weir | FLOW-3D

A review of Piano Key Weir as a superior alternative for dam rehabilitation

댐 복구를 위한 우수한 대안으로서의 Piano Key Weir에 대한 검토

Pages 541-551 | Received 03 Mar 2020, Accepted 07 May 2020, Published online: 21 May 2020

ABSTRACT

Dams fall in ‘installations containing dangerous forces’ because of their massive impact on the environment and civilian life and property as per International humanitarian law. As such, it becomes vital for hydraulic engineers to refurbish various solutions for dam rehabilitation. This paper presents a review of a new type of weir installation called Piano Key Weir (PKW), which is becoming popular around the world for its higher spillway capacity both for existing and new dam spillway installations. This paper reviews the geometry along with structural integrity, discharging capacity, economic aspects, aeration requirements, sediment transport and erosion aspects of Piano Key Weir (PKW) as compared with other traditional spillway structures and alternatives from literature. The comparison with other alternatives shows PKW to be an excellent alternative for dam risk mitigation owing to its high spillway capabilities and economy, along with its use in both existing and new hydraulic structures.

댐은 국제 인도법에 따라 환경과 민간인 생활 및 재산에 막대한 영향을 미치기 때문에 ‘위험한 힘을 포함하는 시설물’에 속합니다. 따라서 유압 엔지니어는 댐 복구를 위한 다양한 솔루션을 재정비해야 합니다.

이 백서에서는 PKW(Piano Key Weir)라는 새로운 유형의 둑 설치에 대한 검토를 제공합니다. PKW는 기존 및 신규 댐 방수로 설치 모두에서 더 높은 방수로 용량으로 전 세계적으로 인기를 얻고 있습니다.

이 백서에서는 구조적 무결성, 배출 용량, 경제적 측면, 폭기 요구 사항, 퇴적물 운반 및 PKW(Piano Key Weir)의 침식 측면과 함께 다른 전통적인 여수로 구조 및 문헌의 대안과 비교하여 기하학을 검토합니다.

다른 대안과의 비교는 PKW가 높은 여수로 기능과 경제성으로 인해 댐 위험 완화를 위한 탁월한 대안이며 기존 및 새로운 수력 구조물 모두에 사용됨을 보여줍니다.

KEYWORDS:

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원문보기

Figure 4. Field gate discharge experiment.

FLOW-3D Model Development for the Analysis of the Flow Characteristics of Downstream Hydraulic Structures

하류 유압 구조물의 유동 특성 분석을 위한 FLOW-3D 모델 개발

Beom-Jin Kim ¹, Jae-Hong Hwang ² and Byunghyun Kim ³,*
¹ Advanced Structures and Seismic Safety Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute,
Daejeon 34057, Korea
² Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-Water), Daejeon 34350, Korea
³Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea

Correspondence: bhkimc@knu.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-53-950-7819

Abstract

Hydraulic structures installed in rivers inevitably create a water level difference between upstream and downstream regions. The potential energy due to this difference in water level is converted into kinetic energy, causing high-velocity flow and hydraulic jumps in the river. As a result, problems such as scouring and sloping downstream may occur around the hydraulic structures. In this study, a FLOW-3D model was constructed to perform a numerical analysis of the ChangnyeongHaman weir in the Republic of Korea. The constructed model was verified based on surface velocity measurements from a field gate operation experiment. In the simulation results, the flow discharge differed from the measured value by 9–15 m3/s, from which the accuracy was evaluated to be 82–87%. The flow velocity was evaluated with an accuracy of 92% from a difference of 0.01 to 0.16 m/s. Following this verification, a flow analysis of the hydraulic structures was performed according to boundary conditions and operation conditions for numerous scenarios. Since 2018, the ChangnyeongHaman weir gate has been fully opened due to the implementation of Korea’s eco-environmental policy; therefore, in this study, the actual gate operation history data prior to 2018 was applied and evaluated. The evaluation conditions were a 50% open gate condition and the flow discharge of two cases with a large difference in water level. As a result of the analysis, the actual operating conditions showed that the velocity and the Froude number were lower than the optimal conditions, confirming that the selected design was appropriate. It was also found that in the bed protection section, the average flow velocity was high when the water level difference was large, whereas the bottom velocity was high when the gate opening was large. Ultimately, through the reviewed status survey data in this study, the downstream flow characteristics of hydraulic structures along with adequacy verification techniques, optimal design techniques such as procedures for design, and important considerations were derived. Based on the current results, the constructed FLOW-3D-based model can be applied to creating or updating flow analysis guidelines for future repair and reinforcement measures as well as hydraulic structure design.

하천에 설치되는 수력구조물은 필연적으로 상류와 하류의 수위차를 발생시킨다. 이러한 수위차로 인한 위치에너지는 운동에너지로 변환되어 하천의 고속유동과 수압점프를 일으킨다. 그 결과 수력구조물 주변에서 하류의 세굴, 경사 등의 문제가 발생할 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 대한민국 창녕함안보의 수치해석을 위해 FLOW-3D 모델을 구축하였다. 구축된 모델은 현장 게이트 작동 실험에서 표면 속도 측정을 기반으로 검증되었습니다.

시뮬레이션 결과에서 유량은 측정값과 9~15 m3/s 차이가 나고 정확도는 82~87%로 평가되었다. 유속은 0.01~0.16m/s의 차이에서 92%의 정확도로 평가되었습니다.

검증 후 다양한 시나리오에 대한 경계조건 및 운전조건에 따른 수리구조물의 유동해석을 수행하였다. 2018년부터 창녕함안보 문은 한국의 친환경 정책 시행으로 전면 개방되었습니다.

따라서 본 연구에서는 2018년 이전의 실제 게이트 운영 이력 데이터를 적용하여 평가하였다. 평가조건은 50% open gate 조건과 수위차가 큰 2가지 경우의 유수방류로 하였다. 해석 결과 실제 운전조건은 속도와 Froude수가 최적조건보다 낮아 선정된 설계가 적합함을 확인하였다.

또한 베드보호구간에서는 수위차가 크면 평균유속이 높고, 수문개구가 크면 저저유속이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 최종적으로 본 연구에서 검토한 실태조사 자료를 통해 적정성 검증기법과 함께 수력구조물의 하류 유동특성, 설계절차 등 최적 설계기법 및 중요 고려사항을 도출하였다.

현재의 결과를 바탕으로 구축된 FLOW-3D 기반 모델은 수력구조 설계뿐만 아니라 향후 보수 및 보강 조치를 위한 유동해석 가이드라인 생성 또는 업데이트에 적용할 수 있습니다.

Figure 1. Effect of downstream riverbed erosion according to the type of weir foundation.

Figure 2. Changnyeong-Haman weir depth survey results (June 2015)

Figure 16. Analysis results for Case 7 and Case 8

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Sketch of approach channel and spillway of the Kamal-Saleh dam

CFD modeling of flow pattern in spillway’s approach channel

Sustainable Water Resources Management volume 1, pages245–251 (2015)Cite this article

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Abstract

Analysis of behavior and hydraulic characteristics of flow over the dam spillway is a complicated task that takes lots of money and time in water engineering projects planning. To model those hydraulic characteristics, several methods such as physical and numerical methods can be used. Nowadays, by utilizing new methods in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and by the development of fast computers, the numerical methods have become accessible for use in the analysis of such sophisticated flows. The CFD softwares have the capability to analyze two- and three-dimensional flow fields. In this paper, the flow pattern at the guide wall of the Kamal-Saleh dam was modeled by Flow 3D. The results show that the current geometry of the left wall causes instability in the flow pattern and making secondary and vortex flow at beginning approach channel. This shape of guide wall reduced the performance of weir to remove the peak flood discharge.

댐 여수로 흐름의 거동 및 수리학적 특성 분석은 물 공학 프로젝트 계획에 많은 비용과 시간이 소요되는 복잡한 작업입니다. 이러한 수력학적 특성을 모델링하기 위해 물리적, 수치적 방법과 같은 여러 가지 방법을 사용할 수 있습니다. 요즘에는 전산유체역학(CFD)의 새로운 방법을 활용하고 빠른 컴퓨터의 개발로 이러한 정교한 흐름의 해석에 수치 방법을 사용할 수 있게 되었습니다. CFD 소프트웨어에는 2차원 및 3차원 유동장을 분석하는 기능이 있습니다. 본 논문에서는 Kamal-Saleh 댐 유도벽의 흐름 패턴을 Flow 3D로 모델링하였다. 결과는 왼쪽 벽의 현재 형상이 흐름 패턴의 불안정성을 유발하고 시작 접근 채널에서 2차 및 와류 흐름을 만드는 것을 보여줍니다. 이러한 형태의 안내벽은 첨두방류량을 제거하기 위해 둑의 성능을 저하시켰다.

Introduction

Spillways are one of the main structures used in the dam projects. Design of the spillway in all types of dams, specifically earthen dams is important because the inability of the spillway to remove probable maximum flood (PMF) discharge may cause overflow of water which ultimately leads to destruction of the dam (Das and Saikia et al. 2009; E 2013 and Novak et al. 2007). So study on the hydraulic characteristics of this structure is important. Hydraulic properties of spillway including flow pattern at the entrance of the guide walls and along the chute. Moreover, estimating the values of velocity and pressure parameters of flow along the chute is very important (Chanson 2004; Chatila and Tabbara 2004). The purpose of the study on the flow pattern is the effect of wall geometry on the creation transverse waves, flow instability, rotating and reciprocating flow through the inlet of spillway and its chute (Parsaie and Haghiabi 2015a, b; Parsaie et al. 2015; Wang and Jiang 2010). The purpose of study on the values of velocity and pressure is to calculate the potential of the structure to occurrence of phenomena such as cavitation (Fattor and Bacchiega 2009; Ma et al. 2010). Sometimes, it can be seen that the spillway design parameters of pressure and velocity are very suitable, but geometry is considered not suitable for conducting walls causing unstable flow pattern over the spillway, rotating flows at the beginning of the spillway and its design reduced the flood discharge capacity (Fattor and Bacchiega 2009). Study on spillway is usually conducted using physical models (Su et al. 2009; Suprapto 2013; Wang and Chen 2009; Wang and Jiang 2010). But recently, with advances in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), study on hydraulic characterist–ics of this structure has been done with these techniques (Chatila and Tabbara 2004; Zhenwei et al. 2012). Using the CFD as a powerful technique for modeling the hydraulic structures can reduce the time and cost of experiments (Tabbara et al. 2005). In CFD field, the Navier–Stokes equation is solved by powerful numerical methods such as finite element method and finite volumes (Kim and Park 2005; Zhenwei et al. 2012). In order to obtain closed-form Navier–Stokes equations turbulence models, such k − ε and Re-Normalisation Group (RNG) models have been presented. To use the technique of computational fluid dynamics, software packages such as Fluent and Flow 3D, etc., are provided. Recently, these two software packages have been widely used in hydraulic engineering because the performance and their accuracy are very suitable (Gessler 2005; Kim 2007; Kim et al. 2012; Milési and Causse 2014; Montagna et al. 2011). In this paper, to assess the flow pattern at Kamal-Saleh guide wall, numerical method has been used. All the stages of numerical modeling were conducted in the Flow 3D software.

Materials and methods

Firstly, a three-dimensional model was constructed according to two-dimensional map that was prepared for designing the spillway. Then a small model was prepared with scale of 1:80 and entered into the Flow 3D software; all stages of the model construction was conducted in AutoCAD 3D. Flow 3D software numerically solved the Navier–Stokes equation by finite volume method. Below is a brief reference on the equations that used in the software. Figure 1 shows the 3D sketch of Kamal-Saleh spillway and Fig. 2 shows the uploading file of the Kamal-Saleh spillway in Flow 3D software.

Review of the governing equations in software Flow 3D

Continuity equation at three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates is given as Eq (1).

vf\partialρ\partialt+\partial\partialx(uAx)+\partial\partialx(vAy)+\partial\partialx(wAz)=PSORρ,vf\partialρ\partialt+\partial\partialx(uAx)+\partial\partialx(vAy)+\partial\partialx(wAz)=PSORρ,

(1)

where u, v, z are velocity component in the x, y, z direction; A _x, A _y, A _z cross-sectional area of the flow; ρ fluid density; PSOR the source term; v _f is the volume fraction of the fluid and three-dimensional momentum equations given in Eq (2).

\partialu\partialt+1vf(uAx\partialu\partialx+vAy\partialu\partialy+wAz\partialu\partialz)=-1ρ\partialP\partialx+Gx+fx\partialv\partialt+1vf(uAx\partialv\partialx+vAy\partialv\partialy+wAz\partialv\partialz)=-1ρ\partialP\partialy+Gy+fy\partialw\partialt+1vf(uAx\partialw\partialx+vAy\partialw\partialy+wAz\partialw\partialz)=-1ρ\partialP\partialy+Gz+fz,\partialu\partialt+1vf(uAx\partialu\partialx+vAy\partialu\partialy+wAz\partialu\partialz)=-1ρ\partialP\partialx+Gx+fx\partialv\partialt+1vf(uAx\partialv\partialx+vAy\partialv\partialy+wAz\partialv\partialz)=-1ρ\partialP\partialy+Gy+fy\partialw\partialt+1vf(uAx\partialw\partialx+vAy\partialw\partialy+wAz\partialw\partialz)=-1ρ\partialP\partialy+Gz+fz,

(2)

where P is the fluid pressure; G _x, G _y, G _z the acceleration created by body fluids; f _x, f _y, f _z viscosity acceleration in three dimensions and v _f is related to the volume of fluid, defined by Eq. (3). For modeling of free surface profile the VOF technique based on the volume fraction of the computational cells has been used. Since the volume fraction F represents the amount of fluid in each cell, it takes value between 0 and 1.

\partialF\partialt+1vf[\partial\partialx(FAxu)+\partial\partialy(FAyv)+\partial\partialy(FAzw)]=0\partialF\partialt+1vf[\partial\partialx(FAxu)+\partial\partialy(FAyv)+\partial\partialy(FAzw)]=0

(3)

Turbulence models

Flow 3D offers five types of turbulence models: Prantl mixing length, k − ε equation, RNG models, Large eddy simulation model. Turbulence models that have been proposed recently are based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. This approach involves statistical methods to extract an averaged equation related to the turbulence quantities.

Steps of solving a problem in Flow 3D software

(1) Preparing the 3D model of spillway by AutoCAD software. (2) Uploading the file of 3D model in Flow 3D software and defining the problem in the software and checking the final mesh. (3) Choosing the basic equations that should be solved. (4) Defining the characteristics of fluid. (5) Defining the boundary conditions; it is notable that this software has a wide range of boundary conditions. (6) Initializing the flow field. (7) Adjusting the output. (8) Adjusting the control parameters, choice of the calculation method and solution formula. (9) Start of calculation. Figure 1 shows the 3D model of the Kamal-Saleh spillway; in this figure, geometry of the left and right guide wall is shown.

Figure 2 shows the uploading of the 3D spillway dam in Flow 3D software. Moreover, in this figure the considered boundary condition in software is shown. At the entrance and end of spillway, the flow rate or fluid elevation and outflow was considered as BC. The bottom of spillway was considered as wall and left and right as symmetry.

Model calibration

Calibration of the Flow 3D for modeling the effect of geometry of guide wall on the flow pattern is included for comparing the results of Flow 3D with measured water surface profile. Calibration the Flow 3D software could be conducted in two ways: first, changing the value of upstream boundary conditions is continued until the results of water surface profile of the Flow 3D along the spillway successfully covered the measurement water surface profile; second is the assessment the mesh sensitivity. Analyzing the size of mesh is a trial-and-error process where the size of mesh is evaluated form the largest to the smallest. With fining the size of mesh the accuracy of model is increased; whereas, the cost of computation is increased. In this research, the value of upstream boundary condition was adjusted with measured data during the experimental studies on the scaled model and the mesh size was equal to 1 × 1 × 1 cm³.

Results and discussion

The behavior of water in spillway is strongly affected by the flow pattern at the entrance of the spillway, the flow pattern formation at the entrance is affected by the guide wall, and choice of an optimized form for the guide wall has a great effect on rising the ability of spillway for easy passing the PMF, so any nonuniformity in flow in the approach channel can cause reduction of spillway capacity, reduction in discharge coefficient of spillway, and even probability of cavitation. Optimizing the flow guiding walls (in terms of length, angle and radius) can cause the loss of turbulence and flow disturbances on spillway. For this purpose, initially geometry proposed for model for the discharge of spillway dam, Kamal-Saleh, 80, 100, and 120 (L/s) were surveyed. These discharges of flow were considered with regard to the flood return period, 5, 100 and 1000 years. Geometric properties of the conducting guidance wall are given in Table 1.Table 1 Characteristics and dimensions of the guidance walls tested

Full size table

Results of the CFD simulation for passing the flow rate 80 (L/s) are shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3 shows the secondary flow and vortex at the left guide wall.

For giving more information about flow pattern at the left and right guide wall, Fig. 4 shows the flow pattern at the right side guide wall and Fig. 5 shows the flow pattern at the left side guide wall.

With regard to Figs. 4 and 5 and observing the streamlines, at discharge equal to 80 (L/s), the right wall has suitable performance but the left wall has no suitable performance and the left wall of the geometric design creates a secondary and circular flow, and vortex motion in the beginning of the entrance of spillway that creates cross waves at the beginning of spillway. By increasing the flow rate (Q = 100 L/s), at the inlet spillway secondary flows and vortex were removed, but the streamline is severely distorted. Results of the guide wall performances at the Q = 100 (L/s) are shown in Fig. 6.

Also more information about the performance of each guide wall can be derived from Figs. 7 and 8. These figures uphold that the secondary and vortex flows were removed, but the streamlines were fully diverted specifically near the left side guide wall.

As mentioned in the past, these secondary and vortex flows and diversion in streamline cause nonuniformity and create cross wave through the spillway. Figure 9 shows the cross waves at the crest of the spillway.

The performance of guide walls at the Q = 120 (L/s) also was assessed. The result of simulation is shown in Fig. 10. Figures 11 and 12 show a more clear view of the streamlines near to right and left side guide wall, respectively. As seen in Fig. 12, the left side wall still causes vortex flow and creation of and diversion in streamline.

The results of the affected left side guide wall shape on the cross wave creation are shown in Fig. 13. As seen from Fig. 3, the left side guide wall also causes cross wave at the spillway crest.

As can be seen clearly in Figs. 9 and 13, by moving from the left side to the right side of the spillway, the cross waves and the nonuniformity in flow is removed. By reviewing Figs. 9 and 13, it is found that the right side guide wall removes the cross waves and nonuniformity. With this point as aim, a geometry similar to the right side guide wall was considered instead of the left side guide wall. The result of simulation for Q = 120 (L/s) is shown in Fig. 14. As seen from this figure, the proposed geometry for the left side wall has suitable performance smoothly passing the flow through the approach channel and spillway.

More information about the proposed shape for the left guide wall is shown in Fig. 15. As seen from this figure, this shape has suitable performance for removing the cross waves and vortex flows.

Figure 16 shows the cross section of flow at the crest of spillway. As seen in this figure, the proposed shape for the left side guide wall is suitable for removing the cross waves and secondary flows.

Conclusion

Analysis of behavior and hydraulic properties of flow over the spillway dam is a complicated task which is cost and time intensive. Several techniques suitable to the purposes of study have been undertaken in this research. Physical modeling, usage of expert experience, usage of mathematical models on simulation flow in one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques, are some of the techniques utilized to study this phenomenon. The results of the modeling show that the CFD technique is a suitable tool for simulating the flow pattern in the guide wall. Using this tools helps the designer for developing the optimal shape for hydraulic structure which the flow pattern through them are important.

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Department of Water Engineering, Lorestan University, Khorram Abad, IranAbbas Parsaie, Amir Hamzeh Haghiabi & Amir Moradinejad

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Correspondence to Abbas Parsaie.

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Parsaie, A., Haghiabi, A.H. & Moradinejad, A. CFD modeling of flow pattern in spillway’s approach channel. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 1, 245–251 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-015-0020-9

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Received28 April 2015
Accepted28 August 2015
Published15 September 2015
Issue DateSeptember 2015
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-015-0020-9

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Keywords

Approach channel
Kamal-Saleh dam
Guide wall
Flow pattern
Numerical modeling
Flow 3D software

원문 보기

Numerical analysis of energy dissipator options using computational fluid dynamics modeling — a case study of Mirani Dam

전산 유체 역학 모델링을 사용한 에너지 소산자 옵션의 수치적 해석 — Mirani 댐의 사례 연구

Arabian Journal of Geosciences volume 15, Article number: 1614 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

이 연구에서 FLOW 3D 전산 유체 역학(CFD) 소프트웨어를 사용하여 파키스탄 Mirani 댐 방수로에 대한 에너지 소산 옵션으로 미국 매립지(USBR) 유형 II 및 USBR 유형 III 유역의 성능을 추정했습니다. 3D Reynolds 평균 Navier-Stokes 방정식이 해결되었으며, 여기에는 여수로 위의 자유 표면 흐름을 캡처하기 위해 공기 유입, 밀도 평가 및 드리프트-플럭스에 대한 하위 그리드 모델이 포함되었습니다. 본 연구에서는 5가지 모델을 고려하였다. 첫 번째 모델에는 길이가 39.5m인 USBR 유형 II 정수기가 있습니다. 두 번째 모델에는 길이가 44.2m인 USBR 유형 II 정수기가 있습니다. 3번째와 4 ^번째모델에는 길이가 각각 48.8m인 USBR 유형 II 정수조와 39.5m의 USBR 유형 III 정수조가 있습니다. 다섯 번째 모델은 네 번째 모델과 동일하지만 마찰 및 슈트 블록 높이가 0.3m 증가했습니다. 최상의 FLOW 3D 모델 조건을 설정하기 위해 메쉬 민감도 분석을 수행했으며 메쉬 크기 0.9m에서 최소 오차를 산출했습니다. 세 가지 경계 조건 세트가 테스트되었으며 최소 오류를 제공하는 세트가 사용되었습니다. 수치적 검증은 USBR 유형 II( L = 48.8m), USBR 유형 III( L = 35.5m) 및 USBR 유형 III 의 물리적 모델 에너지 소산을 0.3m 블록 단위로 비교하여 수행되었습니다( L= 35.5m). 통계 분석 결과 평균 오차는 2.5%, RMSE(제곱 평균 제곱근 오차) 지수는 3% 미만이었습니다. 수리학적 및 경제성 분석을 바탕으로 4 ^번째 모델이 최적화된 에너지 소산기로 밝혀졌습니다. 흡수된 에너지 백분율 측면에서 물리적 모델과 수치적 모델 간의 최대 차이는 5% 미만인 것으로 나타났습니다.

In this study, the FLOW 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to estimate the performance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) type II and USBR type III stilling basins as energy dissipation options for the Mirani Dam spillway, Pakistan. The 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations were solved, which included sub-grid models for air entrainment, density evaluation, and drift–flux, to capture free-surface flow over the spillway. Five models were considered in this research. The first model has a USBR type II stilling basin with a length of 39.5 m. The second model has a USBR type II stilling basin with a length of 44.2 m. The 3rd and 4^th models have a USBR type II stilling basin with a length of 48.8 m and a 39.5 m USBR type III stilling basin, respectively. The fifth model is identical to the fourth, but the friction and chute block heights have been increased by 0.3 m. To set up the best FLOW 3D model conditions, mesh sensitivity analysis was performed, which yielded a minimum error at a mesh size of 0.9 m. Three sets of boundary conditions were tested and the set that gave the minimum error was employed. Numerical validation was done by comparing the physical model energy dissipation of USBR type II (L = 48.8 m), USBR type III (L =35.5 m), and USBR type III with 0.3-m increments in blocks (L = 35.5 m). The statistical analysis gave an average error of 2.5% and a RMSE (root mean square error) index of less than 3%. Based on hydraulics and economic analysis, the 4^th model was found to be an optimized energy dissipator. The maximum difference between the physical and numerical models in terms of percentage energy absorbed was found to be less than 5%.

Keywords

Numerical modeling
Spillway
Hydraulic jump
Energy dissipation
FLOW 3D

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원문보기

Effect of tailwater depth on non-cohesive earth dam failure due to overtopping

범람으로 인한 비점착성 흙댐 붕괴에 대한 테일워터 깊이의 영향

ShaimaaAman^aMohamedAbdelrazek Rezk^bRabieaNasr^c

Abstract

본 연구에서는 범람으로 인한 토사댐 붕괴에 대한 테일워터 깊이의 영향을 실험적으로 조사하였다. 테일워터 깊이의 네 가지 다른 값을 검사합니다. 각 실험에 대해 댐 수심 측량 프로파일의 진화, 고장 기간, 침식 체적 및 유출 수위곡선을 관찰하고 기록합니다.

결과는 tailwater 깊이를 늘리면 고장 시간이 최대 57% 감소하고 상대적으로 침식된 마루 높이가 최대 77.6% 감소한다는 것을 보여줍니다. 또한 상대 배수 깊이가 3, 4, 5인 경우 누적 침식 체적의 감소는 각각 23, 36.5 및 75%인 반면 최대 유출량의 감소는 각각 7, 14 및 17.35%입니다.

실험 결과는 침식 과정을 복제할 때 Flow 3D 소프트웨어의 성능을 평가하는 데 활용됩니다. 수치 모델은 비응집성 흙댐의 침식 과정을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션합니다.

The influence of tailwater depth on earth dam failure due to overtopping is investigated experimentally in this work. Four different values of tailwater depths are examined. For each experiment, the evolution of the dam bathymetry profile, the duration of failure, the eroded volume, and the outflow hydrograph are observed and recorded. The results reveal that increasing the tailwater depth reduces the time of failure by up to 57% and decreases the relative eroded crest height by up to 77.6%. In addition, for relative tailwater depths equal to 3, 4, and 5, the reduction in the cumulative eroded volume is 23, 36.5, and 75%, while the reduction in peak discharge is 7, 14, and 17.35%, respectively. The experimental results are utilized to evaluate the performance of the Flow 3D software in replicating the erosion process. The numerical model successfully simulates the erosion process of non-cohesive earth dams.

Keywords

Earth dam, Eroded volume, Flow 3D model, Non-cohesive soil, Overtopping failure, Tailwater depth

Notation

d₅₀

Mean partical diameterW_c

Optimum water contentZ_o

Dam height (cm)d_o

Tailwater depth (cm)Z_eroded

Eroded height of the dam measured at distance of 0.7 m from the dam heel (cm)t

Total time of failure (sec)t₁

Time of crest width erosion (sec)Z_crest

The crest height (cm)V_total

Total volume of the dam (m³)V_eroded

Cumulative eroded volume (m³)RMSE

The statistical variable root- mean- square errord

Degree of agreement indexy_u.s.

The upstream water depth (cm)y_d.s

The downstream water depth (cm)H

Water surface elevation over sharp crested weir (cm)Q

Outflow discharge (liter/sec)Q_peak

Peak discharge (liter/sec)

1. Introduction

Earth dams are compacted structures composed of natural materials that are usually mined or quarried from local locations. The failures of the earth dams have proven to be deadly, destructive, and costly. According to People’s Daily, two earthen dams, Yong’an Dam and Xinfa Dam located in Hulun Buir City in North China’s Inner Mongolia failed on 2021, due to a surge in the water level of the Nuomin River caused by heavy rain. The dam breach affected 16,660 people, flooded 325,622 mu of farmland (21708.1 ha), and destroyed 22 bridges, 124 culverts, and 15.6 km of roadways. Also, the failure of south fork dam (earth and rock fill dam) near Johnstown on 1889 is considered the worst U.S dam disaster in terms of loss of life. The dam was overtopped and washed away due to unexpected heavy rains, releasing 20 million tons of water which destroyed Johnstown and resulted in 2209 deaths, [1], [2]. Piping or shear sliding, failure due to natural factors, and failure due to overtopping are all possible causes of earth dam failure. However, overtopping failure is the most frequent cause of dam failure. According to The International Committee on Large Dams (ICOLD, 1995), and [3], more than one-third of the total known dam failures were caused by dam overtopping.

Overtopping occurs as the result of insufficient flood design or freeboard in some cases. Extreme rainstorms can cause floods which can overtop the dam and cause it to fail. The size and geometry of the reservoir or the dam (side slopes, top width, height, etc.), the homogeneity of the material used in the construction of the dam, overtopping depth, and the presence or absence of tailwater are all elements that influence this type of failure which will be illustrated in the following literature. Overtopping failures of earth dams may be divided into several failure mechanisms based on the material composition and the inner structure of the dam. For cohesive earth dams because of low permeability, no seepage exists on the slopes. Erosion often begins at the earth dam toe during turbulent erosion and moves upstream, undercutting the slope, causing the removal of large chunks of materials. While for non-cohesive earth dams the downstream face of the dam flattens progressively and is often said to rotate around a point near the downstream toe [4], [5], [6] In the last few decades, the study of failures due to overtopping has gained popularity among researchers. The overtopping failure, in fact, has been widely investigated in coastal and river hydraulics and morpho dynamic. In addition, several laboratory experimental studies have been conducted in this field in order to better understand different involved factors. Also, many numerical types of research have been conducted to investigate the process of overtopping failure as well as the elements that influence this type of failure.

Tabrizi et al. [5] conducted a series of embankment overtopping tests to find the effect of compaction on the failure of a homogenous sand embankment. A plane breach process occurred across the flume width due to the narrow flume width. They measured the downstream hydrographs and embankment surface profile for every case. They concluded that the peak discharge decreased with a high compaction level, while the time to peak increased. Kansoh et al. [6] studied experimentally the failure of compacted homogeneous non-cohesive earthen embankment due to overtopping. They investigated the influence of different shape parameters including the downstream slope, the crest width, and the height of the embankment on the erosion process. The erosion process was initiated by carving a pilot channel into the embankment crest. They evaluated the time of embankment failure for different shape parameters. They concluded that the failure time increases with increasing the downstream slope and the crest width. Zhu et al. [7] investigated experimentally the breaching of five embankments, one constructed with pure sand, and four with different sand-silt–clay mixtures. The erosion pattern was similar across the flume width. They stated that for cohesive soil mixtures the head cut erosion was the most important factor that affected the breach growth, while for non-cohesive soil the breach erosion was affected by shear erosion.

Amaral et al. [8] studied experimentally the failure by overtopping for two embankments built from silt sand material. They studied the effect of the degree of compaction of the embankment and the geometry of the pilot channel carved at the centre of the dam crest. They studied two shapes of pilot channel a rectangular shape and triangular shape. They stated that the breach development is influenced by a higher degree of compaction, however, the pilot channel geometry did not influence the breach’s final form. Bereta et al. [9] studied experimentally the breach formation of five dam models, three of them were homogenous clay soil while two were sandy-clay mixtures. The erosion process was initiated by cutting a pilot channel at the centre of the dam crest. They observed the initiation of erosion, flow shear erosion, sidewall bottom erosion, and distinguished the soil mechanical slope mass failure from the head cut vertically and laterally during these tests. Verma et al. [10] investigated experimentally a two-dimensional erosion phenomenon due to overtopping by using a wooden fuse plug model and five different soils. They concluded that the erosion process was affected mostly by cohesiveness and degree of compaction. For cohesive soils, a head cut erosion was observed, while for non-cohesive soils surface erosion occurred gradually. Also, the dimensions of fuse plug, type of fill material, reservoir capacity, and inflow were found to affect the behaviour of the overall breaching process.

Wu and Qin [11] studied the effect of adding coarse grains to the downstream face of a non-cohesive dam as a result of tailings deposition. The process of overtopping during tailings dam failures is analyzed and its effect on delaying the dam-break process and disaster mitigation are investigated. They found that the tested protective measures decreased the breach area, the maximum breaching flow discharge and flow velocity, and the downstream inundated area. Khankandi et al. [12] studied experimentally the effect of reservoir geometry on dam break flow in case of dry and wet bed conditions. They considered four different reservoir shapes, a long reservoir, a wide, a trapezoidal shaped and one with a 90◦ bend all with identical water volume and horizontal bed. The dam break is simulated by the sudden gate removal using a pneumatic jack. They measured the variation of water level over time with ultrasonic sensors and flow velocity component with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Also, the experimental results of water level variation are compared with Ritters solution (1892) [13]. They stated that for dry bed condition the long and 90 bend reservoirs results are close to the analytical solution by ritter also in these two shapes a 1D flow is noticed. However, for wide and trapezoidal reservoirs a 2D effect is significant due to flow contraction at channel entrance.

Rifai et al. [14] conducted a series of experiments to investigate the effect of tailwater depth on the outflow discharge and breach geometry during non-cohesive homogenous fluvial dikes overtopping failure. They cut an initial notch in the crest at 0.8 m from the upstream end of the dike to initiate overtopping. They compared their results to previous experiments under different main channel inflow discharges combined with a free floodplain. They divided the dike breaching process into three stages: gradual start of overtopping flow resulting in slow initiation of dike erosion, deepening and widening breach due to large flow depth and velocity, finally the flow depth starts stabilizing at its minimal level with or without sustained breach expansion. They stated that breach discharge has lower values than in free floodplain tests. Jiang [15] studied the effect of bed slope on breach parameters and peak discharge in non-cohesive embankment failure. An initial triangular breach with a depth and width of 4 cm was pre-set on one side of the dam. He stated that peak discharge increases with the increase of bed slope and then decreases.

Ozmen-cagatay et al. [16] studied experimentally flood wave propagation resulted from a sudden dam break event. For dam-break modelling, they used a mechanism that permitted the rapid removal of a vertical plate with a thickness of 4 mm and made of rigid plastic. They conducted three tests, one with dry bed condition and two tests with tailwater depths equal 0.025 m and 0.1 m respectively. They recorded the free surface profile during initial stages of dam break by using digital image processing. Finally, they compared the experimental results with the with a commercially available VOF-based CFD program solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier –Stokes equations (RANS) with the k– Ɛ turbulence model and the shallow water equations (SWEs). They concluded that Wave breaking was delayed with increasing the tailwater depth to initial reservoir depth ratio. They also stated that the SWE approach is sufficient more to represent dam break flows for wet bed condition. Evangelista [17] investigated experimentally and numerically using a depth-integrated two-phase model, the erosion of sand dike caused by the impact of a dam break wave. The dam break is simulated by a sudden opening of an upstream reservoir gate resulting in the overtopping of a downstream trapezoidal sand dike. The evolution of the water wave caused from the gate opening and dike erosion process are recorded by using a computer-controlled camera. The experimental results demonstrated that the progression of the wave front and dike erosion have a considerable influence on each other during the process. In addition, the dike constructed from fine sands was more resistant to erosion than the one built with coarse sand. They also stated that the numerical model can is capable of accurately predicting wave front position and dike erosion. Also, Di Cristo et al. [18] studied the effect of dam break wave propagation on a sand embankment both experimentally and numerically using a two-phase shallow-water model. The evolution of free surface and of the embankment bottom are recorded and used in numerical model assessment. They stated that the model allows reasonable simulation of the experimental trends of the free surface elevation regardeless of the geofailure operator.

