088/1755-1315/151/1/012013

40-18 Vincent Libaud, Christophe Daux and Yanis Oukid, Practical Capacities and Challenges of 3D CFD Modelling: Feedback Experience in Engineering Projects, Advances in Hydroinformatics, pp. 767-780, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7218-5_55

39-18 Khosro Morovati and Afshin Eghbalzadeh, Study of inception point, void fraction and pressure over pooled stepped spillways using FLOW-3D, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 28, no. 4, pp.982-998, 2018. doi.org/10.1108/HFF-03-2017-0112

34-18 Tomasz Siuta, The impact of deepening the stilling basin on the characteristics of hydraulic jump, Technical Transactions, vol. 3, pp. 173-186, 2018.

32-18 Azin Movahedi, M.R. Kavianpour, M. R and Omid Aminoroayaie Yamini, Evaluation and modeling scouring and sedimentation around downstream of large dams, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 320, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7487-2

31-18 Yang Song, Ling-Lei Zhang, Jia Li, Min Chen and Yao-Wen Zhang, Mechanism of the influence of hydrodynamics on Microcystis aeruginosa, a dominant bloom species in reservoirs, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 636, pp. 230-239, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.257

30-18 Shaolin Yang, Wanli Yang, Shunquan Qin, Qiao Li and Bing Yang, Numerical study on characteristics of dam-break wave, Ocean Engineering, vol. 159, pp.358-371, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.011

27-18 Rachel E. Chisolm and Daene C. McKinney, Dynamics of avalanche-generated impulse waves: three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations and sensitivity analysis, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, vol. 18, pp. 1373-1393, 2018. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1373-2018.

24-18 Han Hu, Zhongdong Qian, Wei Yang, Dongmei Hou and Lan Du, Numerical study of characteristics and discharge capacity of piano key weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol. 62, pp. 27-32, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.05.004

23-18 Manoochehr Fathi-Moghaddam, Mohammad Tavakol Sadrabadi and Mostafa Rahmanshahi, Numerical simulation of the hydraulic performance of triangular and trapezoidal gabion weirs in free flow condition, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol. 62, pp. 93-104, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.05.005

22-18 Anastasios I.Stamou, Georgios Mitsopoulos, Peter Rutschmann and Minh Duc Bui, Verification of a 3D CFD model for vertical slot fish-passes, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, June 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-018-9602-z

17-18 Nikou Jalayeri, John Wendelbo, Joe Groeneveld, Andrew John Bearlin, and John Gulliver, Boundary dam total dissolved gas analysis using a CFD model, Proceedings from the U.S. Society on Dams Annual Conference, April 30 – May 4, 2018, © 2018 U.S. Society on Dams.

12-18 Bernard Twaróg, Interaction between hydraulic conditions and structures – fluid structure interaction problem solving. A case study of a hydraulic structure, Technical Transactions 2/2018, Environmental Engineering, DOI: 10.4467/2353737XCT.18.029.8002

06-18 Oscar Herrera-Granados, Turbulence Flow Modeling of One-Sharp-Groyne Field, © Springer International Publishing AG 2018, M. B. Kalinowska et al. (eds.), Free Surface Flows and Transport Processes, GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70914-7_12

05-18 Shangtuo Qian, Jianhua Wu, Yu Zhou and Fei Ma, Discussion of “Hydraulic Performance of an Embankment Weir with Rough Crest” by Stefan Felder and Nushan Islam, J. Hydraul. Eng., 2018, 144(4): 07018003, © ASCE.

04-18 Faezeh Tajabadi, Ehsan Jabbari and Hamed Sarkardeh, Effect of the end sill angle on the hydrodynamic parameters of a stilling basin, DOI 10.1140/epjp/i2018-11837-y, Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2018) 133: 10

03-18 Dhemi Harlan, Dantje K. Natakusumah, Mohammad Bagus Adityawan, Hernawan Mahfudz and Fitra Adinata, 3D Numerical Modeling of Flow in Sedimentation Basin, MATEC Web of Conferences 147, 03012 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814703012 SIBE 2017

02-18 ARKAN IBRAHIM, AZHEEN KARIM and Mustafa GÜNAL, Simulation of local scour development downstream of broad-crested weir with inclined apron, European Journal of Science and Technology Special Issue, pp. 57-61, January 2018, Copyright © 2017 EJOSAT.

62-17 Abbas Mansoori, Shadi Erfanian and Farhad Khamchin Moghadam, A study of the conditions of energy dissipation in stepped spillways with A-shaped step using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal, 3.10, 2017.

57-17 Ben Modra, Brett Miller, Nigel Moon and Andrew Berghuis, Physical model testing of a bespoke articulated concrete block (ACB) fishway, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney, Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 301-309, 2017.

53-17 C. Gonzalez, U. Baeumer and C. Russell, Natural disaster relief and recovery arrangements Fitzroy project, bridge scour remediation, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney. Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 274-281, 2017.

52-17 Nigel Moon, Russell Merz, Sarah Luu and Daley Clohan, Utilising CFD modelling to conceptualise a novel rock ramp fishway design, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney, Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 382-389, 2017.

50-17 B.M. Crookston, R.M. Anderson and B.P. Tullis, Free-flow discharge estimation method for Piano Key weir geometries, Journal of Hydro-environment Research (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2017.10.003.

46-17 Michael Sturn, Bernhard Gems, Markus Aufleger, Bruno Mazzorana, Maria Papathoma-Köhle and Sven Fuchs, Scale Model Measurements of Impact Forces on Obstacles Induced by Bed-load Transport Processes, Proceedings of the 37th IAHR World Congress August 13 – 18, 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

43-17 Paula Beceiro, Maria do Céu Almeida and Jorge Matos, Numerical modelling of air-water flows in sewer drops, Available Online 28 April 2017, wst2017246; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.246

42-17 Arnau Bayon, Juan Pablo Toro, Fabián A.Bombardelli, Jorge Matose and Petra Amparo López-Jiménez, Influence of VOF technique, turbulence model and discretization scheme on the numerical simulation of the non-aerated, skimming flow in stepped spillways, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Available online 26 October 2017

40-17 Sturm M, Gems B, Mazzorana B, Gabl R and Aufleger M, Validation of physical and 3D numerical modelling of hydrodynamic flow impacts on objects (Validierung experimenteller und 3-D-numerischer Untersuchungen zur Einwirkung hydrodynamischer Fließprozesse auf Objekte), Bozen-Bolzano Institutional Archive (BIA), ISSN: 0043-0978, https://bia.unibz.it/handle/10863/3893, 2017

38-17 Tsung-Hsien Huang, Chyan-Deng Jan, and Yu-Chao Hsu, Numerical Simulations of Water Surface Profiles and Vortex Structure in a Vortex Settling Basin by using FLOW-3D, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 531-542 (2017) 531, DOI: 10.6119/JMST-017-0509-1

36-17 Jacob van Alwon, Duncan Borman and Andrew Sleigh, Numerical Modelling of Aerated Flows Over Stepped Spillways, 37th IAHR World Congress, 2017.

35-17 Abolfazl Nazari Giglou, John Alex Mccorquodale and Luca Solari, Numerical study on the effect of the spur dikes on sedimentation pattern, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Available online 8 March 2017.

33-17 Giovanni De Cesare, Khalid Essyad, Paloma Furlan, Vu Nam Khuong, Sean Mulligan, Experimental study at prototype scale of a self-priming free surface siphon, Congrès SHF : SIMHYDRO 2017, Nice, 14-16 June

32-17 Kathryn Plymesser and Joel Cahoon, Pressure gradients in a steeppass fishway using a computational fluid dynamics model, Ecological Engineering 108 (2017) 277–283.

31-17 M. Ghasemi, S. Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi, The Scour Bridge Simulation around a Cylindrical Pier Using FLOW-3D, Journal of Hydrosciences and Environment 1(2): 2017 46-54

27-17 John Wendelbo and Brian Fox, CFD modeling of Piano Key weirs: validation and numerical parameter space analysis, 2017 Dam Safety, San Antonio, September 10-14, 2017, Copyright © 2017 Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26-17 Brian Fox and John Wendelbo, Numerical modeling of Piano Key Weirs using FLOW-3D, USSD Annual Conference, Anaheim, CA, April 3- 7, 2017

25-17 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Sina Sadeghfam and Ali Ghahramanzadeh, Three-dimensional Numerical Investigation of Flow through Screens as Energy Dissipators, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0273

23-17 J.M, Duguay, R.W.J. Lacey and J. Gaucher, A case study of a pool and weir fishway modeled with OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D, Ecological Engineering, Volume 103, Part A, June 2017, Pages 31-42

22-17 Hanif Pourshahbaz, Saeed Abbasi and Poorya Taghvaei, Numerical scour modeling around parallel spur dikes in FLOW-3D, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-2017-21, Drinking Water Engineering and Science, © Author(s) 2017

21-17 Hamid Mirzaei, Zohreh Heydari and Majid Fazli, The effect of meshing and comparing different models of turbulence in topographic prediction of bed and amplitude of flow around the groin in 90-degree arc with movable bed, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, pp 1–16, July 2017

13-17 Lan Qi, Hui Chen, Xiao Wang, Wencai Fei and Donghai Liu, Establishment and application of three-dimensional realistic river terrain in the numerical modeling of flow over spillways, Water Science & Technology: Water Supply | in press | 2017.

11-17 Allison, M.A., Yuill, B.T., Meselhe, E.A., Marsh, J.K., Kolker, A.S., Ameen, A.D., Observational and numerical particle tracking to examine sediment dynamics in a Mississippi River delta diversion, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2017.06.004.

09-17 Hamid Mirzaei, Zohreh Heydari and Majid Fazli, The effect of meshing and comparing different turbulence models in predicting the topography of bed and flow field in the 90 degree bend with moving bed, M. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. (2017). doi:10.1007/s40808-017-0336-6

03-17 Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Comparison of methods to estimate the scour downstream of a ski jump, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, UPCT Paseo Alfonso XIII, 52 – 30203 Cartagena, Spain, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 92 (2017) 171–180.

103-16 Daniel Valero and Rafael Garcia-Bartual, Calibration of an Air Entrainment Model for CFD Spillway Applications, Advances in Hydroinformatics, P. Gourbesville et al. (eds), pp. 571-582, 2016. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-615-7_38

97-16 M. Taghavi and H. Ghodousi, A Comparison on Discharge Coefficients of Side and Normal Weirs with Suspended Flow Load using FLOW-3D, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(3), doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i3/78537, January 2016.

96-16 Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Scour, Velocities and Pressures Evaluations Produced by Spillway and Outlets of Dam, Water 2016, 8(3), 68; doi.org/10.3390/w8030068.

95-16 Majid Heydari and Alireza KhoshKonesh, The Comparison of the Performance of Prandtl Mixing Length, Turbulence Kinetic Energy, K-e, RNG and LES Turbulence Models in Simulation of the Positive Wave Motion Caused by Dam Break on the Erodible Bed, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(7), 2016. doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i7/87856

93-16 Saleh I. Khassaf, Ali N. Attiyah and Hayder A. Al-Yousify, Experimental investigation of compound side weir with modeling using computational fluid dynamic, International Journal of Energy and Environment, Volume 7, Issue 2, 2016 pp.169-178

92-16 Jason Duguay and Jay Lacey, Modeling: OpenFOAM CFD Modeling Case Study of a Pool and Weir Fishway with Implications for Free-Surface Flows, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage 2016

90-16 Giacomo Viccione, Vittorio Bovolin and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A numerical investigation of liquid impact on planar surfaces, ECCOMAS Congress 2016 VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Greece, June 2016.

89-16 Giacomo Viccione, A numerical investigation of flow dynamics over a trapezoidal smooth open channel, ECCOMAS Congress 2016 VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Greece, June 2016.

87-16 Jian Zhou and Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Numerical simulations of intrusive gravity currents interacting with a bottom-mounted obstacle in a continuously stratified ambient, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 17; 191–209, 2016. doi: 10.1007/s10652-016-9454-3

86-16 Charles R. Ortloff, Similitude in Archaeology: Examining Agricultural System Science in PreColumbian Civilizations of Ancient Peru and Bolivia, Hydrol Current Res 7:259. doi: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000259, October 2016.

85-16 Charles R. Ortloff, New Discoveries and Perspectives on Water Management at 300 Bc – Ad 1100 Tiwanaku’s Urban Center (Bolivia), MOJ Civil Eng 1(3): 00014. DOI: 10.15406/mojce.2016.01.00014.

82-16 S. Paudel and N. Saenger, Grid refinement study for three dimensional CFD model involving incompressible free surface flow and rotating object, Computers & Fluids, Volume 143, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.10.025, 17 January 2017, Pages 134–140

77-16 José A. Vásquez, Daniel M. Robb, MODELACIÓN CFD DE ROTURA DE PRESAS EN PRESENCIA DE OBSTÁCULOS, XXVII CONGRESO LATINOAMERICANO DE HIDRÁULICA, LIMA, PERÚ, 28 AL 30 DE SETIEMBRE DE 2016.

76-16 José A. Vásquez and Guilherme de Lima, MODELACIÓN CFD DE ONDAS TSUNAMI EN RESERVORIOS, LAGOS Y MINAS CAUSADAS POR DESLIZAMIENTOS DE LADERAS, XXVII CONGRESO LATINOAMERICANO DE HIDRÁULICA, LIMA, PERÚ, 28 AL 30 DE SETIEMBRE DE 2016.

75-16 Bernhard Gems, Bruno Mazzorana, Thomas Hofer, Michael Sturm, Roman Gabl and Markus Aufleger, 3-D hydrodynamic modelling of flood impacts on a building and indoor flooding processes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1351-1368, 2016, http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/16/1351/2016/, doi:10.5194/nhess-16-1351-2016 © Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

74-16 Roman Gabl, Jakob Seibl, Manfred Pfeifer, Bernhard Gems and Markus Aufleger, 3D-numerische Modellansätze für die Berechnung von Lawineneinstößen in Speicher (Concepts to simulate avalanche impacts into a reservoir based on 3D-numerics), Österr Wasser- und Abfallw (2016). doi:10.1007/s00506-016-0346-z.