Lots of numerical models have been developed over the past few years to simulate the dam break flooding problem. A one-dimensional model, such as Hec-Ras, DAMBRK and MIKE 11, ect. A two-dimensional model such as iRIC Nay2DH is used in earth embankment breach simulation. Other researchers studied the failure process numerically using (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, such as FLOW-3D, and FLUENT. Goharnejad et al. [19] determined the outflow hydrograph which results from the embankment dam break due to overtopping. Hu et al. [20] performed a comparison between Flow-3D and MIKE3 FM numerical models in simulating a dam break event under dry and wet bed conditions with different tailwater depths. Kaurav et al. [21] simulated a planar dam breach process due to overtopping. They conducted a sensitivity analysis to find the effect of dam material, dam height, downstream slope, crest width, and inlet discharge on the erosion process and peak discharge through breach. They concluded that downstream slope has a significant influence on breaching process. Yusof et al. [22] studied the effect of embankment sediment sizes and inflow rates on breaching geometric and hydrodynamic parameters. They stated that the peak outflow hydrograph increases with increasing sediment size and inflow rates while time of failure decreases.

In the present work, the effect of tailwater depth on earth dam failure during overtopping is studied experimentally. The relation between the eroded volume of the dam and the tailwater depth is presented. Also, the percentage of reduction in peak discharge due to tailwater existence is calculated. An assessment of Flow 3D software performance in simulating the erosion process during earth dam failure is introduced. The statistical variable root- mean- square error, RMSE, and the agreement degree index, d, are used in model assessment.

2. Material and methods

The tests are conducted in a straight rectangular flume in the laboratory of Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt. The flume dimensions are 10 m long, 0.86 m wide, and 0.5 m deep. The front part of the flume is connected to a storage basin 1 m long by 0.86 m wide. The storage basin is connected to a collecting tank for water recirculation during the experiments as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2. A sharp-crested weir is placed at a distance of 4 m downstream the constructed dam to keep a constant tailwater depth in each experiment and to measure the outflow discharge.

To measure the eroded volume with time a rods technique is used. This technique consists of two parallel wooden plates with 10 cm distance in between and five rows of stainless-steel rods passing vertically through the wooden plates at a spacing of 20 cm distributed across flume width. Each row consists of four rods with 15 cm spacing between them. Also, a graph board is provided to measure the drop in each rod with time as shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4. After dam construction the rods are carefully rested on the dam, with the first line of rods resting in the middle of the dam crest and then a constant distance of 15 cm between rods lines is maintained.

A soil sample is taken and tested in the laboratory of the soil mechanics to find the soil geotechnical parameters. The soil particle size distribution is also determined by sieve analysis as shown in Fig. 5. The soil mean diameter d₅₀,equals 0.38 mm and internal friction angle equals 32.6°.

2.1. Experimental procedures

To investigate the effect of the tailwater depth (d_o), the tailwater depth is changed four times 5, 15, 20, and 25 cm on the sand dam model. The dam profile is 35 cm height, with crest width = 15 cm, the dam base width is 155 cm, and the upstream and downstream slopes are 2:1 as shown in Fig. 6. The dam dimensions are set as the flume permitted to allow observation of the dam erosion process under the available flume dimensions and conditions. All of the conducted experiments have the same dimensions and configurations.

The optimum water content, W_c, from the standard proctor test is found to be 8 % and the maximum dry unit weight is 19.42 kN/m³. The soil and water are mixed thoroughly to ensure consistency and then placed on three horizontal layers. Each layer is compacted according to ASTM standard with 25 blows by using a rammer (27 cm × 20.5 cm) weighing 4 kg. Special attention is paid to the compaction of the soil to guarantee the repeatability of the tests.

After placing and compacting the three layers, the dam slopes are trimmed carefully to form the trapezoidal shape of the dam. A small triangular pilot channel with 1 cm height and 1:1 side slopes is cut into the dam crest to initiate the erosion process. The position of triangular pilot channel is presented in Fig. 1. Three digital video cameras with a resolution of 1920 × 1080 pixels and a frame rate of 60 fps are placed in three different locations. One camera on one side of the flume to record the progress of the dam profile during erosion. Another to track the water level over the sharp-crested rectangular weir placed at the downstream end of the flume. And the third camera is placed above the flume at the downstream side of the dam and in front of the rods to record the drop of the tip of the rods with time as shown previously in Fig. 1.

Before starting the experiment, the water is pumped into the storage basin by using pump with capacity 360 m³/hr, and then into the upstream section of the flume. The upstream boundary is an inflow condition. The flow discharge provided to the storage basin is kept at a constant rate of 6 L/sec for all experiments, while the downstream boundary is an outflow boundary condition.

Also, the required tailwater depth for each experiment is filled to the desired depth. A dye container valve is opened to color the water upstream of the dam to make it easy to distinguish the dam profile from the water profile. A wooden board is placed just upstream of the dam to prevent water from overtopping the dam until the water level rises to a certain level above the dam crest and then the wooden board is removed slowly to start the experiment.

2.2. Repeatability

To verify the accuracy of the results, each experiment is repeated two times under the same conditions. Fig. 7 shows the relative eroded crest height, Z_eroded / Z_o, with time for 5 cm tailwater depth. From the Figure, it can be noticed that results for all runs are consistent, and accuracy is achieved.

3. Numerical model

The commercially available numerical model, Flow 3D is used to simulate the dam failure due to overtopping for the cases of 15 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm tailwater depths. For numerical model calibration, experimental results for dam surface evolution are used. The numerical model is calibrated for selection of the optimal turbulence model (RNG, K-e, and k-w) and sediment scour equations (Van Rin, Meyer- peter and Muller, and Nielsen) that produce the best results. In this, the flow field is solved by the RNG turbulence model, and the van Rijn equation is used for the sediment scour model. A geometry file is imported before applying the mesh.

A Mesh sensitivity is analyzed and checked for various cell sizes, and it is found that decreasing the cell size significantly increases the simulation time with insignificant differences in the result. It is noticed that the most important factor influencing cell size selection is the value of the dam’s upstream and downstream slopes. For example, the slopes in the dam model are 2:1, thus the cell size ratio in X and Z directions should be 2:1 as well. The cell size in a mesh block is set to be 0.02 m, 0.025 m, and 0.01 m in X, Y and Z directions respectively.

In the numerical computations, the boundary conditions employed are the walls for sidewalls and the channel bottom. The pressure boundary condition is applied at the top, at the air–water interface, to account for atmospheric pressure on the free surface. The upstream boundary is volume flow rate while the downstream boundary is outflow discharge.

The initial condition is a fluid region, which is used to define fluid areas both upstream and downstream of the dam. To assess the model accuracy, the statistical variable root- mean- square error, RMSE, and the agreement degree index, d, are calculated as(1)RMSE=1N∑i=1N(Pi-Mi)2(2)d=1-∑Mi-Pi2∑Mi-M¯+Pi-P¯2

where N is the number of samples, P_i and M_i are the models and experimental values, P and M are the means of the model and experimental values. The best fit between the experimental and model results would have an RMSE = 0 and degree of agreement, d = 1.

4. Results of experimental work

The results of the total time of failure, t (defined as the time from when the water begins to overtop the dam crest until the erosion reaches a steady state, when no erosion occurs), time of crest width erosion t₁, cumulative eroded volume V_eroded, and peak discharge Q_peak for each experiment are listed in Table 1. The case of 5 cm tailwater depth is considered as a reference case in this work.

Table 1. Results of experimental work.

*Tailwater depth, d_o* (cm)**	*Total time of failure, t (sec)*	*Time of crest width erosion, t₁ (sec)*	*cumulative eroded volume, V_eroded* (m³)**	*Peak discharge, Q_peak* (liter/sec)**
5	255	22	0.21	13.12
15	165	30	0.16	12.19
20	140	34	0.13	11.29
25	110	39	0.05	10.84

5. Discussion

5.1. Side erosion

The evolution of the bathymetry of the erosion line recorded by the video camera1. The videos are split into frames (60 frames/sec) by the Free Video to JPG Converter v.5.063 build and then converted into an excel spreadsheet using MATLAB code as shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 9 shows a sample of numerical model output. Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12 show a dam profile development for different time steps from both experimental and numerical model, for tailwater depths equal 15 cm, 20 cm and 25 cm. Also, the values of RMSE and d for each figure are presented. The comparison shows that the Flow 3D software can simulate the erosion process of non-cohesive earth dam during overtopping with an RMSE value equals 0.023, 0.0218, and 0.0167 and degree of agreement, d, equals 0.95, 0.968, and 0.988 for relative tailwater depths, d_o/(d_o)_ref, = 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The low values of RMSE and high values of d show that the Flow 3D can effectively simulate the erosion process. From Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, it can be noticed that the model is not capable of reproducing the head cut, while it can simulate well the degradation of the crest height with a minor difference from experimental work. The reason of this could be due to inability of simulation of all physical conditions which exists in the experimental work, such as channel friction and the grain size distribution of the dam soil which is surely has a great effect on the erosion process and breach development. In the experimental work the grain size distribution is shown in Fig. 5, while the numerical model considers that the soil is uniform and exactly 50 % of the dam particles diameter are equal to the d₅₀ value. Another reason is that the model is not considering the increased resistance of the dam due to the apparent cohesion which happens due to dam saturation [23].

It is clear from both the experimental and numerical results that for a 5 cm tailwater depth, d_o/(d_o)_ref = 1.0, erosion begins near the dam toe and continues upward on the downstream slope until it reaches the crest. After eroding the crest width, the crest is lowered, resulting in increased flow rates and the speeding up of the erosion process. While for relative tailwater depths, d_o/(d_o)_ref = 3, 4, and 5 erosion starts at the point of intersection between the downstream slope and tailwater. The existence of tailwater works as an energy dissipater for the falling water which reduces the erosion process and prevents the dam from failure as shown in Fig. 13. It is found that the time of the failure decreases with increasing the tailwater depth because most of the dam height is being submerged with water which decreases the erosion process. The reduction in time of failure from the referenced case is found to be 35.3, 45, and 57 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref equals 3, 4, and 5, respectively.

The relation between the relative eroded crest height, Z_eroded /Z_o, with time is drawn as shown in Fig. 14. It is found that the relative eroded crest height decreases with increasing tailwater depth by 10, 41, and 77.6 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref equals 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The time required for the erosion of the crest width, t₁, is calculated for each experiment. The relation between relative tailwater depth and relative time of crest width erosion is shown in Fig. 15. It is found that the time of crest width erosion increases linearly with increasing, d_o /Z_o. The percent of increase is 36.4, 54.5 and 77.3 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref = 3, 4 and 5, respectively.

Crest height, Z_crest is calculated from the experimental results and the Flow 3D results for relative tailwater depths, d_o/(d_o)_ref, = 3, 4, and 5. A relation between relative crest height, Z_crest/Z_o with time from experimental and numerical results is presented in Fig. 16. From Fig. 16, it is seen that there is a good consistency between the results of numerical model and the experimental results in the case of tracking the erosion of the crest height with time.

5.2. Upstream and downstream water depths

It is noticed that at the beginning of the erosion process, both upstream and downstream water depths increase linearly with time as long as erosion of the crest height did not take place. However, when the crest height starts to lower the upstream water depth decreases with time while the downstream water depth increases. At the end of the experiment, the two depths are nearly equal. A relation between relative downstream and upstream water depths with time is drawn for each experiment as shown in Fig. 17.

5.3. Eroded volume

A MATLAB code is used to calculate the cumulative eroded volume every time interval for each experiment. The total volume of the dam, V_total is 0.256 m³. The cumulative eroded volume, V_eroded is 0.21, 0.16, 0.13, and 0.05 m³ for tailwater depths, d_o = 5, 15, 20, and 25 cm, respectively. Fig. 18 presents the relation between cumulative eroded volume, V_eroded and time. From Fig. 18, it is observed that the cumulative eroded volume decreases with increasing the tailwater depth. The reduction in cumulative eroded volume is 23, 36.5, and 75 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref = 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The relative remained volume of the dam equals 0.18, 0.375, 0.492, and 0.8 for tailwater depths = 5, 15, 20, and 25 cm, respectively. Fig. 19 shows a relation between relative tailwater depth and relative cumulative eroded volume from experimental results. From that figure, it is noticed that the eroded volume decreases exponentially with increasing relative tailwater depth.

5.4. The outflow discharge

The inflow discharge provided to the storage tank is maintained constant for all experiments. The water surface elevation, H, over the sharp-crested weir placed at the downstream side is recorded by the video camera 2. For each experiment, the outflow discharge is then calculated by using the sharp-crested rectangular weir equation every 10 sec.

The outflow discharge is found to increase rapidly until it reaches its peak then it decreases until it is constant. For high values of tailwater depths, the peak discharge becomes less than that in the case of small tailwater depth as shown in Fig. 20 which agrees well with the results of Rifai et al. [14] The reduction in peak discharge is 7, 14, and 17.35 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref = 3, 4, and 5, respectively.

The scenario presented in this article in which the tailwater depth rises due to unexpected heavy rainfall, is investigated to find the effect of rising tailwater depth on earth dam failure. The results revealed that rising tailwater depth positively affects the process of dam failure in terms of preventing the dam from complete failure and reducing the outflow discharge.

6. Conclusions

The effect of tailwater depth on earth dam failure due to overtopping is investigated experimentally in this work. The study focuses on the effect of tailwater depth on side erosion, upstream and downstream water depths, eroded volume, outflow hydrograph, and duration of the failure process. The Flow 3D numerical software is used to simulate the dam failure, and a comparison is made between the experimental and numerical results to find the ability of this software to simulate the erosion process. The following are the results of the investigation:

The existence of tailwater with high depths prevents the dam from completely collapsing thereby turning it into a broad crested weir. The failure time decreases with increasing the tailwater depth and the reduction from the reference case is found to be 35.3, 45, and 57 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref = 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The difference between the upstream and downstream water depths decreases with time till it became almost negligible at the end of the experiment. The reduction in cumulative eroded volume is 23, 36.5, and 75 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref = 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The peak discharge decreases by 7, 14, and 17.35 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref = 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The relative eroded crest height decreases linearly with increasing the tailwater depth by 10, 41, and 77.6 % for relative tailwater depth, d_o /(d_o)_ref = 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The numerical model can reproduce the erosion process with a minor deviation from the experimental results, particularly in terms of tracking the degradation of the crest height with time.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Cited by (0)

My name is Shaimaa Ibrahim Mohamed Aman and I am a teaching assistant in Irrigation and Hydraulics department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. I graduated from the Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University in 2013. I had my MSc in Irrigation and Hydraulic Engineering in 2017. My research interests lie in the area of earth dam Failures.

Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.

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Figure 3. Comparison of water surface profiles over porous media with 12 mm particle diameter in laboratory measurements (symbols) and numerical results (lines).

다공층에 대한 돌발 댐 붕괴의 3차원 유동 수치해석 시뮬레이션

A. Safarzadeh1*, P. Mohsenzadeh2, S. Abbasi3
1 Professor of Civil Eng., Water Engineering and Mineral Waters Research Center, Univ. of Mohaghegh Ardabili,Ardabil, Iran
2 M.Sc., Graduated of Civil-Hydraulic Structures Eng., Faculty of Eng., Univ. of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3 M.Sc., Graduated of Civil -Hydraulic Structures Eng., Faculty of Eng., Univ. of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Safarzadeh@uma.ac.ir

Highlights

유체 이동에 의해 생성된 RBF는 Ls-Dyna에서 Fluent, ICFD ALE 및 SPH 방법으로 시뮬레이션되었습니다.
RBF의 과예측은 유체가 메인 도메인에서 고속으로 분리될 때 발생합니다.
이 과잉 예측은 요소 크기, 시간 단계 크기 및 유체 모델에 따라 다릅니다.
유체 성능을 검증하려면 최대 RBF보다 임펄스가 권장됩니다.

Abstract

Dam break is a very important problem due to its effects on economy, security, human casualties and environmental consequences. In this study, 3D flow due to dam break over the porous substrate is numerically simulated and the effect of porosity, permeability and thickness of the porous bed and the water depth in the porous substrate are investigated. Classic models of dam break over a rigid bed and water infiltration through porous media were studied and results of the numerical simulations are compared with existing laboratory data. Validation of the results is performed by comparing the water surface profiles and wave front position with dam break on rigid and porous bed. Results showed that, due to the effect of dynamic wave in the initial stage of dam break, a local peak occurs in the flood hydrograph. The presence of porous bed reduces the acceleration of the flood wave relative to the flow over the solid bed and it decreases with the increase of the permeability of the bed. By increasing the permeability of the bed, the slope of the ascending limb of the flood hydrograph and the peak discharge drops. Furthermore, if the depth and permeability of the bed is such that the intrusive flow reaches the rigid substrate under the porous bed, saturation of the porous bed, results in a sharp increase in the slope of the flood hydrograph. The maximum values of the peak discharge at the end of the channel with porous bed occurred in saturated porous bed conditions.

댐 붕괴는 경제, 보안, 인명 피해 및 환경적 영향으로 인해 매우 중요한 문제입니다. 본 연구에서는 다공성 기재에 대한 댐 파괴로 인한 3차원 유동을 수치적으로 시뮬레이션하고 다공성 기재의 다공성, 투과도 및 다공성 층의 두께 및 수심의 영향을 조사합니다. 단단한 바닥에 대한 댐 파괴 및 다공성 매체를 통한 물 침투의 고전 모델을 연구하고 수치 시뮬레이션 결과를 기존 실험실 데이터와 비교합니다. 결과 검증은 강체 및 다공성 베드에서 댐 파단과 수면 프로파일 및 파면 위치를 비교하여 수행됩니다. 그 결과 댐파괴 초기의 동적파동의 영향으로 홍수수문곡선에서 국부첨두가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 다공성 베드의 존재는 고체 베드 위의 유동에 대한 홍수파의 가속을 감소시키고 베드의 투과성이 증가함에 따라 감소합니다. 베드의 투수성을 증가시켜 홍수 수문곡선의 오름차순 경사와 첨두방류량이 감소한다. 더욱이, 만약 층의 깊이와 투과성이 관입 유동이 다공성 층 아래의 단단한 기질에 도달하는 정도라면, 다공성 층의 포화는 홍수 수문곡선의 기울기의 급격한 증가를 초래합니다. 다공층이 있는 채널의 끝단에서 최대 방전 피크값은 포화 다공층 조건에서 발생하였다.

Keywords

Keywords: Dams Break, 3D modeling, Porous Bed, Permeability, Flood wave

Reference

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The Three-dimensional Simulation of Granular
Mixtures Weir

Shen Zhen-dong^{*1, 2}, Zhang Yang^{1, 2}
¹Zhejiang Guangchuan Engineering Consultation Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310020,
Zhejiang, China
²Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics &Estuary, Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China
E-mail: zdshen1991@126.com

Abstract

최근 몇 년 동안 생태학적 수자원 보존 공학의 발전으로 많은 새로운 댐 디자인이 등장했습니다. 본 논문에서는 체계적인 소면보 연구와 조사를 바탕으로 새로운 종류의 입상 혼합물 위어를 제시하였습니다.

입상보의 수치해석은 Flow-3D를 이용하여 수행하였으며, 그 결과를 물리적 모델 실험결과와 비교하였습니다. 유속, 유속 분포 및 둑의 파손에 대한 수치 시뮬레이션 결과는 실험 결과와 잘 일치하며, 이는 3차원 수학적 모델이 물리적 모델 실험과 결합되어 모든 입상 혼합물 둑을 시뮬레이션할 수 있음을 나타냅니다.

이 방법을 이용하여 특성 및 수리학적 매개변수를 분석하면 생태보의 후속 연구를 위한 기술적 지원을 제공할 수 있습니다.

In recent years, with the development of ecological water conservancy engineering,
many new weir designs have also emerged. This paper has put forward a new kind of granular
mixtures weir based on the systematic carding weir researches, combined with investigation. The
numerical simulation of granular weir is carried out by using Flow-3D,and the results are
compared with the physical model experiment results. The numerical simulation results of the
flow velocity, flow distribution and the failure of the weir are in good agreement with the
experimental results, which indicates that the 3-D mathematical model can be combined with
physical model experiments to simulate the granular mixtures weir in all directions. Using this
method to analysis the characteristics and hydraulic parameters can provide technical support
for the follow-up research of ecological weir.

Table 1 Numerical simulation programme table

Figure 4 Final Damage of Weir in Different Projects

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Fig. 9. Simulated separation regions for surface mounted cylinder

Investigation on the Local Scour Beneath Piggyback Pipelines Under Clear-Water Conditions

China Ocean Engineering volume 35, pages422–431 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

피기백 파이프라인은 2개의 파이프로 구성되어 2차 라인이 2개의 파이프 사이의 길이가 고정된 거리로 메인 파이프에 탑승합니다. 새로운 전략은 단일 흐름 라인 대신 연안 지역에서 활용됩니다.

이와 관련하여 정상 전류에서 피기백 파이프라인 아래의 세굴 효과를 조사하는 실험 및 수치 연구는 소수에 불과합니다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수치모사 및 실험적 실험을 통해 관직경, 관간격 등 정류에 의한 세굴에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴보고자 합니다.

따라서 연구의 첫 번째 단계에서 단일 파이프를 설치하고 실험식의 결과와 결과를 비교하기 위해 실험실에서 테스트했습니다. 실험적 검증을 마친 후, 피기백 파이프라인도 조립하여 안정된 전류 조건에서 정련을 연구했습니다. 파이프 사이의 간격을 늘리면 최대 세굴 깊이가 감소한다는 결론이 내려졌습니다.

그러나 작은 파이프의 직경이 증가하면 최대 세굴 깊이가 커집니다. 둘째, 본 연구의 수치적 조사에 적합한 도구인 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 수치해석을 수행하였습니다.

마지막으로, 수치 결과를 해당 실험 데이터와 비교했으며, 이들 사이에 비교적 좋은 일치가 달성되었습니다.

A piggyback pipeline consists of two pipes such that the secondary line rides on the main pipe with a fixed distance between two pipes in length. The novel strategy is utilized in offshore areas instead of a single flow line. In this regard, there are only a handful of experimental and numerical studies investigating the effect of scour below a piggyback pipeline under steady current. Hence, this study focuses on examining the influential factors on scouring due to steady current including the pipe diameter and the gap between pipes through numerical simulations and experimental tests. Accordingly, at the first phase of the research, a single pipe was established and tested in laboratory to compare the results with those of an empirical equation. After finishing experimental verifications, piggyback pipelines were also assembled to study the scouring under steady current conditions. It was concluded that by increasing the gap distance between the pipes, the maximum scour depth decreases; however, an increase in the small pipe’s diameter results in a larger maximum scour depth. Secondly, numerical simulations were carried out using the FLOW-3D software which was found to be a suitable tool for the numerical investigation of this study. Finally, the numerical results have been compared with the corresponding experimental data and a relatively good agreement was achieved between them.

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Fig. 1. (a) Arrangement of piggyback pipeline, (b) Plan view of experimental flume.

Fig. 3. Initial photos of two mounted piggyback pipelines in experimental setup for d/D=0.25.

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The Optimal Operation on Auxiliary Spillway to Minimize the Flood Damage in Downstream River with Various Outflow Conditions

하류하천의 영향 최소화를 위한 보조 여수로 최적 활용방안 검토

Hyung Ju Yoo¹, Sung Sik Joo², Beom Jae Kwon³, Seung Oh Lee^4*

유 형주¹, 주 성식², 권 범재³, 이 승오^4*

¹Ph.D Student, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hongik University
²Director, Water Resources & Environment Department, HECOREA
³Director, Water Resources Department, ISAN
⁴Professor, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hongik University

¹홍익대학교 건설환경공학과 박사과정
²㈜헥코리아 수자원환경사업부 이사
³㈜이산 수자원부 이사
⁴홍익대학교 건설환경공학과 교수

ABSTRACT

최근 기후변화로 인해 강우강도 및 빈도의 증가에 따른 집중호우의 영향 및 기존 여수로의 노후화에 대비하여 홍수 시 하류 하천의 영향을 최소화할 수 있는 보조 여수로 활용방안 구축이 필요한 실정이다. 이를 위해, 수리모형 실험 및 수치모형 실험을 통하여 보조 여수로 운영에 따른 흐름특성 변화 검토에 관한 연구가 많이 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 대부분의 연구는 여수로에서의 흐름특성 및 기능성에 대한 검토를 수행하였을 뿐 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 따른 하류하천 영향 검토 및 호안 안정성 검토에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로 방류 조건에 따른 하류영향 분석 및 호안 안정성 측면에서 최적 방류 시나리오 검토를 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 검토하였다. 또한 FLOW-3D 수치모의 수행을 통한 유속, 수위 결과와 소류력 산정 결과를 호안 설계허용 기준과 비교하였다. 수문 완전 개도 조건으로 가정하고 계획홍수량 유입 시 다양한 보조 여수로 활용방안에 대하여 수치모의를 수행한 결과, 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 기존 여수로 단독운영에 비하여 최대유속 및 최대 수위의 감소효과를 확인하였다. 다만 계획홍수량의 45% 이하 방류 조건에서 대안부의 호안 안정성을 확보하였고 해당 방류량 초과 경우에는 처오름 현상이 발생하여 월류에 대한 위험성 증가를 확인하였다. 따라서 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영 방안 도출이 중요하다고 판단하였다. 여수로의 배분 비율 및 총 허용 방류량에 대하여 검토한 결과 보조 여수로의 방류량이 기존 여수로의 방류량보다 큰 경우 하류하천의 흐름이 중심으로 집중되어 대안부의 유속 저감 및 수위 감소를 확인하였고, 계획 홍수량의 77% 이하의 조건에서 호안의 허용 유속 및 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하였다. 이를 통하여 본 연구에서 제안한 보조 여수로 활용방안으로는 기존 여수로와 동시 운영 시 총 방류량에 대하여 보조 여수로의 배분량이 기존 여수로의 배분량보다 크게 설정하는 것이 하류하천의 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 본 연구는 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부에서의 영향에 대해서만 검토하였고 수문 전면 개도 조건에서 검토하였다는 한계점은 분명히 있다. 이에 향후에는 다양한 수문 개도 조건 및 방류 시나리오를 적용 및 검토한다면 보다 효율적이고, 효과적인 보조 여수로 활용방안을 도출이 가능할 것으로 기대 된다.

키워드 : 보조 여수로, FLOW-3D, 수치모의, 호안 안정성, 소류력

1. 서 론

최근 기후변화로 인한 집중호우의 영향으로 홍수 시 댐으로 유입되는 홍수량이 설계 홍수량보다 증가하여 댐 안정성 확보가 필요한 실정이다(Office for Government Policy Coordination, 2003). MOLIT & K-water(2004)에서는 기존댐의 수문학적 안정성 검토를 수행하였으며 이상홍수 발생 시 24개 댐에서 월류 등으로 인한 붕괴위험으로 댐 하류지역의 극심한 피해를 예상하여 보조여수로 신설 및 기존여수로 확장 등 치수능력 증대 기본계획을 수립하였고 이를 통하여 극한홍수 발생 시 홍수량 배제능력을 증대하여 기존댐의 안전성 확보 및 하류지역의 피해를 방지하고자 하였다. 여기서 보조 여수로는 기존 여수로와 동시 또는 별도 운영하는 여수로로써 비상상황 시 방류 기능을 포함하고 있고(K-water, 2021), 최근에는 기존 여수로의 노후화에 따라 보조여수로의 활용방안에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 3차원 수치해석을 수행하여 기존 및 보조 여수로의 방류량 조합에 따른 하류 영향을 분석하고 하류 호안 안정성 측면에서 최적 방류 시나리오를 검토하고자 한다.

기존의 댐 여수로 검토에 관한 연구는 주로 수리실험을 통하여 방류조건 별 흐름특성을 검토하였으나 최근에는 수치모형 실험결과가 수리모형실험과 비교하여 근사한 것을 확인하는 등 점차 수치모형실험을 수리모형실험의 대안으로 활용하고 있다(Jeon et al., 2006; Kim, 2007; Kim et al., 2008). 국내의 경우, Jeon et al.(2006)은 수리모형 실험과 수치모의를 이용하여 임하댐 바상여수로의 기본설계안을 도출하였고, Kim et al.(2008)은 가능최대홍수량 유입 시 비상여수로 방류에 따른 수리학적 안정성과 기능성을 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 활용하여 검토하였다. 또한 Kim and Kim(2013)은 충주댐의 홍수조절 효과 검토 및 방류량 변화에 따른 상·하류의 수위 변화를 수치모형을 통하여 검토하였다. 국외의 경우 Zeng et al.(2017)은 3차원 수치모형인 Fluent를 활용한 여수로 방류에 따른 흐름특성 결과와 측정결과를 비교하여 수치모형 결과의 신뢰성을 검토하였다. Li et al.(2011)은 가능 최대 홍수량(Probable Maximum Flood, PMF)조건에서 기존 여수로와 신규 보조 여수로 유입부 주변의 흐름특성에 대하여 3차원 수치모형 Fluent를 활용하여 검토하였고, Lee et al.(2019)는 서로 근접해있는 기존 여수로와 보조여수로 동시 운영 시 방류능 검토를 수리모형 실험 및 수치모형 실험(FLOW-3D)을 통하여 수행하였으며 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로를 동시운영하게 되면 배수로 간섭으로 인하여 총 방류량이 7.6%까지 감소되어 댐의 방류능력이 감소하였음을 확인하였다.

그러나 대부분의 여수로 검토에 대한 연구는 여수로 내에서의 흐름특성 및 기능성에 대한 검토를 수행하였고. 이에 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로 방류운영에 따른 하류하천의 흐름특성 변화 및 호안 안정성 평가에 관한 추가적인 검토가 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로 방류 조건에 따른 하류하천의 흐름특성 및 호안 안정성분석을 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 이용하여 검토하였다. 또한 다양한 방류 배분 비율 및 허용 방류량 조건 변화에 따른 하류하천의 흐름특성 및 소류력 분석결과를 호안 설계 허용유속 및 허용 소류력 기준과 비교하여 하류하천의 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 최적의 보조 여수로 활용방안을 도출하고자 한다.

2. 본 론

2.1 이론적 배경

2.1.1 3차원 수치모형의 기본이론

FLOW-3D는 미국 Flow Science, Inc에서 개발한 범용 유체역학 프로그램(CFD, Computational Fluid Dynamics)으로 자유 수면을 갖는 흐름모의에 사용되는 3차원 수치해석 모형이다. 난류모형을 통해 난류 해석이 가능하고, 댐 방류에 따른 하류 하천의 흐름 해석에도 많이 사용되어 왔다(Flow Science, 2011). 본 연구에서는 FLOW-3D(version 12.0)을 이용하여 홍수 시 기존 여수로의 노후화에 대비하여 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 대한 검토를 하류하천의 호안 안정성 측면에서 검토하였다.

2.1.2 유동해석의 지배방정식

1) 연속 방정식(Continuity Equation)

FLOW-3D는 비압축성 유체에 대하여 연속방정식을 사용하며, 밀도는 상수항으로 적용된다. 연속 방정식은 Eqs. (1), (2)와 같다.

(1)

∇·v=0

(2)

∂∂x(uAx)+∂∂y(vAy)+∂∂z(wAz)=RSORρ

여기서, ρ는 유체 밀도(kg/m³), u, v, w는 x, y, z방향의 유속(m/s), Ax, Ay, Az는 각 방향의 요소면적(m²), RSOR는 질량 생성/소멸(mass source/sink)항을 의미한다.

2) 운동량 방정식(Momentum Equation)

각 방향 속도성분 u, v, w에 대한 운동방정식은 Navier-Stokes 방정식으로 다음 Eqs. (3), (4), (5)와 같다.

(3)

∂u∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂x+Gx+fx-bx-RSORρVFu

(4)

∂v∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂y+Gy+fy-by-RSORρVFv

(5)

∂w∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂z+Gz+fz-bz-RSORρVFw

여기서, Gx, Gy, Gz는 체적력에 의한 가속항, fx, fy, fz는 점성에 의한 가속항, bx, by, bz는 다공성 매체에서의 흐름손실을 의미한다.

2.1.3 소류력 산정

호안설계 시 제방사면 호안의 안정성 확보를 위해서는 하천의 흐름에 의하여 호안에 작용하는 소류력에 저항할 수 있는 재료 및 공법 선택이 필요하다. 국내의 경우 하천공사설계실무요령(MOLIT, 2016)에서 계획홍수량 유하 시 소류력 산정 방법을 제시하고 있다. 소류력은 하천의 평균유속을 이용하여 산정할 수 있으며, 소류력 산정식은 Eqs. (6), (7)과 같다.

1) Schoklitsch 공식

Schoklitsch(1934)는 Chezy 유속계수를 적용하여 소류력을 산정하였다.

(6)

τ=γRI=γC2V2

여기서, τ는 소류력(N/m²), R은 동수반경(m), γ는 물의 단위중량(10.0 kN/m³), I는 에너지경사, C는 Chezy 유속계수, V는 평균유속(m/s)을 의미한다.

2) Manning 조도계수를 고려한 공식

Chezy 유속계수를 대신하여 Manning의 조도계수를 고려하여 소류력을 산정할 수 있다.

(7)

τ=γn2V2R1/3

여기서, τ는 소류력(N/m²), R은 동수반경(m), γ는 물의 단위중량(10.0 kN/m³), n은 Manning의 조도계수, V는 평균유속(m/s)을 의미한다.

FLOW-3D 수치모의 수행을 통하여 하천의 바닥 유속을 도출할 수 있으며, 본 연구에서는 Maning 조도계수롤 고려하여 소류력을 산정하고자 한다. 소류력을 산정하기 위해서 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부의 바닥유속 변화를 검토하여 최대 유속 값을 이용하였다. 최종적으로 산정한 소류력과 호안의 재료 및 공법에 따른 허용 소류력과 비교하여 제방사면 호안의 안정성 검토를 수행하게 된다.