73-16 Sebastian Krzyzagorski, Roman Gabl, Jakob Seibl, Heidi Böttcher and Markus Aufleger, Implementierung eines schräg angeströmten Rechens in die 3D-numerische Berechnung mit FLOW-3D (Implementation of an angled trash rack in the 3D-numerical simulation with FLOW-3D), Österr Wasser- und Abfallw (2016) 68: 146. doi:10.1007/s00506-016-0299-2.

71-16 Khosro Morovati, Afshin Eghbalzadeh and Saba Soori, Numerical Study of Energy Dissipation of Pooled Stepped Spillways, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 2, No. 5, May, 2016.

66-16 Sooyoung Kim, Seo-hye Choi and Seung Oh Lee, Analysis of Influence for Breach Flow According to Asymmetry of Breach Cross-section, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol. 17, No. 5 pp. 557-565, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2016.17.5.557, ISSN 1975-4701 / eISSN 2288-4688.

65-16 Dae-Geun Kim, Analysis of Overflow Characteristics around a Circular-Crested Weir by Using Numerical Model, Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater Vol. 30, No. 2, April 2016.

63-16 Farzad Ferdos and Bijan Dargahi, A study of turbulent flow in largescale porous media at high Reynolds numbers. Part II: flow physics, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2016, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2016.1211185.

62-16 Farzad Ferdos and Bijan Dargahi, A study of turbulent flow in largescale porous media at high Reynolds numbers. Part I: numerical validation, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2016, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2016.1211184.

60-16 Chia-Lin Chiu, Chia-Ming Fan and Shun-Chung Tsung, Numerical modeling for periodic oscillation of free overfall in a vertical drop pool, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001236. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.

54-16 Serife Yurdagul Kumcu, Investigation of Flow Over Spillway Modeling and Comparison between Experimental Data and CFD Analysis, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, (0000) 00(0):1-10, Copyright 2016 Korean Society of Civil Engineers, DOI 10.1007/s12205-016-1257-z.

52-16 Gharehbaghi, A., Kaya, B. and Saadatnejadgharahassanlou, Two-Dimensional Bed Variation Models Under Non-equilibrium Conditions in Turbulent Streams, H. Arab J Sci Eng (2016). doi:10.1007/s13369-016-2258-4

48-16 M. Mohsin Munir, Taimoor Ahmed, Javed Munir and Usman Rasheed, Application of Computational Flow Dynamics Analysis for Surge Inception and Propagation for Low Head Hydropower Projects, Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Pakistan Academy of Sciences, A. Physical and Computational Sciences 53 (2): 177–185 (2016), Copyright © Pakistan Academy of Sciences

46-16 Manuel Gómez, Joan Recasens, Beniamino Russo and Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz, Assessment of inlet efficiency through a 3D simulation: numerical and experimental comparison, wst2016326; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.326, August 2016

45-16 Chia-Ying Chang, Frederick N.-F. Chou, Yang-Yih Chen, Yi-Chern Hsieh, Chia-Tzu Chang, Analytical and experimental investigation of hydrodynamic performance and chamber optimization of oscillating water column system, Energy 113 (2016) 597-614

42-16 Bung, D. and Valero, D., Application of the Optical Flow Method to Velocity Determination, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T3150628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

41-16 Valero, D., Bung, D., Crookston, B. and Matos, J., Numerical investigation of USBR type III stilling basin performance downstream of smooth and stepped spillways, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management. 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T340628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

40-16 Bruce M. Savage, Brian M. Crookston and Greg S. Paxson, Physical and Numerical Modeling of Large Headwater Ratios for a 15° Labyrinth Spillway, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001186, 04016046.

36-16 Kai-Wen Hsiao, Yu-Chao Hsu, Chyan-Deng Jan, and Yu-Wen Su, Characteristics of Hydraulic Shock Waves in an Inclined Chute Contraction by Using Three Dimensional Numerical Model, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU 2016-11505, 2016, EGU General Assembly 2016, © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

34-16 Dunlop, S., Willig, I., Paul, G., Cabinet Gorge Dam Spillway Modifications for TDG Abatement – Design Evolution and Field Performance, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management. 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3650628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

33-16 Crispino, G., Dorthe, D., Fuchsmann, T., Gisonni, C., Pfister, M., Junction chamber at vortex drop shaft: case study of Cossonay, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T350628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

32-16 Brown, K., Crookston, B., Investigating Supercritical Flows in Curved Open Channels with Three Dimensional Numerical Modeling, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3580628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

31-16 Cicero, G, Influence of some geometrical parameters on Piano Key Weir discharge efficiency,In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3320628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

28-16 Anthoula Gkesouli, Maria Nitsa, Anastasios I. Stamou, Peter Rutschmann and Minh Duc Bui, Modeling the effect of wind in rectangular settling tanks for water supply, DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2016.1195290, Desalination and Water Treatment, June 22, 2016.

27-16 Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Giacomo Viccione and Vittorio Bovolin, Free surface flow impact on a vertical wall: a numerical assessment, Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn., DOI 10.1007/s00162-016-0386-9, February 2016.

25-16 Daniel Valero and Daniel B. Bung, Sensitivity of turbulent Schmidt number and turbulence model to simulations of jets in crossflow, Environmental Modelling & Software 82 (2016) 218e228.

24-16 Il Won Seo, Young Do Kim, Yong Sung Park and Chang Geun Song, Spillway discharges by modification of weir shapes and overflow surroundings, Environmental Earth Sciences, March 2016, 75:496, 14 March 2016

23-16 Du Han Lee, Myounghwan Kim and Dong Sop Rhee, Evacuation Safety Evaluation of Inundated Stairs Using 3D Numerical Simulation, International Journal of Smart Home Vol. 10, No. 3, (2016), pp.149-158 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.3.15

22-16 Arnau Bayon, Daniel Valero, Rafael García-Bartual, Francisco Jose Valles-Moran and Amparo Lopez-Jimenez, Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump, Environmental Modelling & Software 80 (2016) 322e335.

21-16 Shima Bahadori and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating the Effect of Relative Width on Momentum Transfer between Main Channel and Floodplain in Rough Rectangular Compound Channel Sunder Varius Relative Depth Condition, Open Journal of Geology, 2016, 6, 225-231, Published Online April 2016 in SciRes.

18-16 Ali Ahrari, Hong Lei, Montassar Aidi Sharif, Kalyanmoy Deb and Xiaobo Tan, Optimum Design of Artificial Lateral Line Systems for Object Tracking under Uncertain Conditions, COIN Report Number: 2016006

16-16 Elena Battisacco, Giovanni De Cesare and Anton J. Schleiss, Re-establishment of a uniform discharge on the Olympic fountain in Lausanne, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, (2016) DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2016.1163648.

14-16 Shima Bahadori, Mehdi and Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating the Simultaneous Effect of Relative Width and Relative Roughness on Apparent Shear Stress in Symmetric Compound Rectangular Channels, JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENCE, ISSN 2322-5009 CODEN (USA): JCRSDJ, S (1), 2016: 654-660

12-16 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering Innovations at 100 BC- AD 300 Nabataean Petra (Jordan), In conference proceedings: De Aquaeductu atque Aqua Urbium Lyciae Pamphyliae Pisidiae. The Legacy of Sextus Julius Frontinus, Antalya, Turkey, G. Wiplinger, ed. ISBN: 978-90-429-3361-3, 2016 Peeters Publisher, Leuven, Belgium.

11-16 G. Robblee, S. Kees and B.M. Crookston, Schnabel Engineering; and K. Keel, Town of Hillsborough, Ensuring Water Supply Reliability with Innovative PK Weir Spillway Design, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

10-16 Tina Stanard and Victor Vasquez, Freese and Nichols, Inc.; Ruth Haberman, Upper Brushy Creek Water Control and Improvement District; Blake Tullis, Utah State University; and Bruce Savage, Idaho State University, Importance of Site Considerations for Labyrinth Spillway Hydraulic Design — Upper Brushy Creek Dam 7 Modernization, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

09-16 James R. Crowder, Brian M. Crookston, Bradley T. Boyer and J. Tyler Coats, Schnabel Engineering, Cultivating Ingenuity and Safety in Alabama: The Taming of Lake Ogletree Reservoir, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

08-16 Frank Lan, Robert Waddell and Michael Zusi, AECOM; and Brian Grant, Montana DNRC, Replacing Ruby Dam Outlet Uses Computational Fluid Dynamics to Model Energy Dissipation, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

07-16 Elise N. Dombeck, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Applications of FLOW-3D for Stability Analyses of Concrete Spillways at FERC Projects, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

06-16 Farhad Ghazizadeh and M. Azhdary Moghaddam, An Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Flow Hydraulic Parameters in Circular Crested Weir Using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 2, No. 1, January, 2016

05-16 Sadegh Dehdar-behbahani and Abbas Parsaie, Numerical modeling of flow pattern in dam spillway’s guide wall. Case study: Balaroud dam, Iran, doi:10.1016/j.aej.2016.01.006, February 2016.

04-16 Oscar Herrera-Granados and Stanisław W. Kostecki, Numerical and physical modeling of water flow over the ogee weir of the new Niedów barrage, DOI: 10.1515/johh-2016-0013, J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 64, 2016, 1, 67–74

03-16 B. Gems, B. Mazzorana, T. Hofer, M. Sturm, R. Gabl, M. Aufleger, 3D-hydrodynamic modelling of flood impacts on a building and indoor flooding processes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2015-326, 2016, Manuscript under review for journal Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., Published: 19 January 2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License.

124-15 Yousef Sangsefidi, Mojtaba Mehraein, and Masoud Ghodsian, Numerical simulation of flow over labyrinth spillways, Scientia Iranica, Transaction A, 22(5), 1779–1787, 2015.

120-15 Du Han Lee, Myounghwan Kim and Dong Sop Rhee, Analysis of Critical Evacuation Condition on Inundated Stairs Using Numerical Simulation, Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.120 (GST 2015), pp.522-525 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.120.104

119-15 Shiqiang Ye and Paul Toth, Bank Erosion Control at Frederickhouse Dam, Ontario, CDA 2015 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2015 de l’ACB, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2015 Oct 5-8

118-15 D.M. Robb and J.A. Vasquez, Numerical simulation of dam-break flows using depth-averaged hydrodynamic and three-dimensional CFD models, 22nd Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, Montreal, Quebec, April 29 – May 2, 2015

117-15 Ashkan. Reisi, Parastoo. Salah, and Mohamad Reza. Kavianpour, Impact of Chute Walls Convergence Angle on Flow Characteristics of Spillways using Numerical Modeling, International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), Volume 3, Issue 3 (2015) ISSN 2320–4087 (Online)

115-15 Ivana Vouk, Field and Numerical Investigation of Mixing and Transport of Ammonia in the Ottawa River, Master’s Thesis: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, August 2015, © Ivana Vouk, Canada 2016.

113-15 J. Amblard, C. Pams Capoccioni, D. Nivon, L. Mellal, G. De Cesare, T. Ghilardi, M. Jafarnejad and E. Battisacco, Analysis of Ballast Transport in the Event of Overflowing of the Drainage System on High Speed Lines, International Journal of Railway Technology, Volume 4, 2015. doi:10.4203/ijr, t.4.xx.xx , ©Saxe-Coburg Publications, 2015

111-15 Y. Oukid, V. Libaud and C. Daux, 3D CFD modelling of spillways -Practical feedback on capabilities and challenges, Hydropower & Dams Issue Six, 2015

110-15 Zhiyong Zhang and Yuanping Yang, Numerical Study on Onset Condition of Scour Below Offshore Pipeline Under Reversing Tidal Flow, © EJGE, Vol. 20 [2015], Bund. 25

109-15 He Baohua, Numerical Simulation Analysis of Karst Tunnel Water Bursting Movement, © EJGE, Vol. 20 [2015], Bund. 25

105-15 Ali Yıldız and A. İhsan Martı, Comparison of Experimental Study and CFD Analysis of the Flow Under a Sluice Gate, Proceedings of International Conference on Structural Architectural and Civil Engineering Held on 21-22, Nov, 2015, in Dubai, ISBN:9788193137321

104-15 Yehui Zhu and Liquan Xie, Numerical Analysis of Flow Effects on Water Interface over a Submarine Pipeline, Resources, Environment and Engineering II: Proceedings of the 2nd Technical Congress on Resources, Environment and Engineering (CREE 2015, Hong Kong, 25-26 September 2015), Edited by Liquan Xie, CRC Press 2015, Pages 99–104, DOI: 10.1201/b19136-16.

100-15 Yizhou Xiao, Wene Wang, Xiaotao Hu, and Yan Zhou, Experimental and numerical research on portable short-throat flume in the field, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, doi:10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2015.11.003, Available online December 8, 2015

99-15 Mehdi Taghavi and Hesam Ghodousi, Simulation of Flow Suspended Load in Weirs by Using FLOW-3D Model, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, November 2015

98-15 Azin Movahedi, Ali Delavari and Massoud Farahi, Designing Manhole in Water Transmission Lines Using FLOW-3D Numerical Model, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, November 2015

97-15 R. Gabl, J. Seibl, B. Gems, and M. Aufleger, 3-D numerical approach to simulate the overtopping volume caused by an impulse wave comparable to avalanche impact in a reservoir, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2617-2630, doi:10.5194/nhess-15-2617-2015, 2015.