2.2 하천호안 설계기준

하천 호안은 계획홍수위 이하의 유수작용에 대하여 안정성이 확보되도록 계획하여야 하며, 호안의 설계 시에는 사용재료의 확보용이성, 시공상의 용이성, 세굴에 대한 굴요성(flexibility) 등을 고려하여 호안의 형태, 시공방법 등을 결정한다(MOLIT, 2019). 국내의 경우, 하천공사설계실무요령(MOLIT, 2016)에서는 다양한 호안공법에 대하여 비탈경사에 따라 설계 유속을 비교하거나, 허용 소류력을 비교함으로써 호안의 안정성을 평가한다. 호안에 대한 국외의 설계기준으로 미국의 경우, ASTM(미국재료시험학회)에서 호안블록 및 식생매트 시험방법을 제시하였고 제품별로 ASTM 시험에 의한 허용유속 및 허용 소류력을 제시하였다. 일본의 경우, 호안 블록에 대한 축소실험을 통하여 항력을 측정하고 이를 통해서 호안 블록에 대한 항력계수를 제시하고 있다. 설계 시에는 항력계수에 의한 블록의 안정성을 평가하고 있으나, 최근에는 세굴의 영향을 고려할 수 있는 호안 안정성 평가의 필요성을 제기하고 있다(MOLIT, 2019). 관련된 국내·외의 하천호안 설계기준은 Table 1에 정리하여 제시하였고, 본 연구에서 하천 호안 안정성 평가 시 하천공사설계실무요령(MOLIT, 2016)과 ASTM 시험에서 제시한 허용소류력 및 허용유속 기준을 비교하여 각각 0.28 kN/m², 5.0 m/s 미만일 경우 호안 안정성을 확보하였다고 판단하였다.

Table 1.

Standard of Permissible Velocity and Shear on Revetment

Country (Reference)	Material	Permissible velocity (Vp, m/s)	Permissible Shear (τp, kN/m²)
Korea	River Construction Design Practice Guidelines (MOLIT, 2016)	Vegetated	5.0	0.50
Stone	5.0	0.80
USA	ASTM D’6460	Vegetated	6.1	0.81
Unvegetated	5.0	0.28
JAPAN	Dynamic Design Method of Revetment	–	5.0	–

2.3. 보조여수로 운영에 따른 하류하천 영향 분석

2.3.1 모형의 구축 및 경계조건

본 연구에서는 기존 여수로의 노후화에 대비하여 홍수 시 보조여수로의 활용방안에 따른 하류하천의 흐름특성 및 호안안정성 평가를 수행하기 위해 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용하였다. 기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로는 치수능력 증대사업(MOLIT & K-water, 2004)을 통하여 완공된 ○○댐의 제원을 이용하여 구축하였다. ○○댐은 설계빈도(100년) 및 200년빈도 까지는 계획홍수위 이내로 기존 여수로를 통하여 운영이 가능하나 그 이상 홍수조절은 보조여수로를 통하여 조절해야 하며, 또한 2011년 기존 여수로 정밀안전진단 결과 사면의 표층 유실 및 옹벽 밀림현상 등이 확인되어 노후화에 따른 보수·보강이 필요한 상태이다. 이에 보조여수로의 활용방안 검토가 필요한 것으로 판단하여 본 연구의 대상댐으로 선정하였다. 하류 하천의 흐름특성을 예측하기 위하여 격자간격을 0.99 ~ 8.16 m의 크기로 하여 총 격자수는 49,102,500개로 구성하였으며, 여수로 방류에 따른 하류하천의 흐름해석을 위한 경계조건으로 상류는 유입유량(inflow), 바닥은 벽면(wall), 하류는 수위(water surface elevation)조건으로 적용하도록 하였다(Table 2, Fig. 1 참조). FLOW-3D 난류모형에는 혼합길이 모형, 난류에너지 모형, k-ϵ모형, RNG(Renormalized Group Theory) k-ϵ모형, LES 모형 등이 있으며, 본 연구에서는 여수로 방류에 따른 복잡한 난류 흐름 및 높은 전단흐름을 정확하게 모의(Flow Science, 2011)할 수 있는 RNG k-ϵ모형을 사용하였고, 하류하천 호안의 안정성 측면에서 보조여수로의 활용방안을 검토하기 위하여 방류시나리오는 Table 3에 제시된 것 같이 설정하였다. Case 1 및 Case 2를 통하여 계획홍수량에 대하여 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 단독 운영이 하류하천에 미치는 영향을 확인하였고 보조 여수로의 방류량 조절을 통하여 호안 안정성 측면에서 보조 여수로 방류능 검토를 수행하였다(Case 3 ~ Case 6). 또한 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 방류량 배분에 따른 하류하천의 영향 검토(Case 7 ~ Case 10) 및 방류 배분에 따른 허용 방류량을 호안 안정성 측면에서 검토를 수행하였다(Case 11 ~ Case 14).

수문은 완전개도 조건으로 가정하였으며 하류하천의 계획홍수량에 대한 기존 여수로와 보조여수로의 배분량을 조절하여 모의를 수행하였다. 여수로는 콘크리트의 조도계수 값(Chow, 1959)을 채택하였고, 댐 하류하천의 조도계수는 하천기본계획(Busan Construction and Management Administration, 2009) 제시된 조도계수 값을 채택하였으며 FLOW-3D의 적용을 위하여 Manning-Strickler 공식(Vanoni, 2006)을 이용하여 조도계수를 조고값으로 변환하여 사용하였다. Manning-Strickler 공식은 Eq. (8)과 같으며, FLOW-3D에 적용한 조도계수 및 조고는 Table 4와 같다.

(8)

n=ks1/68.1g1/2

여기서, kS는 조고 (m), n은 Manning의 조도계수, g는 중력가속도(m/s²)를 의미한다.

시간에 따라 동일한 유량이 일정하게 유입되도록 모의를 수행하였으며, 시간간격(Time Step)은 0.0001초로 설정(CFL number < 1.0) 하였다. 또한 여수로 수문을 통한 유량의 변동 값이 1.0%이내일 경우는 연속방정식을 만족하고 있다고 가정하였다. 이는, 유량의 변동 값이 1.0%이내일 경우 유속의 변동 값 역시 1.0%이내이며, 수치모의 결과 1.0%의 유속변동은 호안의 유속설계기준에 크게 영향을 미치지 않는다고 판단하였다. 그 결과 모든 수치모의 Case에서 2400초 이내에 결과 값이 수렴하는 것을 확인하였다.

Table 2.

Mesh sizes and numerical conditions

Mesh	Numbers	49,102,500 EA
Increment (m)	Direction	Existing Spillway	Auxiliary Spillway
∆X	0.99 ~ 4.30	1.00 ~ 4.30
∆Y	0.99 ~ 8.16	1.00 ~ 5.90
∆Z	0.50 ~ 1.22	0.50 ~ 2.00
Boundary Conditions	X_min / Y_max	Inflow / Water Surface Elevation
X_max, Y_min, Z_min / Z_max	Wall / Symmetry
Turbulence Model	RNG model

Table 3.

Case of numerical simulation (Qp : Design flood discharge)

Case	Existing Spillway (Q_e, m³/s)	Auxiliary Spillway (Q_a, m³/s)	Remarks
1	Q_p	0	Reference case
2	0	Q_p
3	0	0.58Q_p	Review of discharge capacity on auxiliary spillway
4	0	0.48Q_p
5	0	0.45Q_p
6	0	0.32Q_p
7	0.50Q_p	0.50Q_p	Determination of optimal division ratio on Spillways
8	0.61Q_p	0.39Q_p
9	0.39Q_p	0.61Q_p
10	0.42Q_p	0.58Q_p
11	0.32Q_p	0.45Q_p	Determination of permissible division on Spillways
12	0.35Q_p	0.48Q_p
13	0.38Q_p	0.53Q_p
14	0.41Q_p	0.56Q_p

Table 4.

Roughness coefficient and roughness height

Criteria	Roughness coefficient (n)	Roughness height (ks, m)
Structure (Concrete)	0.014	0.00061
River	0.033	0.10496

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Fig. 1

Layout of spillway and river in this study

2.3.2 보조 여수로의 방류능 검토

본 연구에서는 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 방류량 배분에 따른 하류하천 대안부의 유속분포 및 수위분포를 검토하기 위해 수치모의 Case 별 다음과 같이 관심구역을 설정하였다(Fig. 2 참조). 관심구역(대안부)의 길이(L)는 총 1.3 km로 10 m 등 간격으로 나누어 검토하였으며, Section 1(0 < X/L < 0.27)은 기존 여수로 방류에 따른 영향이 지배적인 구간, Section 2(0.27 < X/L < 1.00)는 보조 여수로 방류에 따른 영향이 지배적인 구간으로 각 구간에서의 수위, 유속, 수심결과를 확인하였다. 기존 여수로의 노후화에 따른 보조 여수로의 방류능 검토를 위하여 Case 1 – Case 6까지의 결과를 비교하였다.

보조 여수로의 단독 운영 시 기존 여수로 운영 시 보다 하류하천의 대안부의 최대 유속(Vmax)은 약 3% 감소하였으며, 이는 보조 여수로의 하천 유입각이 기존 여수로 보다 7°작으며 유입하천의 폭이 증가하여 유속이 감소한 것으로 판단된다. 대안부의 최대 유속 발생위치는 하류 쪽으로 이동하였으며 교량으로 인한 단면의 축소로 최대유속이 발생하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 보조 여수로의 배분량(Qa)이 증가함에 따라 하류하천 대안부의 최대 유속이 증가하였다. 하천호안 설계기준에서 제시하고 있는 허용유속(Vp)과 비교한 결과, 계획홍수량(Qp)의 45% 이하(Case 5 & 6)를 보조 여수로에서 방류하게 되면 허용 유속(5.0 m/s)조건을 만족하여 호안안정성을 확보하였다(Fig. 3 참조). 허용유속 외에도 대안부에서의 소류력을 산정하여 하천호안 설계기준에서 제시한 허용 소류력(τp)과 비교한 결과, 유속과 동일하게 보조 여수로의 방류량이 계획홍수량의 45% 이하일 경우 허용소류력(0.28 kN/m²) 조건을 만족하였다(Fig. 4 참조). 각 Case 별 호안설계조건과 비교한 결과는 Table 5에 제시하였다.

하류하천의 수위도 기존 여수로 운영 시 보다 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 최대 수위(ηmax)가 약 2% 감소하는 효과를 보였으며 최대 수위 발생위치는 수충부로 여수로 방류시 처오름에 의한 수위 상승으로 판단된다. 기존 여수로의 단독운영(Case 1)의 수위(ηref)를 기준으로 보조 여수로의 방류량이 증가함에 따라 수위는 증가하였으나 계획홍수량의 58%까지 방류할 경우 월류에 대한 안정성(ηmax/ηref<0.97(=기설제방고))은 확보되었다(Fig. 5 참조). 그러나 계획홍수량 조건에서는 월류에 대한 위험성이 존재하기 때문에 기존여수로와 보조여수로의 적절한 방류량 배분 조합을 도출하는 것이 중요하다고 판단되어 진다.

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Fig. 2

Region of interest in this study

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Fig. 3

Maximum velocity and location of Vmax according to Q_a

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Fig. 4

Maximum shear according to Q_a

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Fig. 5

Maximum water surface elevation and location of ηmax according to Q_a

Table 5.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 1 ~ Case 6)

Case	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
1 (Q_a = 0)	9.15	0.54	No Good	No Good
2 (Q_a = Q_p)	8.87	0.56	No Good	No Good
3 (Q_a = 0.58Q_p)	6.53	0.40	No Good	No Good
4 (Q_a = 0.48Q_p)	6.22	0.36	No Good	No Good
5 (Q_a = 0.45Q_p)	4.22	0.12	Accpet	Accpet
6 (Q_a = 0.32Q_p)	4.04	0.14	Accpet	Accpet

2.3.3 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로 방류량 배분 검토

기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로 단독운영에 따른 하류하천 및 호안의 안정성 평가를 수행한 결과 계획홍수량 방류 시 하류하천 대안부에서 호안 설계 조건(허용유속 및 허용 소류력)을 초과하였으며, 처오름에 의한 수위 상승으로 월류에 대한 위험성 증가를 확인하였다. 따라서 계획 홍수량 조건에서 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 방류량 배분을 통하여 호안 안정성을 확보하고 하류하천에 방류로 인한 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 배분조합(Case 7 ~ Case 10)을 검토하였다. Case 7은 기존 여수로와 보조여수로의 배분 비율을 균등하게 적용한 경우이고, Case 8은 기존 여수로의 배분량이 보조 여수로에 비하여 많은 경우, Case 9는 보조 여수로의 배분량이 기존 여수로에 비하여 많은 경우를 의미한다. 최대유속을 비교한 결과 보조 여수로의 배분 비율이 큰 경우 기존 여수로의 배분량에 의하여 흐름이 하천 중심에 집중되어 대안부의 유속을 저감하는 효과를 확인하였다. 보조여수로의 방류량 배분 비율이 증가할수록 기존 여수로 대안부 측(0.00<X/L<0.27, Section 1) 유속 분포는 감소하였으나, 신규여수로 대안부 측(0.27<X/L<1.00, Section 2) 유속은 증가하는 것을 확인하였다(Fig. 6 참조). 그러나 유속 저감 효과에도 대안부 전구간에서 설계 허용유속 조건을 초과하여 제방의 안정성을 확보하지는 못하였다. 소류력 산정 결과 유속과 동일하게 보조 여수로의 방류량이 기존 여수로의 방류량 보다 크면 감소하는 것을 확인하였고 일부 구간에서는 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하는 것을 확인하였다(Fig. 7 참조).

따라서 유속 저감효과가 있는 배분 비율 조건(Qa>Qe)에서 Section 2에 유속 저감에 영향을 미치는 기존 여수로 방류량 배분 비율을 증가시켜 추가 검토(Case 10)를 수행하였다. 단독운영과 비교 시 하류하천에 유입되는 유량은 증가하였음에도 불구하고 기존 여수로 방류량에 의해 흐름이 하천 중심으로 집중되는 현상에 따라 대안부의 유속은 단독 운영에 비하여 감소하는 것을 확인하였고(Fig. 8 참조), 호안 설계 허용유속 및 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하는 구간이 발생하여 호안 안정성도 확보한 것으로 판단되었다. 최종적으로 각 Case 별 수위 결과의 경우 여수로 동시 운영을 수행하게 되면 대안부 전 구간에서 월류에 대한 안정성(ηmax/ηref<0.97(=기설제방고))은 확보하였다(Fig. 9 참조). 각 Case 별 대안부에서 최대 유속결과 및 산정한 소류력은 Table 6에 제시하였다.

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Fig. 6

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

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Fig. 7

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

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Fig. 8

Velocity results of FLOW-3D (a: auxiliary spillway operation only , b : simultaneous operation of spillways)

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Fig. 9

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Table 6.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 7 ~ Case 10)

Case (Q_e & Q_a)	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2
7 Qe : 0.50QpQa : 0.50Qp	8.10	6.23	0.64	0.30	No Good	No Good	No Good	No Good
8 Qe : 0.61QpQa : 0.39Qp	8.88	6.41	0.61	0.34	No Good	No Good	No Good	No Good
9 Qe : 0.39QpQa : 0.61Qp	6.22	7.33	0.24	0.35	No Good	No Good	Accept	No Good
10 Qe : 0.42QpQa : 0.58Qp	6.39	4.79	0.30	0.19	No Good	Accept	No Good	Accept

2.3.4 방류량 배분 비율의 허용 방류량 검토

계획 홍수량 방류 시 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 배분 비율 검토 결과 Case 10(Q_e = 0.42Q_p, Q_a = 0.58Q_p)에서 방류에 따른 하류 하천의 피해를 최소화시킬 수 있는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 대안부 전 구간에 대하여 호안 설계조건을 만족하지 못하였다. 따라서 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 방류 배분 비율을 고정시킨 후 총 방류량을 조절하여 허용 방류량을 검토하였다(Case 11 ~ Case 14).

호안 안정성 측면에서 검토한 결과 계획홍수량 대비 총 방류량이 감소하면 최대 유속 및 최대 소류력이 감소하고 최종적으로 계획 홍수량의 77%를 방류할 경우 하류하천의 대안부에서 호안 설계조건을 모두 만족하는 것을 확인하였다(Fig. 10, Fig. 11 참조). 각 Case 별 대안부에서 최대 유속결과 및 산정한 소류력은 Table 7에 제시하였다. 또한 Case 별 수위 검토 결과 처오름으로 인한 대안부 전 구간에서 월류에 대한 안정성(ηmax/ηref<0.97(=기설제방고))은 확보하였다(Fig. 12 참조).

Table 7.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 11 ~ Case 14)

Case (Qe & Qa)	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2
11 Qe : 0.32QpQa : 0.45Qp	3.63	4.53	0.09	0.26	Accept	Accept	Accept	Accept
12 Qe : 0.35QpQa : 0.48Qp	5.74	5.18	0.23	0.22	No Good	No Good	Accept	Accept
13 Qe : 0.38QpQa : 0.53Qp	6.70	4.21	0.28	0.11	No Good	Accept	Accept	Accept
14 Qe : 0.41QpQa : 0.56Qp	6.54	5.24	0.28	0.24	No Good	No Good	Accept	Accept

/media/sites/ksds/2021-014-02/N0240140207/images/ksds_14_02_07_F10.jpg

Fig. 10

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

/media/sites/ksds/2021-014-02/N0240140207/images/ksds_14_02_07_F11.jpg

Fig. 11

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

/media/sites/ksds/2021-014-02/N0240140207/images/ksds_14_02_07_F12.jpg

Fig. 12

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

3. 결 론

본 연구에서는 홍수 시 기존 여수로의 노후화로 인한 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 대하여 하류하천의 호안 안정성 측면에서 검토하였다. 여수로 방류로 인한 하류하천의 흐름특성을 검토하기 위하여 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 활용하였고, 여수로 지형은 치수능력 증대사업을 통하여 완공된 ○○댐의 제원을 이용하였다. 하류하천 조도 계수 및 여수로 방류량은 하천기본계획을 참고하여 적용하였다. 최종적으로 여수로 방류로 인한 하류하천의 피해를 최소화 시킬 수 있는 적절한 보조 여수로의 활용방안을 도출하기 위하여 보조 여수로 단독 운영과 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영에 따른 하류 하천의 흐름특성 및 소류력의 변화를 검토하였다.

수문은 완전 개도 상태에서 방류한다는 가정으로 계획 홍수량 조건에서 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 하류하천 대안부의 유속 및 수위를 검토한 결과 기존 여수로 단독운영에 비하여 최대 유속 및 최대 수위가 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이는 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 하류하천으로 유입각도가 작아지고, 유입되는 하천의 폭이 증가되기 때문이다. 그러나 계획 홍수량 조건에서 하천호안 설계기준에서 제시한 허용 유속(5.0 m/s)과 허용 소류력(0.28 kN/m²)과 비교하였을 때 호안 안정성을 확보하지 못하였으며, 계획홍수량의 45% 이하 방류 시에 대안부의 호안 안정성을 확보하였다. 수위의 경우 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부에서 처오름 현상이 발생하여 월류에 대한 위험성을 확인하였고 이를 통하여 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영 방안을 도출하는 것이 중요하다고 판단된다. 따라서 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영 측면에서 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 배분 비율 및 총 방류량을 변화시켜가며 하류 하천의 흐름특성 및 소류력의 변화를 검토하였다. 배분 비율의 경우 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 균등 배분(Case 7) 및 편중 배분(Case 8 & Case 9)을 검토하여 보조 여수로의 방류량이 기존 여수로의 방류량보다 큰 경우 하류하천의 중심부로 집중되어 대안부의 최대유속, 최대소류력 및 최대수위가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 근거로 기존 여수로의 방류 비율을 증가(Q_e=0.42Q_p, Q_a=0.58Q_p)시켜 검토한 결과 대안부 일부 구간에서 허용 유속 및 허용소류력 조건을 만족하는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통하여 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 동시 운영을 통하여 적절한 방류량 배분 비율을 도출하는 것이 방류로 인한 하류하천의 피해를 저감하는데 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 설계홍수량 방류 시 전 구간에서 허용 유속 및 소류력 조건을 만족하지 못하였다. 최종적으로 전체 방류량에서 기존 여수로의 방류 비율을 42%, 보조 여수로의 방류 비율을 58%로 설정하여 허용방류량을 검토한 결과, 계획홍수량의 77%이하로 방류 시 대안부의 최대유속은 기존여수로 방류의 지배영향구간(section 1)에서 3.63 m/s, 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로 방류의 영향구간(section 2)에서 4.53 m/s로 허용유속 조건을 만족하였고, 산정한 소류력도 각각 0.09 kN/m² 및 0.26 kN/m²로 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하여 대안부 호안의 안정성을 확보하였다고 판단된다.

본 연구 결과는 기후변화 및 기존여수로의 노후화로 인하여 홍수 시 기존여수로의 단독운영으로 하류하천의 피해가 발생할 수 있는 현시점에서 치수증대 사업으로 완공된 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 대한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있고, 향후 계획 홍수량 유입 시 최적의 배분 비율 및 허용 방류량 도출에 이용할 수 있다. 다만 본 연구는 여수로 방류에 따른 제방에 작용하는 수충력은 검토하지 못하고, 허용 유속 및 허용소류력은 제방과 유수의 방향이 일정한 구간에 대하여 검토하였다. 또한 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부에서의 영향에 대해서만 검토하였고 수문 전면 개도 조건에서 검토하였다는 한계점은 분명히 있다. 이에 향후에는 다양한 수문 개도 조건 및 방류 시나리오를 적용 및 검토하여 보다 효율적이고, 효과적인 보조 여수로 활용방안을 도출하고자 한다.

Acknowledgements

본 결과물은 K-water에서 수행한 기존 및 신규 여수로 효율적 연계운영 방안 마련(2021-WR-GP-76-149)의 지원을 받아 연구되었습니다.

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원문보기

CFD 사용: 유압 구조 및 농업에서의 응용

USO DE CFD COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA MODELACIÓN Y PREDICCIÓN NUMÉRICA DE LOS FLUIDOS: APLICACIONES EN ESTRUCTURAS HIDRÁULICAS Y AGRICULTURA

Cruz Ernesto Aguilar-Rodriguez^1*; Candido Ramirez-Ruiz²; Erick Dante Mattos Villarroel³

¹Tecnológico Nacional de México/ITS de Los Reyes. Carretera Los Reyes-Jacona, Col. Libertad. 60300. Los Reyes de Salgado, Michoacán. México.

ernesto.ar@losreyes.tecnm.mx – 3541013901 (*Autor de correspondencia)

²Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, UNAM. Cto. Exterior S/N, C.U., Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México. México. ³Riego y Drenaje. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532, Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos, C.P. 62550. México.

Abstract

공학에서 유체의 거동은 설명하기에 광범위하고 복잡한 과정이며, 유체역학은 유체의 거동을 지배하는 방정식을 통해 유체 역학 현상을 분석할 수 있는 과학 분야이지만 이러한 방정식에는 전체 솔루션이 없습니다. . 전산유체역학(Computational Fluid Dynamics, 이하 CFD)은 수치적 기법을 통해 방정식의 해에 접근할 수 있는 도구로, 신뢰할 수 있는 계산 모델을 얻기 위해서는 물리적 모델의 실험 데이터로 평가해야 합니다. 수력구조물에서 선형 및 미로형 여수로에서 시뮬레이션을 수행하고 배출 시트의 거동과 현재의 폭기 조건을 분석했습니다. 침강기에서 유체의 특성화를 수행하고 필요한 특성에 따라 사체적, 피스톤 또는 혼합의 분수를 수정하는 것이 가능합니다. 농업에서는 온실 환경을 특성화하고 환경에 대한 재료의 디자인, 방향 및 유형 간의 관계를 찾는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 발견된 가장 중요한 결과 중 온실의 길이와 설계가 환기율에 미칠 수 있는 영향으로 온실의 길이는 높이의 6배 미만인 것이 권장됩니다.

키워드: Computational Fluid Dynamics, 온실,

Spillway, Settler 기사: COMEII-21048 소개

CFD는 유체 운동 문제에 대한 수치적 솔루션을 얻어 수리학적 현상을 더 잘 이해할 수 있게 함으로써 공간 시각화를 가능하게 하는 수치 도구입니다. 예를 들어, 수력 공학에서 벤츄리(Xu, Gao, Zhao, & Wang, 2014) 워터 펌핑(ȘCHEAUA, 2016) 또는 개방 채널 적용( Wu et 알., 2000).

문헌 검토는 실험 연구에서 검증된 배수로의 흐름 거동에 대한 수리학적 분석을 위한 CFD 도구의 효율성을 보여줍니다. 이 검토는 둑의 흐름 거동에 대한 수리학적 분석을 위한 CFD의 효율성을 보여줍니다. Crookston et al. (2012)는 미로 여수로에 대해 Flow 3D로 테스트를 수행했으며, 배출 계수의 결과는 3%에서 7%까지 다양한 오류로 실험적으로 얻은 결과로 허용 가능했으며 연구 결과 측면에 저압 영역이 있음을 발견했습니다. 익사 방식으로 작업할 때 위어의 벽. Zuhair(2013)는 수치 모델링 결과를 Mandali weir 원형의 실험 데이터와 비교했습니다.

최근 연구에서는 다양한 난류 모델을 사용하여 CFD를 적용할 가능성이 있음을 보여주었습니다. 그리고 일부만이 음용수 처리를 위한 침적자의 사례 연구를 제시했으며, 다른 설계 변수 중에서 기하학적인 대안, 수온 변화 등을 제안했습니다. 따라서 기술 개발로 인해 설계 엔지니어가 유체 거동을 분석하는 데 CFD 도구를 점점 더 많이 사용하게 되었습니다.

보호 농업에서 CFD는 온실 환경을 모델링하고 보조 냉방 또는 난방 시스템을 통해 온실의 미기후 관리를 위한 전략을 제안하는 데 사용되는 기술이었습니다(Aguilar Rodríguez et al., 2020).

2D 및 3D CFD 모델을 사용한 본격적인 온실 시뮬레이션은 태양 복사 모델과 현열 및 잠열 교환 하위 모델의 통합을 통해 온실의 미기후 분포를 연구하는 데 사용되었습니다(Majdoubi, Boulard, Fatnassi, & Bouirden, 2009). 마찬가지로 이 모델을 사용하여 온실 설계(Sethi, 2009), 덮개 재료(Baxevanou, Fidaros, Bartzanas, & Kittas, 2018), 시간, 연중 계절( Tong, Christopher, Li, & Wang, 2013), 환기 유형 및 구성(Bartzanas, Boulard, & Kittas, 2004).

CFD 거래 프로그램은 사용자 친화적인 플랫폼으로 설계되어 결과를 쉽게 관리하고 이해할 수 있습니다.

…

Figura 1. Distribución de presiones y velocidades en un vertedor de pared delgada.

Figura 2. Perfiles de velocidad y presión en la cresta vertedora.

Figura 3. Condiciones de aireación en vertedor tipo laberinto. (A)lámina adherida a la pared del
vertedor, (B) aireado, (C) parcialmente aireado, (D) ahogado.

Figura 4. Realización de prueba de riego.

Figura 5. Efecto de la posición y dirección de los calefactores en un invernadero a 2 m del suelo.

Figura 6. Indicadores ambientales para medir el confort ambiental de los cultivos.

Figura 7. Líneas de corriente dentro del sedimentador experimental en estado estacionario (Ramirez-Ruiz, 2019).

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13p

원문 보기

Obrázek 44: Barevné rozlišení proudnic dle rychlosti

Abstract

졸업 논문의 목표는 보스코비체 댐의 계획된 방수로의 흐름을 수치적으로 모델링하는 것입니다. 이 졸업 논문은 유형과 프로필에 따라 기본 여수로를 설명하고 나눕니다. 비상용 배수로도 언급되어 있습니다. 그런 다음 논문에서는 범람량 계산에 대한 설명, 수학적 모델링 및 사용된 난류 모델에 대한 설명을 소개합니다. 다음 부분은 Boskovice 댐의 기술적 설명, AutoCAD 2020 소프트웨어에서 방수로 및 방수로 슈트의 가상 3D 모델 생성 및 Blender 소프트웨어에서 모델의 제어 및 수정과 관련되어 있습니다. 논문 말미에는 Flow-3D 소프트웨어를 통해 얻은 유동의 수치적 모델링 결과와 BUT 토목공학부 수구조연구소에서 시행한 수리학적 모델 연구와 비교한 결과를 언급하였다.

The goal of the diploma thesis is the numerical modelling of flow in planned spillway of the Boskovice dam. In the introduction of this diploma thesis are described and divided basic spillways according to their types and profiles. There are also mentioned emergency spillways. Then the thesis introduces the description of calculation of overflow quantity, the description of mathematic modelling and used turbulent models. The next part is concerned with the technical description of the Boskovice dam, the creation of virtual 3D model of spillway and spillway chute in the AutoCAD 2020 software and concerned with the control and revision of model in the Blender software. In the end of the thesis are mentioned results of numeric modelling of flow gained from the Flow-3D software and the comparison of results with the research of hydraulic model implemented at Water structures institute of Faculty of Civil Engineering of BUT.

Obrázek 18: Kašnový čelní bezpečnostní přeliv [24] — OFigure 18: Fountain front safety spillway [24]

Obrázek 20: Skluz a divergentní vývar bezpečnostního objektu VD Boskovice [24] — Figure 20: Slip and divergent broth of the security building VD Boskovice [24]

Obrázek 22: Půdorys bezpečnostního přelivu a části skluzu VD Boskovice [12]

Obrázek 23: Podélný řez BP a spadiště v rovině symetrie [12] — Figure 23: Longitudinal section BP and drop in the plane of symmetry [12]

Obrázek 45: Průběh hladiny ve Flow-3D bez zobrazeného 3D modelu — Figure 45: Flow profile in Flow-3D without 3D model displayed

Figure 47: Level course on the physical model [22]

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Fig. 5. The predicted shapes of initial breach (a) Rectangular (b) V-notch. Fig. 6. Dam breaching stages.

Investigating the peak outflow through a spatial embankment dam breach

공간적 제방댐 붕괴를 통한 최대 유출량 조사

Mahmoud T.Ghonim Magdy H.Mowafy Mohamed N.Salem AshrafJatwaryFaculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt

Abstract

Investigating the breach outflow hydrograph is an essential task to conduct mitigation plans and flood warnings. In the present study, the spatial dam breach is simulated by using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model, FLOW-3D. The model parameters were adjusted by making a comparison with a previous experimental model. The different parameters (initial breach shape, dimensions, location, and dam slopes) are studied to investigate their effects on dam breaching. The results indicate that these parameters have a significant impact. The maximum erosion rate and peak outflow for the rectangular shape are higher than those for the V-notch by 8.85% and 5%, respectively. Increasing breach width or decreasing depth by 5% leads to increasing maximum erosion rate by 11% and 15%, respectively. Increasing the downstream slope angle by 4° leads to an increase in both peak outflow and maximum erosion rate by 2.0% and 6.0%, respectively.

유출 유출 수문곡선을 조사하는 것은 완화 계획 및 홍수 경보를 수행하는 데 필수적인 작업입니다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 전산유체역학 모델인 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 공간 댐 붕괴를 시뮬레이션합니다. 이전 실험 모델과 비교하여 모델 매개변수를 조정했습니다.

다양한 매개변수(초기 붕괴 형태, 치수, 위치 및 댐 경사)가 댐 붕괴에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 연구됩니다. 결과는 이러한 매개변수가 상당한 영향을 미친다는 것을 나타냅니다. 직사각형 형태의 최대 침식율과 최대 유출량은 V-notch보다 각각 8.85%, 5% 높게 나타났습니다.

위반 폭을 늘리거나 깊이를 5% 줄이면 최대 침식률이 각각 11% 및 15% 증가합니다. 하류 경사각을 4° 증가시키면 최대 유출량과 최대 침식률이 각각 2.0% 및 6.0% 증가합니다.

Keywords

Spatial dam breach; FLOW-3D; Overtopping erosion; Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

1. Introduction

There are many purposes for dam construction, such as protection from flood disasters, water storage, and power generation. Embankment failures may have a catastrophic impact on lives and infrastructure in the downstream regions. One of the most common causes of embankment dam failure is overtopping. Once the overtopping of the dam begins, the breach formation will start in the dam body then end with the dam failure. This failure occurs within a very short time, which threatens to be very dangerous. Therefore, understanding and modeling the embankment breaching processes is essential for conducting mitigation plans, flood warnings, and forecasting flood damage.

The analysis of the dam breaching process is implemented by different techniques: comparative methods, empirical models with dimensional and dimensionless solutions, physical-based models, and parametric models. These models were described in detail [1]. Parametric modeling is commonly used to simulate breach growth as a time-dependent linear process and calculate outflow discharge from the breach using hydraulics principles [2]. Alhasan et al. [3] presented a simple one-dimensional mathematical model and a computer code to simulate the dam breaching process. These models were validated by small dams breaching during the floods in 2002 in the Czech Republic. Fread [4] developed an erosion model (BREACH) based on hydraulics principles, sediment transport, and soil mechanics to estimate breach size, time of formation, and outflow discharge. Říha et al. [5] investigated the dam break process for a cascade of small dams using a simple parametric model for piping and overtopping erosion, as well as a 2D shallow-water flow model for the flood in downstream areas. Goodarzi et al. [6] implemented mathematical and statistical methods to assess the effect of inflows and wind speeds on the dam’s overtopping failure.

Dam breaching studies can be divided into two main modes of erosion. The first mode is called “planar dam breach” where the flow overtops the whole dam width. While the second mode is called “spatial dam breach” where the flow overtops through the initial pilot channel (i.e., a channel created in the dam body). Therefore, the erosion will be in both vertical and horizontal directions [7].

The erosion process through the embankment dams occurs due to the shear stress applied by water flows. The dam breaching evolution can be divided into three stages [8], [9], but Y. Yang et al. [10] divided the breach development into five stages: Stage I, the seepage erosion; Stage II, the initial breach formation; Stage III, the head erosion; Stage IV, the breach expansion; and Stage V, the re-equilibrium of the river channel through the breach. Many experimental tests have been carried out on non-cohesive embankment dams with an initial breach to examine the effect of upstream inflow discharges on the longitudinal profile evolution and the time to inflection point [11].