94-15 Jason Matthew Duguay and Jay Lacey, Numerical Study of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design for Perched Culverts, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1139/cjce-2014-0436, November 2015

92-15 H. A. Hussein, R. Abdulla and M. A. Md Said, Computational Investigation of Inlet Baffle Height on the Flow in a Rectangular Oil/Water Separator Tanks, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 802, pp. 587-592, Oct. 2015

91-15 Mahmoud Mohammad Rezapour Tabari and Shiva Tavakoli, Effects of Stepped Spillway Geometry on Flow Pattern and Energy Dissipation, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, October 2015

87-15 Erin R. Ryan, Effects of Hydraulic Structures on Fish Passage – An Evaluation of 2D vs 3D Hydraulic Analysis Methods, Master’s Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Summer 2015, Copyright by Erin Rose Ryan 2015

79-15 Ana L. Quaresma, Is CFD an efficient tool to develop pool type fishways? International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage. Paper 20, June 24, 2015

78-15 Amir Alavi, Don Murray, Claude Chartrand and Derek McCoy, CFD Modeling Provides Value Engineering, Hydro Review, October 2015

75-15 Rebekka Czerny, Classification of flow patterns in a nature-oriented fishway based on 3D hydraulic simulation results, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage. Paper 39, June 22, 2015

73-15 Frank Seidel, Hybrid model approach for designing fish ways – example fish lift system at Baldeney/Ruhr and fishway at Geesthacht /Elbet, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage 2015

72-15 G. Guyot, B. Huber, and A. Pittion-Rossillon, Assessment of a numerical method to forecast vortices with a scaled model, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

71-15 Abbas Parsaie, Amir Hamzeh Haghiabi and Amir Moradinejad, CFD modeling of flow pattern in spillway’s approach channel, Sustainable Water Resources Management, September 2015, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp 245-251

70-15 T. Liepert, A. Kuhlmann, G. Haimer, M.D. Bui and P. Rutschmann, Optimization of Fish Pass Entrance Location at a Hydropower Plant Considering Site-Specific Constraints, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes, Greece, 3-5 September 2015

67-15 Alkistis Stergiopoulou and Efrossini Kalkani, Towards a first CFD study of modern horizontal axis Archimedean water current turbines, Volume: 02 Issue: 04, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal © 2015, IRJET, July 2015

66-15 Won Choi, Jeongbae Jeon, Jinseon Park, Jeong Jae Lee and Seongsoo Yoon, System reliability analysis of downstream spillways based on collapse of upstream spillways, Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2015; 8(4): 140－150.

64-15 Szu-Hsien Peng and Chuan Tang, Development and Application of Two-Dimensional Numerical Model on Shallow Water Flows Using Finite Volume Method, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2015, 3, 989-996, Published Online August 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp, http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2015.38121

62-15 Cuneyt Yavuz, Ali Ersin Dincer, Kutay Yilmaz and Samet Dursun, Head Loss Estimation of Water Jets from Flip Bucket of Cakmak-1 Diversion Weir and HEPP, RESEARCH GATE, August 2015 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3650.5440

54-15 Guo-bin Xu, Li-na Zhao, and Chih Ted Yang, Derivation and verification of minimum energy dissipation rate principle of fluid based on minimum entropy production rate principle, International Journal of Sediment Research, August 2015

50-15 Vafa Khoolosi, Sedat Kabdaşli, and Sevda Farrokhpour, Modeling and Comparison of Water Waves Caused by Landslides into Reservoirs, Watershed Management 2015 © ASCE 2015.

48-15 Mohammad Rostami and Maaroof Siosemarde, Human Life Saving by Simulation of Dam Break using FLOW-3D (A Case Study: Upper Gotvand Dam), www.sciencejournal.in, Volume- 4 Issue- 3 (2015) ISSN: 2319–4731 (p); 2319–5037 (e) © 2015 DAMA International. All rights reserved.

47-15 E. Kolden, B. D. Fox, B. P. Bledsoe and M. C. Kondratieff, Modelling Whitewater Park Hydraulics and Fish Habitat in Colorado, River Res. Applic., doi: 10.1002/rra.2931, 2015

43-15 Firouz Ghasemzadeh, Behzad Parsa, and Mojtaba Noury, Numerical Study of Overflow Capacity of Spillways, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

42-15 Mario Oertel, Numerical Modeling of Free-Surface Flows in Practical Applications, Chapter 8 in Rivers – Physical, Fluvial and Environmental Processes (GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences), by Pawel Rowiński and Artur Radecki-Pawlik, July 2, 2015

39-15 R. Gabl, J. Seibl, B. Gems, and M. Aufleger, 3-D-numerical approach to simulate an avalanche impact into a reservoir, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 3, 4121–4157, 2015, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/4121/2015/, doi:10.5194/nhessd-3-4121-2015, © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

37-15 Mario Oertel, Discharge Coefficients of Piano Key Weirs from Experimental and Numerical Models, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

36-15 Jessica Klein and Mario Oertel, Comparison between Crossbar Block Ramp and Vertical Slot Fish Pass via Numerical 3D CFD Simulation, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

35-15 Mario Oertel, Jan P. Balmes and Daniel B. Bung, Numerical Simulation of Erosion Processes on Crossbar Block Ramps, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

33-15 Daniel Valero and Daniel B. Bung, Hybrid Investigation of Air Transport Processes in Moderately Sloped Stepped Spillway Flows, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

32-15 Deniz Velioglu, Nuray Denli Tokyay, and Ali Ersin Dincer, A Numerical and Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Hydraulic Jumps on Rough Beds, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

31-15 J.C.C. Amorim, R.C.R. Amante, and V.D. Barbosa, Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Flow in a Stilling Basin, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

30-15 Luna B.J. César, Salas V. Christian, Gracia S. Jesús, and Ortiz M. Victor, Comparative Analysis of the Modification of Turbulence and Its Effects on a Trapezoidal Section Stilling Basin, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

27-15 L. Castillo, J. Carrillo, and M. Álvarez, Complementary Methods for Determining the Sedimentation and Flushing in a Reservoir, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001050 , 05015004, 2015.

22-15 Mohammad Vaghefi, Mohammad Shakerdargah and Maryam Akbari, Numerical investigation of the effect of Froude number on flow pattern around a submerged T-shaped spur dike in a 90º bend, © Turkish Journal of Engineering & Environmental Sciences, 03.04.2015, doi:10.3906/muh-1405-2

18-15 S. Michael Scurlock, Amanda L. Cox, Drew C. Baird, Christopher I. Thornton and Steven R. Abt, Hybrid Modeling of River Training Structures in Sinuous Channels, SEDHYD 2015, Joint 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, April 19-23, 2015, Reno, Nevada

13-15 Selahattin Kocaman and Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Investigation of dam-break induced shock waves impact on a vertical wall, Journal of Hydrology (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.040.

12-15 Nguyen Cong Thanh and Wang Ling-Ling, Physical and Numerical Model of Flow through the Spillways with a Breast Wall, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (0000) 00(0):1-8, Copyright 2015 Korean Society of Civil Engineers, DOI 10.1007/s12205-015-0742-0, April 10, 2015.

10-15 Yueping Yin, Bolin Huang, Guangning Liu and Shichang Wang, Potential risk analysis on a Jianchuandong dangerous rockmass-generated impulse wave in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, Environ Earth Sci, DOI 10.1007/s12665-015-4278-x, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

08-15 Yue-ping Yin, Bolin Huang, Xiaoting Chen, Guangning Liu and Shichang Wang, Numerical analysis on wave generated by the Qianjiangping landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir, China, 10.1007/s10346-015-0564-7, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

07-15 M. Vaghefi, A. Ahmadi and B. Faraji, The Effect of Support Structure on Flow Patterns Around T-Shape Spur Dike in 90° Bend Channel, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, February 2015,

06-15 Sajjad Mohammadpour Zalaki, Hosein Fathian, Ebrahim Zalaghi and Farhad Kalantar Hormozi, Investigation of hydraulic parameters and cavitation in Kheir Abad flood release structure, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, February 2015

04-15 Der-Chang Lo, Jin-Shuen Liou, and Shyy Woei Chang, Hydrodynamic Performances of Air-Water Flows in Gullies with and without Swirl Generation Vanes for Drainage Systems of Buildings, Water 2015, 7(2), 679-696; doi:10.3390/w7020679

01-15 William Daley Clohan, Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Subaerial Landslide Generated Waves, Master’s Thesis: Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia (Vancouver), January 2015 © William Daley Clohan, 2015. Available upon request.

136-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in 300 BCE- CE 300 Petra (Jordan), Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

135-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Land, Labor, Water and Technology in Precolumbian South America, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

134-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydrologic Engineering of the 300 BCE- CE 1100 Precolumbian Tiwanaku State (Bolivia), Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

133-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Water engineering at Petra (Jordan): Recreating the decision process underlying hydraulic engineering of the Wadi Mataha pipeline system, Journal of Archaeological Science, April 2014. 44. 91–97. 10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.015.

132-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Ancient Peru and Bolivia, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

131-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Management in Ancient Peru, Living Reference Work Entry, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

130-14 Kordula Schwarzwälder and Peter Rutschmann, Sampling bacteria with a laser, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-15144, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

129-14 Kordula Schwarzwälder, Eve Walters and Peter Rutschmann, Bacteria fate and transport in a river, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-14022, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

127-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Petra, Living Reference Work Entry, Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, pp 1-13, 03 July 2014

124-14 G. Wei. M. Grünzner and F. Semler, Combination of 2D shallow water and full 3D numerical modeling for sediment transport in reservoirs and basins, Reservoir Sedimentation – Schleiss et al. (Eds) © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02675-9.

121-14 A. Bayón-Barrachina, D. Valero, F. Vallès-Morán, and P.A. López-Jiménez, Comparison of CFD Models for Multiphase Flow Evolution in Bridge Scour Processes, 5th International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Spa, Belgium, 28-30 August 2014

120-14 D. Valero, R. García-Bartual and J. Marco, Optimisation of Stilling Basin Chute Blocks Using a Calibrated Multiphase RANS Model, 5th International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Spa, Belgium, 28-30 August 2014

119-14 R. Gabl, B. Gems, M. Plörer, R. Klar, T. Gschnitzer, S. Achleitner, and M. Aufleger, Numerical Simulations in Hydraulic Engineering, Computational Engineering, 2014, pp 195-224, April 2014

118-14 Kerilyn Ambrosini, Analysis of Flap Gate Design and Implementations for Water Delivery Systems in California and Nevada, BioResource and Agricultural Engineering, BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, 2014

117-14 Amir Moradinejad, Abas Parssai, Mohamad Noriemamzade, Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern In Kamal Saleh Dam Spillway Approach Channel, App. Sci. Report.10 (2), 2014: 82-89, © PSCI Publications

116-14 Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Characterization of the Dynamic Actions and Scour Estimation Downstream of a Dam, 1st International Seminar on Dam Protection against Overtopping and Accidental Leakage, M.Á. Toledo, R. Morán, E. Oñate (Eds), Madrid, 24-25 November 2014

115-14 Luis G. Castillo, José M. Carrillo, Juan T. García, Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez, Numerical Simulations and Laboratory Measurements in Hydraulic Jumps, 11th International Conference on Hydroinformatics, HIC 2014, New York City, USA

114-14 Du Han Lee, Young Joo Kim, and Samhee Lee, Numerical modeling of bed form induced hyporheic exchange, Paddy and Water Environment, August 2014, Volume 12, Issue 1 Supplement, pp 89-97

112-14 Ed Zapel, Hank Nelson, Brian Hughes, Steve Fry, Options for Reducing Total Dissolved Gas at the Long Lake Hydroelectric Facility, Hydrovision International, July 22-24, 2014, Nashville, TN

111-14 Jason Duguay, Jay Lace, Dave Penny and Ken Hannaford, Evolution of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design to Address Issues of Perched Culverts, 2014 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Montreal, Quebec

106-14 Manuel Gomez and Eduardo Martinez, 1D, 2D and 3D Modeling of a PAC-UPC Laboratory Canal Bend, SimHydro 2014: Modelling of rapid transitory flows, 11-13 June 2014, Sophia Antipolis

105-14 Jason Duguay and Jay Lacey, Numerical Validation of an Innovative Fish Baffle Design in Response to Fish Passage Issues at Perched Culverts, CSPI Technical Bulletin, January 14, 2014

104-14 Di Ning, Di, A Computational Study on Hydraulic Jumps, including Air Entrainment, Master’s Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 2014, 1569799, Copyright ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing 2014

103-14 S. M. Sayah, S. Bonanni, Ph. Heller, and M. Volpato, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Cerro del Águila Dam -Hydraulic and Sedimentation, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.5042.1122 Conference: Hydro 2014

102-14 Khosrow Hosseini, Shahab Rikhtegar, Hojat Karami, Keivan Bina, Application of Numerical Modeling to Assess Geometry Effect of Racks on Performance of Bottom Intakes, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, December 2014

98-14 Aysel Duru, Numerical Modelling of Contracted Sharp Crested Weirs, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, November 2014

97-14 M Angulo, S Liscia, A Lopez and C Lucino, Experimental validation of a low-head turbine intake designed by CFD following Fisher and Franke guidelines, 27th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems (IAHR 2014), IOP Publishing, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 22 (2013) 042014 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/22/4/042014

94-14 Hamidreza Babaali, Abolfazl Shamsai, and Hamidreza Vosoughifar, Computational Modeling of the Hydraulic Jump in the Stilling Basin with ConvergenceWalls Using CFD Codes, Arab J Sci Eng, DOI 10.1007/s13369-014-1466-z, October 2014

93-14 A.J. Vellinga, M.J.B. Cartigny, J.T. Eggenhuisen, E.W.M. Hansen, and R. Rouzairol, Morphodynamics of supercritical-flow bedforms using depth-resolved computational fluid dynamics model, International Association of Sedimentologists, Geneva, 2014.