Zhang et al. [12] studied the effect of changing downstream slope angle, sediment grain size, and dam crest length on erosion rates. They noticed that increasing dam crest length and decreasing downstream slope angle lead to decreasing sediment transport rate. While the increase in sediment grain size leads to an increased sediment transport rate at the initial stages. Höeg et al. [13] presented a series of field tests to investigate the stability of embankment dams made of various materials. Overtopping and piping were among the failure tests carried out for the dams composed of homogeneous rock-fill, clay, or gravel with a height of up to 6.0 m. Hakimzadeh et al. [14] constructed 40 homogeneous cohesive and non-cohesive embankment dams to study the effect of changing sediment diameter and dam height on the breaching process. They also used genetic programming (GP) to estimate the breach outflow. Refaiy et al. [15] studied different scenarios for the downstream drain geometry, such as length, height, and angle, to minimize the effect of piping phenomena and therefore increase dam safety.

Zhu et al. [16] examined the effect of headcut erosion on dam breach growth, especially in the case of cohesive dams. They found that the breach growth in non-cohesive embankments is slower than cohesive embankments due to the little effect of headcut. Schmocker and Hager [7] proposed a relationship for estimating peak outflow from the dam breach process.(1)QpQin-1=1.7exp-20hc23d5013H0

where: Q_p = peak outflow discharge.

Q_in = inflow discharge.

h_c = critical flow depth.

d₅₀ = mean sediment diameter.

H_o = initial dam height.

Yu et al. [17] carried out an experimental study for homogeneous non-cohesive embankment dams in a 180° bending rectangular flume to determine the effect of overtopping flows on breaching formation. They found that the main factors influencing breach formation are water level, river discharge, and embankment material diameter.

Wu et al. [18] carried out a series of experiments to investigate the effect of breaching geometry on both non-cohesive and cohesive embankment dams in a U-bend flume due to overtopping flows. In the case of non-cohesive embankments, the non-symmetrical lateral expansion was noticed during the breach formation. This expansion was described by a coefficient ranging from 2.7 to 3.3.

The numerical models of the dam breach can be categorized according to different parameters, such as flow dimensions (1D, 2D, or 3D), flow governing equations, and solution methods. The 1D models are mainly used to predict the outflow hydrograph from the dam breach. Saberi et al. [19] applied the 1D Saint-Venant equation, which is solved by the finite difference method to investigate the outflow hydrograph during dam overtopping failure. Because of the ability to study dam profile evolution and breach formation, 2D models are more applicable than 1D models. Guan et al. [20] and Wu et al. [21] employed both 2D shallow water equations (SWEs) and sediment erosion equations, which are solved by the finite volume method to study the effect of the dam’s geometry parameters on outflow hydrograph and dam profile evolution. Wang et al. [22] also proposed a second-order hybrid-type of total variation diminishing (TVD) finite-difference to estimate the breach outflow by solving the 2D (SWEs). The accuracy of (SWEs) for both vertical flow contraction and surface roughness has been assessed [23]. They noted that the accuracy of (SWEs) is acceptable for milder slopes, but in the case of steeper slopes, modelers should be more careful. Generally, the accuracy of 2D models is still low, especially with velocity distribution over the flow depth, lateral momentum exchange, density-driven flows, and bottom friction [24]. Therefore, 3D models are preferred. Larocque et al. [25] and Yang et al. [26] started to use three-dimensional (3D) models that depend on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations.

Previous experimental studies concluded that there is no clear relationship between the peak outflow from the dam breach and the initial breach characteristics. Some of these studies depend on the sharp-crested weir fixed at the end of the flume to determine the peak outflow from the breach, which leads to a decrease in the accuracy of outflow calculations at the microscale. The main goals of this study are to carry out a numerical simulation for a spatial dam breach due to overtopping flows by using (FLOW-3D) software to find an empirical equation for the peak outflow discharge from the breach and determine the worst-case that leads to accelerating the dam breaching process.

2. Numerical simulation

The current study for spatial dam breach is simulated by using (FLOW-3D) software [27], which is a powerful computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program.

2.1. Geometric presentations

A stereolithographic (STL) file is prepared for each change in the initial breach geometry and dimensions. The CAD program is useful for creating solid objects and converting them to STL format, as shown in Fig. 1.

2.2. Governing equations

The governing equations for water flow are three-dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS).

The continuity equation:(2)∂ui∂xi=0

The momentum equation:(3)∂ui∂t+1VFuj∂ui∂xj=1ρ∂∂xj-pδij+ν∂ui∂xj+∂uj∂xi-ρu`iu`j¯

where u is time-averaged velocity,ν is kinematic viscosity, VF is fractional volume open to flow, p is averaged pressure and -u`iu`j¯ are components of Reynold’s stress. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique is used to simulate the free surface profile. Hirt et al. [28] presented the VOF algorithm, which employs the function (F) to express the occupancy of each grid cell with fluid. The value of (F) varies from zero to unity. Zero value refers to no fluid in the grid cell, while the unity value refers to the grid cell being fully occupied with fluid. The free surface is formed in the grid cells having (F) values between zero and unity.(4)∂F∂t+1VF∂∂xFAxu+∂∂yFAyv+∂∂zFAzw=0

where (u, v, w) are the velocity components in (x, y, z) coordinates, respectively, and (A_x, A_y, A_z) are the area fractions.

2.3. Boundary and initial conditions

To improve the accuracy of the results, the boundary conditions should be carefully determined. In this study, two mesh blocks are used to minimize the time consumed in the simulation. The boundary conditions for mesh block 1 are as follows: The inlet and sides boundaries are defined as a wall boundary condition (wall boundary condition is usually used for bound fluid by solid regions. In the case of viscous flows, no-slip means that the tangential velocity is equal to the wall velocity and the normal velocity is zero), the outlet is defined as a symmetry boundary condition (symmetry boundary condition is usually used to reduce computational effort during CFD simulation. This condition allows the flow to be transferred from one mesh block to another. No inputs are required for this boundary condition except that its location should be defined accurately), the bottom boundary is defined as a uniform flow rate boundary condition, and the top boundary is defined as a specific pressure boundary condition with assigned atmospheric pressure. The boundary conditions for mesh block 2 are as follows: The inlet is defined as a symmetry boundary condition, the outlet is defined as a free flow boundary condition, the bottom and sides boundaries are defined as a wall boundary condition, and the top boundary is defined as a specific pressure boundary condition with assigned atmospheric pressure as shown in Fig. 2. The initial conditions required to be set for the fluid (i.e., water) inside of the domain include configuration, temperature, velocities, and pressure distribution. The configuration of water depends on the dimensions and shape of the dam reservoir. While the other conditions have been assigned as follows: temperature is normal water temperature (25 °c) and pressure distribution is hydrostatic with no initial velocity.

2.4. Numerical method

FLOW-3D uses the finite volume method (FVM) to solve the governing equation (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) over the computational domain. A finite-volume method is an Eulerian approach for representing and evaluating partial differential equations in algebraic equations form [29]. At discrete points on the mesh geometry, values are determined. Finite volume expresses a small volume surrounding each node point on a mesh. In this method, the divergence theorem is used to convert volume integrals with a divergence term to surface integrals. After that, these terms are evaluated as fluxes at each finite volume’s surfaces.

2.5. Turbulent models

Turbulence is the chaotic, unstable motion of fluids that occurs when there are insufficient stabilizing viscous forces. In FLOW-3D, there are six turbulence models available: the Prandtl mixing length model, the one-equation turbulent energy model, the two-equation (k – ε) model, the Renormalization-Group (RNG) model, the two-equation (k – ω) models, and a large eddy simulation (LES) model. For simulating flow motion, the RNG model is adopted to simulate the motion behavior better than the k – ε and k – ω.

models [30]. The RNG model consists of two main equations for the turbulent kinetic energy KT and its dissipation.εT(5)∂kT∂t+1VFuAx∂kT∂x+vAy∂kT∂y+wAz∂kT∂z=PT+GT+DiffKT-εT(6)∂εT∂t+1VFuAx∂εT∂x+vAy∂εT∂y+wAz∂εT∂z=C1.εTKTPT+c3.GT+Diffε-c2εT2kT

where KT is the turbulent kinetic energy, PT is the turbulent kinetic energy production, GT is the buoyancy turbulence energy, εT is the turbulent energy dissipation rate, DiffKT and Diffε are terms of diffusion, c1, c2 and c3 are dimensionless parameters, in which c1 and c3 have a constant value of 1.42 and 0.2, respectively, c2 is computed from the turbulent kinetic energy (KT) and turbulent production (PT) terms.

2.6. Sediment scour model

The sediment scour model available in FLOW-3D can calculate all the sediment transport processes including Entrainment transport, Bedload transport, Suspended transport, and Deposition. The erosion process starts once the water flows remove the grains from the packed bed and carry them into suspension. It happens when the applied shear stress by water flows exceeds critical shear stress. This process is represented by entrainment transport in the numerical model. After entrained, the grains carried by water flow are represented by suspended load transport. After that, some suspended grains resort to settling because of the combined effect of gravity, buoyancy, and friction. This process is described through a deposition. Finally, the grains sliding motions are represented by bedload transport in the model. For the entrainment process, the shear stress applied by the fluid motion on the packed bed surface is calculated using the standard wall function as shown in Eq.7.(7)ks,i=Cs,i∗d50

where ks,i is the Nikuradse roughness and Cs,i is a user-defined coefficient. The critical bed shear stress is defined by a dimensionless parameter called the critical shields number as expressed in Eq.8.(8)θcr,i=τcr,i‖g‖diρi-ρf

where θcr,i is the critical shields number, τcr,i is the critical bed shear stress, g is the absolute value of gravity acceleration, di is the diameter of the sediment grain, ρi is the density of the sediment species (i) and ρf is the density of the fluid. The value of the critical shields number is determined according to the Soulsby-Whitehouse equation.(9)θcr,i=0.31+1.2d∗,i+0.0551-exp-0.02d∗,i

where d∗,i is the dimensionless diameter of the sediment, given by Eq.10.(10)d∗,i=diρfρi-ρf‖g‖μf213

where μf is the fluid dynamic viscosity. For the sloping bed interface, the value of the critical shields number is modified according to Eq.11.(11)θ`cr,i=θcr,icosψsinβ+cos2βtan2φi-sin2ψsin2βtanφi

where θ`cr,i is the modified critical shields number, φi is the angle of repose for the sediment, β is the angle of bed slope and ψ is the angle between the flow and the upslope direction. The effects of the rolling, hopping, and sliding motions of grains along the packed bed surface are taken by the bedload transport process. The volumetric bedload transport rate (qb,i) per width of the bed is expressed in Eq.12.(12)qb,i=Φi‖g‖ρi-ρfρfdi312

where Φi is the dimensionless bedload transport rate is calculated by using Meyer Peter and Müller equation.(13)Φi=βMPM,iθi-θ`cr,i1.5cb,i

where βMPM,i is the Meyer Peter and Müller user-defined coefficient and cb,i is the volume fraction of species i in the bed material. The suspended load transport is calculated as shown in Eq.14.(14)∂Cs,i∂t+∇∙Cs,ius,i=∇∙∇DCs,i

where Cs,i is the suspended sediment mass concentration, D is the diffusivity, and us,i is the grain velocity of species i. Entrainment and deposition are two opposing processes that take place at the same time. The lifting and settling velocities for both entrainment and deposition processes are calculated according to Eq.15 and Eq.16, respectively.(15)ulifting,i=αid∗,i0.3θi-θ`cr,igdiρiρf-1(16)usettling,i=υfdi10.362+1.049d∗,i3-10.36

where αi is the entrainment coefficient of species i and υf is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.

2.7. Grid type

Using simple rectangular orthogonal elements in planes and hexahedral in volumes in the (FLOW-3D) program makes the mesh generation process easier, decreases the required memory, and improves numerical accuracy. Two mesh blocks were used in a joined form with a size ratio of 2:1. The first mesh block is coarser, which contains the reservoir water, and the second mesh block is finer, which contains the dam. For achieving accuracy and efficiency in results, the mesh size is determined by using a grid convergence test. The optimum uniform cell size for the first mesh block is 0.012 m and for the second mesh block is 0.006 m.

2.8. Time step

The maximum time step size is determined by using a Courant number, which controls the distance that the flow will travel during the simulation time step. In this study, the Courant number was taken equal to 0.25 to prevent the flow from traveling through more than one cell in the time step. Based on the Courant number, a maximum time step value of 0.00075 s was determined.

2.9. Numerical model validation

The numerical model accuracy was achieved by comparing the numerical model results with previous experimental results. The experimental study of Schmocker and Hager [7] was based on 31 tests with changes in six parameters (d₅₀, H_o, B_o, L_k, X_D, and Q_in). All experimental tests were conducted in a straight open glass-sided flume. The horizontal flume has a rectangular cross-section with a width of 0.4 m and a height of 0.7 m. The flume was provided with a flow straightener and an intake with a length of 0.66 m. All tested dams were inserted at various distances (X_D) from the intake. Test No.1 from this experimental program was chosen to validate the numerical model. The different parameters used in test No.1 are as follows:

(1) uniform sediment with a mean diameter (d₅₀ = 0.31 mm), (2) H_o = 0.2 m, (3) B_o = 0.2 m, (4) L_k = 0.1 m,

(5) X_D = 1.0 m, (6) Q_in = 6.0 lit/s, (7) S_u and S_d = 2:1, (8) mass density (ρ_s = 2650 kg/m³) (9) Homogenous and non-cohesive embankment dam. As shown in Fig. 2, the simulation is contained within a rectangular grid with dimensions: 3.56 m in the x-direction (where 0.66 m is used as inlet, 0.9 m as dam base width, and 1.0 m as outlet), in y-direction 0.2 m (dam length), and in the z-direction 0.3 m, which represents the dam height (0.2 m) with a free distance (0.1 m) above the dam. There are two main reasons that this experimental program is preferred for the validation process. The first reason is that this program deals with homogenous, non-cohesive soil, which is available in FLOW-3D. The second reason is that this program deals with small-scale models which saves time for numerical simulation. Finally, some important assumptions were considered during the validation process. The flow is assumed to be incompressible, viscous, turbulent, and three-dimensional.

By comparing dam profiles at different time instants for the experimental test with the current numerical model, it appears that the numerical model gives good agreement as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, with an average error percentage of 9% between the experimental results and the numerical model.

3. Analysis and discussions

The current model is used to study the effects of different parameters such as (initial breach shapes, dimensions, locations, upstream and downstream dam slopes) on the peak outflow discharge, Q_P, time of peak outflow, t_P, and rate of erosion, E.

This study consists of a group of scenarios. The first scenario is changing the shapes of the initial breach according to Singh [1], the most predicted shapes are rectangular and V-notch as shown in Fig. 5. The second scenario is changing the initial breach dimensions (i.e., width and depth). While the third scenario is changing the location of the initial breach. Eventually, the last scenario is changing the upstream and downstream dam slopes.

All scenarios of this study were carried out under the same conditions such as inflow discharge value (Qin=1.0lit/s), dimensions of the tested dam, where dam height (Ho=0.20m), crest width.

(Lk=0.1m), dam length (Bo=0.20m), and homogenous & non-cohesive soil with a mean diameter (d50=0.31mm).

3.1. Dam breaching process evolution

The dam breaching process is a very complex process due to the quick changes in hydrodynamic conditions during dam failure. The dam breaching process starts once water flows reach the downstream face of the dam. During the initial stage of dam breaching, the erosion process is relatively quiet due to low velocities of flow. As water flows continuously, erosion rates increase, especially in two main zones: the crest and the downstream face. As soon as the dam crest is totally eroded, the water levels in the dam reservoir decrease rapidly, accompanied by excessive erosion in the dam body. The erosion process continues until the water levels in the dam reservoir equal the remaining height of the dam.

According to Zhou et al. [11], the breaching process consists of three main stages. The first stage starts with beginning overtopping flow, then ends when the erosion point directed upstream and reached the inflection point at the inflection time (ti). The second stage starts from the end of the stage1 until the occurrence of peak outflow discharge at the peak outflow time (tP). The third stage starts from the end of the stage2 until the value of outflow discharge becomes the same as the value of inflow discharge at the final time (tf). The outflow discharge from the dam breach increases rapidly during stage1 and stage2 because of the large dam storage capacity (i.e., the dam reservoir is totally full of water) and excessive erosion. While at stage3, the outflow values start to decrease slowly because most of the dam’s storage capacity was run out. The end of stage3 indicates that the dam storage capacity was totally run out, so the outflow equalized with the inflow discharge as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.

3.2. The effect of initial breach shape

To identify the effect of the initial breach shape on the evolution of the dam breaching process. Three tests were carried out with different cross-section areas for each shape. The initial breach is created at the center of the dam crest. Each test had an ID to make the process of arranging data easier. The rectangular shape had an ID (Rec5h & 5b), which means that its depth and width are equal to 5% of the dam height, and the V-notch shape had an ID (V-noch5h & 1:1) which means that its depth is equal to 5% of the dam height and its side slope is equal to 1:1. The comparison between rectangular and V-notch shapes is done by calculating the ratio between maximum dam height at different times (Z_Max) to the initial dam height (H_o), rate of erosion, and hydrograph of outflow discharge for each test. The rectangular shape achieves maximum erosion rate and minimum inflection time, in addition to a rapid decrease in the dam reservoir levels. Therefore, the dam breaching is faster in the case of a rectangular shape than in a V-notch shape, which has the same cross-section area as shown in Fig. 8.

Also, by comparing the hydrograph for each test, the peak outflow discharge value in the case of a rectangular shape is higher than the V-notch shape by 5% and the time of peak outflow for the rectangular shape is shorter than the V-notch shape by 9% as shown in Fig. 9.

3.3. The effect of initial breach dimensions

The results of the comparison between the different initial breach shapes indicate that the worst initial breach shape is rectangular, so the second scenario from this study concentrated on studying the effect of a change in the initial rectangular breach dimensions. Groups of tests were carried out with different depths and widths for the rectangular initial breach. The first group had a depth of 5% from the dam height and with three different widths of 5,10, and 15% from the dam height, the second group had a depth of 10% with three different widths of 5,10, and 15%, the third group had a depth of 15% with three different widths of 5,10, and 15% and the final group had a width of 15% with three different heights of 5, 10, and 15% for a rectangular breach shape. The comparison was made as in the previous section to determine the worst case that leads to the quick dam failure as shown in Fig. 10.

The results show that the (Rec 5 h&15b) test achieves a maximum erosion rate for a shorter period of time and a minimum ratio for (Z_max / H_o) as shown in Fig. 10, which leads to accelerating the dam failure process. The dam breaching process is faster with the minimum initial breach depth and maximum initial breach width. In the case of a minimum initial breach depth, the retained head of water in the dam reservoir is high and the crest width at the bottom of the initial breach (L`K) is small, so the erosion point reaches the inflection point rapidly. While in the case of the maximum initial breach width, the erosion perimeter is large.

3.4. The effect of initial breach location

The results of the comparison between the different initial rectangular breach dimensions indicate that the worst initial breach dimension is (Rec 5 h&15b), so the third scenario from this study concentrated on studying the effect of a change in the initial breach location. Three locations were checked to determine the worst case for the dam failure process. The first location is at the center of the dam crest, which was named “Center”, the second location is at mid-distance between the dam center and dam edge, which was named “Mid”, and the third location is at the dam edge, which was named “Edge” as shown in Fig. 11. According to this scenario, the results indicate that the time of peak outflow discharge (tP) is the same in the three cases, but the maximum value of the peak outflow discharge occurs at the center location. The difference in the peak outflow values between the three cases is relatively small as shown in Fig. 12.

The rates of erosion were also studied for the three cases. The results show that the maximum erosion rate occurs at the center location as shown in Fig. 13. By making a comparison between the three cases for the dam storage volume. The results show that the center location had the minimum values for the dam storage volume, which means that a large amount of water has passed to the downstream area as shown in Fig. 14. According to these results, the center location leads to increased erosion rate and accelerated dam failure process compared with the two other cases. Because the erosion occurs on both sides, but in the case of edge location, the erosion occurs on one side.

3.5. The effect of upstream and downstream dam slopes

The results of the comparison between the different initial rectangular breach locations indicate that the worst initial breach location is the center location, so the fourth scenario from this study concentrated on studying the effect of a change in the upstream (S_u) and downstream (S_d) dam slopes. Three slopes were checked individually for both upstream and downstream slopes to determine the worst case for the dam failure process. The first slope value is (2H:1V), the second slope value is (2.5H:1V), and the third slope value is (3H:1V). According to this scenario, the results show that the decreasing downstream slope angle leads to increasing time of peak outflow discharge (tP) and decreasing value of peak outflow discharge. The difference in the peak outflow values between the three cases for the downstream slope is 2%, as shown in Fig. 15, but changing the upstream slope has a negligible impact on the peak outflow discharge and its time as shown in Fig. 16.

The rates of erosion were also studied in the three cases for both upstream and downstream slopes. The results show that the maximum erosion rate increases by 6.0% with an increasing downstream slope angle by 4°, as shown in Fig. 17. The results also indicate that the erosion rates aren’t affected by increasing or decreasing the upstream slope angle, as shown in Fig. 18. According to these results, increasing the downstream slope angle leads to increased erosion rate and accelerated dam failure process compared with the upstream slope angle. Because of increasing shear stress applied by water flows in case of increasing downstream slope.

According to all previous scenarios, the dimensionless peak outflow discharge QPQin is presented for a fixed dam height (H_o) and inflow discharge (Q_in). Fig. 19 illustrates the relationship between QP∗=QPQin and.

Lr=ho2/3∗bo2/3Ho. The deduced relationship achieves R2=0.96.(17)QP∗=2.2807exp-2.804∗Lr

4. Conclusions

A spatial dam breaching process was simulated by using FLOW-3D Software. The validation process was performed by making a comparison between the simulated results of dam profiles and the dam profiles obtained by Schmocker and Hager [7] in their experimental study. And also, the peak outflow value recorded an error percentage of 12% between the numerical model and the experimental study. This model was used to study the effect of initial breach shape, dimensions, location, and dam slopes on peak outflow discharge, time of peak outflow, and the erosion process. By using the parameters obtained from the validation process, the results of this study can be summarized in eight points as follows.1.

The rectangular initial breach shape leads to an accelerating dam failure process compared with the V-notch.2.

The value of peak outflow discharge in the case of a rectangular initial breach is higher than the V-notch shape by 5%.3.

The time of peak outflow discharge for a rectangular initial breach is shorter than the V-notch shape by 9%.4.

The minimum depth and maximum width for the initial breach achieve maximum erosion rates (increasing breach width, b0, or decreasing breach depth, h0, by 5% from the dam height leads to an increase in the maximum rate of erosion by 11% and 15%, respectively), so the dam failure is rapid.5.

The center location of the initial breach leads to an accelerating dam failure compared with the edge location.6.

The initial breach location has a negligible effect on the peak outflow discharge value and its time.7.

Increasing the downstream slope angle by 4° leads to an increase in both peak outflow discharge and maximum rate of erosion by 2.0% and 6.0%, respectively.8.

The upstream slope has a negligible effect on the dam breaching process.

References

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PDF 전체 원문 보기

Figure 8: Instantaneous flow structures extracted using the Q-criterion (Qcriterion=1200) and colored by the magnitude of flow velocity.

Hybrid modeling on 3D hydraulic features of a step-pool unit

Chendi Zhang¹
, Yuncheng Xu^1,2, Marwan A Hassan³
, Mengzhen Xu1
, Pukang He1
¹State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. 2
College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100081, China.
^{5 3}Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T1Z2, Canada.
Correspondence to: Chendi Zhang (chendinorthwest@163.com) and Mengzhen Xu (mzxu@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn)

Abstract

스텝 풀 시스템은 계류의 일반적인 기반이며 전 세계의 하천 복원 프로젝트에 활용되었습니다. 스텝 풀 장치는 스텝 풀 기능의 형태학적 진화 및 안정성과 밀접하게 상호 작용하는 것으로 보고된 매우 균일하지 않은 수력 특성을 나타냅니다.

그러나 스텝 풀 형태에 대한 3차원 수리학의 자세한 정보는 측정의 어려움으로 인해 부족했습니다. 이러한 지식 격차를 메우기 위해 SfM(Structure from Motion) 및 CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) 기술을 기반으로 하이브리드 모델을 구축했습니다. 이 모델은 CFD 시뮬레이션을 위한 입력으로 6가지 유속의 자연석으로 만든 인공 스텝 풀 장치가 있는 침대 표면의 3D 재구성을 사용했습니다.

하이브리드 모델은 스텝 풀 장치에 대한 3D 흐름 구조의 고해상도 시각화를 제공하는 데 성공했습니다. 결과는 계단 아래의 흐름 영역의 분할, 즉 수면에서의 통합 점프, 침대 근처의 줄무늬 후류 및 그 사이의 고속 제트를 보여줍니다.

수영장에서 난류 에너지의 매우 불균일한 분포가 밝혀졌으며 비슷한 용량을 가진 두 개의 에너지 소산기가 수영장에 공존하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 흐름 증가에 따른 풀 세굴 개발은 점프 및 후류 와류의 확장으로 이어지지만 이러한 증가는 스텝 풀 실패에 대한 임계 조건에 가까운 높은 흐름에서 점프에 대해 멈춥니다.

음의 경사면에서 발달된 곡물 20 클러스터와 같은 미세 지반은 국부 수력학에 상당한 영향을 주지만 이러한 영향은 수영장 바닥에서 억제됩니다. 스텝 스톤의 항력은 가장 높은 흐름이 사용되기 전에 배출과 함께 증가하는 반면 양력은 더 큰 크기와 더 넓은 범위를 갖습니다. 우리의 결과는 계단 풀 형태의 복잡한 흐름 특성을 조사할 때 물리적 및 수치적 모델링을 결합한 하이브리드 모델 접근 방식의 가능성과 큰 잠재력을 강조합니다.

Step-pool systems are common bedforms in mountain streams and have been utilized in river restoration projects around the world. Step-pool units exhibit highly non-uniform hydraulic characteristics which have been reported to closely 10 interact with the morphological evolution and stability of step-pool features. However, detailed information of the threedimensional hydraulics for step-pool morphology has been scarce due to the difficulty of measurement. To fill in this knowledge gap, we established a hybrid model based on the technologies of Structure from Motion (SfM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The model used 3D reconstructions of bed surfaces with an artificial step-pool unit built by natural stones at six flow rates as inputs for CFD simulations. The hybrid model succeeded in providing high-resolution visualization 15 of 3D flow structures for the step-pool unit. The results illustrate the segmentation of flow regimes below the step, i.e., the integral jump at the water surface, streaky wake vortexes near the bed, and high-speed jets in between. The highly non-uniform distribution of turbulence energy in the pool has been revealed and two energy dissipaters with comparable capacity are found to co-exist in the pool. Pool scour development under flow increase leads to the expansion of the jump and wake vortexes but this increase stops for the jump at high flows close to the critical condition for step-pool failure. The micro-bedforms as grain 20 clusters developed on the negative slope affect the local hydraulics significantly but this influence is suppressed at pool bottom. The drag forces on the step stones increase with discharge before the highest flow is used while the lift force has a larger magnitude and wider varying range. Our results highlight the feasibility and great potential of the hybrid model approach combining physical and numerical modeling in investigating the complex flow characteristics of step-pool morphology.

Figure 1: Workflow of the hybrid modeling. SfM-MVS refers to the technology of Structure from Motion with Multi View Stereo. DSM is short for digital surface model. RNG-VOF is short for Renormalized Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model coupled with Volume of Fluid method.

Figure 2: Flume experiment settings in Zhang et al., (2020): (a) the artificially built-up step-pool model using natural stones, with stone number labelled; (b) the unsteady hydrograph of the run of CIFR (continually-increasing-flow-rate) T2 used in this study.

Figure 3: Setup of the CFD model: (a) three-dimensional digital surface model (DSM) of the step-pool unit by structure from motion with multi view stereo (SfM-MVS) method as the input to the 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling; (b) extruded bed 160 surface model connected to the extra downstream component (in purple blue) and rectangular columns to fill leaks (in green), with the boundary conditions shown on mesh planes; (c) recognized geometry with mesh grids of two mesh blocks shown where MS is short for mesh size; (d) sampling volumes to capture the flow forces acting on each step stone at X, Y, and Z directions; and (e) an example for the simulated 3D flow over the step-pool unit colored by velocity magnitude at the discharge of 49.9 L/s. The abbreviations for boundary conditions in (b) are: V for specified velocity; C for continuative; P for specific pressure; and W for wall 165 condition. The contraction section in Figure (e) refers to the edge between the jet and jump at water surface.

Figure 4: Distribution of time-averaged velocity magnitude (VM_mean) and vectors in three longitudinal sections. The section at Y = 0 cm goes across the keystone while the other two (Y = -18 and 13.5 cm) are located at the step stones beside the keystone with 265 lower top elevations. Q refers to the discharge at the inlet of the computational domain. The spacing for X, Y, and Z axes are all 10 cm in the plots. — Figure 4: Distribution of time-averaged velocity magnitude (VM_mean) and vectors in three longitudinal sections. The section at Y = 0 cm goes across the keystone while the other two (Y = -18 and 13.5 cm) are located at the step stones beside the keystone with lower top elevations. Q refers to the discharge at the inlet of the computational domain. The spacing for X, Y, and Z axes are all 10 cm in the plots.

Figure 5: Distribution of time-averaged flow velocity at five cross sections which are set according to the reference section (x0). The reference cross section x0 is located at the downstream end of the keystone (KS). The five sections are located at 18 cm and 6 cm upstream of the reference section (x0-18 and x0-6), and 2 cm, 15 cm and 40 cm downstream of the reference section (x0+2, x0+15, x0+40). The spacing for X, Y, and Z axes are all 10 cm in the plots.

Figure 6: Distribution of the time-averaged turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) at the five cross sections same with Figure 3.

Figure 7: Boxplots for the distributions of the mass-averaged flow kinetic energy (KE, panels a-f), turbulence kinetic energy (TKE, panels g-l), and turbulent dissipation (εT, panels m-r) in the pool for all the six tested discharges (the plots at the same discharge are in the same row). The mass-averaged values were calculated every 2 cm in the streamwise direction. The flow direction is from left to right in all the plots. The general locations of the contraction section for all the flow rates are marked by the dashed lines, except for Q = 5 L/s when the jump is located too close to the step. The longitudinal distance taken up by negative slope in the pool for the inspected range is shown by shaded area in each plot.

Figure 9: Time-averaged dynamic pressure (DP_mean) on the bed surface in the step-pool model under the two highest discharges, with the step numbers marked. The negative values in the plots result from the setting of standard atmospheric pressure = 0 Pa, whose absolute value is 1.013×105 Pa.

Figure 10: Time-averaged shear stress (SS_mean) on bed surface in the step-pool model, with the step numbers marked. The standard atmospheric pressure is set as 0 Pa.

Figure 11: Variation of fluid force components and magnitude of resultant flow force acting on step stones with flow rate. The stone 4 is the keystone. Stone numbers are consistent with those in Fig. 9-10. The upper limit of the sampling volumes for flow force calculation is higher than water surface while the lower limit is set at 3 cm lower than the keystone crest.

Figure 12: Variation of drag (CD) and lift (CL) coefficient of the step stones along with flow rate. Stone numbers are consistent with those in Fig. 8-9. KS is short for keystone. The negative values of CD correspond to the drag forces towards the upstream while the negative values of CL correspond to lift forces pointing downwards.

Figure 13: Longitudinal distributions of section-averaged and -integral turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) for the jump and wake vortexes at the largest three discharges. The flow direction is from left to right in all the plots. The general locations of the contraction sections under the three flow rates are marked by dashed lines in figures (d) to (f).

Figure A1: Water surface profiles of the simulations with different mesh sizes at the discharge of 43.6 L/s at the longitudinal sections at: (a) Y = 24.5 cm (left boundary); (b) Y = 0.3 cm (middle section); (c) Y = -24.5 cm (right boundary). MS is short for mesh size. The flow direction is from left to right in each plot.

Figure A2: Contours of velocity magnitude in the longitudinal section at Y = 0 cm at different mesh sizes (MSs) under the flow condition with the discharge of 43.6 L/s: (a) 0.50 cm; (b) 0.375 cm; (c) 0.30 cm; (d) 0.27 cm; (e) 0.25 cm; (f) 0.24 cm. The flow direction is from left to right.

Figure A3: Measurements of water surfaces (orange lines) used in model verification: (a) water surface profiles from both sides of the flume; (b) upstream edge of the jump regime from top view. KS refers to keystone in figure (b).

Figure A15. Figure (a) shows the locations of the cross sections and target coarse grains at Q = 49.9 L/s. Figures (b) to (e) show the distribution of velocity magnitude (VM_mean) in the four chosen cross sections: (a) x0+8.0; (b) x0+14.0; (c) x0+21.5; (d) x0+42.5. G1 to G6 refer to 6 protruding grains in the micro-bedforms in the pool.

Figure A16. The distribution of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the same cross sections as in figure S15: (a) x0+8.0; (b) x0+14.0; (c) x0+21.5; (d) x0+42.5.

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유입조건에 따른압력변이로 인한하천횡단구조물 하류물받이공 및 바닥보호공설계인자 도출최종보고서

주관연구기관 / 홍익대학교 산학협력단
공동연구기관 / 한국건설기술연구원
공동연구기관 / 주식회사 지티이

연구의 목적 및 내용

하천횡단구조물이 하천설계기준(2009)대로 설계되었음에도 불구하고, 하류부에서 물받이공 및 바닥보호공의 피해가 발생하여, 구조물 본체에 대한 안전성이 현저하 게 낮아지고 있는 실정이다. 하천설계기준이 상류부의 수리특성을 반영하였다고 하나 하류부의 수리특성인 유속의 변동 성분 또는 압력의 변동성분까지 고려하고 있지는 않다. 현재 많은 선행연구에서 이러한 난류적 특성이 구조물에 미치는 영 향에 대해 제시하고 있는 실정이며, 국내 하천에서의 피해 또한 이와 관련이 있다 고 판단된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 난류성분 특히 압력의 변동성분이 물받이공과 바닥보호공에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하여, 하천 횡단구조물의 치수 안전 성 증대에 기여하고자 한다. 물받이공과 바닥보호공에 미치는 압력의 변동성분 (pressure fluctuation) 영향을 분석하기 위해 크게 3가지로 연구내용을 분류하였 다. 첫 번째는 압력의 변동으로 순간적인 음압구배(adversed pressure gradient) 가 발생할 경우 바닥보호공의 사석 및 블록이 이탈하는 것이다. 이를 확인하기 위 해 정밀한 압력 측정장치를 통해 압력변이를 측정하여, 사석의 이탈 가능성을 검 토할 것이며, 최종적으로 이탈에 대한 한계조건을 도출할 것이다. 두 번째는 압력 의 변동이 물받이공의 진동을 유발시켜 이를 지지하고 있는 지반에 다짐효과를 가 져와 물받이공과 지반사이에 공극이 발생하는 경우이다. 이러한 공극으로 물받이 공은 자중 및 물의 압력을 받게 되어, 결국 휨에 의한 파괴가 발생할 가능성이 있 게 된다. 본 연구에서는 실험을 통하여 압력의 변동과 물받이공의 진동을 동시에 측정하여, 진동이 발생하지 않을 최소 두께를 제시할 것이다. 세 번째는 압력변이 로 인한 물받이공의 진동이 피로파괴로 연결되는 경우이다. 이 현상 또한 수리실 험을 통해 압력변이-피로파괴의 관계를 정량적으로 분석하여, 한계 조건을 제시할 것이다. 본 연구는 국내 보 및 낙차공에서 발생하는 다양한 Jet의 특성을 수리실 험으로 재현해야 하며, 이를 위해 평면 Jet 분사기(plane Jet injector)를 고안/ 제작하여, 효율적인 수리실험을 수행할 것이다. 또한 3차원 수치해석을 통해 실제 스케일에 적용함으로써 연구결과의 활용도 및 적용성을 높이고자 한다.

Keywords

압력변이, 물받이공, 바닥보호공, 난류, 진동

그림 3. 하천횡단구조물 하류부 도수현상시 발생하는 압력변이 분포도, Fr=8.0 상태이며, 바닥(slab)에 양압과 음압이 지속적으로 작용한다. (Fiorotto & Rinaldo, 2010)

그림 8. BIV측정기법을 적용한 순간이미지 (Lin et al., 2012)

그림 17 수리실헐 수로시설: (a) 전체수로전경, (b) Weir 보를 포함한 측면도, (c) 도수조건 실험전경

참고문헌

국토기술연구센터 (1998) 하상유지공의 구조설계 지침.

감사원 (2013) 감사원 결과보고서- 4대강살리기 사업 주요시설물 품질 밑 수질관리 실태.

국토해양부 (2009) 전국 하천횡단 구조물 설치현황 및 어도 실태조사 보고서. 국토해양부 (2010). 낙동강 살리기 사업 24공구(성주칠곡지구) 실시설계보고서.

국토해양부 (2012) 보도자료-준공대비 점검결과, 4대강 보 안전 재확인.

국토해양부 (2012) 국가 및 지방하천 종합정비 마스터플랜.

국토교통성 (2008) 하천사방기술기준.

농림부 (1996). 농업생산기반정비사업계획 설계기준. 류권규(역자) (2009). 난류의 수치모의(원저자 : 梶島岳夫, 1999).

류권규, 마리안 머스테, 로버트 에테마, 윤병만 (2006). “난류 중 부유사의 속도 지체 측정.” 한국수자원학회논문집, 제39권, 제2호, pp.99-108.

배재현, 이경훈, 신종근, 양용수, 이주희 (2011). “입자영상유속계를 이용한 은어의 유영능력 측정.” 제47권, 제4호, pp.411-418.

우효섭 (2001). 하천수리학. 청문각.

한국수자원학회 (2009). 하천설계기준해설.

한국건설기술연구원 (2014) 입자영상유속계(PIV)를 이용한 하천구조물 주변 유동해석 기법 개발

한국건설기술연구원 (2017) 보와 하상유지공의 안전성 확보를 위한 물받이와 바닥보호공의 성능평가
기법에 대한 원천기술개발

국토기술연구센터 (1998) 하상유지공의 구조설계 지침.

감사원 (2013) 감사원 결과보고서- 4대강살리기 사업 주요시설물 품질 밑 수질관리 실태. 국토해양부 (2009) 전국 하천횡단 구조물 설치현황 및 어도 실태조사 보고서.

국토해양부 (2012) 보도자료-준공대비 점검결과, 4대강 보 안전 재확인. 국토해양부 (2012) 국가 및 지방하천 종합정비 마스터플랜.

국토교통성 (2008) 하천사방기술기준.

농림부 (1996). 농업생산기반정비사업계획 설계기

류권규(역자) (2009). 난류의 수치모의(원저자 : 梶島岳夫, 1999).
류권규, 마리안 머스테, 로버트 에테마, 윤병만 (2006). “난류 중 부유사의 속도 지체 측정.” 한국수자원학회논문집, 제39권, 제2호, pp.99-108.
배재현, 이경훈, 신종근, 양용수, 이주희 (2011). “입자영상유속계를 이용한 은어의 유영능력 측정.” 제47권, 제4호, pp.411-418.
우효섭 (2001). 하천수리학. 청문각. 한국수자원학회 (2009). 하천설계기준해설. 한국건설기술연구원 (2014) 입자영상유속계(PIV)를 이용한 하천구조물 주변 유동해석 기법 개발
한국건설기술연구원 (2017) 보와 하상유지공의 안전성 확보를 위한 물받이와 바닥보호공의 성능평가
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원본 보기

Flow 3D를 이용한 다목적 수로 터널의 마찰 손실 산정

Friction loss of multi-purpose stormwater tunnel simulated by Flow 3D

이두한1
, 김정환2
, 정건희2*
¹한국건설기술연구원 수자원하천연구소, ²호서대학교 토목공학과

Abstract

본 최근 지구의 온난화로 인하여 극한 홍수가 자주 발생하고 있으며, 기존 도시 유역의 우수배제시설 용량부족 등으로 도시홍수가 빈번하게 발생하고 있으므로, 주요 범람지역의 홍수량을 우회하거나 저류하여 홍수를 방지하기 위한 수로터널의 개발이 요구된다.

본 연구에서는 교통기능과 수로기능을 동시에 갖춘 다기능 수로 터널의 설계 기준을 개발하기 위한 수리 실험 및 Flow3D를 이용한 수치모의을 수행하였다. 수치모의결과 동일한 수로 터널 구간 내 발생하는 마찰손실의 크기는 수치모의로 도출된 마찰손실이 이론적으로 계산한 마찰손실보다 더 크게 발생함을 관측하였으며, 이는 수로의 형상이 비원형인 경우에는 관의 기하학적 형상에 의한 흐름구조의 변화로 추가적인 마찰손실이 발생하는 것이 원인으로 판단된다.

마찰손실의 증가는 난류보다 층류에서 두드러졌다. 따라서 터널의 홍수량 흐름 시 마찰손실계수가 터널의 형상에 좌우되며, 실무에서 정확한 설계를 위해 방수로 터널의 형상을 주의 깊게 고려해야 한다는 결론을 내렸다. 이는 실제 방수로 터널 설계에 활용될 수 있는 기본 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

The extreme floods recently are have been attributed global warming, The development of a canal tunnel to prevent floods by making a bypass or undercurrent to flood discharge in a major flooding area is required because urban flooding in heavy rainfall occurs frequently, increasing the impermeability according to lack of capacity in sewage to urbanization by the existing urban basin. In this study, a numerical simulation was performed to support design standards for a multi-purpose waterway tunnel combined road tunnel of canal tunnel. The numerical simulation showed that the size of the friction loss occurring in the tunnel section of the same channel occurred more than the theoretically calculated frictional loss derived from the numerical simulations. This is probably due to the additional frictional loss caused by the change in the flow structure due to the geometry of the pipe when the shape of the channel is non-circular. The increase in friction loss was more pronounced in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. Depending on the shape of the conduit, the friction loss should be adjusted for accurate flow calculations. This result can provide the basin information about the design of flood by a pass conduit

Fig. 4. Pressure value according to the 6 different discharges

Fig. 5. Hydraulic grade line along the stormwater tunnel using FLOW-3D

Fig. 6. Head loss compared hydraulic experiment with Flow 3D and assumed circular pipe

Table 3. Measured and calculated frictional loss coefficient in the discharge cases

Fig. 7. Comparison of frictional loss coefficient according to the Reynolds number

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[6] Seoul General planning for reducing traffic of surface road, 2015.
[7] Willams, G. S. and Hazen A. Hydraulic Tables, 3rd ed., rev. John Wiley, New York, 1933.
[8] Yen, Ben Chie. Channel flow resistance: centennial of Manning’s formula, Water Resources Publications, 1992.

원문보기

FLOW-3D를 이용한 다양한 곡률에 대한 횡월류 위어의 유량계수 산정

Discharge Coefficient of Side Weir for Various Curvatures Simulated
by FLOW-3D

Chang Sam Jeong*
접수일자: 2015년 5월 15일/심사완료일: 2015년 6월 9일/게재일자: 2015년 6월 30일

ABSTRACT

본 연구는 수치모형을 이용하여 만곡수로 외측에 설치된 횡월류 위어의 곡률반경에 대한 횡월류 유량계수를 분석한 연구이다.

곡률반경의 변화에 따른 만곡부의 중심각이 180°인 수로모형을 설계하였으며, FLOW-3D모형에 적용하여 유량계 수를 산정하고 직선 수로와 비교하는 방법으로 유량계수의 특성을 분석하였다. 모형의 적용성 검증을 위해 기존에 연구되었던 수리실험과 동일한 조건의 수치모의를 수행하였다.

하폭(b)을 고정시키고 곡률반경(Rc)을 변화시킴으로써 Rc/b의 변화에 따른 유량계수(CM)의 변화를 분석하고, 만곡수로의 월류량(Qwc)에 대한 직선수로의 월류량(Qwc)의 비를 분석하였다.

분석결과 유량 계수는 상류수심, 만곡수로의 곡률반경의 변화에 따라 유량계수는 변화하였으며, 직선과 만곡수로에 대해 분석을 수행하였기 때문에 직선수로의 영향인자를 이용하여 만곡수로에 설치된 횡월류 위어의 월류량과 유량계수를 추정 가능 할 것이라 판단된다.

KEYWORDS

discharge coefficient, side weir, curvature, meandering channel, FLOW-3D, 유량계수, 횡월류 위어, 곡률, 만곡수로

서 론

최근의 기상변화에 의한 이상홍수와 유역의 도시화로 인한 불투수면적의 증가는 홍수시 유출량을 증가시켜 기 존의 하도의 적정 소통량을 초과하는 홍수를 발생시키고 있다. 토지의 고도 이용으로 하도의 확폭이 제한된 도시유 역에서 초과 홍수에 대비할 수 있는 구조적 홍수관리 방안 은 제방 증고, 저류지 설치, 방수로 설치 등이 대표적이다. 저류지는 하천에 유입되는 홍수를 일시 조절하여 하도의 적정한 홍수 소통능력을 초과하는 유출을 억제하는 구조 물로 국내외에서 널리 이용되는 구조적 홍수대책의 하나 이다. 그러나 이러한 활용도에 비해서 예연위어, 광정위어,암거 등의 수리구조물에 비교할 때 횡월류 위어에 대한 연 구는 미진한 것이 현실이다. 횡월류 위어(side weir 또는 lateral weir)는 인공수로 또는 자연하천에서 흐름방향에 평행하게 수로측면에 설치된 수 공구조물이다.

이는 본류의 수심이 횡월류 위어 월류부의 높이보다 높을 경우 위어를 통하여 물을 월류시켜 에너지 소산, 수위조절, 일정 유량의 취수 및 분배, 초과 홍수량 전 환 등의 목적으로 이용된다. 이러한 횡월류 유량의 취수 및 분배, 초과 홍수량 전환 등의 목적으로 이용된다. 이러한 횡월류 위어는 off-line저류지, 관계수로, 하수도 설비, 댐의 여수로 등에서 폭넓게 사용되고 있다.

국내의 경우 개발에 따른 횡월류 위어 구조물의 사용이 증가하는 추세이나, 유입유량 결정이나 적용되는 유량계 수에 대한 신뢰할만한 평가가 이루어지지 않아서 설계에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 또한 지금까지 연구된 횡월류 위어는 직선수로에 국한되어있으며, 실험을 통해서 제안된 유량 계수식들은 제안자에 따라 편차가 커서 실무적으로 이용 되기에는 많은 한계를 가지고 있다. Cheong(1991)은 횡월류 위어의 단면을 사다리꼴로하여 상류 프루드수와 유량계수와의 관계를 정립하였다.

Uyumaz (1997)는 U-모양 단면의 주수로의 횡월류 위어에서 사류와 상류시의 유량계수의 변화를 파악하였으며, Agaccioglu (1998)는 만곡수로의 사각형 단면에서 중심각에 따른 유량 계수와 무차원변수와의 관계를 정립하고, 퇴적이 발생하 는 지역의 크기는 상류 프루드수에 영향을 받는 다는 것을 확인 하였으며, Agaccioglu(2004)는 만곡수로에서 횡월류 위어의 단면을 삼각형으로 하여 중심각에 따른 유량계수 와 무차원 변수와의 관계를 정립하였다. 국내에서 윤세의 (1990)는 곡률반경에 대한 하폭의 비(Rc/b)의 변화에 따른 만곡수로에서의 흐름특성을 분석하였고, 이종태(1991)는 곡률반경의 증가, 감소는 만곡부 흐름특성인자에 많은 영 향을 끼치는 것을 확인 하였다.

서일원 등(2004)이 실내 실 험을 수행하여 다중 만곡수로에서 이차류의 변화양상을 관찰하였고, 이두한 등(2005)은 복단면을 갖는 사행수로에 서 만곡부의 저수로와 홍수터에서 회전류가 발생함을 관 측하였으며, 홍수심이 증가 할수록 저수로와 고수로간의 유속 차이보다 사행의 영향이 지배적임을 분석하였다.

본 연구에서는 기존에 연구된 만곡수로에 설치된 횡월류 위어를 상용 3차원 CFD모형인 FLOW-3D를 이용하여 횡 월류 위어의 흐름을 모의하여 그 적용성을 검증하고, 곡률 변화에 따른 만곡부 횡월류 위어에서의 유량계수와 여러 변수들과의 관계를 정립하고 특성을 분석하는데 목적이 있다.

또한 만곡수로에 횡월류 위어를 설치하였을 때, 그 흐름 특성의 변화를 분석하여, 횡월류 위어 주변의 수심 및 유속변화, 월류량에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 관찰하고, 월 류량에 가장 직접적인 영향을 미치는 인자인 유량계수를 산정하여 영향인자들과의 관계를 무차원하여 분석하여 만 곡부에 설치된 횡월류 위어의 실용적인 기준으로 활용할 수 있는 자료를 제시하고자 한다.

그림 5. 만곡 수로(Rc = 2.5 m)의 지오메트리와 mesh block

참고문헌

서일원, 성기훈, 백경오, 정성진(2004) 사행수로에서흐름특성에 관한 실험적 연구, 한국수자원학회논문집, 37(7), pp.527~540.
이두한, 이찬주, 김명환(2005) 복단면 사행 하도의 흐름 특성에 대한 실험 연구, 대한토목학회 논문집, 25(3B), pp.197~206.
이종태, 윤세의(1991) 만곡부 곡률의 연속적 변화와 흐름특성, 대한토목학회 학술발표회 개요집, pp.394~397.
윤세의, 이종태(1990) 만곡수로에서의 곡률반경 변화에 따른 흐름특성, 한국수문학회지, 23(4), pp.435~444.
Agaccioglu, H., Yalcin, Y. (1998) Side-Weir Flow in Curved Channels, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 124(3), pp.163~175.
Agaccioglu, H., Ali, C. (2004) Discharge Coefficient of a Triangular Side-Weir Located on a Curved Channels, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 130(5), pp.410~423.
Cheong, H. F. (1991) Discharge coefficient of lateral diversion from trapezoidal channel, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 117(4), pp.461~475.
Uyumaz, A. (1997) Side Weir in U-Shaped Channels Journal of Hydraulics Engineering. 123(7), pp.639~646.

원문보기

Figure 7. The simulated velocity (a) and simulated pressure pattern (b) across the Parshall flume. The patterns match the physical behavior of actual Parshall flumes [7].

Application of Numerical and Experimental Modeling to Improve the Efficiency of Parshall Flumes: A Review of the State-of-the-Art

Parshall Flumes의 효율성 향상을 위한 수치 및 실험 모델링의 적용: 최신 기술 검토

Mehdi Heyrani ^1,*, Abdolmajid Mohammadian ¹, Ioan Nistor ¹ and Omerul Faruk Dursun ²

Abstract

열린 채널에서 흐름을 관리하는 기본 단계 중 하나는 속성을 결정하는 것입니다. 개방 수로의 흐름에 관한 추가 정보를 제공하기 위해 경험적 방정식이 개발되었습니다. 이러한 실험 방정식을 얻는 것은 비용과 시간이 많이 소요됩니다. 따라서 대체 솔루션이 모색되었습니다.

지난 세기 동안 움직이는 부분이 없는 정적 측정 장치인 Parshall 수로가 개방 수로의 흐름을 측정하는 데 중요한 역할을 했습니다. 많은 연구자들이 관개 및 폐수 관리와 같은 다양한 분야에서 Parshall 수로의 적용을 연구하는 데 관심을 집중해 왔습니다.

여러 학자들이 실험 결과를 사용하여 Parshall 수로의 등급 방정식을 향상시켰지만 다른 학자들은 수치 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 높이-방전 관계 방정식을 재보정하기 위해 대체 데이터 소스를 사용했습니다. 컴퓨팅 하드웨어가 지난 수십 년 동안 크게 발전하여 과거에 경험했던 제한된 해상도를 뛰어넘는 것이 가능해짐에 따라 CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamic) 소프트웨어가 오늘날 대중화되고 있습니다.

여러 CFD 모델은 가용성에 따라 오픈 소스 또는 상업적으로 허가되어 수위 결과를 생성하기 위해 다양한 구성의 수로, 특히 Parshall 수로에 대한 수치 시뮬레이션을 수행하는 데 사용되었습니다.

FLOW-3D, Ansys Fluent, OpenFOAM 등 지금까지 사용되어 온 다양한 CFD 도구에 대해 실험 데이터로 정밀 교정한 결과, 출력이 안정적이고 실제 시나리오에 구현할 수 있음이 확인되었습니다.

결과를 생성하기 위해 이 기술을 사용하는 이점은 필요한 경우 유속 또는 구조적 형상과 같은 초기 조건을 조정하는 CFD 접근 방식의 능력입니다. 수로 크기와 수로가 위치한 부지의 조건과 관련하여 상황에 적합한 특정 Parshall 수로로 선택이 좁혀집니다.

표준 Parshall 수로를 선택하는 것이 항상 가능한 것은 아닙니다. 따라서 엔지니어는 가장 가까운 수로 크기에 약간의 수정을 제공하고 정확한 유량을 생성하기 위해 새로운 등급 곡선을 제공합니다.

이 검토는 기존 등급 방정식을 향상시키거나 구조의 기하학에 대한 추가 수정을 제안하기 위해 Parshall 수로에서 수치 시뮬레이션 및 물리적 실험 데이터의 적용을 목표로 하는 여러 학자의 작업에 대해 수행되었습니다.

One of the primary steps in managing the flow in an open channel is determining its properties. Empirical equations are developed to provide further information regarding the flow in open channels. Obtaining such experimental equations is expensive and time consuming; therefore, alternative solutions have been sought. Over the last century, the Parshall flume, a static measuring device with no moving parts, has played a significant role in measuring the flow in open channels. Many researchers have focused their interest on studying the application of Parshall flumes in various fields like irrigation and wastewater management. Although various scholars used experimental results to enhance the rating equation of the Parshall flume, others used an alternative source of data to recalibrate the height–discharge relation equation using numerical simulation. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software is becoming popular nowadays as computing hardware has advanced significantly within the last few decades, making it possible to go beyond the limited resolution that was experienced in the past. Multiple CFD models, depending on their availability, either open-source or commercially licensed, have been used to perform numerical simulations on different configurations of flumes, especially Parshall flumes, to produce water level results. Regarding various CFD tools that have been used, i.e., FLOW-3D, Ansys Fluent, or OpenFOAM, after precise calibration with experimental data, it has been determined that the output is reliable and can be implemented to the actual scenarios. The benefit of using this technique to produce results is the ability of the CFD approach to adjust the initial conditions, like flow velocity or structural geometry, where necessary. With respect to channel size and the condition of the site where the flume is located, the choices are narrowed to the specific Parshall flume suitable to the situation. It is not always possible to select the standard Parshall flume; therefore, engineers provide some modification to the closest flume size and provide a new rating curve to produce accurate flowrates. This review has been performed on the works of a number of scholars who targeted the application of numerical simulation and physical experimental data in Parshall flumes to either enhance the existing rating equation or propose further modification to the structure’s geometry.

Keywords

Parshall flume; CFD; OpenFOAM; FLOW-3D; numerical simulation; turbulence model

Figure 1. Parshall flume measuring structure, installed [2].

Figure 2. Parshall flume measuring structure, uninstalled [3]

Figure 4. Mesh sensitivity analysis: top view and side view of the Parshall flume: (a) contains 27,000 cells; (b) 52,000 cells; (c) 75,000 cells; (d) 270,000 cells. The C setup was used in their simulation [7].

Figure 8. Computational grid system in the Side A flume. (a) contains a triangular grid system (b) demonstrates the rectangular grid system. (c) and (d) are three-dimensional schematics showing the superimposed grid system. (e) magnifies the dashed section in (b). (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [11]. 2020 ELSEVIER). ).

Figure 10. The results of flow patterns in different flumes; (a) Cutthroat flume, (b) airfoil-shaped flume, (c) airfoil pillar-shaped flume, (d) optimized airfoil-shaped flume [23]

Figure 11. Experimental setup: contraction ratio used on each flume [23].

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Figure 10 | Contour lines of the static pressure (Pa) for the standard form of the stepped spillway with discharge of 60 liters/second.

스키밍 흐름 영역에서 계단형 여수로의 수리 성능에 대한 삼각형 프리즘 요소의 영향: 실험 연구 및 수치 모델링

The effect of triangular prismatic elements on the hydraulic performance of stepped spillways in the skimming flow regime: an experimental study and numerical modeling

Kiyoumars Roushangar; Samira Akhgar; Saman Shahnazi

계단식 여수로는 댐의 여수로 위로 흐르는 큰 물의 에너지를 분산시키는 비용 효율적인 유압 구조입니다. 이 연구에서는 삼각주형 요소(TPE)가 계단식 배수로의 수력 성능에 미치는 영향에 초점을 맞췄습니다. 9개의 계단식 배수로 모델이 TPE의 다양한 모양과 레이아웃으로 실험 및 수치적으로 조사되었습니다. 적절한 난류 모델을 채택하려면 RNG k – ε 및 표준 k – ε모델을 활용했습니다. 계산 모델 결과는 계단 표면의 속도 분포 및 압력 프로파일을 포함하여 실험 사례의 계단 여수로에 대한 복잡한 흐름을 만족스럽게 시뮬레이션했습니다. 결과는 계단식 여수로에 TPE를 설치하는 것이 캐비테이션 효과를 줄이는 효과적인 방법이 될 수 있음을 나타냅니다. 계단식 여수로에 TPE를 설치하면 에너지 소실률이 최대 54% 증가했습니다. 계단식 배수로의 성능은 TPE가 더 가깝게 배치되었을 때 개선되었습니다. 또한, 실험 데이터를 이용하여 거칠기 계수( f )와 임계 깊이 대 단차 거칠기( yc / k )의 비율 사이의 관계를 높은 정확도로 얻었다.

Keywords

energy dissipation, Flow-3D, roughness coefficient, stepped spillway, triangular prismatic elements

에너지 소산 , Flow-3D , 거칠기 계수 , 계단식 배수로 , 삼각형 프리즘 요소

Figure 1 | General schematics of laboratory flume facilities.

Figure 2 | Different layouts of the selected TPE in the experimental study (y1 and y2 are initial, and sequent depths of hydraulic jump).

Figure 3 | Geometry and alignment of TPE in the numerical study.

Figure 5 | Comparison of turbulence models in Flow-3D.

Figure 6 | Sequent water depths versus unit flow rate in standard stepped spillways and stepped spillways with triangular TPEs of types A and B.

Figure 7 | Energy dissipation for the standard stepped spillway and the stepped spillway with TPEs.

Figure 8 | Positions of measurement points to investigate the pressure and velocity distributions on the stepped spillway

Figure 9 | Velocity distributions on the vertical surface of step number 4.

Figure 11 | Pressure distribution on the vertical surface of the fourth step.

Figure 12 | Horizontal profile of the pressure distribution on the floor of step 4.

Figure 13 | Roughness coefficient changes with various unit discharges for stepped spillways.

Figure 14 | Variations of sequent depth of downstream with various unit discharges for stepped spillways.

Figure 15 | Energy dissipation rate changes with various unit discharges for different stepped spillways.

Figure 16 | Roughness coefficients (f ) versus the critical depth to the step roughness ratio (yc/K).

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한국농어촌공사 정밀안전진단 및 정밀안전점검 측수로 수치해석 용역 소개

측수로 해석 사례

해석 형상 및 격자 수

수위 : EL. 210.6M -월류수심 1.5M

수위 : EL. 212.0m, 월류수심 2.9m

저수지 수위에 따른 방류량

Figure 2 Idea and details of T-shaped weir.

Introducing the T-shaped weir: a new nonlinear weir

Behzad Noroozi; Jalal Bazargan; Akbar Safarzadeh

Abstract

본 연구에서는 LW(Labyrinth Weir)와 PKW(Piano Key Weir)가 결합된 T자형 웨어(TSW)라는 새로운 비선형 웨어를 도입하여 수압 성능을 비교하였다.

PKW. 입구 키, 출구 키 또는 두 키 모두에서 수직 벽의 존재에 따라 TSW 위어는 각각 A, B 또는 C 유형 웨어로 분류되었습니다. 다른 TSW 사례의 흐름 패턴을 분석하고 배출 계수 곡선을 제공했습니다. 또한 테스트된 둑의 유체역학을 정확하게 연구하기 위해 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 3D 수치 시뮬레이션을 수행했습니다.

결과는 출구 키(C-TSW 유형)의 상류에 수직 벽을 삽입하는 것이 PKW의 유압 성능에 미미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났습니다. B-TSW의 토출계수는 PKW 대비 최대 16% 증가하였으며, Ht/p 0.45까지 수직벽의 성능향상 효과 증가 B-TSW는 유지되었습니다.

실험적 및 수치적 실험을 통해 가장 높은 방전 용량을 갖는 B-TSW에서 수직벽의 최적 높이비(Pd/P)는 0.4로 결정되었다.

In the present study, a new nonlinear weir called the T-shaped weir (TSW), which is a combination of the labyrinth weir (LW) and the piano key weir (PKW), was introduced, and its hydraulic performance was compared with the PKW. Based on the presence of the vertical walls at the inlet key, outlet key, or both keys, the TSW weirs were classified as type A, B, or C weirs, respectively. The flow pattern of different TSW cases was analyzed, and the discharge coefficient curves were provided. Furthermore, to accurately study the hydrodynamics of the tested weirs, 3D numerical simulations were performed using the FLOW-3D software. The results showed that inserting a vertical wall at the upstream of the outlet keys (C-TSW type) has a negligible effect on the hydraulic performance of the PKW. A maximum increase of 16% occurred in the discharge coefficient of the B-TSW in comparison to the PKW, and up to a head to height ratio (H_t/p) of 0.45, the effect of the vertical wall on increasing the performance of the B-TSW was maintained. Based on the experimental and numerical tests, the optimal height ratio of the vertical wall (P_d/P) in B-TSW with highest discharge capacity was determined to be equal to 0.4.

HIGHLIGHTS

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A new nonlinear weir called the T-shaped weir (TSW), which is a combination of the labyrinth weir (LW) and the piano key weir (PKW), is introduced.
To investigate the hydrodynamics of the tested weirs in more detail, 3D numerical models are developed on the CFD-software FLOW-3D.
By testing different vertical wall sizes, the optimal size of the vertical wall is determined for B-TSW weir.

Keywords

discharge coefficient, labyrinth weir, local submergence, piano key weir, T-shaped weir

Figure 19. Water surface profile at the middle part of the inlet key for H/P = 0.4.

Figure 21 Transverse water surface profile in the outlet key of tested weirs for H/P = 0.4.

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Fig. 4. Numerical modeling of dual spillways: (a) Andong-1; (b) Andong-2; (c) Imha-1; (d) Juam-1; (e) Andong-3; (f) Imha-2; (g) Imha-3; and (h) Juam-3.

Interference of Dual Spillways Operations

Jai Hong Lee, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE; Pierre Y. Julien, Ph.D., M.ASCE; and Christopher I. Thornton, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE

FULL TEXT

Abstract

이중 여수로 간섭은 여수로가 서로 가깝게 배치될 때 수압 성능의 손실을 나타냅니다. 배수로 간섭은 물리적 실험과 수치 시뮬레이션을 모두 사용하여 조사됩니다.

이중 여수로 구성의 4개 물리적 모델의 단계 및 배출 측정값을 한국의 4개 댐 부지에서 Flow-3D 계산 결과와 비교합니다.

두 개의 배수로를 함께 사용하는 것을 각 배수로의 단일 작동과 비교합니다. 두 여수로를 동시에 운영할 경우 두 여수로를 통한 총 유량은 최대 7.6%까지 감소합니다.

간섭 계수는 단계 He가 설계 단계 Hd를 초과하고 두 배수로를 분리하는 거리 D가 배수로 너비 W에 비해 짧을 때 가장 중요합니다. 매개변수 DHd/WHe는 계산 및 측정된 간섭 계수와 매우 잘 관련됩니다.

안동댐 설계방류에 대한 홍수경로 예시는 간섭계수를 적용한 경우와 적용하지 않은 경우 저수지 수위의 차이가 42cm임을 보여줍니다. 결과적으로 댐 안전을 위해 추가 여수로의 너비(간섭 계수 포함)를 늘려야 합니다.

Dual spillway interference refers to the loss of hydraulic performance of spillways when they are placed close together. Spillway interference is examined using both physical experiments and numerical simulations. Stage and discharge measurements from four physical models with dual spillways configurations are compared to the Flow-3D computational results at four dam sites in South Korea. The conjunctive use of two spillways is compared with the singular operation of each spillway. When both spillways are operated at the same time, the total flow rate through the two spillways is reduced by up to 7.6%. Interference coefficients are most significant when the stage H_e exceeds the design stage H_d and when the distance D separating two spillways is short compared to the spillway width W. The parameter DH_d/WH_ecorrelates very well with the calculated and measured interference coefficients. A flood routing example for the design discharge at Andong dam shows a 42 cm difference in reservoir water level with and without application of the interference coefficient. Consequently, the width of additional spillways (including the interference coefficient) should be increased for dam safety.

Fig. 1. Definition sketch for dual spillways

Fig. 2. Stage-discharge rating curves for dual spillway operations.

Fig. 3. Physical modeling of dual spillways: (a) Andong-1; (b) Andong-2; (c) Imha-1; and (d) Juam-1

Fig. 5. Meshes and calculation domain for numerical modeling of Andong dam.

Fig. 6. Stage-discharge rating curve for existing and additional spillways (Andong-1): (a) existing spillway; (b) additional spillway; and (c) dual spillway simulations.

Fig. 7. Discharge comparison of physical experiments and numerical simulations. The upper panel is the comparative result for the existing spillway (ES) and the lower panel is for the additional spillway (AS) at four dams.

Fig. 8. Interference coefficients for dual spillways simulations with various scenarios.

Fig. 9. Regression model for the distance-width ratio (D=W) and head ratio (Hd=He) by dual spillway simulations

Fig. 10. Physical and numerical model validation: (a) numerical modeling; (b) solids of overflow weir of the spillway; and (c) physical models of reservoir and spillway

Fig. 11. Interference coefficients for dual spillways operations with various scenarios. The dashed lines indicate the results of the validation model with dual conditions of 1 þ 2, 1 þ 4, 1 þ 6, 3 þ 4, and 4 þ 5.

Fig. 12. Results of reservoir operations under the PMF at Andong dam.

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3D Numerical Modeling of a Side-Channel Spillway

Géraldine MilésiStéphane Causse

Abstract

Electricité de Tahiti(GDF Suez) 댐의 재건이라는 틀 내에서 Coyne et Bellier는 진단과 Tahiti 댐의 전반적인 연구를 수행했습니다.

Tahinu는 프랑스령 폴리네시아의 Tahiti 섬에 위치한 37m 높이의 수력 발전 댐입니다. 수문학적 연구의 검토와 프랑스 표준의 적용은 최대 설계 홍수를 500에서 644 m3/s(+30%)로 증가시켰습니다.

먼저 측수로 여수로(마루 길이 60m)의 1D 수치 모델링을 수행하여 배수 용량을 평가했습니다. 결론은 마루댐과 배수로 수로 측벽의 오버토핑을 유발할 수 있는 배수로의 용량이 충분하지 않다는 것이었습니다.

그런 다음 이러한 결과를 확인하고 배수로의 특정 구성(정원 아래의 접근 속도와 깊이의 불균일한 분포, 측면 채널 단면의 불규칙한 기하학, 잠긴 둑, 곡선 채널 배수로)을 고려하기 위해, 3D 수치 모델링은 Flow 3D®로 수행되었습니다.

시뮬레이션은 1D 모델(흐름의 일반적인 패턴, 상류 저수지 수위)보다 더 정확한 결과를 보여주었습니다. 이에 따라 댐 능선의 높이와 여수로 측벽을 설계 및 최적화하여 안전을 위한 충분한 freeboards을 확보하도록 하였습니다.

Within the framework of the rehabilitation of Electricité de Tahiti (GDF Suez) dams, Coyne et Bellier carried out a diagnosis and an overall study of the Tahinu dam. Tahinu is a 37-m-high earthfill hydroelectric dam, located in the island of Tahiti, French Polynesia. The review of the hydrological study and the application of French standards lead to increase the peak design flood from 500 to 644 m³/s (+30 %). First, a 1D numerical modeling of the side-channel spillway (crest length 60 m) was performed to assess its discharge capacity. The conclusion was an insufficient capacity of the spillway that might induce an overtopping of the crest dam and of the sidewalls of the spillway channel. Then, to confirm these results and to take into account the specific configuration of the spillway (non-uniform distribution of the approach velocity and depth below crest, irregular geometry of the side-channel cross section, submerged weir, curved channel spillway), a 3D numerical modeling was carried out with Flow 3D^®. Simulations showed more accurate results than 1D model (general pattern of the flow, upstream reservoir level). Consequently, heightenings of the dam crest and the sidewalls of the spillway channel were designed and optimized to secure sufficient freeboards for safety.