88-14 Marcelo A. Somos-Valenzuela, Rachel E. Chisolm, Daene C. McKinney, and Denny Rivas, Inundation Modeling of a Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Huaraz, Peru, CRWR Online Report 14-01, March 2014

84-14 Hossein Shahheydari, Ehsan Jafari Nodoshan, Reza Barati, and Mehdi Azhdary Moghadam, Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation over stepped spillway under skimming flow regime, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1007/s12205-013-0749-3, November 2014

81-14 Gaël Epely-Chauvin, Giovanni De Cesare and Sebastian Schwindt, Numerical Modelling of Plunge Pool Scour Evolution in Non-Cohesive Sediments, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 477–487 (2014).

79-14 Liquan Xie, Yanhui Xu, and Wenrui Huang, Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Sediment Trapping by Geotextile Mattress with Sloping Curtain (GMSC), Proceedings of the Eleventh (2014) Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium Shanghai, China, October 12-16, 2014 Copyright © 2014 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, ISBN 978–1 880653 90-6: ISSN 1946-004X.

78-14 D. N. Powell and A. A. Khan, Flow Field Upstream of an Orifice under Fixed Bed and Equilibrium Scour Conditions, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000960, 04014076, 2014.

76-14 Berk Sezenöz, Numerical Modelling of Continuous Transverse Grates for Hydraulic Efficiency, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, October 2014

75-14 Francesco Calomino and Agostino Lauria, 3-D Underflow of a Sluice Gate at a Channel Inlet; Experimental Results and CFD Simulations, Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, Volume 4, Issue 5: 501-508 (2014)

73-14 Som Dutta, Talia E. Tokyay, Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera, Sergio Serafinod and Marcelo H. Garcia, Application of computational fluid dynamic modeling to improve flow and grit transport in Terence J. O’Brien Water Reclamation Plant, Chicago, Illinois, Journal of Hydraulic Research, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2014.949883, October 2014

72-14 Ali Heidari, Poria Ghassemi, Evaluation of step’s slope on energy dissipation in stepped spillway, International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 3 (4) (2014) 501-505, ©Science Publishing Corporation, www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET, doi: 10.14419/ijet.v3i4.3561

70-14 M. Tabatabai, M. Heidarnejad, A. Bordbar, Numerical Study of Flow Patterns in Stilling Basin with Sinusoidal Bed using FLOW-3D Model, Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(13) August 2014, Pages: 787-792

66-14 John S. Schwartz, Keil J. Neff, Frank E. Dworak, Robert R. Woockman, Restoring riffle-pool structure in an incised, straightened urban stream channel using an ecohydraulic modeling approach, Ecol. Eng. (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.002

65-14 Laura Rozumalski and Michael Fullarton, CFD Modeling to Design a Fish Lift Entrance, Hydro Review, July 2014

64-14 Pam Waterman, Scaled for Success: Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Prompts Swift Stormwater System Improvements in Indianapolis, WaterWorld, August 2014.

63-14 Markus Grünzner and Peter Rutschmann, Large Eddy Simulation – Ein Beitrag zur Auflösung turbulenter Strömungsstrukturen in technischen Fischaufstiegshilfen; (LES – resolving turbulent flow in technical fish bypasses), Tagungsband Internationales Symposium in Zurich, Wasser- und Flussbau im Alpenraum, Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zurich. In German.

62-14 Jason Duguay, Jay Lace, Dave Penny, and Ken Hannaford, Evolution of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design to Address Issues of Perched Culverts, 2014 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Montreal, Quebec

60-14 Kordula Schwarzwälder, Minh Duc Bui, and Peter Rutschmann, Simulation of bacteria transport processes in a river with FLOW-3D, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 16, EGU2014-12993, 2014, EGU General Assembly 2014, © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

58-14 Eray Usta, Numercial Investigation of Hydraulic Characteristics of Laleili Dam Spillway and Comparison with Physical Model Study, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, May 2014

57-14 Selahattin Kocaman, Prediction of Backwater Profiles due to Bridges in a Compound Channel Using CFD, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Volume 2014, Article ID 905217, 9 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/905217

54-14 Ines C. Meireles, Fabian A. Bombardelli, and Jorge Matos, Air entrainment onset in skimming flows on steep stepped spillways: an analysis, (2014) Journal of Hydraulic Research, 52:3, 375-385, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2013.878401

53-14 Charles R Ortloff, Groundwater Management in the 300 bce-1100ce Pre-Columbian City of Tiwanaku (Bolivia), Hydrol Current Res 5: 168. doi:10.4172/2157-7587.1000168, 2014

50-14 Mohanad A. Kholdier, Weir-Baffled Culvert Hydrodynamics Evaluation for Fish Passage using Particle Image Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques, Ph.D. Thesis: Utah State University (2014). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3078. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3078

48-14 Yu-Heng Lin, Study on raceway pond for microalgae culturing system, Master Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, August 2014. In Chinese

38-14 David Ingram, Robin Wallacey, Adam Robinsonz and Ian Bryden, The design and commissioning of the first, circular, combined current and wave test basin, Proceedings of Oceans 2014 MTS/IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, IEEE, April 2014

36-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Precolumbian Peru and Bolivia, The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

35-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in BC 100- AD 300 Petra (Jordan), The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

34-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Precolumbian Peru and Bolivia, The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

33-14 Roman Gabl, Bernhard Gems, Giovanni De Cesare, and Markus Aufleger, Contribution to Quality Standards for 3D-Numerical Simulations with FLOW-3D, Wasserwirtschaft (ISSN: 0043-0978), vol. 104, num. 3, p. 15-20, Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg-Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Gmbh, 2014. Available for download at the University of Innsbruck. In German.

31-14 E. Fadaei-Kermani and G.A. Barani, Numerical simulation of flow over spillway based on the CFD method, Scientia Iranica A, 21(1), 91-97, 2014

30-14 Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Scour Analysis Downstream of Paute-Cardenillo Dam, © 3rd IAHR Europe Congress, Book of Proceedings, 2014, Porto, Portugal.

29-14 L. G. Castillo, M. A. Álvarez, and J. M. Carrillo, Numerical modeling of sedimentation and flushing at the Paute-Cardenillo Reservoir, ASCE-EWRI. International Perspective on Water Resources and Environment Quito, January 8-10, 2014

28-14 L. G. Castillo and J. M. Carrillo, Scour estimation of the Paute-Cardenillo Dam, ASCE-EWRI. International Perspective on Water Resources and Environment Quito, January 8-10, 2014.

27-14 Luis G. Castillo, Manual A. Álvarez and José M. Carrillo, Analysis of Sedimentation and Flushing into the Reservoir Paute-Cardenillo, © 3rd IAHR Europe Congress, Book of Proceedings, 2014, Porto, Portugal.

24-14 Carter R. Newell and John Richardson, The Effects of Ambient and Aquaculture Structure Hydrodynamics on the Food Supply and Demand of Mussel Rafts, Journal of Shellfish Research, 33(1):257-272, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.033.0125, 0125, 2014.

16-14 Han Hu, Jiesheng Huang, Zhongdong Qian, Wenxin Huai, and Genjian Yu, Hydraulic Analysis of Parabolic Flume for Flow Measurement, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.03.002, 2014.

14-14 Seung Oh Lee, Sooyoung Kim, Moonil Kim, Kyoung Jae Lim and Younghun Jung, The Effect of Hydraulic Characteristics on Algal Bloom in an Artificial Seawater Canal: A Case Study in Songdo City, South Korea, Water 2014, 6, 399-413; doi:10.3390/w6020399, ISSN 2073-4441, www.mdpi.com/journal/water

13-14 Kathryn Elizabeth Plymesser, Modeling Fish Passage and Energy Expenditure for American Shad in a Steeppass Fishway using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Ph.D. Thesis: Montana State University, January 2014, © Kathryn Elizabeth Plymesser, 2014, All Rights Reserved.

12-14 Sangdo An and Pierre Y. Julien, Three-Dimensional Modeling of Turbid Density Currents in Imha Reservoir, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000851, 05014004, 2014.

09-14 B. Gems, M. Wörndl, R. Gabl, C. Weber, and M. Aufleger, Experimental and numerical study on the design of a deposition basin outlet structure at a mountain debris cone, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 175–187, 2014, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/175/2014/, doi:10.5194/nhess-14-175-2014, © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

07-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering at Petra (Jordan): Recreating the Decision Process underlying Hydraulic Engineering of the Wadi Mataha Pipeline System, Journal of Archaeological Science, Available online January 2014.

06-14 Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Selahattin Kocaman, Hasan Guzel, Investigation of dam-break flood waves in a dry channel with a hump, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Available online January 2014.

05-14 Shawn P. Clark, Jonathan Scott Toews, and Rob Tkach, Beyond average velocity: Modeling velocity distributions in partially-filled culverts to support fish passage guidelines, International Journal of River Basin Management, DOI: 10.1080/15715124.2013.879591, January 2014.

04-14 Giovanni De Cesare, Martin Bieri, Stéphane Terrier, Sylvain Candolfi, Martin Wickenhäuser and Gaël Micoulet, Optimization of a Shared Tailrace Channel of Two Pumped-Storage Plants by Physical and Numerical Modeling, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 291-305.

03-14 Grégory Guyot, Hela Maaloul and Antoine Archer, A Vortex Modeling with 3D CFD, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 433-444.

02-14 Géraldine Milési and Stéphane Causse, 3D Numerical Modeling of a Side-Channel Spillway, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 487-498.

01-14 Mohammad R. Namaee, Mohammad Rostami, S. Jalaledini and Mahdi Habibi, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Flow Over a Broad-Crested Side Weir, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 511-523.

104-13 Alireza Nowroozpour, H. Musavi Jahromi and A. Dastgheib, Studying different cases of wedge shape deflectors on energy dissipation in flip bucket using CFD model, Proceedings, 6th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment Conference (IPWE), Izmir, Turkey, January 7-9, 2013.

102-13 Shari Dunlop, Isaac Willig and Roger L. Kay, Emergency Response to Erosion at Fort Peck Spillway: Hydraulic Analysis and Design, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

101-13 Taeho Kang and Heebeom Shin, Dam Emergency Action Plans in Korea, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

100-13 John Hess, Jeffrey Wisniewski, David Neff and Mike Forrest, A New Auxiliary Spillway for Folsom Dam, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

98-13 Neda Sharif and Amin Rostami Ravori, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effect of Flow Separation on Dissipating Energy in Compound Bucket, 2013 5th International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (ICBEE 2013); 2013 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering (ICCEN 2013)

97-13 A. Stergiopoulou, V. Stergiopoulos, and E. Kalkani, Contributions to the Study of Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Innovative Archimedean Screw Turbines Recovering the Hydropotential of Watercourses and of Coastal Currents, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Athens, Greece, 5-7 September 2013

96-13 Shokry Abdelaziz, Minh Duc Bui, Namihira Atsushi, and Peter Rutschmann, Numerical Simulation of Flow and Upstream Fish Movement inside a Pool-and-Weir Fishway, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR World Congress, Chengdu, China

95-13 Guodong Li, Lan Lang, and Jian Ning, 3D Numerical Simulation of Flow and Local Scour around a Spur Dike, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR World Congress, Chengdu, China

93-13 Matthew C. Kondratieff and Eric E. Richer, Stream Habitat Investigations and Assistance, Federal Aid Project F-161-R19, Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration, Job Progress Report, Colorado Parks & Wildlife, Aquatic Wildlife Research Section, Fort Collins, Colorado, August 2013. Available upon request

91-13 Cecia Millán Barrera, Víctor Manuel Arroyo Correa, Jorge Armando Laurel Castillo, Modeling contaminant transport with aerobic biodegradation in a shallow water body, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR Congress © 2013 Tsinghua University Press, Beijing

80-13 Brian Fox, Matthew Kondratieff, Brian Bledsoe, Christopher Myrick, Eco-Hydraulic Evaluation of Whitewater Parks as Fish Passage Barriers, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage, June 25-27, 2013, Oregon State University. Presentation available for download on the Scholarworks site.

79-13 Changsung Kim, Jongtae Kim, Joongu Kang, Analysis of the Cause for the Collapse of a Temporary Bridge Using Numerical Simulation, Engineering, 2013, 5, 997-1005, (http://www.scirp.org/journal/eng), Copyright © 2013 Changsung Kim et al. Published Online December 2013

76-13 Riley J. Olsen, Michael C. Johnson, and Steven L. Barfuss, Low-Head Dam Reverse Roller Remediation Options, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, November 2013; doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000848.

72-13 M. Pfister, E. Battisacco, G. De Cesare, and A.J. Schleiss, Scale effects related to the rating curve of cylindrically crested Piano Key weirs, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

71-13 F. Laugier, J. Vermeulen, and V. Lefebvre, Overview of Piano KeyWeirs experience developed at EDF during the past few years, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

70-13 G.M. Cicero, J.R. Delisle, V. Lefebvre, and J. Vermeulen, Experimental and numerical study of the hydraulic performance of a trapezoidal Piano Key weir, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds, © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

69-13 V. Lefebvre, J. Vermeulen, and B. Blancher, Influence of geometrical parameters on PK-Weirs discharge with 3D numerical analysis, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

65-13 Alkistis Stergiopoulou and Efrossini Kalkani, Towards a First CFD Study of Innovative Archimedean Inclined Axis Hydropower Turbines, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2013.

58-13 Timothy Sassaman, Andrew Johansson, Ryan Jones, and Marianne Walter, Hydraulic Analysis of a Pumped Storage Pond Using Complementary Methods, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, July 2013.

57-13 Jose Vasquez, Kara Hurtig, and Brian Hughes, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling of Run-of-River Intakes, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO July 2013.

56-13 David Souders, Jayesh Kariya, and Jeff Burnham, Validation of a Hybrid 3-Dimensional and 2-Dimensional Flow Modeling Technique for an Instanenous Dam-Break, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO July 2013.