Keywords

CFD, Dam, FLOW-3D, Hydraulics, Numerical simulation, Rehabilitation, Submergence, Weir, 저수지, 댐, 측수로, 여수로

References

1.Khatsuria, R. M. (2005). Hydraulics of spillways and energy dissipators. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
2.USBR. (1987). Design of small dams (3rd ed.). Washington: US Government printing office.Google Scholar

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About this chapter

Cite this chapter as:Milési G., Causse S. (2014) 3D Numerical Modeling of a Side-Channel Spillway. In: Gourbesville P., Cunge J., Caignaert G. (eds) Advances in Hydroinformatics. Springer Hydrogeology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-42-0_39

First Online12 November 2013
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-42-0_39
Publisher NameSpringer, Singapore
Print ISBN978-981-4451-41-3
Online ISBN978-981-4451-42-0
eBook PackagesEarth and Environmental Science Earth and Environmental Science (R0)
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저수지 정밀안전진단 수치 해석

저수지 정밀안전진단 수치해석

한국농어촌공사는 수리시설안전진단사업을 통하여 노후 및 기능 저하된 농업생산기반시설물에 대하여 정밀안전진단을 실시하여 사전에 재해, 재난을 대비하고 있습니다.

정밀안전진단은 「농어촌정비법」, ‘저수지 설계기준’ 에 따라 수행하며, 농업생산기반시설의 구조적 안정성 등을 조사·측정·평가해 보수·보강 등의 방안을 제시해야 합니다.

특히 측수로형 여수로는 계획 홍수량이하의 홍수량이 유입시엔 안정적으로 방류가 일어나나 계획 홍수량 이상의 홍수량이 유입되면 물넘이에서 불완전 월류가 발생하며 방류량이 충분하지 않게 됩니다.

그에 따라 저수지의 수위가 증가하고 저수지가 안전하지 않은 상황이 발생할 수 있습니다. 따라서 측수로형 여수로는 설계당시의 홍수량에 비해 늘어난 현재에 맞게 변경된 홍수량이 유입할 경우 물넘이에서 불완전월류가 발생하는지를 확인하게 됩니다.

현재 농어촌공사와 농어촌연구원, 수자원공사 등에서 오랜 기간 사용하고 검증된 FLOW-3D 수치해석 프로그램은 농어촌공사의 정밀안전진단을 실시할 때 설계홍수량의 저수지 유입 시 물넘이에서 불완전월류가 발생하는지를 확인하고, 불완전월류 발생 시 수위 상승 영향을 분석해 안전성 검토 후 문제가 발견되면 보수·보강 방안을 제시할 수 있는 대표적인 3차원 수치해석 프로그램 입니다.

농어촌공사 정밀안전진단 업무 수행시 수치해석이 필요하십니까? 수치해석에 대해 궁금하신 사항이나 용역 의뢰가 필요하시면 언제든지 아래 연락처로 연락 주시기 바랍니다.

당사에는 20년 이상 수치해석 수처리 분야의 수치해석 연구에 전념하고 있는 전문 연구인력과 다양한 기술적 경험과 전문 수치해석 용역 서비스를 제공하는 숙련된 기술팀이 준비되어 있습니다.

전화 : 02-2026-0455
Email : flow3d@stikorea.co.kr

사행수로 구간의 횡월류위어 유입구 위치특성에 따른 흐름해석

Analysis of Turbulent Flow by Location Characteristics of Side Weir inlet in Meandering Channels

Yu, Chang Hwan
유창환 ((주)유신 수자원부)
Published : 2021.06.03

Abstract

횡월류위어(side weir)는 하천의 수위가 한계수위 이상으로 상승할 경우 본류로부터 저류지나 분수로(distributary channel)로 흐름을 전환하기 위하여 사용하는 수공구조물로 강변저류지나 off-line저류지의 유입부에 흐름방향과 평행하게 설치되어 유량관리 및 전환, 홍수통제, 에너지 소산, 수위조절, 일정 유량의 취수 및 분배, 초과 홍수량의 전환 등의 목적으로 이용되는 구조물이다.

횡월류 위어의 월류 흐름은 일반위어와 같이 위어마루부 직각방향으로 흐르지 않고 본류 흐름특성에 따라 비스듬하게 유입된다. 이러한 흐름특성으로 횡월류위어 월류량은 본류의 하폭, 흐름특성, 위어길이 및 설치위치 등에 따라 각기 다르게 산정된다. 현재 국내에서 진행된 횡월류위어 흐름특성에 관련된 연구는 대부분 직선수로에 집중되어 있으며 사행하천의 흐름특성에 따른 연구는 부족한 실정이다.

금회 연구에서는 3차원 상용프로그램인 FLOW-3D를 이용하여 사행하천구간 유입부 설치위치 특성에 따른 횡월류 위어 유입흐름 특성을 분석하였다.

사행하천 구간 횡월류위어 설치위치에 따른 3차원 흐름해석을 위해 AUTO CAD 프로그램을 이용하여 수로길이 30m, 수로폭 2m의 구형 사행수로를 구성하였고, 횡월류위어 유입부 위치를 20°~120°로 변화시키며 수치모형실험을 수행하였다.

해석결과 수로흐름은 유입부 설치각이 작을수록 상·하류 수위차가 작아지며 유속이 감소하며 설치위치각이 클수록 수로내 평균유속은 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 유입부 설치각이 작을수록 방류량이 증가하여 수로내 흐름분리현상 증가하였고 이로인한 지체현상이 발생하는 것으로 확인되었다.

본 연구로 사행하천구간에 횡월류위어가 설치된 경우, 월류량과 수리학적 흐름특성을 해석할 때 3차원 수치모형실험이 유용한 해석도구로 이용될 수 있음이 확인되었다. 이후 수치모형실험이 수공구조물 설계 및 해석 시 참고자료로 이용가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference (한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집)

/
Pages.250-250
/
2021

Korea Water Resources Association (한국수자원학회)

Keywords

FLOW-3D

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하천 운반수로 역류상태의 유속특성에 대한 3차원 시뮬레이션 연구

Wang Jingru Guan Guanghua Jin Weirong Xiong Ji

Abstract

센서 기술의 발달은 수로 유량 측정 분야에 새로운 기회를 가져왔으며 현재 대부분의 유량 측정 장비는 주로 측정 지점의 유량을 사용하여 채널 단면의 유량을 추정합니다.

그러나 수로 내 역류의 영향으로 하류 수심의 변화에 따라 같은 구간에서의 유속 분포가 변한다.

다양한 하류 수심 경계 조건에서 개방 수로의 단면 속도 분포 특성을 탐색하기 위해 FLOW-3D를 3차원 모델링 및 시뮬레이션에 사용했으며 일반적인 사다리꼴 수로의 100m 수로 단면을 평지 관개지역을 선정하고 하류 역류의 다양한 조건에 따라 일정한 유량을 3차원 수치해석을 수행하였습니다.

다양한 하류 수심 조건에서 구간의 유속 분포를 연구하여 고정 수면 속도 계수를 사용하여 발생할 수 있는 유속 오차를 분석하고 계산된 수면 유속 계수의 유속 오차는 물을 충족할 수 있습니다. 측정 정확도 요구 사항(오차는 ±10% 미만).

또한 시뮬레이션 데이터를 피팅하여 표면 속도 계수 대 수심의 곡선을 구하고 이 곡선을 사용하여 표면 속도 계수를 보정한 결과 유량 측정 오류를 1.4% 이내로 줄일 수 있음을 보여줍니다. 마지막으로 레이더 기술을 이용하여 수면 유속을 측정할 때 유량 측정 오차가 10% 이하인 조건에서 선택해야 하는 최소 측정점 수를 분석한다.

원문으로 이동

Chain-Net이 있거나 없는 경사 부유식 방파제의 유체역학적 성능에 대한 실험 및 수치적 조사

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Hydrodynamic Performance of a Sloping Floating Breakwater with and Without Chain-Net

Keywords

Sloping floating breakwater
Chain net
Anchorage system
Hydrodynamic performance

Abstract

두 개의 부유체 사이에 간격이 있는 경사진 부유식 방파제(FB)에 대한 새로운 연구가 제안되었습니다. 구조물의 기울기는 파동 에너지 소산을 유발할 수 있습니다. 경사진 구조물의 문제는 파도가 넘친다는 것입니다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 두 플로터 사이의 간격을 고려합니다.

오버 토핑이 발생하면 마루를 통과하는 물이 두 플로터 사이의 틈으로 쏟아지며 결과적으로 파도 에너지가 감쇠됩니다. 체인 네트가 모델에 추가되고 전송 계수에 대한 영향이 연구됩니다. 또한, 구조물의 유체역학적 성능에 대한 자유도의 영향을 조사하기 위해 말뚝으로 고정된(1 자유도) 계류 라인으로 고정된(3도의 자유도) 두 가지 고정 시스템에서 자유 모델을 연구했습니다.

게다가, 실험은 5개의 다른 파도 주기와 4개의 다른 파도 높이를 가진 규칙파에서 수행됩니다. 실험 결과, 경사형 부유식 방파제가 직사각형 상자형보다 최대 15% 성능이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 말뚝에 의해 고정된 FB에 대한 투과계수는 단파에서 케이블에 의해 고정된 FB보다 최대값으로 약 14% 낮고 장파에서 약 4-10% 더 높다. 흘수가 증가함에 따라 전송 계수는 감소하지만 건현은 허용 비율의 초과를 제한하기 위한 최소 요구 사항을 충족해야 합니다.

체인 그물이 있는 모델은 없는 모델에 비해 전달 계수가 최대 14% 감소하여 더 나은 성능을 나타냅니다. 실험 결과, 경사형 부유식 방파제가 직사각형 상자형보다 최대 15% 성능이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 말뚝에 의해 고정된 FB에 대한 투과계수는 단파에서 케이블에 의해 고정된 FB보다 최대값으로 약 14% 낮고 장파에서 약 4-10% 더 높다. 흘수가 증가함에 따라 전송 계수는 감소하지만 건현은 허용 비율의 초과를 제한하기 위한 최소 요구 사항을 충족해야 합니다.

체인 그물이 있는 모델은 없는 모델에 비해 전달 계수가 최대 14% 감소하여 더 나은 성능을 나타냅니다. 말뚝에 의해 고정된 FB에 대한 투과계수는 단파에서 케이블에 의해 고정된 FB보다 최대값으로 약 14% 낮고 장파에서 약 4-10% 더 높다. 흘수가 증가함에 따라 전송 계수는 감소하지만 건현은 허용 비율의 초과를 제한하기 위한 최소 요구 사항을 충족해야 합니다.

체인 그물이 있는 모델은 없는 모델에 비해 전달 계수가 최대 14% 감소하여 더 나은 성능을 나타냅니다. 말뚝에 의해 고정된 FB에 대한 투과계수는 단파에서 케이블에 의해 고정된 FB보다 최대값으로 약 14% 낮고 장파에서 약 4-10% 더 높다.

흘수가 증가함에 따라 전송 계수는 감소하지만 건현은 허용 비율의 초과를 제한하기 위한 최소 요구 사항을 충족해야 합니다. 체인 그물이 있는 모델은 없는 모델에 비해 전달 계수가 최대 14% 감소하여 더 나은 성능을 나타냅니다.

A novel study of sloping floating breakwater (FB) that has a gap between two floaters is proposed. The slope of a structure can cause wave energy dissipation. A problem with sloping structures is wave overtopping. To solve this problem, a gap is considered between the two floaters. If overtopping occurs, water passing the crest will pour into the gap between the two floaters, as a result wave energy will be attenuated. A chain net is added to the model and its effect on the transmission coefficient is studied. Furthermore, in order to investigate the effects of the degree of freedom on the hydrodynamic performance of the structure, the model is studied in the two anchorage systems which are anchored by pile (1 degree of freedom) and anchored by mooring lines (3 degree of freedom). Moreover, the experiments are performed under regular waves with five different wave periods and four different wave heights. The results of the experiments show a sloping floating breakwater that has a better performance than that of rectangular box type by 15% as maximum value. The transmission coefficients for the FB anchored by pile are lower about 14% as maximum value than that of the FB anchored by cable in shorter waves and are higher about 4–10% in longer waves. With increasing the draft, the transmission coefficient decreases but the freeboard should meet the minimum requirements to restrict overtopping in the allowable rate. The model with a chain net exhibits a better performance as compared with the model without it by a maximum 14% reduction in the transmission coefficients.

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Figure 1 | Original Compound Broad Crested Weir Model (PVC cast).

복합 광대보의 방류계수 예측을 위한 실험적 해석과 CFD 해석의 비교연구

Comparative study of experimental and CFD analysis for predicting discharge coefficient of compound broad crested weir

ABSTRACT

Present study highlights the behavior of weir crest head and width parameter on the discharge coefficient of compound broad crested (CBC) weir. Computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) is validated with laboratory experimental investigations.

In the discharge analysis through broad crested weirs, the upstream head over the weir crest (h) is crucial, where the result is mainly dependent upon the weir crest length (L) in transverse direction to flow, water depth from channel bed. Currently, minimal investigations are known for CFD validations on compound broad crested weirs.

The hydraulic research for measuring discharge numerically is carried out using FLOW 3D software. The model applies renormalized group (RNG) using volume of fluid (VOF) method for improved accuracy in free surface simulations. Structured hexagonal meshes of cubic elements define discretized meshing.

The comparative analysis of the numerical simulations and experimental observations confirm the performance of CBC weir for precise measurement of a wide range of discharges. Series of CFD model studies and experimental validation have led to constant range of discharg coefficients for various head over weir crest. The correlation coefficient of discharge predictions is 0.999 with mean error of 0.28%.

현재 연구에서는 CBC(compound broad crested) 위어의 배출 계수에 대한 위어 볏 머리 및 너비 매개변수의 거동을 강조합니다. 전산 유체 역학 모델(CFD)은 실험실 실험 조사를 통해 검증되었습니다.

넓은 볏이 있는 둑을 통한 유출 분석에서 둑 마루의 상류 수두(h)가 중요합니다. 여기서 결과는 주로 흐름에 대한 횡 방향의 둑 마루 길이(L), 수로 바닥에서 수심에 따라 달라집니다. . 현재 복합 넓은 볏 둑에 대한 CFD 검증에 대해 최소한의 조사가 알려져 있습니다.

수압 연구는 FLOW 3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 수치적으로 측정합니다. 이 모델은 자유 표면 시뮬레이션의 정확도 향상을 위해 VOF(유체 체적) 방법을 사용하여 RNG(재정규화 그룹)를 적용합니다. 정육면체 요소의 구조화된 육각형 메쉬는 이산화된 메쉬를 정의합니다.

수치 시뮬레이션과 실험적 관찰의 비교 분석을 통해 광범위한 배출의 정확한 측정을 위한 CBC 둑의 성능을 확인했습니다. 일련의 CFD 모델 연구와 실험적 검증을 통해 다양한 head over weir crest에 대한 일정한 범위의 방전 계수가 나타났습니다. 방전 예측의 상관 계수는 0.999이고 평균 오차는 0.28%입니다.

Figure 4 | CFD Simulation for max discharge (y2 ¼ 13.557 cm, Qmax ¼ 10 lps) and min discharge (y2 ¼ 6.56 cm, Qmin ¼ 2 lps).

Figure 5 | (a, b) Velocity profiles corresponding to max discharge (10 lps) and min discharge (2 lps).

Table 8 | Range of Froude number, Reynold number and Weber number

Key words

compound weir, flow 3D, flow measurement, numerical technique, open channel

HIGHLIGHTS

• The Head-Discharge relation is established for discharge measurement using compound broad crested weir, experimentally and numerically.
• Assessment of head over weir crest for different step widths of proposed weir on discharge coefficient is executed.
• Experimental and CFD results of weir performance demonstrate good agreement between the theoretical discharges by traditional rectangular weir formulae keeping Cd constant.

CONCLUSION

The head discharge relationship established for compound rectangular broad crested weir for various discharge ranges was validated by CFD technique. A three dimensional simulation software FLOW 3D was used for this purpose.
Original theoretical compound weir model depicts the relative average error between discharge predictions with Flow 3D simulation as 4.96% which is found less than the predictions made by graphical interpolation technique which is 5.33%.
The standard deviation in Cd parameter for CFD simulation model is less i.e. 0.0146 as compared to experimental output of 0.0502.
The correlation coefficient for physical and CFD studies for modified compound weir model is high, around 0.999 with
error in discharge predictions being 0.28% as compared to the accuracy limits of about +3–5% stated in literature so far.
Discharge coefficient by experimental and CFD approach is maintained constant and equal to design input value of 0.6.
Thus, the proposed CBC weir can be operated for various discharge ranges by maintaining constant discharge coefficients.
Good agreement between the theoretical, experimental and CFD simulation results for obtaining discharge through compound broad crested weir ascertains the fact that CFD model can be used as an effective tool towards modeling flow through compound broad crested weir.

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Figure 1- Schematic diagram of pooled stepped spillway conducted by Felder et al. (2012A): Notes: h step height (10 cm): w pool height (3.1 cm): l horizontal step length (20 cm): lw pool weir length (1.5 cm): d' is the water depth above the crest; y' is the distance normal to the crest invert

Study of inception point, void fraction and pressure over pooled stepped spillways using Flow-3D

Khosro Morovati , Afshin Eghbalzadeh
International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow

ISSN: 0961-5539

Article publication date: 3 April 2018

Abstract

많은 계단식 배수로 지오메트리 설계 지침이 평평한 단계를 위해 개발되었지만 통합 단계를 설계하는 것이 더 효율적으로 작동하는 배수로에 대한 적절한 대안이 될 수 있습니다.

이 논문은 POOL의 다른 높이에서 공기 연행과 보이드 비율의 시작점을 다루는 것을 목표로 합니다. 그 후, FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 POOL과 경사면의 높이를 다르게 하여 폭기된 지역과 폭기되지 않은 지역에서 압력 분포를 평가했습니다.

얻어진 수치 결과와 실험 결과의 비교는 본 연구에 사용된 모든 방류에 대해 잘 일치했습니다. POOL 높이는 시작 지점 위치에 미미한 영향을 미쳤습니다. 공극률의 값은 높은 방류에 비해 낮은 방전에서 더 많은 영향을 받았습니다.

여수로의 마루(통기되지 않은 지역)에서는 음압이 나타나지 않았으며 각 방류에서 마루를 따라 높이가 15cm인 수영장에서 최대 압력 값이 얻어졌습니다.

모든 사면에서 웅덩이 및 평평한 계단형 여수로의 계단층 부근에서는 음압이 형성되지 않았습니다. 그러나 평단식 여수로에 비해 평단식 여수로의 수직면 부근에서 음압이 더 많이 형성되어 평단식 슈트에서 캐비테이션 현상이 발생할 확률이 증가하였습니다.

Study of inception point, void fraction and pressure over pooled
stWhile many stepped spillways geometry design guidelines were developed for flat steps, designing pooled steps might be an appropriate alternative to spillways working more efficiency. This paper aims to deal with the inception point of air-entrainment and void fraction in the different height of the pools. Following that, pressure distribution was evaluated in aerated and non-aerated regions under the effect of different heights of the pools and slopes through the use of the FLOW-3D software. Comparison of obtained numerical results with experimental ones was in good agreement for all discharges used in this study. Pools height had the insignificant effect on the inception point location. The value of void fraction was more affected in lower discharges in comparison with higher ones. Negative pressure was not seen over the crest of spillway (non-aerated region), and the maximum pressure values were obtained for pools with 15 cm height along the crest in each discharge. In all slopes, negative pressure was not formed near the step bed in the pooled and flat stepped spillways. However, negative pressure was formed in more area near the vertical face in the flat stepped spillway compared with the pooled stepped spillway which increases the probability of cavitation phenomenon in the flat stepped chute.

Design/methodology/approach

압력, 공극률 및 시작점을 평가하기 위해 POOL된 계단식 여수로가 사용되었습니다. 또한 POOL의 다른 높이가 사용되었습니다. 이 연구의 수치 시뮬레이션은 Flow-3D 소프트웨어를 통해 수행되었습니다. 얻어진 결과는 풀이 압력, 공극률 및 시작점을 포함한 2상 유동 특성에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 나타냅니다.

Findings

마루 위에는 음압이 보이지 않았습니다. 압력 값은 사용된 모든 높이와 15cm 높이에서 얻은 최대 값에 대해 다릅니다. 또한, 풀링 스텝은 플랫 케이스에 비해 음압점 감소에 더 효과적인 역할을 하였습니다. 시작 지점 위치는 특히 9 및 15cm 높이에 대해 스키밍 흐름 영역과 비교하여 낮잠 및 전환 흐름 영역에서 더 많은 영향을 받았습니다.

Keywords

Citation

Morovati, K. and Eghbalzadeh, A. (2018), “Study of inception point, void fraction and pressure over pooled stepped spillways using Flow-3D”, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 982-998. https://doi.org/10.1108/HFF-03-2017-0112

Figure 2- meshing domain and distribution of blocks

Figure 3- Comparison of numerical simulation with experimental data by Felder et al. (2012A); mesh convergence analysis; pooled stepped spillway (slope: 26.6 0 )

Figure 4- Comparison of numerical simulation with experimental data by Felder et al. (2012A); Flat stepped spillway (slope: 0 26 6. )

Figure 5-Comparison of numerical simulation with experimental data by Felder et al. (2012B); pooled and flat stepped spillways (slope: 0 9.8 )

Figure 6- TKE distribution on steps 8, 9 and 10 for four different mesh numbers: 261252 (model 1), 288941 (model 2), 323578 (model 3) and 343154 (model 4)

Figure 7- Comparison of obtained Void fraction distribution on step 10 in numerical simulation with experimental work conducted by Felder et al. (2012A); (slope 26.60 )

Figure 8- Results of inception point of air entrainment in different height of the pools: comparison with empirical correlations (Eqs 8-9), experimental (Felder et al. (2012A)) and numerical data

Figure 9- Void fraction distribution for different pool heights on steps 10; slope 26.6 0

Figure 10- Comparison of pressure distribution between numerical simulation and experimental work conducted by Zhang and Chanson (2016); flat stepped spillway (slope: 0 45 )

Figure 11- A comparison of the pressure distribution above the crest of the spillway; B comparison of the free surface profile along the crest of the spillway. Note: x’ indicates the longitudinal distance from the starting point of the crest.

Figure 12- pressure distribution along crest of spillway in different discharges; slope 26.6

Figure 13- Pressure distribution near the last step bed for different slopes and discharges: x'' indicatesthe longitudinal distance from the intersection of the horizontal and vertical faces of step 10; y" is the distance from the intersection of the horizontal and vertical faces in the vertical direction — Figure 13- Pressure distribution near the last step bed for different slopes and discharges: x” indicatesthe longitudinal distance from the intersection of the horizontal and vertical faces of step 10; y” is the distance from the intersection of the horizontal and vertical faces in the vertical direction

Figure 14- Pressure distribution adjacent the vertical face of step 9 for different discharges and slopes

Table1- Used discharges for assessments of mesh convergence analysis and hydraulic characteristics

Conclusion

본 연구에서는 자유표면을 모사하기 위해 VOF 방법과 k -ε (RNG) 난류 모델을 활용하여 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하였고, 계단식 배수로의 유동을 모사하기 위한 목적으로 난류 특성을 모사하였다. 얻은 결과는 수치 모델이 시작점 위치, 보이드 비율 및 압력을 적절하게 시뮬레이션했음을 나타냅니다. 풀의 높이는 공기 유입 위치에 미미한 영향을 미치므로 얻은 결과는 이 문서에서 제시된 상관 관계와 잘 일치했습니다. 즉, 사용 가능한 상관 관계를 서로 다른 풀 높이에 사용할 수 있습니다. 공극률의 결과는 스텝 풀 근처의 나프 유동 영역에서 공극율 값이 다른 배출보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 더욱이 고방출량 .0 113m³/s에서 수영장 높이를 변경해도 수영장 표면 근처의 공극률 값에는 영향을 미치지 않았습니다.

낮잠 및 전환 체제의 압력 분포에 대한 0 및 3cm 높이의 수영장 효과는 많은 지점에서 대부분 유사했습니다. 더욱이 조사된 모든 높이에서 여수로의 마루를 따라 부압이 없었습니다. 여수로 끝단의 바닥 부근의 압력 결과는 평평하고 고인 경우 부압이 발생하지 않았음을 나타냅니다. 수직면 부근의 음압은 웅덩이에 비해 평평한 계단형 여수로의 깊이(w=0 cm)의 대부분에서 발생하였다. 또한 더 큰 사면에 대한 풀링 케이스에서 음압이 제거되었습니다. 평단식 여수로에서는 계단의 수직면에 인접한 더 넓은 지역에서 음압이 발생하였기 때문에 이 여수로에서는 고형단식여수로보다 캐비테이션 현상이 발생할 가능성이 더 큽니다.

In this study, the FLOW-3D software was used through utilizing the VOF method and k −ε (RNG) turbulence model in order to simulate free surface, and turbulence characteristics for the purpose of simulating flow over pooled stepped spillway. The results obtained indicated that the numerical model properly simulated the inception point location, void fraction, and pressure. The height of the pools has the insignificant effect on the location of air entrainment, so that obtained results were in good agreement with the correlations presented in this paper. In other words, available correlations can be used for different pool heights. The results of void fraction showed that the void fraction values in nappe flow regime near the step pool were more than the other discharges. Furthermore in high discharge, 0.113m³/s, altering pool height had no effect on the value of void fraction near the pool surface.

The effect of the pools with 0 and 3 cm heights over the pressure distribution in nappe and transition regimes was mostly similar in many points. Furthermore, in all examined heights there was no negative pressure along the crest of the spillway. The pressure results near the bed of the step at the end of the spillway indicated that negative pressure did not occur in the flat and pooled cases. Negative pressure near the vertical face occurred in the most part of the depth in the flat stepped spillway (w=0 cm) in comparison with the pooled case. Also, the negative pressure was eliminated in the pooled case for the larger slopes. Since negative pressure occurred in a larger area adjacent the vertical face of the steps in the flat stepped spillways, it is more likely that cavitation phenomenon occurs in this spillway rather than the pooled stepped spillways.

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원문보기

Flow-3D 수치 모델링 결과를 기반으로 하는 슈트 여수로의 캐비테이션 발생 확률적 조사

Probabilistic investigation of cavitation occurrence in chute spillway based on the results of Flow-3D numerical modeling

Amin Hasanalipour Shahrabadi¹*, Mehdi Azhdary Moghaddam²

1-University of Sistan and Baluchestan،amin.h.shahrabadi@gmail.com

2-University of Sistan and Baluchestan،Mazhdary@eng.usb.ac.ir

Abstract

Probabilistic designation is a powerful tool in hydraulic engineering. The uncertainty caused by random phenomenon in hydraulic design may be important. Uncertainty can be expressed in terms of probability density function, confidence interval, or statistical torques such as standard deviation or coefficient of variation of random parameters. Controlling cavitation occurrence is one of the most important factors in chute spillways designing due to the flow’s high velocity and the negative pressure (Azhdary Moghaddam & Hasanalipour Shahrabadi, ۲۰۲۰). By increasing dam’s height, overflow velocity increases on the weir and threats the structure and it may cause structural failure due to cavitation (Chanson, ۲۰۱۳). Cavitation occurs when the fluid pressure reaches its vapor pressure. Since high velocity and low pressure can cause cavitation, aeration has been recognized as one of the best ways to deal with cavitation (Pettersson, ۲۰۱۲). This study, considering the extracted results from the Flow-۳D numerical model of the chute spillway of Darian dam, investigates the probability of cavitation occurrence and examines its reliability. Hydraulic uncertainty in the design of this hydraulic structure can be attributed to the uncertainty of the hydraulic performance analysis. Therefore, knowing about the uncertainty characteristics of hydraulic engineering systems for assessing their reliability seems necessary (Yen et al., ۱۹۹۳). Hence, designation and operation of hydraulic engineering systems are always subject to uncertainties and probable failures. The reliability, ps, of a hydraulic engineering system is defined as the probability of safety in which the resistance, R, of the system exceeds the load, L, as follows (Chen, ۲۰۱۵): p_s=P(L≤R) (۱) Where P(۰) is probability. The failure probability, p_f, is a reliability complement and is expressed as follows: p_f=P[(L>R)]=۱- p_s (۲) Reliability development based on analytical methods of engineering applications has come in many references (Tung & Mays, ۱۹۸۰ and Yen & Tung, ۱۹۹۳). Therefore, based on reliability, in a control method, the probability of cavitation occurrence in the chute spillway can be investigated. In reliability analysis, the probabilistic calculations must be expressed in terms of a limited conditional function, W(X)=W(X_L ,X_R)as follows: p_s=P[W(X_L ,X_R)≥۰]= P[W(X)≥۰] (۳) Where X is the vector of basic random variables in load and resistance functions. In the reliability analysis, if W(X)> ۰, the system will be secure and in the W(X) <۰ system will fail. Accordingly, the eliability index, β, is used, which is defined as the ratio of the mean value, μ_W, to standard deviation, σ_W, the limited conditional function W(X) is defined as follows (Cornell, ۱۹۶۹): β=μ_W/σ_W (۴) The present study was carried out using the obtained results from the model developed by ۱:۵۰ scale plexiglass at the Water Research Institute of Iran. In this laboratory model, which consists of an inlet channel and a convergent thrower chute spillway, two aerators in the form of deflector were used at the intervals of ۲۱۱ and ۲۷۰ at the beginning of chute, in order to cope with cavitation phenomenon during the chute. An air duct was also used for air inlet on the left and right walls of the spillway. To measure the effective parameters in cavitation, seven discharges have been passed through spillway. As the pressure and average velocity are determined, the values of the cavitation index are calculated and compared with the values of the critical cavitation index, σ_cr. At any point when σ≤σ_cr, there is a danger of corrosion in that range (Chanson, ۱۹۹۳). In order to obtain uncertainty and calculate the reliability index of cavitation occurrence during a chute, it is needed to extract the limited conditional function. Therefore, for a constant flow between two points of flow, there would be the Bernoulli (energy) relation as follows (Falvey, ۱۹۹۰): σ= ( P_atm/γ- P_V/γ+h cos⁡θ )/(〖V_۰〗^۲/۲g) (۵) Where P_atm is the atmospheric pressure, γ is the unit weight of the water volume, θ is the angle of the ramp to the horizon, r is the curvature radius of the vertical arc, and h cos⁡θ is the flow depth perpendicular to the floor. Therefore, the limited conditional function can be written as follows: W(X)=(P_atm/γ- P_V/γ+h cos⁡θ )/(〖V_۰〗^۲/۲g) -σ_cr (۶) Flow-۳D is a powerful software in fluid dynamics. One of the major capabilities of this software is to model free-surface flows using finite volume method for hydraulic analysis. The spillway was modeled in three modes, without using aerator, ramp aerator, and ramp combination with aeration duct as detailed in Flow-۳D software. For each of the mentioned modes, seven discharges were tested. According to Equation (۶), velocity and pressure play a decisive and important role in the cavitation occurrence phenomenon. Therefore, the reliability should be evaluated with FORM (First Order Reliable Method) based on the probability distribution functions For this purpose, the most suitable probability distribution function of random variables of velocity and pressure on a laboratory model was extracted in different sections using Easy fit software. Probability distribution function is also considered normal for the other variables in the limited conditional function. These values are estimated for the constant gravity at altitudes of ۵۰۰ to ۷۰۰۰ m above the sea level for the unit weight, and vapor pressure at ۵ to ۳۵° C. For the critical cavitation index variable, the standard deviation is considered as ۰.۰۱. According to the conducted tests, for the velocity random variable, GEV (Generalized Extreme Value) distribution function, and for the pressure random variable, Burr (۴P) distribution function were presented as the best distribution function. The important point is to not follow the normal distribution above the random variables. Therefore, in order to evaluate the reliability with the FORM method, according to the above distributions, they should be converted into normal variables based on the existing methods. To this end, the non-normal distributions are transformed into the normal distribution by the method of Rackwitz and Fiiessler so that the value of the cumulative distribution function is equivalent to the original abnormal distribution at the design point of x_(i*). This point has the least distance from the origin in the standardized space of the boundary plane or the same limited conditional function. The reliability index will be equal to ۰.۴۲۰۴ before installing the aerator. As a result, reliability, p_s, and failure probability, p_f, are ۰.۶۶۲۹ and ۰.۳۳۷۱, respectively. This number indicates a high percentage for cavitation occurrence. Therefore, the use of aerator is inevitable to prevent imminent damage from cavitation. To deal with cavitation as planned in the laboratory, two aerators with listed specifications are embedded in a location where the cavitation index is critical. In order to analyze the reliability of cavitation occurrence after the aerator installation, the steps of the Hasofer-Lind algorithm are repeated. The modeling of ramps was performed separately in Flow-۳D software in order to compare the performance of aeration ducts as well as the probability of failure between aeration by ramp and the combination of ramps and aeration ducts. Installing an aerator in combination with a ramp and aerator duct greatly reduces the probability of cavitation occurrence. By installing aerator, the probability of cavitation occurrence will decrease in to about ۴ %. However, in the case of aeration only through the ramp, the risk of failure is equal to ۱۰%.