55-13 Keith Moen, Dan Kirschbaum, Joe Groeneveld, Steve Smith and Kimberly Pate, Sluiceway Deflector Design as part of the Boundary TDG Abatement Program, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, July 2013.

54-13 S. Temeepattanapongsa, G. P. Merkley, S. L. Barfuss and B. Smith, Generic unified rating for Cutthroat flumes, Irrig Sci, DOI 10.1007/s00271-013-0411-3, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013, August 2013.

53-13 Hossein Afshar and Seyed Hooman Hoseini, Experimental and 3-D Numerical Simulation of Flow over a Rectangular Broad-Crested Weir, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume 2, Issue 6, August 2013

52-13 Abdulmajid Matinfard (Kabi), Mohammad Heidarnejad, Javad Ahadian, Effect of Changes in the Hydraulic Conditions on the Velocity Distribution around a L-Shaped Spur Dike at the River Bend, Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Available online at www.tjeas.com ©2013 TJEAS Journal-2013-3-16/1862-1868 ISSN 2051-0853 ©2013 TJEAS

51-13 Elham Radaei, Sahar Nikbin, and Mahdi Shahrokhi, Numerical Investigation of Angled Baffle on the Flow Pattern in a Rectangular Primary Sedimentation Tank, RCEE, Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering 1 (2013) 79-91.

48-13 Mohammad Kayser, Mohammed A. Gabr, Assessment of Scour on Bridge Foundations by Means of In Situ Erosion Evaluation Probe, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 0361-1981 (Print), Volume 2335 / 2013, pp 72-78. 10.3141/2335-08, August 2013.

47-13 Wei Ping Yin et al., 2013, Three-Dimensional Water Temperature and Hydrodynamic Simulation of Xiangxi River Estuary, Advanced Materials Research, 726-731, 3212, August, 2013.

41-13 N. Nekoue, R. Mahajan, J. Hamrick, and H. Rodriguez, Selective Withdrawal Hydraulic Study Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013: pp. 1808-1813. doi: 10.1061/9780784412947.177.

40-13 Eleanor Kolden, Modeling in a three-dimensional world: whitewater park hydraulics and their impact on aquatic habitat in Colorado, Thesis: Master of Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University. Full thesis available online at Colorado State University.

38-13 Prashant Huddar P.E. and Yashodhan Dhopavkar, CFD Use in Water – Insight, Foresight, and Efficiency, CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013.

37-13 B. Gems, M. Wörndl, R. Gabl, C. Weber, and M. Aufleger, Experimental and numerical study on the design of a deposition basin outlet structure at a mountain debris cone, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1, 3169–3200, 2013, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/1/3169/2013/, doi:10.5194/nhessd-1-3169-2013, © Author(s) 2013. Full paper online at: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences.

33-13 Tian Zhou and Theodore A. Endreny, Reshaping of the hyporheic zone beneath river restoration structures: Flume and hydrodynamic experiments, Water Resources Research, DOI: 10.1002/wrcr.20384, ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

31-13 Francesco Calomino and Agostino Lauria, MOTO ALL’IMBOCCO DI UN CANALE RETTANGOLARE CONTROLLATO DA PARATOIA PIANA. Analisi sperimentale e modellazione numerica 3D; FLOW AT THE INTAKE OF THE RECTANGULAR CHANNEL ;CONTROLLED BY A FLAT SLUICE GATE. Experimental and Numerical 3D Model, L’acqua, pp. 29-36, © Idrotecnica Italiana, 2013. In Italian and English.

30-13 Vinod V. Nair and S.K. Bhattacharyya, Numerical Study of Water Impact of Rigid Sphere under the Action of Gravity CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013. Abstract only.

29-13 Amar Pal Singh, Faisal Bhat, Ekta Gupta, 3-D Spillway Simulations of Ratle HEP (J&K) for the Assessment of Design Alternatives to be Tested in Model Studies, CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013.

28-13 Shun-Chung Tsung, Jihn-Sung Lai, and Der-Liang Young, Velocity distribution and discharge calculation at a sharp-crested weir, Paddy Water Environ, DOI 10.1007/s10333-013-0378-y, © Springer Japan 2013, May 2013.

27-13 Karen Riddette and David Ho, Assessment of Spillway Modeling Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, ANCOLD Proceedings of Technical Groups, 2013.

21-13 Tsung-Hsien Huang and Chyan-Deng Jan, Simulation of Velocity Distribution for Water Flow in a Vortex-Chamber-Type Sediment Extractor, EGU General Assembly 2013, held 7-12 April, 2013 in Vienna, Austria, id. EGU2013-7061. Online at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7061H

19-13 Riley J. Olsen, Hazard Classification and Hydraulic Remediation Options for Flat-Topped and Ogee-Crested Low- Head Dams, Thesis: Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1538. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1538, 2013.

17-13 Mohammad-Hossein Erfanain-Azmoudeh and Amir Abbas Kamanbedast, Determine the Appropriate Location of Aerator System on Gotvandolia Dam’s Spillway Using FLOW-3D, American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (3): 378-383, 2013, ISSN 1818-6769, © IDOSI Publications, 2013.

13-13 Chia-Cheng Tsai, Yueh-Ting Lin, and Tai-Wen Hsu, On the weak viscous effect of the reflection and transmission over an arbitrary topography, Phys. Fluids 25, 043103 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4799099 (21 pages).

07-13 M. Kayser and M. A. Gabr, Scour Assessment of Bridge Foundations Using an In Situ Erosion Evaluation Probe (ISEEP), 92nd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, January 13-17, 2013, Washington, D.C.

06-13 Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera, Blake J. Landry, Jorge D. Abad, and Marcelo H. García, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Flow Structure around Two Partially Buried Objects on a Deformed Bed, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE /March 2013, 269-283.

04-13 Safinaz El-Solh, SPH Modeling of Solitary Waves and Resulting Hydrodynamic Forces on Vertical and Sloping Walls, Thesis: Master of Applied Science in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, October 2012, © Safinaz El-Solh, Ottawa, Canada, 2013. Full paper available online at uOttawa.

108-12 Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Investigation of Dam-Break Flow Over Abruptly Contracting Channel With Trapezoidal-Shaped Lateral Obstacles, Journal of Fluids Engineering © 2012 by ASME August 2012, Vol. 134 / 081204-1

102-12 B.M. Crookston, G.S. Paxson, and B.M. Savage, Hydraulic Performance of Labryinth Weirs for High Headwater Ratios, 4th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, 9-11 February 2012, Porto, Portugal, ISBN: 978-989-8509-01-7.

101-12 Jungseok Ho and Wonil Kim, Discrete Phase Modeling Study for Particle Motion in Storm Water Retention, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (2012) 16(6):1071-1078, DOI 10.1007/s12205-012-1304-3.

99-12 Charles R. Ortloff and Michael E. Mosely, Environmental change at a Late Archaic period site in north central coast Perú, Ñawpa Pacha, Journal of Andean Archaeology, Volume 32, Number 2 / December 2012, ISSN: 0077-6297 (Print); 2051-6207 (Online), Left Coast Press, Inc.

98-12 Tao Wang and Vincent H. Chu, Manning Friction in Steep Open-channel Flow, Seventh International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICCFD7), Big Island, Hawaii, July 9-13, 2012.

96-12 Zhi Yong Dong, Qi Qi Chen, Yong Gang, and Bin Shi, Experimental and Numerical Study of Hydrodynamic Cavitation of Orifice Plates with Multiple Triangular Holes, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Volumes 256-259, Advances in Civil Engineering, December 2012.

95-12 Arjmandi H., Ghomeshi M., Ahadiayn J., and Goleij G., Prediction of Plunge Point in the Density Current using RNG Turbulence Modeling, Water and Soil Science (Agricultural Science) Spring 2012; 22(1):171-185. Abstract available online at the Scientific Online Database.

84-12 Li Ping Zhao, Jian Qiu Zhang, Lei Chen, Xuan Xie, Jun Qiang Cheng, Study of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the Sloping Breakwater of Circular Protective Facing, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 588 – 589), Advances in Mechanics Engineering, 1781-1785, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.588-589.1781.

83-12 Parviz Ghadimi, Abbas Dashtimanesh, and Seyed Reza Djeddi, Study of water entry of circular cylinder by using analytical and numerical solutions, J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. & Eng. 2012, vol.34, n.3, pp. 225-232 . ISSN 1678-5878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782012000300001.

81-12 R. Gabl, S. Achleitner, A. Sendlhofer, T. Höckner, M. Schmitter and M. Aufleger, Side-channel spillway – Hybrid modeling, Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2012, EWRI/ASCE, August 12-15, 2012, Snowbird, Utah.

80-12 Akin Aybar, Computational Modelling of Free Surface Flow in Intake Structures using FLOW-3D Software, Thesis: MS in Civil Engineering, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, June 2012.

74-12 Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Saeed Reza Sabbagh Yazdi, and Syafalni Syafalni, Computational investigations of baffle configuration effects on the performance of primary sedimentation tanks, Water and Environment Journal, 22 October 2012, © 2012 CIWEM.

68-12 Jalal Attari and Mohammad Sarfaraz, Transitional Steps Zone in Steeply Stepped Spillways, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

67-12 Mohammad Sarfaraz, Jalal Attari and Michael Pfister, Numerical Computation of Inception Point Location for Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillways, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

62-12 Ehab A. Meselhe, Ioannis Georgiou, Mead A. Allison, John A McCorquodale, Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport in Lower Mississippi at a Proposed Delta Building Diversion, Journal of Hydrology, October 2012.

60-12 Markus Grünzner and Gerhard Haimerl, Numerical Simulation Downstream Attraction Flow at Danube Weir Donauwörth, 9th ISE 2012, Vienna, Austria.

59-12 M. Grünzner, A 3 Dimensional Numerical (LES) and Physical ‘Golf Ball’ Model in Comparison to 1 Dimensional Approach, Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2012, EWRI/ASCE, August 12-15, 2012, Snowbird, Utah

58-12 Shawn P. Clark, Jonathan S. Toews, Martin Hunt and Rob Tkach, Physical and Numerical Modeling in Support of Fish Passage Regulations, 9th ISE 2012, Vienna, Austria.

57-12 Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Syafalni, Numerical Modeling of Baffle Location Effects on the Flow Pattern of Primary Sedimentation Tanks, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Available online October 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.09.060.

50-12 Gricelda Ramirez, A Virtual Flow Meter to Develop Velocity-Index Ratings and Evaluate the Effect of Flow Disturbances on these Ratings, Master’s Thesis: Department of Civil Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012.

43-12 A. A. Girgidov, A. D. Girgidov and M. P. Fedorov, Use of dispersing springboards to reduce near-bottom velocity in a toe basin, Power Technology and Engineering (formerly Hydrotechnical Construction), Volume 46, Number 2 (2012), 113-115, DOI: 10.1007/s10749-012-0316-y.

40-12 Jong Pil Park, Kyung Sik Choi, Ji Hwan Jeong, Gyung Min Choi, Ju Yeop Park, and Man Woong Kim, Experimental and numerical evaluation of debris transport augmentation by turbulence during the recirculation-cooling phase, Nuclear Engineering and Design 250 (2012) 520-537

39-12 Hossein Basser, Abdollah Ardeshir, Hojat Karami, Numerical simulation of flow pattern around spur dikes series in rigid bed, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012 Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

38-12 Sathaporn Temeepattanapongsa, Unified Equations for Cutthroat Flumes Derived from a Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Model, (2012). Thesis: Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1308. Available online at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1308

36-12 Robert Feurich, Jacques Boubée, Nils Reidar B. Olsen, Improvement of fish passage in culverts using CFD, Ecological Engineering, Volume 47, October 2012, Pages 1–8.

35-12 Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera and Jorge D. Abad, Flow Structure around a Partially Buried Object in a Simulated River Bed, World Environmental And Water Resources Congress 2012, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, May 20-24, 2012.

33-12 Fatemeh Rostami, Saeed Reza Sabbagh Yazdi, Md Azlin Md Said and Mahdi Shahrokhi, Numerical simulation of undular jumps on graveled bed using volume of fluid method, Water Science & Technology Vol 66 No 5 pp 909–917 © IWA Publishing 2012 doi:10.2166/wst.2012.213.

30-12 Saman Abbasi and Amir Abbas Kamanbedast, Investigation of Effect of Changes in Dimension and Hydraulic of Stepped Spillways for Maximization Energy Dissipation, World Applied Sciences Journal 18 (2): 261-267, 2012, ISSN 1818-4952, © IDOSI Publications, 2012, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.02.492

24-12 Mario Oertel, Jan Mönkemöller and Andreas Schlenkhoff, Artificial stationary breaking surf waves in a physical and numerical model, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 50:3, 338-343, 2012.

23-12 Mario Oertel, Cross-bar block ramps:Flow regimes – flow resistance – energy dissipation – stability, thesis, Bericht Nr. 20, 2012, © 2011/12 Dr. Mario Oertel, Hydraulic Engineering Section, Bergische University of Wuppertal. Duplication only with author’s permission.

20-12 M. Oertel and A. Schlenkhoff, Crossbar Block Ramps: Flow Regimes, Energy Dissipation, Friction Factors, and Drag Forces, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, May 2012, pp. 440-448.

19-12 Mohsen Maghrebi, Saeed Alizadeh, and Rahim Lotfi, Numerical Simulation of Flow Over Rectangular Broad Crested Weir, 1st International and 3rd National Conference on Dams and Hydropower in Iran, Tehran, Iran, February 8 – February 9, 2012

18-12 Alireza Daneshkhah and Hamidreza Vosoughifar, Solution of Flow Field Equations to Investigate the Best Turbulent Model of Flow over a Standard Ogee Spillway, 1st International and 3rd National Conference on Dams and Hydropower in Iran, Tehran, Iran, February 8 – February 9, 2012

03-12 Hamed Taghizadeh, Seyed Ali Akbar Salehi Neyshabour and Firouz Ghasemzadeh, Dynamic Pressure Fluctuations in Stepped Three-Side Spillway, Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 3 (1): 95-104, 2012, ISSN 2079-2115

02-12 Kim, Seojun, Yu, Kwonkyu, Yoon, Byungman, and Lim, Yoonsung, A numerical study on hydraulic characteristics in the ice Harbor-type fishway, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012-02-01, Issn: 1226-7988, pp 265- 272, Volume: 16, Issue: 2, Doi: 10.1007/s12205-012-0010-5.