확률적 지정은 수력 공학에서 강력한 도구입니다. 유압 설계에서 임의 현상으로 인한 불확실성이 중요할 수 있습니다. 불확실성은 확률 밀도 함수, 신뢰 구간 또는 표준 편차 또는 무작위 매개변수의 변동 계수와 같은 통계적 토크로 표현될 수 있습니다. 캐비테이션 발생을 제어하는 것은 흐름의 높은 속도와 음압으로 인해 슈트 여수로 설계에서 가장 중요한 요소 중 하나입니다(Azhdary Moghaddam & Hasanalipour Shahrabadi, ۲۰۲۰). 댐의 높이를 높이면 둑의 범람속도가 증가하여 구조물을 위협하고 캐비테이션으로 인한 구조물의 파손을 유발할 수 있다(Chanson, ۲۰۱۳). 캐비테이션은 유체 압력이 증기압에 도달할 때 발생합니다. 높은 속도와 낮은 압력은 캐비테이션을 유발할 수 있으므로, 통기는 캐비테이션을 처리하는 가장 좋은 방법 중 하나로 인식되어 왔습니다(Pettersson, ۲۰۱۲). 본 연구에서는 Darian 댐의 슈트 여수로의 Flow-۳D 수치모델에서 추출된 결과를 고려하여 캐비테이션 발생 확률을 조사하고 그 신뢰성을 조사하였다. 이 수력구조의 설계에서 수력학적 불확실성은 수력성능 해석의 불확실성에 기인할 수 있다. 따라서 신뢰성을 평가하기 위해서는 수력공학 시스템의 불확도 특성에 대한 지식이 필요해 보인다(Yen et al., ۱۹۹۳). 따라서 수력 공학 시스템의 지정 및 작동은 항상 불확실성과 가능한 고장의 영향을 받습니다. 유압 공학 시스템의 신뢰성 ps는 저항 R, 시스템의 부하 L은 다음과 같이 초과됩니다(Chen, ۲۰۱۵): p_s=P(L≤R)(۱) 여기서 P(۰)은 확률입니다. 고장 확률 p_f는 신뢰도 보완이며 다음과 같이 표현됩니다. Mays, ۱۹۸۰ 및 Yen & Tung, ۱۹۹۳). 따라서 신뢰성을 기반으로 제어 방법에서 슈트 여수로의 캐비테이션 발생 확률을 조사할 수 있습니다. 신뢰도 분석에서 확률적 계산은 제한된 조건부 함수 W(X)=W(X_L , X_R)은 다음과 같습니다. p_s=P[W(X_L,X_R)≥۰]= P[W(X)≥۰] (۳) 여기서 X는 부하 및 저항 함수의 기본 랜덤 변수 벡터입니다. 신뢰도 분석에서 W(X)> ۰이면 시스템은 안전하고 W(X) <۰에서는 시스템이 실패합니다. 따라서 표준편차 σ_W에 대한 평균값 μ_W의 비율로 정의되는 신뢰도 지수 β가 사용되며, 제한된 조건부 함수 W(X)는 다음과 같이 정의됩니다(Cornell, ۱۹۶۹). β= μ_W/σ_W (۴) 본 연구는 이란 물연구소의 ۱:۵۰ scale plexiglass로 개발된 모델로부터 얻은 결과를 이용하여 수행하였다. 이 실험 모델에서, 입구 수로와 수렴형 투수 슈트 여수로로 구성되며 슈트 중 캐비테이션 현상에 대처하기 위해 슈트 초기에 ۲۱۱과 ۲۷۰ 간격으로 편향기 형태의 2개의 에어레이터를 사용하였다. 여수로 좌우 벽의 공기 유입구에도 공기 덕트가 사용되었습니다. 캐비테이션의 효과적인 매개변수를 측정하기 위해 7번의 배출이 방수로를 통과했습니다. 압력과 평균 속도가 결정되면 캐비테이션 지수 값이 계산되고 임계 캐비테이션 지수 σ_cr 값과 비교됩니다. σ≤σ_cr일 때 그 범위에서 부식의 위험이 있다(Chanson, ۱۹۹۳). 슈트 중 캐비테이션 발생의 불확실성을 구하고 신뢰도 지수를 계산하기 위해서는 제한된 조건부 함수를 추출할 필요가 있다. 따라서 두 지점 사이의 일정한 흐름에 대해 다음과 같은 Bernoulli(에너지) 관계가 있습니다(Falvey, ۱۹۹۰). σ= ( P_atm/γ- P_V/γ+h cos⁡θ )/(〖V_۰〗 ^۲/۲g) (۵) 여기서 P_atm은 대기압, γ는 물의 단위 중량, θ는 수평선에 대한 경사로의 각도, r은 수직 호의 곡률 반경, h cos⁡ θ는 바닥에 수직인 흐름 깊이입니다. 따라서 제한된 조건부 함수는 다음과 같이 쓸 수 있습니다. W(X)=(P_atm/γ- P_V/γ+h cos⁡θ )/(〖V_۰〗^۲/۲g) -σ_cr (۶) Flow-۳D는 유체 역학의 강력한 소프트웨어. 이 소프트웨어의 주요 기능 중 하나는 수리학적 해석을 위해 유한 체적 방법을 사용하여 자유 표면 흐름을 모델링하는 것입니다. 방수로는 Flow-۳D 소프트웨어에 자세히 설명된 바와 같이 폭기 장치, 램프 폭기 장치 및 폭기 덕트가 있는 램프 조합을 사용하지 않고 세 가지 모드로 모델링되었습니다. 언급된 각 모드에 대해 7개의 방전이 테스트되었습니다. 식 (۶)에 따르면 속도와 압력은 캐비테이션 발생 현상에 결정적이고 중요한 역할을 합니다. 따라서 확률분포함수에 기반한 FORM(First Order Reliable Method)으로 신뢰도를 평가해야 한다 이를 위해 실험실 모델에 대한 속도와 압력의 확률변수 중 가장 적합한 확률분포함수를 Easy fit을 이용하여 구간별로 추출하였다. 소프트웨어. 확률 분포 함수는 제한된 조건부 함수의 다른 변수에 대해서도 정상으로 간주됩니다. 이 값은 단위 중량의 경우 해발 ۵۰۰ ~ ۷۰۰۰ m 고도에서의 일정한 중력과 ۵ ~ ۳۵ ° C에서의 증기압으로 추정됩니다. 임계 캐비테이션 지수 변수의 표준 편차는 ۰.۰۱으로 간주됩니다. . 수행된 시험에 따르면 속도 확률변수는 GEV(Generalized Extreme Value) 분포함수로, 압력변수는 Burr(۴P) 분포함수가 가장 좋은 분포함수로 제시되었다. 중요한 점은 확률 변수 위의 정규 분포를 따르지 않는 것입니다. 따라서 FORM 방법으로 신뢰도를 평가하기 위해서는 위의 분포에 따라 기존 방법을 기반으로 정규 변수로 변환해야 합니다. 이를 위해, 비정규분포를 Rackwitz와 Fiiessler의 방법에 의해 정규분포로 변환하여 누적분포함수의 값이 x_(i*)의 설계점에서 원래의 비정상분포와 같도록 한다. 이 점은 경계면의 표준화된 공간 또는 동일한 제한된 조건부 함수에서 원점으로부터 최소 거리를 갖습니다. 신뢰성 지수는 폭기 장치를 설치하기 전의 ۰.۴۲۰۴과 같습니다. 그 결과 신뢰도 p_s와 고장확률 p_f는 각각 ۰.۶۶۲۹과 ۰.۳۳۷۱이다. 이 숫자는 캐비테이션 발생의 높은 비율을 나타냅니다. 따라서 캐비테이션으로 인한 즉각적인 손상을 방지하기 위해 폭기 장치의 사용이 불가피합니다. 실험실에서 계획한 대로 캐비테이션을 처리하기 위해, 나열된 사양을 가진 두 개의 폭기 장치는 캐비테이션 지수가 중요한 위치에 내장되어 있습니다. 폭기장치 설치 후 캐비테이션 발생의 신뢰성을 분석하기 위해 Hasofer-Lind 알고리즘의 단계를 반복합니다. 경사로의 모델링은 폭기 덕트의 성능과 경사로에 의한 폭기 및 경사로와 폭기 덕트의 조합 사이의 실패 확률을 비교하기 위해 Flow-۳D 소프트웨어에서 별도로 수행되었습니다. 경사로 및 폭기 덕트와 함께 폭기 장치를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 가능성이 크게 줄어듭니다. 에어레이터를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 확률이 약 ۴%로 감소합니다. 그러나 램프를 통한 폭기의 경우 실패 위험은 ۱۰%와 같습니다. 폭기 설치 후 캐비테이션 발생의 신뢰성을 분석하기 위해 Hasofer-Lind 알고리즘의 단계를 반복합니다. 경사로의 모델링은 폭기 덕트의 성능과 경사로에 의한 폭기 및 경사로와 폭기 덕트의 조합 사이의 실패 확률을 비교하기 위해 Flow-۳D 소프트웨어에서 별도로 수행되었습니다. 경사로 및 폭기 덕트와 함께 폭기 장치를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 가능성이 크게 줄어듭니다. 에어레이터를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 확률이 약 ۴%로 감소합니다. 그러나 램프를 통한 폭기의 경우 실패 위험은 ۱۰%와 같습니다. 폭기장치 설치 후 캐비테이션 발생의 신뢰성을 분석하기 위해 Hasofer-Lind 알고리즘의 단계를 반복합니다. 경사로의 모델링은 폭기 덕트의 성능과 경사로에 의한 폭기 및 경사로와 폭기 덕트의 조합 사이의 실패 확률을 비교하기 위해 Flow-۳D 소프트웨어에서 별도로 수행되었습니다. 경사로 및 폭기 덕트와 함께 폭기 장치를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 가능성이 크게 줄어듭니다. 에어레이터를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 확률이 약 ۴%로 감소합니다. 그러나 램프를 통한 폭기의 경우 실패 위험은 ۱۰%와 같습니다. 경사로의 모델링은 폭기 덕트의 성능과 경사로에 의한 폭기 및 경사로와 폭기 덕트의 조합 사이의 실패 확률을 비교하기 위해 Flow-۳D 소프트웨어에서 별도로 수행되었습니다. 경사로 및 폭기 덕트와 함께 폭기 장치를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 가능성이 크게 줄어듭니다. 에어레이터를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 확률이 약 ۴%로 감소합니다. 그러나 램프를 통한 폭기의 경우 실패 위험은 ۱۰%와 같습니다. 경사로의 모델링은 폭기 덕트의 성능과 경사로에 의한 폭기 및 경사로와 폭기 덕트의 조합 사이의 실패 확률을 비교하기 위해 Flow-۳D 소프트웨어에서 별도로 수행되었습니다. 경사로 및 폭기 덕트와 함께 폭기 장치를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 가능성이 크게 줄어듭니다. 에어레이터를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 확률이 약 ۴%로 감소합니다. 그러나 램프를 통한 폭기의 경우 실패 위험은 ۱۰%와 같습니다. 에어레이터를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 확률이 약 ۴%로 감소합니다. 그러나 램프를 통한 폭기의 경우 실패 위험은 ۱۰%와 같습니다. 에어레이터를 설치하면 캐비테이션 발생 확률이 약 ۴%로 감소합니다. 그러나 램프를 통한 폭기의 경우 실패 위험은 ۱۰%와 같습니다.

Keywords

Aerator Probable Failure Reliability Method FORM Flow ۳D.

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A 3-D numerical simulation of the characteristics of open channel flows with submerged rigid vegetation

수중 강성 식생이 있는 개방 수로 흐름의 특성에 대한 3차원 수치 시뮬레이션

Journal of Hydrodynamics (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

이 논문은 FLOW-3D를 적용하여 다양한 흐름 배출 및 식생 시나리오가 유속(종방향, 횡방향 및 수직 속도 포함)에 미치는 영향을 조사합니다.

실험적 측정을 통한 검증 후 식생직경, 식생높이, 유출량에 대한 민감도 분석을 수행하였습니다. 종방향 속도의 경우 흐름 구조에 대한 가장 큰 영향은 배출보다는 식생 직경에서 비롯됩니다.

그러나 식생 높이는 수직 분포의 변곡점을 결정합니다. 식생 지역, 즉 상류와 하류의 두 위치에서 횡단 속도를 비교하면 수심을 따라 대칭 패턴이 식별됩니다. 식생 지역의 횡단 및 수직 유체 순환 패턴을 포함하여 흐름 또는 식생 시나리오에 관계없이 수직 속도에서도 동일한 패턴이 관찰됩니다.

또한 식생 직경이 클수록 이러한 패턴이 더 분명해집니다. 상부 순환은 식생 캐노피 근처에서 발생합니다. 식생 지역의 가로 세로 방향 순환에 관한 이러한 발견은 수중 식생을 통한 3차원 흐름 구조를 밝혀줍니다.

This paper applies the Flow-3D to investigate the impacts of different flow discharge and vegetation scenarios on the flow velocity (including the longitudinal, transverse and vertical velocities). After the verification by using experimental measurements, a sensitivity analysis is conducted for the vegetation diameter, the vegetation height and the flow discharge. For the longitudinal velocity, the greatest impact on the flow structure originates from the vegetation diameter, rather than the discharge. The vegetation height, however, determines the inflection point of the vertical distribution. Comparing the transverse velocities at two positions in the vegetated area, i.e., the upstream and the downstream, a symmetric pattern is identified along the water depth. The same pattern is also observed for the vertical velocity regardless of the flow or vegetation scenario, including both transverse and vertical fluid circulation patterns in the vegetated area. Moreover, the larger the vegetation diameter is, the more evident these patterns become. The upper circulation occurs near the vegetation canopy. These findings regarding the circulations along the transverse and vertical directions in the vegetated region shed light on the 3-D flow structure through the submerged vegetation.

Key words

Submerged rigid vegetation
longitudinal velocity
transverse velocity
vertical velocity

References

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The Optimal Operation on Auxiliary Spillway to Minimize the Flood Damage in Downstream River with Various Outflow Conditions

류하천의 영향 최소화를 위한 보조 여수로 최적 활용방안 검토

Hyung Ju Yoo¹ Sung Sik Joo² Beom Jae Kwon³ Seung Oh Lee^4*
유 형주¹ 주 성식² 권 범재³ 이 승오^4*
¹Ph.D Student, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hongik University²Director, Water Resources & Environment Department, HECOREA³Director, Water Resources Department, ISAN⁴Professor, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hongik University
¹홍익대학교 건설환경공학과 박사과정
²㈜헥코리아 수자원환경사업부 이사
³㈜이산 수자원부 이사
⁴홍익대학교 건설환경공학과 교수*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT

최근 기후변화로 인해 강우강도 및 빈도의 증가에 따른 집중호우의 영향 및 기존 여수로의 노후화에 대비하여 홍수 시 하류 하천의 영향을 최소화할 수 있는 보조 여수로 활용방안 구축이 필요한 실정이다. 이를 위해, 수리모형 실험 및 수치모형 실험을 통하여 보조 여수로 운영에 따른 흐름특성 변화 검토에 관한 연구가 많이 진행되어 왔다.

그러나 대부분의 연구는 여수로에서의 흐름특성 및 기능성에 대한 검토를 수행하였을 뿐 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 따른 하류하천 영향 검토 및 호안 안정성 검토에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다.

이에 본 연구에서는 기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로 방류 조건에 따른 하류영향 분석 및 호안 안정성 측면에서 최적 방류 시나리오 검토를 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 검토하였다. 또한 FLOW-3D 수치모의 수행을 통한 유속, 수위 결과와 소류력 산정 결과를 호안 설계허용 기준과 비교하였다.

수문 완전 개도 조건으로 가정하고 계획홍수량 유입 시 다양한 보조 여수로 활용방안에 대하여 수치모의를 수행한 결과, 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 기존 여수로 단독운영에 비하여 최대유속 및 최대 수위의 감소효과를 확인하였다. 다만 계획홍수량의 45% 이하 방류 조건에서 대안부의 호안 안정성을 확보하였고 해당 방류량 초과 경우에는 처오름 현상이 발생하여 월류에 대한 위험성 증가를 확인하였다.

따라서 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영 방안 도출이 중요하다고 판단하였다. 여수로의 배분 비율 및 총 허용 방류량에 대하여 검토한 결과 보조 여수로의 방류량이 기존 여수로의 방류량보다 큰 경우 하류하천의 흐름이 중심으로 집중되어 대안부의 유속 저감 및 수위 감소를 확인하였고, 계획 홍수량의 77% 이하의 조건에서 호안의 허용 유속 및 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하였다.

이를 통하여 본 연구에서 제안한 보조 여수로 활용방안으로는 기존 여수로와 동시 운영 시 총 방류량에 대하여 보조 여수로의 배분량이 기존 여수로의 배분량보다 크게 설정하는 것이 하류하천의 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

그러나 본 연구는 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부에서의 영향에 대해서만 검토하였고 수문 전면 개도 조건에서 검토하였다는 한계점은 분명히 있다. 이에 향후에는 다양한 수문 개도 조건 및 방류 시나리오를 적용 및 검토한다면 보다 효율적이고, 효과적인 보조 여수로 활용방안을 도출이 가능할 것으로 기대 된다.

키워드

보조 여수로, FLOW-3D, 수치모의, 호안 안정성, 소류력

Recently, as the occurrence frequency of sudden floods due to climate change increased and the aging of the existing spillway, it is necessary to establish a plan to utilize an auxiliary spillway to minimize the flood damage of downstream rivers. Most studies have been conducted on the review of flow characteristics according to the operation of auxiliary spillway through the hydraulic experiments and numerical modeling. However, the studies on examination of flood damage in the downstream rivers and the stability of the revetment according to the operation of the auxiliary spillway were relatively insufficient in the literature. In this study, the stability of the revetment on the downstream river according to the outflow conditions of the existing and auxiliary spillway was examined by using 3D numerical model, FLOW-3D. The velocity, water surface elevation and shear stress results of FLOW-3D were compared with the permissible velocity and shear stress of design criteria. It was assumed the sluice gate was fully opened. As a result of numerical simulations of various auxiliary spillway operations during flood season, the single operation of the auxiliary spillway showed the reduction effect of maximum velocity and the water surface elevation compared with the single operation of the existing spillway. The stability of the revetment on downstream was satisfied under the condition of outflow less than 45% of the design flood discharge. However, the potential overtopping damage was confirmed in the case of exceeding the 45% of the design flood discharge. Therefore, the simultaneous operation with the existing spillway was important to ensure the stability on design flood discharge condition. As a result of examining the allocation ratio and the total allowable outflow, the reduction effect of maximum velocity was confirmed on the condition, where the amount of outflow on auxiliary spillway was more than that on existing spillway. It is because the flow of downstream rivers was concentrated in the center due to the outflow of existing spillway. The permissible velocity and shear stress were satisfied under the condition of less than 77% of the design flood discharge with simultaneous operation. It was found that the flood damage of downstream rivers can be minimized by setting the amount allocated to the auxiliary spillway to be larger than the amount allocated to the existing spillway for the total outflow with simultaneous operation condition. However, this study only reviewed the flow characteristics around the revetment according to the outflow of spillway under the full opening of the sluice gate condition. Therefore, the various sluice opening conditions and outflow scenarios will be asked to derive more efficient utilization of the auxiliary spillway in th future.KeywordsAuxiliary spillway FLOW-3D Numerical simulation Revetment stability Shear stress

1. 서 론

2. 본 론

2.1 이론적 배경

2.1.1 3차원 수치모형의 기본이론

2.1.2 유동해석의 지배방정식

1) 연속 방정식(Continuity Equation)

FLOW-3D는 비압축성 유체에 대하여 연속방정식을 사용하며, 밀도는 상수항으로 적용된다. 연속 방정식은 Eqs. (1), (2)와 같다.

(1)

∇·v=0

(2)

∂∂x(uAx)+∂∂y(vAy)+∂∂z(wAz)=RSORρ

여기서, ρ는 유체 밀도(kg/m³), u, v, w는 x, y, z방향의 유속(m/s), Ax, Ay, Az는 각 방향의 요소면적(m²), RSOR는 질량 생성/소멸(mass source/sink)항을 의미한다.

2) 운동량 방정식(Momentum Equation)

각 방향 속도성분 u, v, w에 대한 운동방정식은 Navier-Stokes 방정식으로 다음 Eqs. (3), (4), (5)와 같다.

(3)

∂u∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂x+Gx+fx-bx-RSORρVFu

(4)

∂v∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂y+Gy+fy-by-RSORρVFv

(5)

∂w∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂z+Gz+fz-bz-RSORρVFw

여기서, Gx, Gy, Gz는 체적력에 의한 가속항, fx, fy, fz는 점성에 의한 가속항, bx, by, bz는 다공성 매체에서의 흐름손실을 의미한다.

2.1.3 소류력 산정

1) Schoklitsch 공식

Schoklitsch(1934)는 Chezy 유속계수를 적용하여 소류력을 산정하였다.

(6)

τ=γRI=γC2V2

여기서, τ는 소류력(N/m²), R은 동수반경(m), γ는 물의 단위중량(10.0 kN/m³), I는 에너지경사, C는 Chezy 유속계수, V는 평균유속(m/s)을 의미한다.

2) Manning 조도계수를 고려한 공식

Chezy 유속계수를 대신하여 Manning의 조도계수를 고려하여 소류력을 산정할 수 있다.

(7)

τ=γn2V2R1/3

여기서, τ는 소류력(N/m²), R은 동수반경(m), γ는 물의 단위중량(10.0 kN/m³), n은 Manning의 조도계수, V는 평균유속(m/s)을 의미한다.

2.2 하천호안 설계기준

Table 1.

Standard of Permissible Velocity and Shear on Revetment

Country (Reference)	Material	Permissible velocity (Vp, m/s)	Permissible Shear (τp, kN/m²)
Korea	River Construction Design Practice Guidelines (MOLIT, 2016)	Vegetated	5.0	0.50
Stone	5.0	0.80
USA	ASTM D’6460	Vegetated	6.1	0.81
Unvegetated	5.0	0.28
JAPAN	Dynamic Design Method of Revetment	–	5.0	–

2.3. 보조여수로 운영에 따른 하류하천 영향 분석

2.3.1 모형의 구축 및 경계조건

(8)

n=ks1/68.1g1/2

여기서, kS는 조고 (m), n은 Manning의 조도계수, g는 중력가속도(m/s²)를 의미한다.

Table 2.

Mesh sizes and numerical conditions

Mesh	Numbers	49,102,500 EA
Increment (m)	Direction	Existing Spillway	Auxiliary Spillway
∆X	0.99 ~ 4.30	1.00 ~ 4.30
∆Y	0.99 ~ 8.16	1.00 ~ 5.90
∆Z	0.50 ~ 1.22	0.50 ~ 2.00
Boundary Conditions	X_min / Y_max	Inflow / Water Surface Elevation
X_max, Y_min, Z_min / Z_max	Wall / Symmetry
Turbulence Model	RNG model

Table 3.

Case of numerical simulation (Qp : Design flood discharge)

Case	Existing Spillway (Q_e, m³/s)	Auxiliary Spillway (Q_a, m³/s)	Remarks
1	Q_p	0	Reference case
2	0	Q_p
3	0	0.58Q_p	Review of discharge capacity on auxiliary spillway
4	0	0.48Q_p
5	0	0.45Q_p
6	0	0.32Q_p
7	0.50Q_p	0.50Q_p	Determination of optimal division ratio on Spillways
8	0.61Q_p	0.39Q_p
9	0.39Q_p	0.61Q_p
10	0.42Q_p	0.58Q_p
11	0.32Q_p	0.45Q_p	Determination of permissible division on Spillways
12	0.35Q_p	0.48Q_p
13	0.38Q_p	0.53Q_p
14	0.41Q_p	0.56Q_p

Table 4.

Roughness coefficient and roughness height

Criteria	Roughness coefficient (n)	Roughness height (ks, m)
Structure (Concrete)	0.014	0.00061
River	0.033	0.10496

Fig. 1

Layout of spillway and river in this study

2.3.2 보조 여수로의 방류능 검토

Fig. 2

Region of interest in this study

Fig. 3

Maximum velocity and location of Vmax according to Q_a

Fig. 4

Maximum shear according to Q_a

Fig. 5

Maximum water surface elevation and location of ηmax according to Q_a

Table 5.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 1 ~ Case 6)

Case	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
1 (Q_a = 0)	9.15	0.54	No Good	No Good
2 (Q_a = Q_p)	8.87	0.56	No Good	No Good
3 (Q_a = 0.58Q_p)	6.53	0.40	No Good	No Good
4 (Q_a = 0.48Q_p)	6.22	0.36	No Good	No Good
5 (Q_a = 0.45Q_p)	4.22	0.12	Accpet	Accpet
6 (Q_a = 0.32Q_p)	4.04	0.14	Accpet	Accpet

2.3.3 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로 방류량 배분 검토

Fig. 6

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Fig. 7

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Fig. 8

Velocity results of FLOW-3D (a: auxiliary spillway operation only , b : simultaneous operation of spillways)

Fig. 9

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Table 6.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 7 ~ Case 10)

Case (Q_e & Q_a)	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2
7 Qe : 0.50QpQa : 0.50Qp	8.10	6.23	0.64	0.30	No Good	No Good	No Good	No Good
8 Qe : 0.61QpQa : 0.39Qp	8.88	6.41	0.61	0.34	No Good	No Good	No Good	No Good
9 Qe : 0.39QpQa : 0.61Qp	6.22	7.33	0.24	0.35	No Good	No Good	Accept	No Good
10 Qe : 0.42QpQa : 0.58Qp	6.39	4.79	0.30	0.19	No Good	Accept	No Good	Accept

2.3.4 방류량 배분 비율의 허용 방류량 검토

Table 7.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 11 ~ Case 14)

Case (Qe & Qa)	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2
11 Qe : 0.32QpQa : 0.45Qp	3.63	4.53	0.09	0.26	Accept	Accept	Accept	Accept
12 Qe : 0.35QpQa : 0.48Qp	5.74	5.18	0.23	0.22	No Good	No Good	Accept	Accept
13 Qe : 0.38QpQa : 0.53Qp	6.70	4.21	0.28	0.11	No Good	Accept	Accept	Accept
14 Qe : 0.41QpQa : 0.56Qp	6.54	5.24	0.28	0.24	No Good	No Good	Accept	Accept

Fig. 10

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

Fig. 11

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

Fig. 12

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

3. 결 론

Acknowledgements

본 결과물은 K-water에서 수행한 기존 및 신규 여수로 효율적 연계운영 방안 마련(2021-WR-GP-76-149)의 지원을 받아 연구되었습니다.

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11 Li, S., Cain, S., Wosnik, M., Miller, C., Kocahan, H., and Wyckoff, R. (2011). Numerical Modeling of Probable Maximum Flood Flowing through a System of Spillways. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 137(1): 66-74. 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000279
12 MOLIT (2016). Practice Guidelines of River Construction Design. Sejong: MOLIT.
13 MOLIT (2019). Standards of River Design. Sejong: MOLIT.
14 Prime Minister’s Secretariat (2003). White Book on Flood Damage Prevention Measures. Sejong: PMS.
15 Schoklitsch, A. (1934). Der Geschiebetrieb und Die Geschiebefracht. Wasserkraft Wasserwirtschaft. 4: 1-7.
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17 Zeng, J., Zhang, L., Ansar, M., Damisse, E., and González-Castro, J. A. (2017). Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Flow Ratings at Prototype Spillways and Weirs. I: Data Generation and Validation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 143(1): 1-13. 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001112

Korean References Translated from the English

1 건설교통부·한국수자원공사 (2004). 댐의 수문학적 안정성 검토 및 치수능력증대방안 기본계획 수립 보고서. 세종: 국토교통부.
2 국무총리실 수해방지대책단 (2003). 수해방지대책 백서. 세종: 국무총리실.
3 국토교통부 (2016). 하천공사 설계실무요령. 세종: 국토교통부.
4 국토교통부 (2019). 하천설계기준해설. 세종: 국토교통부.
5 김대근, 박선중, 이영식, 황종훈 (2008). 수치모형실험을 이용한 여수로 설계 – 안동다목적댐. 한국수자원학회 학술발표회. 1604-1608.
6 김상호, 김지성 (2013). 충주댐 방류에 따른 댐 상하류 홍수위 영향 분석. 대한토목학회논문집. 33(2): 537-548. 10.12652/Ksce.2013.33.2.537
7 김주성 (2007). 댐 여수로부 수리 및 수치모형실험 비교 고찰. Water for Future. 40(4): 74-81.
8 부산국토관리청 (2009). 낙동강수계 하천기본계획(변경). 부산: 부산국토관리청.
9 전태명, 김형일, 박형섭, 백운일 (2006). 수리모형실험과 수치모의를 이용한 비상여수로 설계-임하댐. 한국수자원학회 학술발표회. 1726-1731.
10 한국수자원공사 (2021). 댐관리 규정. 대전: 한국수자원공사.

원문 보기

Figure 17. Longitudinal turbulent kinetic energy distribution on the smooth and triangular macroroughnesses: (A) Y/2; (B) Y/6.

Numerical Simulations of the Flow Field of a Submerged Hydraulic Jump over Triangular Macroroughnesses

Triangular Macroroughnesses 대한 잠긴 수압 점프의 유동장 수치 시뮬레이션

by Amir Ghaderi^1,2 ,Mehdi Dasineh³,Francesco Aristodemo² andCostanza Aricò^4,*¹Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 537138791, Iran²Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy³Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 8311155181, Iran⁴Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy^*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.Academic Editor: Anis YounesWater2021, 13(5), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050674

Abstract

The submerged hydraulic jump is a sudden change from the supercritical to subcritical flow, specified by strong turbulence, air entrainment and energy loss. Despite recent studies, hydraulic jump characteristics in smooth and rough beds, the turbulence, the mean velocity and the flow patterns in the cavity region of a submerged hydraulic jump in the rough beds, especially in the case of triangular macroroughnesses, are not completely understood. The objective of this paper was to numerically investigate via the FLOW-3D model the effects of triangular macroroughnesses on the characteristics of submerged jump, including the longitudinal profile of streamlines, flow patterns in the cavity region, horizontal velocity profiles, streamwise velocity distribution, thickness of the inner layer, bed shear stress coefficient, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and energy loss, in different macroroughness arrangements and various inlet Froude numbers (1.7 < Fr₁ < 9.3). To verify the accuracy and reliability of the present numerical simulations, literature experimental data were considered.

Keywords: submerged hydraulic jump; triangular macroroughnesses; TKE; bed shear stress coefficient; velocity; FLOW-3D model

수중 유압 점프는 강한 난류, 공기 동반 및 에너지 손실로 지정된 초임계에서 아임계 흐름으로의 급격한 변화입니다. 최근 연구에도 불구하고, 특히 삼각형 거시적 거칠기의 경우, 평활 및 거친 베드에서의 수압 점프 특성, 거친 베드에서 잠긴 수압 점프의 공동 영역에서 난류, 평균 속도 및 유동 패턴이 완전히 이해되지 않았습니다.

이 논문의 목적은 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 스트림 방향 속도 분포, 두께를 포함하여 서브머지드 점프의 특성에 대한 삼각형 거시 거칠기의 영향을 FLOW-3D 모델을 통해 수치적으로 조사하는 것이었습니다.

내부 층의 층 전단 응력 계수, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE) 및 에너지 손실, 다양한 거시 거칠기 배열 및 다양한 입구 Froude 수(1.7 < Fr1 < 9.3). 현재 수치 시뮬레이션의 정확성과 신뢰성을 검증하기 위해 문헌 실험 데이터를 고려했습니다.

Introduction

격렬한 난류 혼합과 기포 동반이 있는 수압 점프는 초임계에서 아임계 흐름으로의 변화 과정으로 간주됩니다[1]. 자유 및 수중 유압 점프는 일반적으로 게이트, 배수로 및 둑과 같은 수력 구조 아래의 에너지 손실에 적합합니다. 매끄러운 베드에서 유압 점프의 특성은 널리 연구되었습니다[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].

베드의 거칠기 요소가 매끄러운 베드와 비교하여 수압 점프의 특성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 예측하기 위해 거시적 거칠기에 대한 자유 및 수중 수력 점프에 대해 여러 실험 및 수치 연구가 수행되었습니다. Ead와 Rajaratnam[10]은 사인파 거대 거칠기에 대한 수리학적 점프의 특성을 조사하고 무차원 분석을 통해 수면 프로파일과 배출을 정규화했습니다.

Tokyayet al. [11]은 두 사인 곡선 거대 거칠기에 대한 점프 길이 비율과 에너지 손실이 매끄러운 베드보다 각각 35% 더 작고 6% 더 높다는 것을 관찰했습니다. Abbaspur et al. [12]는 6개의 사인파형 거대 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 연구했습니다. 그 결과, 꼬리수심과 점프길이는 평상보다 낮았고 Froude 수는 점프길이에 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다.

Shafai-Bejestan과 Neisi[13]는 수압 점프에 대한 마름모꼴 거대 거칠기의 영향을 조사했습니다. 결과는 마름모꼴 거시 거칠기를 사용하면 매끄러운 침대와 비교하여 꼬리 수심과 점프 길이를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났습니다. Izadjoo와 Shafai-Bejestan[14]은 다양한 사다리꼴 거시 거칠기에 대한 수압 점프를 연구했습니다.

그들은 전단응력계수가 평활층보다 10배 이상 크고 점프길이가 50% 감소하는 것을 관찰하였습니다. Nikmehr과 Aminpour[15]는 Flow-3D 모델 버전 11.2[16]를 사용하여 사다리꼴 블록이 있는 거시적 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 조사했습니다. 결과는 거시 거칠기의 높이와 거리가 증가할수록 전단 응력 계수뿐만 아니라 베드 근처에서 속도가 감소하는 것으로 나타났습니다.

Ghaderi et al. [17]은 다양한 형태의 거시 거칠기(삼각형, 정사각형 및 반 타원형)에 대한 자유 및 수중 수력 점프 특성을 연구했습니다. 결과는 Froude 수의 증가에 따라 자유 및 수중 점프에서 전단 응력 계수, 에너지 손실, 수중 깊이, 미수 깊이 및 상대 점프 길이가 증가함을 나타냅니다.

자유 및 수중 점프에서 가장 높은 전단 응력과 에너지 손실은 삼각형의 거시 거칠기가 존재할 때 발생했습니다. Elsebaie와 Shabayek[18]은 5가지 형태의 거시적 거칠기(삼각형, 사다리꼴, 2개의 측면 경사 및 직사각형이 있는 정현파)에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 연구했습니다. 결과는 모든 거시적 거칠기에 대한 에너지 손실이 매끄러운 베드에서보다 15배 이상이라는 것을 보여주었습니다.

Samadi-Boroujeni et al. [19]는 다양한 각도의 6개의 삼각형 거시 거칠기에 대한 수력 점프를 조사한 결과 삼각형 거시 거칠기가 평활 베드에 비해 점프 길이를 줄이고 에너지 손실과 베드 전단 응력 계수를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났습니다.

Ahmed et al. [20]은 매끄러운 베드와 삼각형 거시 거칠기에서 수중 수력 점프 특성을 조사했습니다. 결과는 부드러운 침대와 비교할 때 잠긴 깊이와 점프 길이가 감소했다고 밝혔습니다. 표 1은 다른 연구자들이 제시한 과거의 유압 점프에 대한 실험 및 수치 연구의 세부 사항을 나열합니다.

Table 1. Main characteristics of some past experimental and numerical studies on hydraulic jumps.