105-11 Hatice Ozmen Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Dam-break Flow in the Presence of Obstacle: Experiment and CFD Simulation, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechancis, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 541-552, 2011

102-11 Sang Do An, Interflow Dynamics and Three-Dimensional Modeling of Turbid Density Currents in IMHA Reservoir, South Korea, thesis: Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Colorado State University, 2011.

98-11 Selahattin Kocaman and Hasan Guzel, Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Dam-Break Wave on a Single Building Situated Downstream, Epoka Conference Systems, 1st International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering, 19-21 May 2011, EPOKA University, Tirana, Albania.

97-11 T. Endreny, L. Lautz, and D. I. Siegel, Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps: Flume and hydrodynamic models, WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 47, W02517, doi:10.1029/2009WR008631, 2011.

96-11 Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said and Syafalni, Numerical Simulation of Influence of Inlet Configuration on Flow Pattern in Primary Rectangular Sedimentation Tanks, World Applied Sciences Journal 15 (7): 1024-1031, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952, © IDOSI Publications, 2011. Full article available online at IODSI.

94-11 Kathleen H. Frizell, Summary of Hydraulic Studies for Ladder and Flume Fishway Design- Nimbus Hatchery Fish Passage Project, Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2010-04, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group, December 2011

88-11 Abdelaziz, S, Bui, MD, Rutschmann, P, Numerical Investigation of Flow and Sediment Transport around a Circular Bridge Pier, Proceedings of the 34th World Congress of the International Association for Hydro- Environment Research and Engineering: 33rd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium and 10th Conference on Hydraulics in Water Engineering, ACT: Engineers Australia, 2011: 2624-2630.

86-11 M. Heidarnejad, D. Halvai and M. Bina, The Proper Option for Discharge the Turbidity Current and Hydraulic Analysis of Dez Dam Reservoir, World Applied Sciences Journal 13 (9): 2052-2056, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2011

84-11 Martina Reichstetter and Hubert Chanson, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Negative Surges in Open Channels, School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland, Report CH84/11, ISBN No. 9781742720388, © Reichstetter and Chanson, 2011.

83-11 Reda M. Abd El-Hady Rady, 2D-3D Modeling of Flow Over Sharp-Crested Weirs, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(12): 2495-2505, ISSN 1819-544X, 2011.

78-11 S. Abbasi, A. Kamanbedast and J. Ahadian, Numerical Investigation of Angle and Geometric of L-Shape Groin on the Flow and Erosion Regime at River Bends, World Applied Sciences Journal 15 (2): 279-284, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2011.

75-11 Mario Oertel and Daniel B. Bung, Initial stage of two-dimensional dam-break waves: laboratory versus VOF, Journal of Hydraulic Research, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2011.639981, Available online: 08 Dec 2011.

73-11 T.N. Aziz and A.A. Khan, Simulation of Vertical Plane Turbulent Jet in Shallow Water, Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2011, Article ID 292904, 10 pages, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/292904.

67-11 Chung R. Song, ASCE, Jinwon Kim, Ge Wang, and Alexander H.-D. Cheng, Reducing Erosion of Earthen Levees Using Engineered Flood Wall Surface, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 137, No. 10, October 2011, pp. 874-881, http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000500.

64-11 Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Syafalni, The Effect of Number of Baffles on the Improvement Efficiency of Primary Sedimentation Tanks, Available online 11 November 2011, ISSN 0307-904X, 10.1016/j.apm.2011.11.001.

62-11 Jana Hadler, Klaus Broekel, Low head hydropower – its design and economic potential, World Renewable Energy Congress 2011, Sweden, May 8-13, 2011.

60-11 Md. Imtiaj Hassan and Nahidul Khan, Performance of a Quarter-Pitch Twisted Savonius Turbine, The International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2011, Pattaya City, Thailand, 28-30 September 2011.

59-11 Erin K. Gleason, Ashraful Islam, Liaqat Khan, Darrne Brinker and Mike Miller, Spillway Analysis Techniques Using Traditional and 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

58-11 William Rahmeyer, Steve Barfuss, and Bruce Savage, Composite Modeling of Hydraulic Structures, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

57-11 B. Dasgupta, K. Das, D. Basu, and R. Green, Computational Methodology to Predict Rock Block Erosion in Plunge Pools, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

56-11 Jeff Burnham, Modeling Dams with Computational Fluid Dynamics- Past Success and New Directions, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

52-11 Madhi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, and Syafalni, The Computational Modeling of Baffle Configuration in the Primary Sedimentation Tanks, 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology IPCBEE vol 6. (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore.

47-11 Stefan Haun, Nils Reidar B. Olsen and Robert Feurich, Numerical Modeling of Flow over Trapezoidal Broad-Crested Weir, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol 5., No. 3, pp. 397-405, 2011.

42-11 Anu Acharya, Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Flow and Sediment Transport around a Series of Spur Dikes, thesis: The University of Arizona Graduate College, Copyright © Anu Acharya 2011, July 2011.

38-11 Mehdi Shahosseini, Amirabbas Kamanbedast and Roozbeh Aghamajidi, Investigation of Hydraulic Conditions around Bridge Piers and Determination of Shear Stress using Numerical Methods, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011, © ASCE 2011.

35-11 L. Toombes and H. Chanson, Numerical Limitations of Hydraulic Models, 34th IAHR World Congress, 33rd Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 10th Hydraulics Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 26 June – 1 July 2011.

34-11 Mohammad Sarfaraz, and Jalal Attari, Numerical Simulation of Uniform Flow Region over a Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillway, 6th National Congress on Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran, April 26-27, 2011.

30-11 John Richardson and Pamela Waterman, Stemming the Flood, Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 133/No.7 July 2011

29-11 G. Möller & R. Boes, D. Theiner & A. Fankhauser, G. De Cesare & A. Schleiss, Hybrid modeling of sediment management during drawdown of Räterichsboden reservoir, Dams and Reservoirs under Changing Challenges – Schleiss & Boes (Eds), © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-68267-1.

24-11 Liaqat A. Khan, Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Emergency Overflows through an Energy Dissipation Structure of a Water Treatment Plant, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)155, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

23-11 Anu Acharya and Jennifer G. Duan, Three Dimensional Simulation of Flow Field around Series of Spur Dikes, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)218, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

22-11 Mehdi Shahosseini, Amirabbas Kamanbedast, and Roozbeh Aghamajidi, Investigation of Hydraulic Conditions around Bridge Piers and Determination of Shear Stress Using Numerical Method, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)435, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

20-11 Jong Pil Park, Ji Hwan Jeong, Won Tae Kim, Man Woong Kim and Ju Yeop Park, Debris transport evaluation during the blow-down phase of a LOCA using computational fluid dynamics, Nuclear Engineering and Design, June 2011, ISSN 0029-5493, DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.05.017.

13-11 Ehab A. Meselhe, Myrtle Grove Delta Building Diversion Project, The Geological Society of America, South-Central Section – 45th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 2011.

12-11 Bryan Heiner and Steven L. Barfuss, Parshall Flume and Discharge Corrections Wall Staff Gauge and Centerline Measurements, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, posted ahead of print February 1, 2011, DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000355, © 2011 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

06-11 T. Endreny, L. Lautz, and D. Siegel, Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps- Hydrostatic model simulations, Water Resources Research, Vol. 47, W02518, doi: 10.1029/2010WR010014, 2011, © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union, 0043-1397/11/2010WR010014

03-11 Jinwon Kim, Chung R. Song, Ge Wang and Alexander H.-D. Cheng Reducing Erosion of Earthen Levees Using Engineered Flood Wall Surface, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, © ASCE, January 2011.

02-11 F. Montagna, G. Bellotti and M. Di Risio, 3D numerical modeling of landslide-generated tsunamis around a conical island, Springer Link, Earth and Environmental Science, Natural Hazards, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-010-9689-0, Online First™, 7 January 2011.

83-10 S. Abdelaziz, M.D. Bui and P. Rutschmann, Numerical simulation of scour development due to submerged horizontal jet, River Flow 2010, eds. Dittrich, Koll, Aberle & Geisenhainer, © 2010 Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau, ISBN 978-3-939230-00-7.

79-10 Daniel J. Howes, Charles M. Burt, and Brett F. Sanders, Subcritical Contraction for Improved Open-Channel Flow Measurement Accuracy with an Upward-Looking ADVM, J. Irrig. Drain Eng. 2010.136:617-626.

78-10 M. Kaheh, S. M. Kashefipour, and A. Dehghani, Comparison of k-ε and RNG k-ε Turbulent Models for Estimation of Velocity Profiles along the Hydraulic Jump, presented at the 6th International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics, Athens, Greece, June 2010.

75-10 Shahrokh Amiraslani, Jafar Fahimi, Hossein Mehdinezhad, The Numerical Investigation of Free Falling Jet’s Effect on the Scour of Plunge Pool, XVIII International Conference on Water Resources CMWR 2010 J. Carrera (Ed) CIMNE, Barcelona 2010

74-10 M. Ho Ta Khanh, Truong Chi Hien, and Dinh Sy Quat, Study and construction of PK Weirs in Vietnam (2004 to 2011), 78th Annual Meeting of the International Commission on Large Dams, VNCOLD, Hanoi, Vietnam, May 23-26, 2010.

72-10 DKH Ho and KM Riddette, Application of computational fluid dynamics to evaluate hydraulic performance of spillways in Australia, © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2010, Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol 6 No 1, 2010.

71-10 Cecilia Lucino, Sergio Liscia y Gonzalo Duro, Vortex Detection in Pump Sumps by Means of CFD, XXIV Latin American Congress on Hydraulics, Punta Del Este, Uruguay, November 2010; Deteccion de Vortices en Darsenas de Bombeo Mediante Modelacion Matematica. Available in English and Spanish.

64-10 Jose (Pepe) Vasquez, Assessing Sediment Movement by CFD Particle Tracking, 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1, 2010.

63-10 Sung-Min Cho, Foundation Design of the Incheon Bridge, Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA Vol 41 No.4, ISSN0046-5828, December 2010.

61-10 I. Meireles, F.A. Bombardelli and J. Matos, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Non-Aerated Skimming Flow on Stepped Spillways Over Embankment Dams, Presented at the 2010 IAHR European Congress, Edinburgh, UK, May 4-6, 2010.

60-10 Mario Oertel, G. Heinz and A. Schlenkhoff, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Rough Ramps and Slides, Presented at the 2010 IAHR European Congress, Edinburgh, UK, May 4-6, 2010.

59-10 Fatemeh Rostami, Mahdi Shahrokhi, Md Azlin Md Said, Rozi Abdullah and Syafalni, Numerical modeling on inlet aperture effects on flow pattern in primary settling tanks, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc., DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2010.12.007, December 2010.

56-10 G. B. Sahoo, F Bombardelli, D. Behrens and J.L. Largier, Estimation of Stratification and Mixing of a Closed River System Using FLOW-3D, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #H31G-1091

50-10 Sung-Duk Kim, Ho-Jin Lee and Sang-Do An, Improvement of hydraulic stability for spillway using CFD model, International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(6), pp. 774-780, June 2010. Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS, ISSN 1992

49-10 Md. Imtiaj Hassan, Tariq Iqbal, Nahidul Khan, Michael Hinchey, Vlastimil Masek, CFD Analysis of a Twisted Savonius Turbine, PKP Open Conference Systems, IEEE Newfoundland and Labrador Section, October 2010

46-10 Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Dam-break flows during initial stage using SWE and RANS approaches, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol 48, No. 5 (2010), pp. 603-611, doi: 10.108/00221686.2010.507342, © 2010 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research.

44-10 Marie-Hélène Briand, Catherine Tremblay, Yannick Bossé, Julian Gacek, Carola Alfaro, and Richard Blanchet, Ashlu Creek hydroelectric project- Design and optimization of hydraulic structures under construction, CDA 2010 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2010 de l’A CB, Niagra Falls, ON, Canada, 2010 Oct 2-7.

43-10 Gordon McPhail, Justin Lacelle, Bert Smith, and Dave MacMillan, Upgrading of Boundary Dam Spillway, CDA 2010 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2010 de l’A CB, Niagra Falls, ON, Canada, 2010 Oct 2-7.

40-10 Selahattin Kocamana; Galip Seckinb; Kutsi S. Erduran, 3D model for prediction of flow profiles around bridges, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.507340, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Volume 48, Issue 4 August 2010, pages 521 – 525. Available online at: informaworld

38-10 Kevin M. Sydor and Pamela J. Waterman, Engineering and Design: The Value of CFD Modeling in Designing a Hydro Plant, Hydro Review, Volume 29, Issue 6, September 2010 Available online at HydroWorld.com

33-10 Fabián A. Bombardelli, Inês Meireles and Jorge Matos, Laboratory measurements and multi-block numerical simulations of the mean flow and turbulence, SpringerLink, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Online First™, 26 August 2010

30-10 Bijan Dargahi, Flow characteristics of bottom outlets with moving gates, IAHR, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2010), pp. 476-482, doi: 10.1080/00221686.20101.507001, © 2010 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research

24-10 Shuang Ming Wang and Kevin Sydor, Power Intake Velocity Modeling Using FLOW-3D at Kelsey Generating Station, Canadian Dam Association Bulletin, Vol. 21. No. 2, Spring 2010, pp: 16-21

20-10 Jungseok Ho, Todd Marti and Julie Coonrod, Flood debris filtering structure for urban storm water treatment, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.481834, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Volume 48, Issue 3, pages 320 – 328, June 2010.

16-10 J. Jacobsen and N. R. B. Olsen, Three-dimensional numerical modeling of the capacity for a complex spillway, Proceedings of the ICE – Water Management, Volume 163, Issue 6, pages 283 –288, ISSN: 1741-7589, E-ISSN: 1751-7729.

13-10 J. Ho, J. Coonrod, L. J. Hanna, B. W. Mefford, Hydrodynamic modelling study of a fish exclusion system for a river diversion, River Research and Applications Volume 9999, mIssue 9999, Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

12-10 Nils Rüther, Jens Jacobsen, Nils Reidar B. Olsen and Geir Vatne, Prediction of the three-dimensional flow field and bed shear stresses in a regulated river in mid-Norway, Hydrology Research Vol 41 No 2 pp 145–152 © IWA Publishing 2010, doi:10.2166/nh.2010.064.

11-10 Xing Fang, Shoudong Jiang, and Shoeb R. Alam, Numerical Simulations of Efficiency of Curb-Opening Inlets, J. Hydr. Engrg. Volume 136, Issue 1, pp. 62-66 (January 2010).

54-09 K.W. Frizell, J.P. Kubitschek, and R.F. Einhellig, Folsom Dam Joint Federal Project Existing Spillway Modeling – Discharge Capacity Studies, American River Division Central Valley Project Mid-Pacific Region, Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2009-02, US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, September 2009

50-09 Mark Fabian, Variation in Hyporheic Exchange with Discharge and Slope in a Tropical Mountain Stream, thesis: State University of New York, College of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2009. Available online: http://gradworks.umi.com/14/82/1482174.html.

48-09 Junwoo Choi, Kwang Oh Ko, and Sung Bum Yoon, 3D Numerical Simulation for Equivalent Resistance Coefficient for Flooded Built-Up Areas, Asian and Pacific Coasts 2009 (pp 245-251), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on APAC 2009, Singapore, 13 – 16 October 2009

47-09 Young-Il Kim, Chang-Jin Ahn, Chae-Young Lee, Byung-Uk Bae, Computational Fluid Dynamics for Optimal Design of Horizontal-Flow Baffled-Channel Powdered Activated Carbon Contactors, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. publishers, Volume: 26 Issue 1: January 15, 2009.

43-09 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering in the Ancient World: Archaeological and Climate Perspectives on Societies of Ancient South America, Meso-America, the Middle East and South East Asia, Oxford University Press, ISBN13: 978-0-19-923909-2ISBN10: 0-19-923909-6, December 2009 Available at Oxford University Press (clicking on this link will take you to OUP’s website).

40-09 Ge Wang, Chung R. Song, Jinwon Kim and Alexander, H.-D Cheng, Numerical Study of Erosion-proof of Loose Sand in an Overtopped Plunging Scour Process — FLOW-3D, The 2009 Joint ASCE-ASME-SES Conference on Mechanics and Materials, Blacksburg, Virginia, June 24-27, 2009

39-09 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering in the Ancient World: Archaeological and Climate Perspectives on Societies of Ancient South America, the Middle East, and South-East Asia(Hardcover), Oxford University Press, USA (October 15, 2009), ISBN-10: 0199239096; ISBN-13: 978-0199239092 Buy Water Engineering in the Ancient World on Amazon.com.

38-09 David S. Brown, Don MacDonell, Kevin Sydor, and Nicolas Barnes, An Integrated Computational Fluid Dynamics and Fish Habitat Suitability Model for the Pointe Du Bois Generating Station, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 53-66

37-09 Warren Gendzelevich, Andrew Baryla, Joe Groenveld, and Doug McNeil, Red River Floodway Expansion Project-Design and Construction of the Outlet Structure, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 13-26

36-09 Jose A. Vasquez and Jose J. Roncal, Testing River2D and FLOW-3D for Sudden Dam-Break Flow Simulations, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 44-55

33-09 Pamela J. Waterman, Modeling Commercial Aquaculture Systems Employing FLOW-3D, (clicking on this link will take you to Desktop Engineering’s website) Desktop Engineering, November 2009

29-09 Bruce M. Savage, Michael C. Johnson, Brett Towler, Hydrodynamic Forces on a Spillway- Can we calculate them?, Dam Safety 2009, Hollywood, FL, USA, October 2009

27-09 Charles “Chick” Sweeney, Keith Moen, and Daniel Kirschbaum, Hydraulic Design of Total Dissolved Gas Mitigation Measures for Boundary Dam, Waterpower XVI, © PennWell Corporation, Spokane, WA, USA, July 2009

23-09 J.A. Vasquez and B.W. Walsh, CFD simulation of local scour in complex piers under tidal flow, 33rd IAHR Congress: Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment, © 2009 by International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research (IAHR), ISBN: 978-94-90365-01-1

15-09 Kaushik Das, Steve Green, Debashis Basu, Ron Janetzke, and John Stamatakos, Effect of Slide Deformation and Geometry on Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides- A Numerical Investigation, Copyright 2009, Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, May 4-7, 2009

5-09 Remi Robbe, Douglas Sparks, Calculation of the Rating Curves for the Matawin Dam’s Bottom Sluice Gates using FLOW-3D, Conference of the Société Hydrotechnique de France (SHF), 20-21 January 2009, Paris, France. (in French)

4-09 Frederic Laugier, Gregory Guyot, Eric Valette, Benoit Blancher, Arnaud Oguic, Lily Lincker, Engineering Use of Hydrodynamic 3D Simulation to Assess Spillway Discharge Capacity, Conference of the Société Hydrotechnique de France (SHF), 20-21 January 2009, Paris, France. (in French)

50-08 H. Avila and R.Pitt, The Calibration and use of CFD Models to Examine Scour from Stormwater Treatment Devices – Hydrodynamic Analysis, 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008

47-08 Greg Paxson, Brian Crookston, Bruce Savage, Blake Tullis, and Frederick Lux III, The Hydraulic Design Toolbox- Theory and Modeling for the Lake Townsend Spillway Replacement Project, Assoc. of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO), Indian Wells, CA, September 2008.

46-08 Sh. Amirslani, M. Pirestani and A.A.S. Neyshabouri, The 3D numerical simulation of scour by free falling jet and compare geometric parameters of scour hole with DOT, River flow 2008-Altinakar, Kokipar, Gogus, Tayfur, Kumcu & Yildirim (eds) © 2008 Kubaba Congress Department and Travel Services ISBN 978-605-601360201

41-08 Jinwei Qiu, Gravel transport estimation and flow simulation over low-water stream crossings, thesis: Lamar University – Beaumont, 2008, 255 pages; AAT 3415945

37-08 Dae-Geun Kim, Numerical analysis of free flow past a sluice gate, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, Number 2 / March, 2007, 127-132.

36-08 Shuang Ming Wang and Kevin Sydor, Power Intake Velocity Modeling using FLOW-3D at Kelsey Generating Station, CDA 2008 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2008 de l’ACB, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, September 27-October 2, 2008, du 27 septembre au 2 octobre 2008

33-08 Daniel B. Bung, Arndt Hildebrandt, Mario Oertel, Andreas Schlenkhoff and Torsten Schlurmann, Bore Propagation Over a Submerged Horizontal Plate by Physical and Numerical Simulation, ICCE 2008, Hamburg, Germany

32-08 Paul G. Chanel and John C. Doering, Assessment of Spillway Modeling Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 35: 1481-1485 (2008), doi: 10.1139/L08-094 © NRC Canada

31-08 M. Oertel & A. Schlenkhoff, Flood wave propagation and flooding of underground facilities, River Flow 2008, © 2008, International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Izmir, Turkey, September, 2008

18-08 Efrem Teklemariam, Bernie Shumilak, Don Murray, and Graham K. Holder, Combining Computational and Physical Modeling to Design the Keeyask Station, Hydro Review, © HCI Publications, July 2008

15-08 Jorge D. Abad; Bruce L. Rhoads; İnci Güneralp; and Marcelo H. García, Flow Structure at Different Stages in a Meander-Bend with Bendway Weirs, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, August 2008

11-08 Sreenivasa C. Chopakatla, Thomas C. Lippmann and John E. Richardson, Field Verification of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Wave Transformation and Breaking in the Surf Zone, J. Wtrwy., Port, Coast., and Oc. Engrg., Volume 134, Issue 2, pp. 71-80 (March/April 2008) Abstract Only

51-07 Richmond MC, TJ Carlson, JA Serkowski, CB Cook, JP Duncan, and WA Perkins, Characterizing the Fish Passage Environment at The Dalles Dam Spillway: 2001-2004, PNNL-16521, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 2007. Available upon request

46-07 Uplift and Crack Flow Resulting from High Velocity Discharges Over Open Offset Joints, Reclamation, Managing Water in the West, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Report DSO-07-07, December 2007

45-07 Selahattin Kocaman, thesis: Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Çukurova, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Dam Break Problem, 2007. In Turkish. Available on request.

44-07 Saeed-reza Sabbagh-yazdi, Fatemeh Rostami, Habib Rezaei-manizani, and Nikos E. Mastorakis, Comparison of the Results of 2D and 3D Numerical Modeling of Flow over Spillway chutes with Vertical Curvatures, International Journal of Computers, Issue 4, Volume 1, 2007.

43-07 Staša Vošnjak and Jure Mlacnik, Verification of a FLOW-3D mathematical model by a physical hydraulic model of a turbine intake structure, International Conference and exhibition Hydro 2007, 15- 17 October 2007, Granada, Spain. New approaches for a new era: proceedings. [S.l.]: Aqua-Media International Ltd., 2007, 7 str. [COBISS.SI-ID 4991329]

42-07 Merlynn D. Bender, Joseph P. Kubitschek, Tracy B. Vermeyen, Temperature Modeling of Folsom Lake, Lake Natoma, and the Lower American River, Special Report, Sacramento County, California, April 2007

37-07 Heather D. Smith, Flow and Sediment Dynamics Around Three-Dimensional Structures in Coastal Environments, thesis: The Ohio State Unviersity, 2007 (available upon request)

34-07 P.G. Chanel and J.C. Doering, An Evaluation of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Spillway Modeling, 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, December 2007

29-07 J. Groeneveld, C. Sweeney, C. Mannheim, C. Simonsen, S. Fry, K. Moen, Comparison of Intake Pressures in Physical and Numerical Models of the Cabinet Gorge Dam Tunnel, Waterpower XV, Copyright HCI Publications, July 2007

25-07 Jungseok Ho, Hong Koo Yeo, Julie Coonrod, Won-Sik Ahn, Numerical Modeling Study for Flow Pattern Changes Induced by Single Groyne, IAHR Conference Proc., Harmonizing the Demands of Art and Nature in Hydraulics, IAHR, July 2007, Venice, Italy.

24-07 Jungseok Ho, Julie Coonrod, Todd Marti, Storm Water Best Management Practice- Development of Debris Filtering Structure for Supercritical Flow, EWRI Conference Proc. of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, May 2007, Tampa, Florida.

21-07 David S. Mueller, and Chad R. Wagner, Correcting Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Discharge Measurements Biased by Sediment Transport, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume 133, Issue 12, pp. 1329-1336 (December 2007), Copyright © 2007, ASCE. All rights reserved.

19-07 A. Richard Griffith, James H. Rutherford, A. Alavi, David D. Moore, J. Groeneveld, Stability Review of the Wanapum Spillway Using CFD Analysis, Canadian Dam Association Bulletin, Fall 2007

06-07 John E. Richardson, CFD Saves the Alewife- Computer simulation helps the Alewife return to its Mt. Desert Island spawning grounds, Desktop Engineering, July 2007; Hatchery International, July/August 2007

39-06 Dae Geun Kim and Hong Yeun Cho, Modeling the buoyant flow of heated water discharged from surface and submerged side outfalls in shallow and deep water with a cross flow, Environ Fluid Mech (2006) 6: 501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-006-9006-3

38-06 Cook, C., B. Dibrani, M. Richmond, M. Bleich, P. Titzler, T. Fu, Hydraulic Characteristics of the Lower Snake River during Periods of Juvenile Fall Chinook Salmon Migration, 2002-2006 Final Report, Project No. 200202700, 176 electronic pages, (BPA Report DOE/BP-00000652-29)

37-06 Cook CB, MC Richmond, and JA Serkowski, The Dalles Dam, Columbia River: Spillway Improvement CFD Study, PNNL-14768, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 2006. Available upon request

31-06 John P. Raiford and Abdul A. Khan, Numerical Modeling of Internal Flow Structure in Submerged Hydraulic Jumps, ASCE Conf. Proc. 200, 49 (2006), DOI:10.1061/40856(200)49

29-06 Michael C. Johnson and Bruce Savage, Physical and Numerical Comparison of Flow over Ogee Spillway in the Presence of Tailwater, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, December 2006

28-06 Greg Paxson and Bruce Savage, Labyrinth Spillways- Comparison of Two Popular U.S.A. Design Methods and Consideration of Non-standard Approach Conditions and Geometries, International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Report CH61/06, Div. of Civil Eng., The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia-ISBN 1864998687

22-06 Brent Mefford and Jim Higgs, Link River Falls Passage Investigation – Flow Velocity Simulation, Water Resources Research Laboratory, February 2006

27-06 Jungseok Ho, Leslie Hanna, Brent Mefford, and Julie Coonrod, Numerical Modeling Study for Fish Screen at River Intake Channel, EWRI Conference Proc. of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, May 2006, Omaha, Nebraska.