Reference	Shape Bed-Channel Type- Jump Type	Channel Dimension (m)	Roughness (mm)	Fr₁	Investigated Flow Properties
Ead and Rajaratnam [10]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL¹ = 7.60 CW² = 0.44 CH³ = 0.60	-Corrugated sheets (RH⁴ = 13 and 22)	4–10	-Upstream and tailwater depths-Jump length-Roller length-Velocity-Water surface profile
Tokyay et al. [11]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL = 10.50 CW = 0.253 CH = 0.432	-Two sinusoidal corrugated (RH = 10 and 13)	5–12	-Depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss
Izadjoo and Shafai-Bejestan [14]	-Smooth and rough beds-Two rectangular-channel-Free jump	CL = 1.2, 9 CW = 0.25, 0.50 CH = 0.40	Baffle with trapezoidal cross section (RH: 13 and 26)	6–12	-Upstream and tailwater depths-Jump length-Velocity-Bed shear stress coefficient
Abbaspour et al. [12]	-Horizontal bed with slope 0.002-Rectangular channel—smooth and rough beds-Free jump	CL = 10 CW = 0.25 CH = 0.50	-Sinusoidal bed (RH = 15,20, 25 and 35)	3.80–8.60	-Water surface profile-Depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss-Velocity profiles-Bed shear stress coefficient
Shafai-Bejestan and Neisi [13]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL = 7.50 CW = 0.35 CH = 0.50	Lozenge bed	4.50–12	-Sequent depth-Jump length
Elsebaie and Shabayek [18]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-With side slopes of 45 degrees for two trapezoidal and triangular macroroughnesses and of 60 degrees for other trapezoidal macroroughnesses-Free jump	CL = 9 CW = 0.295 CH = 0.32	-Sinusoidal-Triangular-Trapezoidal with two side-Rectangular-(RH = 18 and corrugation wavelength = 65)	50	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Bed shear stress coefficient
Samadi-Boroujeni et al. [19]	-Rectangular channel-Smooth and rough beds-Free jump	CL = 12 CW = 0.40 CH = 0.40	-Six triangular corrugated (RH = 2.5)	6.10–13.10	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Energy loss-Velocity profiles-Bed shear stress coefficient
Ahmed et al. [20]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Submerged jump	CL = 24.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular corrugated sheet (RH = 40)	1.68–9.29	-Conjugated and tailwater depths-Submerged ratio-Deficit depth-Relative jump length-Jump length-Relative roller jump length-Jump efficiency-Bed shear stress coefficient
Nikmehr and Aminpour [15]	-Horizontal bed with slope 0.002-Rectangular channel-Rough bed-Free jump	CL = 12 CW = 0.25 CH = 0.50	-Trapezoidal blocks (RH = 2, 3 and 4)	5.01–13.70	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Roller length-Velocity
Ghaderi et al. [17]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free and submerged jump	CL = 4.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular, square and semi-oval macroroughnesses (RH = 40 and distance of roughness of I = 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200)	1.70–9.30	-Horizontal velocity distributions-Bed shear stress coefficient-Sequent depth ratio and submerged depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss
Present study	Rectangular channel Smooth and rough beds Submerged jump	CL = 4.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular macroroughnesses (RH = 40 and distance of roughness of I = 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200)	1.70–9.30	-Longitudinal profile of streamlines-Flow patterns in the cavity region-Horizontal velocity profiles-Streamwise velocity distribution-Bed shear stress coefficient-TKE-Thickness of the inner layer-Energy loss

CL¹: channel length, CW²: channel width, CH³: channel height, RH⁴: roughness height.

이전에 논의된 조사의 주요 부분은 실험실 접근 방식을 기반으로 하며 사인파, 마름모꼴, 사다리꼴, 정사각형, 직사각형 및 삼각형 매크로 거칠기가 공액 깊이, 잠긴 깊이, 점프 길이, 에너지 손실과 같은 일부 자유 및 수중 유압 점프 특성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 조사합니다.

베드 및 전단 응력 계수. 더욱이, 저자[17]에 의해 다양한 형태의 거시적 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프에 대한 이전 발표된 논문을 참조하면, 삼각형의 거대조도는 가장 높은 층 전단 응력 계수 및 에너지 손실을 가지며 또한 가장 낮은 잠긴 깊이, tailwater를 갖는 것으로 관찰되었습니다.

다른 거친 모양, 즉 정사각형 및 반 타원형과 부드러운 침대에 비해 깊이와 점프 길이. 따라서 본 논문에서는 삼각형 매크로 거칠기를 사용하여(일정한 거칠기 높이가 T = 4cm이고 삼각형 거칠기의 거리가 I = 4, 8, 12, 16 및 20cm인 다른 T/I 비율에 대해), 특정 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE) 및 흐름 방향 속도 분포와 같은 연구가 필요합니다.

CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) 방법은 자유 및 수중 유압 점프[21]와 같은 복잡한 흐름의 모델링 프로세스를 수행하는 중요한 도구로 등장하며 수중 유압 점프의 특성은 CFD 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 정확하게 예측할 수 있습니다 [22,23 ].

본 논문은 초기에 수중 유압 점프의 주요 특성, 수치 모델에 대한 입력 매개변수 및 Ahmed et al.의 참조 실험 조사를 제시합니다. [20], 검증 목적으로 보고되었습니다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 내부 층의 두께, 베드 전단 응력 계수, TKE 및 에너지 손실과 같은 특성을 조사할 것입니다.

Figure 1. Definition sketch of a submerged hydraulic jump at triangular macroroughnesses.

Table 2. Effective parameters in the numerical model.

Bed Type	Q (l/s)	I (cm)	T (cm)	d (cm)	y₁ (cm)	y₄ (cm)	Fr₁= u₁/(gy₁)^0.5	S	Re₁= (u₁y₁)/υ
Smooth	30, 45	–	–	5	1.62–3.83	9.64–32.10	1.7–9.3	0.26–0.50	39,884–59,825
Triangular macroroughnesses	30, 45	4, 8, 12, 16, 20	4	5	1.62–3.84	6.82–30.08	1.7–9.3	0.21–0.44	39,884–59,825

Figure 2. Longitudinal profile of the experimental flume (Ahmed et al. [20]).

Table 3. Main flow variables for the numerical and physical models (Ahmed et al. [20]).

Models	Bed Type	Q (l/s)	d (cm)	y₁ (cm)	u₁ (m/s)	Fr₁
Numerical and Physical	Smooth	45	5	1.62–3.83	1.04–3.70	1.7–9.3
	T/I = 0.5	45	5	1.61–3.83	1.05–3.71	1.7–9.3
	T/I = 0.25	45	5	1.60–3.84	1.04–3.71	1.7–9.3

Figure 3. The boundary conditions governing the simulations.

Table 4. Characteristics of the computational grids.

Mesh	Nested Block Cell Size (cm)	Containing Block Cell Size (cm)
1	0.55	1.10
2	0.65	1.30
3	0.85	1.70

Table 5. The numerical results of mesh convergence analysis.

Parameters	Amounts
f_s₁ (-)	7.15
f_s₂ (-)	6.88
f_s₃ (-)	6.19
K (-)	5.61
E₃₂ (%)	10.02
E₂₁ (%)	3.77
GCI₂₁ (%)	3.03
GCI₃₂ (%)	3.57
GCI₃₂/r^p GCI₂₁	0.98

Figure 5. Time changes of the flow discharge in the inlet and outlet boundaries conditions (A): Q = 0.03 m3/s (B): Q = 0.045 m3/s.

Figure 6. The evolutionary process of a submerged hydraulic jump on the smooth bed—Q = 0.03 m3/s.

Figure 7. Numerical versus experimental basic parameters of the submerged hydraulic jump. (A): y3/y1; and (B): y4/y1.

Figure 8. Velocity vector field and flow pattern through the gate in a submerged hydraulic jump condition: (A) smooth bed; (B) triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 9. Velocity vector distributions in the x–z plane (y = 0) within the cavity region.

Figure 10. Typical vertical distribution of the mean horizontal velocity in a submerged hydraulic jump [46].

Figure 11. Typical horizontal velocity profiles in a submerged hydraulic jump on smooth bed and triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 12. Horizontal velocity distribution at different distances from the sluice gate for the different T/I for Fr1 = 6.1

Figure 13. Stream-wise velocity distribution for the triangular macroroughnesses with T/I = 0.5 and 0.25.

Figure 14. Dimensionless horizontal velocity distribution in the submerged hydraulic jump for different Froude numbers in triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 15. Spatial variations of (umax/u1) and (δ⁄y1).

Figure 16. The shear stress coefficient (ε) versus the inlet Froude number (Fr1).

Figure 18. The energy loss (EL/E3) of the submerged jump versus inlet Froude number (Fr1).

Conclusions

본 논문에서는 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 공동 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 스트림 방향 속도 분포, 내부 층의 두께, 베드 전단 응력 계수, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE)를 포함하는 수중 유압 점프의 특성을 제시하고 논의했습니다. ) 및 삼각형 거시적 거칠기에 대한 에너지 손실. 이러한 특성은 FLOW-3D® 모델을 사용하여 수치적으로 조사되었습니다. 자유 표면을 시뮬레이션하기 위한 VOF(Volume of Fluid) 방법과 난류 RNG k-ε 모델이 구현됩니다. 본 모델을 검증하기 위해 평활층과 삼각형 거시 거칠기에 대해 수치 시뮬레이션과 실험 결과를 비교했습니다. 본 연구의 다음과 같은 결과를 도출할 수 있다.
개발 및 개발 지역의 삼각형 거시 거칠기의 흐름 패턴은 수중 유압 점프 조건의 매끄러운 바닥과 비교하여 더 작은 영역에서 동일합니다. 삼각형의 거대 거칠기는 거대 거칠기 사이의 공동 영역에서 또 다른 시계 방향 와류의 형성으로 이어집니다.
T/I = 1, 0.5 및 0.33과 같은 거리에 대해 속도 벡터 분포는 캐비티 영역에서 시계 방향 소용돌이를 표시하며, 여기서 속도의 크기는 평균 유속보다 훨씬 작습니다. 삼각형 거대 거칠기(T/I = 0.25 및 0.2) 사이의 거리를 늘리면 캐비티 영역에 크기가 다른 두 개의 소용돌이가 형성됩니다.
삼각형 거시조도 사이의 거리가 충분히 길면 흐름이 다음 조도에 도달할 때까지 속도 분포가 회복됩니다. 그러나 짧은 거리에서 흐름은 속도 분포의 적절한 회복 없이 다음 거칠기에 도달합니다. 따라서 거시 거칠기 사이의 거리가 감소함에 따라 마찰 계수의 증가율이 감소합니다.
삼각형의 거시적 거칠기에서, 잠수 점프의 지정된 섹션에서 최대 속도는 자유 점프보다 높은 값으로 이어집니다. 또한, 수중 점프에서 두 가지 유형의 베드(부드러움 및 거친 베드)에 대해 깊이 및 와류 증가로 인해 베드로부터의 최대 속도 거리는 감소합니다. 잠수 점프에서 경계층 두께는 자유 점프보다 얇습니다.
매끄러운 베드의 난류 영역은 게이트로부터의 거리에 따라 생성되고 자유 표면 롤러 영역 근처에서 발생하는 반면, 거시적 거칠기에서는 난류가 게이트 근처에서 시작되어 더 큰 강도와 제한된 스위프 영역으로 시작됩니다. 이는 반시계 방향 순환의 결과입니다. 거시 거칠기 사이의 공간에서 자유 표면 롤러 및 시계 방향 와류.
삼각 거시 거칠기에서 침지 점프의 베드 전단 응력 계수와 에너지 손실은 유입구 Froude 수의 증가에 따라 증가하는 매끄러운 베드에서 발견된 것보다 더 큽니다. T/I = 0.50 및 0.20에서 최고 및 최저 베드 전단 응력 계수 및 에너지 손실이 평활 베드에 비해 거칠기 요소의 거리가 증가함에 따라 발생합니다.
거의 거칠기 요소가 있는 삼각형 매크로 거칠기의 존재에 의해 주어지는 점프 길이와 잠긴 수심 및 꼬리 수심의 감소는 결과적으로 크기, 즉 길이 및 높이가 감소하는 정수조 설계에 사용될 수 있습니다.
일반적으로 CFD 모델은 다양한 수력 조건 및 기하학적 배열을 고려하여 잠수 점프의 특성 예측을 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 캐비티 영역의 흐름 패턴, 흐름 방향 및 수평 속도 분포, 베드 전단 응력 계수, TKE 및 유압 점프의 에너지 손실은 수치적 방법으로 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 그러나 거시적 차원과 유동장 및 공동 유동의 변화에 대한 다양한 배열에 대한 연구는 향후 과제로 남아 있다.

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Flow on the inclined drop with bat-shaped elements: (a) Non-submerged flow

Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering

Rasoul Daneshfaraz*, Ehsan Aminvash**, Silvia Di Francesco***, Amir Najibi**, John Abraham****

토목공학의 수치해석법

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to provide a method to increase energy dissipation on an inclined drop. Therefore, three types of rough elements with cylindrical, triangular and batshaped geometries are used on the inclined slope in the relative critical depth range of 0.128 to 0.36 and the effect of the geometry of these elements is examined using Flow 3D software. The results showed demonstrate that the downstream relative depth obtained from the numerical analysis is in good agreement with the laboratory results. The application of rough elements on the inclined drop increased the downstream relative depth and also the relative energy dissipation. The application of rough elements on the sloping surface of the drop significantly reduced the downstream Froude number, so that the Froude number in all models ranging from 4.7~7.5 to 1.45~3.36 also decreased compared to the plain drop. Bat-shaped elements are structurally smaller in size, so the use of these elements, in addition to dissipating more energy, is also economically viable.

이 연구의 주요 목적은 경사진 낙하에서 에너지 소산을 증가시키는 방법을 제공하는 것입니다. 따라서 0.128 ~ 0.36의 상대 임계 깊이 범위에서 경사면에 원통형, 삼각형 및 박쥐 모양의 형상을 가진 세 가지 유형의 거친 요소가 사용되며 이러한 요소의 형상의 영향은 Flow 3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 조사됩니다. 결과는 수치 분석에서 얻은 하류 상대 깊이가 실험실 결과와 잘 일치함을 보여줍니다. 경 사진 낙하에 거친 요소를 적용하면 하류 상대 깊이와 상대 에너지 소산이 증가했습니다. 낙차 경사면에 거친 요소를 적용하면 하류의 Froude 수를 크게 감소시켜 4.7~7.5에서 1.45~3.36 범위의 모든 모델에서 Froude 수도 일반 낙차에 비해 감소했습니다. 박쥐 모양의 요소는 구조적으로 크기가 더 작기 때문에 더 많은 에너지를 분산시키는 것 외에도 이러한 요소를 사용하는 것이 경제적으로도 가능합니다.

Keywords: Downstream depth, Energy dissipation, Froude number, Inclined drop, Roughness elements

Introduction

급수 네트워크 시스템, 침식 수로, 수처리 시스템 및 경사가 큰 경우 흐름 에너지를 더 잘 제어하기 위해 경사 방울을 사용할 수 있습니다. 낙하 구조는 지반의 자연 경사를 설계 경사로 변환하여 에너지 소산, 유속 감소 및 수심 증가를 유발합니다. 따라서 흐름의 하류 에너지를 분산 시키기 위해 에너지 분산 구조를 사용할 수 있습니다. 난기류와 혼합된 물과 공기의 형성은 에너지 소비를 증가 시키는 효과적인 방법입니다. 흐름 경로에서 거칠기 요소를 사용하는 것은 에너지 소산을 위한 알려진 방법입니다. 이러한 요소는 흐름 경로에 배치됩니다. 그들은 종종 에너지 소산을 증가시키기 위해 다른 기하학적 구조와 배열을 가지고 있습니다. 이 연구의 목적은 직사각형 경사 방울에 대한 거칠기 요소의 영향을 조사하는 것입니다.

Fig. 2: Geometric and hydraulic parameters of an inclined drop equipped with roughness elements

Fig. 3: Views of the incline with (a) Bat-shaped, (b) Cylindrical, (c) Triangular roughness elements

Fig. 4: Geometric profile of inclined drop and boundary conditions with the bat-shape roughness element

Fig. 5: Variation of the RMSE varying cell size

Fig. 6: Numerical and laboratory comparison of the downstream relative depth

Fig. 7: Flow profile on inclined drop in discharge of 5 L/s: (a) Without roughness elements; (b) Bat-shaped roughness element; (c) Cylindrical roughness element; (d) Triangular roughness element

Fig. 8: Relative edge depth versus the relative critical depth

Fig. 9: Flow on the inclined drop with bat-shaped elements: (b) Submerged flow

Fig. 10: Relative downstream depth versus the relative critical depth

Fig. 11: Relative downstream depth versus the relative critical depth

Conclusions

현재 연구에서 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 한 높이, 한 각도, 밀도 15% 및 지그재그 배열에서 삼각형, 원통형 및 박쥐 모양의 형상을 가진 세 가지 유형의 거칠기 요소를 사용하여 경사 낙하 수리학적 매개변수에 대한 거칠기 요소 형상의 영향 평가되었다. VOF 방법을 사용하여 자유 표면 흐름을 시뮬레이션하고 초기에 3개의 난류 모델 RNG, k-ɛ 및 kω를 검증에 사용하고 이를 검토한 후 RNG 방법을 사용하여 다른 모델을 시뮬레이션했습니다. 1- 수치 결과에서 얻은 부드러운 경사 방울의 하류 상대 깊이는 실험실 데이터와 매우 좋은 상관 관계가 있으며 원통형 요소가 장착 된 경사 방울의 상대 에지 깊이 값이 가장 높았습니다. 2- 하류 상대깊이는 임계상대깊이가 증가함에 따라 상승하는 경향을 나타내어 박쥐형 요소를 구비한 경사낙하와 완만한 경사낙하가 각각 하류상대깊이가 가장 높고 가장 낮았다. 3- 하류 깊이의 증가로 인해 상대적 임계 깊이가 증가함에 따라 상대적 에너지 소산이 감소합니다. 한편, 가장 높은 에너지 소산은 박쥐 모양의 요소가 장착된 경사 낙하와 관련이 있으며 가장 낮은 에너지 소산은 부드러운 낙하와 관련이 있습니다. 삼각형, 원통형 및 박쥐 모양의 거친 요소가 장착된 드롭은 부드러운 드롭보다 각각 65%, 76% 및 85% 더 많은 흐름 에너지를 소산합니다. 4- 낙차의 경사면에 거친 요소를 적용하여 다운 스트림 Froude 수를 크게 줄여 4.7 ~ 7.5에서 1.45 ~ 3.36까지의 모든 모델에서 Froude 수가 부드러운 낙하에 비해 감소했습니다. 또한, 다른 원소보다 부피가 작은 박쥐 모양의 거칠기의 부피로 인해 이러한 유형의 거칠기를 사용하는 것이 경제적입니다.

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Figure 5 - Modeling a simple lotus overflow symmetrically in FLOW-3D software

Flow-3D를 이용한 나팔형 여수로의 방류계수에 대한 와류방지 블레이드 45 도의 효과

Effect of Vortex Breaker Blades 45 Degree on Discharge Coefficient of Morning Glory Spillway Using Flow-3D

Authors

S. Noruzi1
and J. Ahadiyan2*
¹– M.Sc. Student, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.
^2*-Corresponding Author, Associate Professor, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran
University of Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

The discharge coefficient of morning glory spillway is decreased with eddies created by vortex at the inlet part of weir. However, a series of specific blades can reduce vortices which result in the spillway efficiency is increased. Hence, in this research numerical modeling of installed breaker blade on morning glory spillway was evaluated using Flow-3D model. To achieve these purposes, morning glory spillway was modeled without and with blades 3, 4 and 6 blades at 45 degree angle. To simulate the turbulence fluctuations, the modified k-e model (RNG k-e) was used and its results were compared to the experimental data. Results showed that by installing blades, the discharge coefficient increases up to 42 percent with 25 percent decreasing in the upstream water level. Moreover, among the three different arrangements of blades, the six-blade model was found to have more satisfactory results than other models. In comparison to control model, for H/D between 0 to 0.1 and 0.1 to 0.2 the discharge coefficient has been increased 40 and 57 percent for six-blade arrangement, respectively.

모닝 글로리의 방류계수는 위어 입구 부분의 와류에 의해 생성된 소용돌이로 감소합니다. 그러나 일련의 특정 블레이드는 와류를 줄여 여수로 효율성을 높일 수 있습니다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 모닝 글로리 여수로에 설치된 브레이커 블레이드의 수치 모델링을 FLOW-3D 모델을 사용하여 평가했습니다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 모닝 글로리 여수로는 45도 각도로 블레이드 3, 4 및 6 블레이드 있는 모델과 없는 모델로 모델링되었습니다. 난류 변동을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 수정된 k-e 모델 (RNG k-e)을 사용하고 그 결과를 실험 데이터와 비교했습니다. 결과에 따르면 블레이드를 설치하면 상류 수위가 25 % 감소하면서 배출 계수가 42 %까지 증가합니다. 또한 3 개의 서로다른 블레이드 배열 중 6 개 블레이드 모델이 다른 모델보다 더 만족스러운 결과를 나타냈다. 기본 모델과 비교하여 H / D가 0 ~ 0.1 및 0.1 ~ 0.2 인 경우, 6개 블레이드 배열에서 방류계수가 각각 40 % 및 57 % 증가했습니다.

Keywords

Figure 1 - Dimensions of the vortex blade — Figure 1 – Dimensions of the vortex blade

Figure 3 - A (Physical model of lotus overflow without blade, b) Physical model of lotus overflow with eddy blades. — Figure 3 – A (Physical model of lotus overflow without blade, b) Physical model of lotus overflow with eddy blades.

Figure 7 - Comparison of Ashley flow chart with numerical model and laboratory — Figure 7 – Comparison of Ashley flow chart with numerical model and laboratory

Figure 8 - Comparison of flow coefficient diagram - immersion ratio of numerical model with laboratory: a (overflow without blade, b) overflow with three blades, c (overflow with four blades, d) overflow with six blades — Figure 8 – Comparison of flow coefficient diagram – immersion ratio of numerical model with laboratory: a (overflow without blade, b) overflow with three blades, c (overflow with four blades, d) overflow with six blades

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Studying the effect of shape changes in plan of labyrinth weir on increasing flow discharge coefficient using Flow-3D numerical model

FLOW-3D 수치 모델을 이용하여 미로 위어 평면도의 형상 변화가 유량 계수 증가에 미치는 영향 연구

E. Zamiri 1
, H. Karami 2*
and S. Farzin3
1- M.S. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
2
*

Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan
University, Semnan, Iran. (hkarami@semnan.ac.ir).
3- Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

Keywords: : Flood control, Sidewall angle, Predicting discharge coefficient, Computational hydraulic,

Introduction

Weirs are hydraulic structures used to measure, regulate and control the water levels and are
fixed upon open channels and rivers width. Growing magnitude of probable maximum flood
events (PMF) has highlighted the demand for increasing discharge capacity. Application of
labyrinth weir has been suggested as a solution for increasing discharge capacity.
Tullis et al. (1995) evaluated the effective parameters in determining the capacity of a labyrinth
weir. They introduced total head, the effective crest length and the discharge coefficient as
parameters influencing the discharge capacity of a labyrinth weir. Khode et al. (2011)
experimentally studied the parameters of a flow-over labyrinth weir for different side wall angles
(α) from 8 to 30°. They found that discharge coefficient increases by growing side wall angle
values.
Crookston and Tullis (2012a) studied performance of different labyrinth weirs by making
differences between geometric shapes of weirs in plan. The results indicated that discharge
capacity of the arced labyrinth weirs is more than the discharge capacity of horseshoe weirs.
Seo et al. (2016) investigated the effect of weir shapes on discharge of weirs. It was shown that
the discharge of the labyrinth weir had an increase of approximately 71% in comparison with the
linear ogee weir.
In this research, labyrinth weir with sidewall angle equal to 6° was simulated through Flow3D model, using experimental results of previous researchers. After validation, the changes of
discharge coefficient of weir with angles of 45° and 85° and apex shapes of triangular and halfcircular shapes were analyzed.

Weirs는 수위를 측정, 조절 및 제어하는 데 사용되는 수력 구조물이며 열린 수로 및 강 폭에 고정됩니다. 예상되는 최대 홍수 사건 (PMF)의 규모가 커짐에 따라 배출 용량 증가에 대한 요구가 강조되었습니다. 미로 위어 (labyrinth weir)의 적용은 배출 용량을 증가시키기 위한 해결책으로 제안 되었습니다.

Tullis et al. (1995)는 미로 위어의 용량을 결정하는데 효과적인 매개 변수를 평가했습니다. 그들은 미로 위어의 배출 용량에 영향을 미치는 매개 변수로 총 수두, 유효 문장 길이 및 배출 계수를 도입했습니다.

Khode et al. (2011)은 8 ~ 30 °의 다양한 측벽 각도 (α)에 대한 유동-오버 래비 린스 위어의 매개 변수를 실험적으로 연구했습니다.

그들은 측벽 각도 값이 증가함에 따라 방전 계수가 증가한다는 것을 발견했습니다. Crookston과 Tullis (2012a)는 평면에서 위어의 기하학적 모양을 차이를 만들어 서로 다른 미로 위어의 성능을 연구했습니다.

결과는 호형 미로 위어의 배출 용량이 말굽 위어의 배출 용량보다 더 많다는 것을 나타냅니다. Seo et al. (2016)은 위어의 배출에 대한 위어 모양의 영향을 조사했습니다. 미로 위어의 배출량은 선형 오지 위어에 비해 약 71 % 증가한 것으로 나타났습니다.

이 연구에서는 이전 연구자들의 실험 결과를 사용하여 Flow3D 모델을 통해 측벽 각도가 6 ° 인 미로 위어를 시뮬레이션했습니다. 검증 후 각 45 °, 85 °의 위어의 배출 계수 변화와 삼각형 및 반원 형태의 정점 형태를 분석 하였다.

Fig.1- Schematic of trapezoidal, triangular, and rectangular congressional overflow

Fig.3- Plan of geometric parameters of congressional overflow

Fig. 4- The boundary conditions of the congressional overflow model

Fig.5- View of a simulated congressional overflow

Fig. 6- Comparison of discharge coefficients resulted from numerical and experimental models

Fig.7- The relationship between Cd and Q for different angles of the congressional overflow wall

Fig. 8- The relationship between Cd and HT/p for different angles of the congressional overflow wall

Table 3- The correlation of Q and HT/p with Cd for different angles of the overflow wall

Fig. 9- The congressional overflow with linear, semicircular and triangular spans

Fig. 10- The relationship between Cd and Q for different forms of congressional overflow

Fig. 11- The relationship of Cd and HT/p under different forms of congressional overflow

Fig. 12- The relationship Cd other/Cd simple and HT/p in a congressional overflow

Fig. 13- Comparison of discharge coefficients resulted from a numerical model and proposed relation

Fig. 14- Comparison of Cd from the present study and other studies for 6 angle congressional overflow

Fig. 15- The relationship between the discharge coefficient and HT/p for 6 ◦ angle congressional overflow

Results

오버행의 넘침 흐름을 증가시키는 것이 중요하기 때문에 본 연구에서는 넘침 벽의 돌출부에 6, 45 및 85 도의 세 가지 값을 채점하고 넘침 개구부에 삼각형 및 반원 모양을 제안함으로써 , 오버 플로우의 오버 플로우 계수를 변경하여 3D 숫자 래치를 사용하십시오.

Irene Par Vahsh Bareh에서 얻은 결과는 다음과 같습니다.

1- 흐름을 따라 포병의 범람 벽 각도를 늘리면 방출 계수가 증가합니다. 벽 각도가 85도 및 45 도인 포병의 범람 계수는 벽 각도가 6 도인 범람 계수 평균의 2.28 및 1.24 배입니다.

2-구부러진 양고기를 먹은 상태에서 배수로 모양의 변화는 배출 계수를 증가시킨다. 삼각형과 비 삼각형 개구부가있는 오버플로의 배출 계수는 온대 개구부가있는 오버플로의 배출 계수에 비해 양고기가 50.29 및 4.16 % 증가했습니다.

3- 오버플로 양 (p / HT)의 부하와 함께 부하 부하의 무 차원 비율 값을 늘리면 혼잡 한 오버플로의 방전 계수가 감소합니다. 또한 p <HT / 0.5의 값에서 세 가지 형태의 오버플로 개구에 대한 배출 계수의 값은 서로 가깝고 오버플로 모양의 각 끝은 값에서 동일한 기능을 갖습니다. p / HT <0.5. 4-유량이 증가함에 따라 유량 계수가 감소합니다.

References

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Figure 47: The course of the level on the physical model [22]

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF FLOW IN SPILLWAY

Author Svoboda, Jiří
Contributors Jandora, Jan (advisor); Holomek, Petr (referee)

Abstract

이 학위 논문의 주제는 Boskovice 상수도의 안전 배수로에서 유량 수치 모델링 솔루션입니다. 디플로마 논문의 소개에서는 기본 오버플로를 일반적으로 설명하고 모양과 유형에 따라 구분합니다. 수역에 사용되는 안전 배수로도 있습니다. 그 다음에는 오버 플로우 계산에 대한 설명, 수학적 모델링 및 사용 된 난류 모델에 대한 설명이 이어집니다. 또한이 작업은 Boskovice 상수도에 대한 기술적 설명, AutoCAD 2020 소프트웨어의 안전 배수로, 경사 및 미끄러짐의 가상 3D 모델 생성, Blender 소프트웨어에서의 검사 및 수리를 다룹니다. 결론적으로 Flow-3D 소프트웨어의 흐름 수치 모델링 결과와 토목 공학부 유압 공학과에서 수행 된 유압 모델 연구와의 후속 비교가 제시됩니다.

Keywords: Spillway, numerical model, 3D model, FLOW-3D, Boskovice dam, rockfill dam.

Introduction

상수도 (VD)는 인구에게 식수 공급, 홍수 방지, 발전 등과 같은 긍정적 인 효과만 있는 것이 아닙니다. 안타깝게도 물 작업, 특히 더 많은 양의 물이 남아있는 작업도 중요한 위협 요소가 될 수 있습니다. 수술 중에 자연의 힘이나 심지어 인적 요인의 실패로 인해 사고가 발생할 수 있습니다. 흐름의 수치 모델링을 위해 안전 배수로를 선택한 VD Boskovice의 경우,이 작업은 1 차 범주에 포함됩니다.

이론적 사고는 극도로 높은 경제적 피해를 입히고 환경에 피해를 줄 수 있으며 국가 규모에 사회적 영향을 미치고 큰 인명 손실을 초래할 수 있습니다. 가설적인 사고는 여러 가지 이유로 발생할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 홍수가 극심한 동안의 배수로에서 배수로의 마루가 넘쳐 댐의 공기 경사면이 표면 침식으로 이어지고 이후 배수로가 파열 될 수 있습니다.

이러한 사고를 방지하기 위해 VD에 안전 유출 구조물을 구축하고 있으며, 유출이 넘치지 않도록 관련 VD 범주에 해당하는 충분한 용량이 있어야 합니다. 안타깝게도 VD 운영의 역사에서 안전 배수로에 충분한 용량이 없었고 극심한 홍수 흐름 중에 댐이 유출되고 VD 댐이 파열되는 경우가 있습니다. 이러한 이유로 안전 배수로를 설계하는 것은 비용과 시간이 많이 드는 프로세스입니다.

설계 중에는 설계 홍수파 (NPV) 및 제어 홍수파 (KPV)를 안전하게 전달하기 위해 충분한 용량이 사용됩니다. 적절한 설계를 확인하기 위해 안전 배수로의 흐름 모델링이 사용되며, 여기서 물리적 모델이 일반적으로 사용되며 실험실에서 축소 된 규모로 생성됩니다. 수년 동안 컴퓨터 기술 사용 가능성이 증가함에 따라 다양한 소프트웨어에서 수치 모델링을 사용하여 CFD (유체 흐름 시뮬레이션)를 사용하여 안전 배수로의 흐름을 모델링하여 재정 비용을 크게 줄일 수 있었습�

Author	Svoboda, Jiří
Title	Numerické modelování proudění v bezpečnostním přelivu: Numerical modeling of flow in spilway
URL	http://hdl.handle.net/11012/195970
Publication Date	2021
Date Accessioned	2021-02-05 08:03:49
University/Publisher	Brno University of Technology
Abstract	The goal of the diploma thesis is the numerical modelling of flow in planned spillway of the Boskovice dam. In the introduction of this diploma thesis are described and divided basic spillways according to their types and profiles. There are also mentioned emergency spillways. Then the thesis introduces the description of calculation of overflow quantity, the description of mathematic modelling and used turbulent models. The next part is concerned with the technical description of the Boskovice dam, the creation of virtual 3D model of spillway and spillway chute in the AutoCAD 2020 software and concerned with the control and revision of model in the Blender software. In the end of the thesis are mentioned results of numeric modelling of flow gained from the Flow-3D software and the comparison of results with the research of hydraulic model implemented at Water structures institute of Faculty of Civil Engineering of BUT.
Subjects/Keywords	Bezpečnostní přeliv; numerický model; 3D model; FLOW-3D; VD Boskovice; sypaná kamenitá hráz.; Spillway; numerical model; 3D model; FLOW-3D; Boskovice dam; rockfill dam.
Contributors	Jandora, Jan (advisor); Holomek, Petr (referee)
Language	cs
Rights	Standardní licenční smlouva – přístup k plnému textu bez omezení
Country of Publication	cz
Record ID	handle:11012/195970
Repository	brno-tech
Date Indexed	2021-12-08
Note	[mark] A;

[태그:] weir

댐 복구를 위한 우수한 대안으로서의 Piano Key Weir에 대한 검토

ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

References

하류 유압 구조물의 유동 특성 분석을 위한 FLOW-3D 모델 개발

Abstract

References

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and methods

Review of the governing equations in software Flow 3D

Turbulence models

Steps of solving a problem in Flow 3D software

Model calibration

Results and discussion

Conclusion

References

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Abstract

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범람으로 인한 비점착성 흙댐 붕괴에 대한 테일워터 깊이의 영향

Abstract

Keywords

Notation

1. Introduction

2. Material and methods

2.1. Experimental procedures

2.2. Repeatability

3. Numerical model

4. Results of experimental work

5. Discussion

5.1. Side erosion

5.2. Upstream and downstream water depths

5.3. Eroded volume

5.4. The outflow discharge

6. Conclusions

Declaration of Competing Interest

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Abstract

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하류하천의 영향 최소화를 위한 보조 여수로 최적 활용방안 검토

ABSTRACT

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Table 1.

Standard of Permissible Velocity and Shear on Revetment

(8)

Table 2.

Mesh sizes and numerical conditions

Table 3.

Case of numerical simulation (Qp : Design flood discharge)

Table 4.

Roughness coefficient and roughness height

Fig. 1

Layout of spillway and river in this study

Fig. 2

Region of interest in this study

Fig. 3

Maximum velocity and location of Vmax according to Qa

Maximum velocity and location of Vmax according to Q_a

Maximum shear according to Q_a

Maximum water surface elevation and location of ηmax according to Q_a

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a