17-06 Woolgar, Robert and Eddy, Wilmore, Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to Address Fish Passage Concerns at the Grand Falls-Windsor Hydroelectric Development, Canadian Dam Association meeting, Quebec City, Canada October 2006

14-06 Fuamba, M., Role and behavior of surge chamber in hydropower- Case of the Robert Bourassa hydroelectric power plant in Quebec, Canada, Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century- Berga et al (eds) @ 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 0 415 40423 1

13-06 D.K.H. Ho, B.W. Cooper, K.M. Riddette, S.M. Donohoo, Application of numerical modelling to spillways in Australia, Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century—Berga et al (eds) © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 0 415 40423 1

4-06 James Dexter, William Faisst, Mike Duer and Jerry Flanagan, Computer Simulation Helps Prevent Nitrification of Storage Reservoir, Waterworld, March 2006, pp 18-24

36-05 P. Coussot, N. Rousell, Jarny and H. Chanson, (2005), Continuous or Catastrophic Solid-Liquid Transition in Jammed Systems, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 17, No. 1, Article 011703, 4 pages (ISSN 0031-9171).

35-05 Dae Geun Kim and Jae Hyun Park, Analysis of Flow Structure over Ogee-Spillway in Consideration of Scale and Roughness Effects by Using CFD Model, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. Volume 9, Number 2, March 2005, pp 161 – 169.

31-05 Frank James Dworak, Characterizing Turbulence Structure along Woody Vegetated Banks in Incised Channels: Implications for Stream Restoration, thesis: The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, December 2005 (available upon request)

29-05 Gessler, Dan and Rasmussen, Bernie, Before the Flood, Desktop Engineering, October 2005

25-05 Jorge D. Abad and Marcelo H. Garcia, Hydrodynamics in Kinoshita-generated meandering bends- Importance for river-planform evolution, 4th IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, October 4-7, 2005, Urbana, Illinois

23-05 Kristiansen T., Baarholm R., Stansberg C.T., Rørtveit G.J. and Hansen E.W., Steep Wave Kinematics and Interaction with a Vertical Column, Presented at The Fifth International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (Waves 2005), Spain, July, 2005

16-05 Dan Gessler, CFD Modeling of Spillway Performance, Proceedings of the 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress (sponsored by Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers), May 15-19, 2005, Anchorage, Alaska

12-05 Charles Ortloff, The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City of Petra (Jordan), 300 BC- AD 300, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15:1, 93-109

33-04 Jose Carlos C. Amorim, Cavalcanti Renata Rodrigues, and Marcelo G. Marques, A Numerical and Experimental Study of Hydraulic Jump Stilling Basin, Advances in Hydro-Science and Engineering, Volume VI, Presented at the International Conference on Hydro-Science and Engineering, 2004

23-04 Jose F. Rodriguez, Fabian A. Bombardelli, Marcelo H. Garcia, Kelly Frothingham, Bruce L. Rhoads and Jorge D. Abad, High-Resolution Numerical Simulation of Flow Through a Highly Sinuous River Reach, Water Resources Management, 18:177-199, 2004.

18-04 John Richardson and Douglas Dixon, Modeling the Hydraulics Zone of Influence of Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Plants Cooling Water Intake Structure, a chapter in The Connecticut River Ecological Study (1965-1973) Revisited: Ecology of the Lower Connecticut River 1973-2003, Paul M. Jacobson, Douglas A. Dixon, William C. Leggett, Barton C. Marcy, Jr., and Ronald R. Massengill, editors; Published by American Fisheries Society, Publication date: November 2004, ISBN 1-888569-66-2

10-04 Bruce Savage, Kathleen Frizell, and Jimmy Crowder, Brains versus Brawn- The Changing World of Hydraulic Model Studies

7-04 C. B. Cook and M. C. Richmond, Monitoring and Simulating 3-D Density Currents and the Confluence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers, Proceedings of EWRI World

24-03 David Ho, Karen Boyes, Shane Donohoo, and Brian Cooper, Numerical Flow Analysis for Spillways, 43rd ANCOLD Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, 24-29 October 2003

15-03 Ho, Dr K H, Boyes, S M, Donohoo, S M, Investigation of Spillway Behaviour Under Increased Maximum Flood by Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique, Proc Conf 14th Australian Fluid Mechanics, Adelaide, Australia, December 2001, 577-580

14-03 Ho, Dr K H, Donohoo, S M, Boyes, K M, Lock, C C, Numerical Analysis and the Real World- It Looks Pretty, but is It Right?, Proceedings of the NAFEMS World Congress, May 2003, Orlando, FL

13-03 Brethour, J. M., Sediment Scour, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN62)

26-02 Sungyul Yoo, Kiwon Hong and Manha Hwang, A 3-dimensional numerical study of flow patterns around a multipurpose dam, 2002 Hydroinformatics Conference, Cardiff, Wales

23-02 Christopher B. Cook, Marshall C. Richmond, John A. Serkowski, and Laurie L. Ebner, Free-Surface Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of a Spillway and Tailrace- Case Study of The Dalles Project, Hydrovision 2002, 29 July -†2 Aug, 2002 Portland, OR

13-02 Efrem Teklemariam, Brian W. Korbaylo, Joe L. Groeneveld & David M. Fuchs, Computational Fluid Dynamics- Diverse Applications In Hydropower Project’s Design and Analysis, June 11-14, 2002, CWRA 55th Annual Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA

12-02 Snorre Heimsund, Ernst Hansen, W Nemec, Computational 3-D Fluid Dynamics Model for Sediment Transport, Erosion, and Deposition by Turbidity Currents, 16th International Sedimentological Congress Abstract Volume (2002) XX-XX

9-02 D. T. Souders & C. W. Hirt, Modeling Roughness Effects in Open Channel Flows, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-02-TN60), May 2002

47-01 Fabián A. Bombardelli and Marcelo H. García, Three-dimensional Hydrodynamic Modeling of Density Currents in the Chicago River, Illinois, CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES, UILU-ENG-01-2001 Hydraulic Engineering Series No. # 68, ISSN: 0442-1744, 2001

44-01 Christopher B. Cook and Marshall C. Richmond, Simulation of Tailrace Hydrodynamics Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Models, Report Number: PNNL-13467, May 2001

40-01 Joe L. Groeneveld, Kevin M. Sydor and David M. Fuchs (Acres Manitoba Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) and Efrem Teklemariam and Brian W. Korbaylo (Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada), Optimization of Hydraulic Design Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Waterpower XII, July 9-11, 2001, Salt Lake City, Utah

39-01 Savage, B.M and Johnson, M.C., Flow over Ogee Spillway- Physical and Numerical Model Case Study, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, August 2001, pp. 640-649

38-01 Newell, Carter, Sustainable Mussel Culture- A Millenial Perspective, Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, August 2001, pp 15-21

36-01 Diane L. Foster, Ohio State University, Numerical Simulations of Sediment Transport and Scour Around Mines, paper presented to the Office of Naval Research, Mine Burial Prediction Program, 2001

35-01 Heather D. Smith, Diane L. Foster, Ohio State University, The Modeling of Flow Around a Cylinder and Scour Hole, Poster prepared for the Office of Naval Research, Mine Burial Prediction Program, 2002

28-01 Brethour, J.M., Transient 3D Model for Lifting, Transporting, and Depositing Solid Material, Proc. 3rd Intrn. Environmental Hydraulics, Dec. 5-8, 2001, Tempe, AZ

25-01 Yuichi Kitamura, Takahiro Kato, & Petek Kitamura, Mathematical Modeling for Fish Adaptive Behavior in a Current, Proceedings of the 2001International Symposium of Environmental Hydraulics, Chigaski R&D Center

22-01 C. R. Ortloff, D. P. Crouch, The Urban Water Supply and Distribution System of the Ionian City of Ephesos in the Roman Imperial Period, CTC/United Defense Journal of Archeological Science (2001), pp 843-860

13-01 I. Lavedrine, and Darren Woolf, ARUP Research and Development, Application of CFD Modelling to Hydraulic Structures, CCWI 2001, Leicaster United Kingdom, 3-5 September 2001, De Montfort University

4-01 Rodriguez, Garcia, Bombardelli, Guzman, Rhoads, and Herricks, Naturalization of Urban Streams Using In-Channel Structures, Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, July 30-August 2, 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota

27-00 Tony L. Wahl, John A. Replogle, Brain T. Wahlin, and James A. Higgs, New Developments in Design and Application of Long-Throated Flumes, 2000 Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning & Management, Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 30-August 2, 2000.

5-00 John E. Richardson and Karel Pryl, Computer Simulation Helps Prague Modernize and Expand Sewer System, Water Engineering and Management, June, 2000, pp. 10-13; and in Municipal World, June, 2000, pp. 19-20,30

3-00 Efrem Teklemariam and John L. Groeneveld, Solving Problems in Design and Dam Safety with Computational Fluid Dynamics, Hydro Review, May, 2000, pp.48-52

1-00 Scott F. Bradford, Numerical Simulation of Surf Zone Dynamics, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, January/February, 2000, pp.1-13

9-99 John E. Richardson and Karel Pryl, Computational Fluid Dynamics, CE News, October, 1999, pp. 74-76

4-99 J. Groeneveld, Computer Simulation Leads to Faster, Cheaper Options, Water Engineering & Management magazine, pp.14-17, June 1999

16-98 C. R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Analysis of a Self-Cleaning Drainage Outlet at the Hellenistic City of Priene, Journal Archaeological Science, 25, 1211-1220, Article No. as980292, 1998

13-98 J. F. Echols, M.A. Pratt, K. A. Williams, Using CFD to Model Flow in Large Circulating Water Systems, Proc. PowerGen International, Orlando, FL, Dec. 9-11, 1998.

12-98 K. A. Williams, I. A. Diaz-Tous, P. Ulovg, Reduction in Pumping Power Requirements of the Circulation Water (CW) System at TU Electric’s Martin Lake Plant Using Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ASME Mechanical Engineering Magazine, Jan. 1999

8-98 D. Hrabak, K. Pryl, J. Richardson, Calibration of Flowmeters using FLOW-3D Software, Hydroinform, a.s., Prague, CTU Prague, Flow Science Inc, USA, proceedings from the 3rd International Novatech Conference, Lyon, France, May 4-6, 1998

16-96 E. J. Kent and J.E. Richardson, Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Analysis for Calculation of Scour at Bridge Piers with Fender Systems, Earth Tech, Concord, NK and Flow Science Inc, Los Alamos, NM report, December 1996

12-96 J. E. Richardson, Control of Hydraulic Jump by Abrupt Drop, XXVII IAHR Congress, Water for a Changing Global Community, San Francisco, August 10, 1997

6-96 Y. Miyamoto, A Three-Dimensional Analysis around the Open Area of a Tsunami Breakwater, technical report, SEA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, to be presented at the HYDROINFORMATICS 96 Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, Sept. 11-13, 1996

4-95 J. E. Richardson, V. G. Panchang and E. Kent, Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Flow Around Bridge Sub-structures, presented at the Hydraulics ’95 ASCE Conference, San Antonio, TX, Aug. 1995

3-95 Y. Miyamoto and K. Ishino, Three Dimensional Flow Analysis in Open Channel, presented at the IAHR Conference, HYDRA 2000, Vol. 1, Thomas Telford, London, Sept. 1995

16-94 M. S. Gosselin and D. M. Sheppard, Time Rate of Local Scour, proceedings of ASCE Conf. on Water Resources Engineering, San Antonio, TX, August 1994

8-94 C. W. Hirt, Weir Discharges and Counter Currents, Flow Science report, FSI-94-00-3, to be presented at the Hydroinformatics Conference, IHE Delft, The Netherlands, Sept. 1994

7-94 C. W. Hirt and K. A.Williams, FLOW-3D Predictions for Free Discharge and Submerged Parshall Flumes, Flow Science Technical Note #40, August 1994 (FSI-94-TN40)

11-93 K. Ishino, H. Otani, R. Okada and Y. Nakagawa, The Flow Structure Around a Cylindrical Pier for the Flow of Transcritical Reynolds Number, Taisei Corp., Honshu Shikoku Bridge Authority, Akashi Kaikyo Ohashi Substructure Construction, Proc. XXV, Congress Intern. Assoc. Hydraulic Res., V, 417-424 (1993) Tokyo, Japan

6-87 J.M. Sicilian, A FLOW-3D Model for Flow in a Water Turbine Passage, Flow Science report, July 1987 (FSI-87-36-1)

Tag: Wave

낮은 레이놀즈 수 유압 점프의 수치 모델링에서 OpenFOAM 및 FLOW-3D의 성능 평가

Abstract

Keywords

References

Triangular Macroroughnesses 대한 잠긴 수압 점프의 유동장 수치 시뮬레이션

Abstract

Introduction

Conclusions

References

수직 방파제에 대한 비전통적 대안 연구

Abstract

Introduction

Conclusion & Recommendations

REFERENCES

Analysis of Scour Phenomenon around Offshore Wind Foundation using Flow-3D Mode

Abstract

서론

결론

References

Abstract

Korea Abstract

References

Abstract:

Korea Abstract

Keywords

Conclusions

References

Abstract

결론

References

Abstract

Korea Abstract

References

Abstract

Korea Abstract

1 . 소개

2 . 방법론

3 . 결과

4 . 토론

5 . 결론

CRediT 저자 기여 성명

경쟁 관심의 선언

감사의 말

부록 A . 사용 된 지배 방정식 및 레이저 용접 모델

1 . 지배 방정식 (Cho 및 Woizeschke [ 30 ])

2 . 레이저 용접 모델 (Cho et al. [26] )

참고 문헌

FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 다양한 조건에서 Seawalls의 흐름 속도 변경 모델링

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data

References

Abstract

References

Abstract

HIGHLIGHTS

Keyword

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY

Case study

Numerical model set-up

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

REFERENCES

Highlights

Abstract

Keywords

Recommended articles

DNA 프린팅 통합 멀티플렉서 드라이버 Microelectronic Mechanical System Head (IDMH) 및 Microfluidic Flow Estimation

Abstract

Introduction

MEMS Chip Design for Bubble Jet

Conclusions

References

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE CITED