Fig. 5 Comparison of experimental SEM image and CtFD simulated melt pool with beam diameters of（a）700 μm,（b）1000 μm, and（c）1300 μm and an absorption rate of 0.3. Electron beam power and scan speed are 900 W and 100 mm s-1, respectively

추가 생산용 전자빔 조사에 의한 316L 스테인리스 용융 · 응고 거동

Melting and Solidification Behavior of 316L Steel Induced by Electron-Beam Irradiation for Additive Manufacturing

付加製造用電子ビーム照射による 316L ステンレス鋼の溶融・凝固挙動

奥川将行＊・宮田雄一朗＊・王　　雷＊・能勢和史＊
小泉雄一郎＊・中野貴由＊
Masayuki OKUGAWA, Yuichiro MIYATA, Lei WANG, Kazufumi NOSE,
Yuichiro KOIZUMI and Takayoshi NAKANO

Abstract

적층 제조(AM) 기술은 복잡한 형상의 3D 부품을 쉽게 만들고 미세 구조 제어를 통해 재료 특성을 크게 제어할 수 있기 때문에 많은 관심을 받았습니다. PBF(Powderbed fusion) 방식의 AM 공정에서는 금속 분말을 레이저나 전자빔으로 녹이고 응고시키는 과정을 반복하여 3D 부품을 제작합니다.

일반적으로 응고 미세구조는 Hunt[Mater. 과학. 영어 65, 75(1984)]. 그러나 CET 이론이 일반 316L 스테인리스강에서도 높은 G와 R로 인해 PBF형 AM 공정에 적용될 수 있을지는 불확실하다.

본 연구에서는 미세구조와 응고 조건 간의 관계를 밝히기 위해 전자빔 조사에 의해 유도된 316L 강의 응고 미세구조를 분석하고 CtFD(Computational Thermal-Fluid Dynamics) 방법을 사용하여 고체/액체 계면에서의 응고 조건을 평가했습니다.

CET 이론과 반대로 높은 G 조건에서 등축 결정립이 종종 형성되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. CtFD 시뮬레이션은 약 400 mm s-1의 속도까지 유체 흐름이 있음을 보여 주며 수상 돌기의 파편 및 이동의 영향으로 등축 결정립이 형성됨을 시사했습니다.

Additive manufacturing（AM）technologies have attracted much attention because it enables us to build 3D parts with complicated geometry easily and control material properties significantly via the control of microstructures. In the powderbed fusion（PBF）type AM process, 3D parts are fabricated by repeating a process of melting and solidifying metal powders by laser or electron beams. In general, the solidification microstructures can be predicted from solidification conditions defined by the combination of temperature gradient G and solidification rate R on the basis of columnar-equiaxed transition（CET）theory proposed by Hunt [Mater. Sci. Eng. 65, 75（1984）]. However, it is unclear whether the CET theory can be applied to the PBF type AM process because of the high G and R, even for general 316L stainless steel. In this study, to reveal relationships between microstructures and solidification conditions, we have analyzed solidification microstructures of 316L steel induced by electronbeam irradiation and evaluated solidification conditions at the solid/liquid interface using a computational thermal-fluid dynamics （CtFD）method. It was found that equiaxed grains were often formed under high G conditions contrary to the CET theory. CtFD simulation revealed that there is a fluid flow up to a velocity of about 400 mm s-1, and suggested that equiaxed grains are formed owing to the effect of fragmentations and migrations of dendrites.

Keywords

Additive Manufacturing, 316L Stainless Steel, Powder Bed Fusion, Electron Beam Melting, Computational Thermal
Fluid Dynamics Simulation

Fig. 1 Width, height, and height differences calculated from laser microscope analysis of melt tracks formed by scanning electron beam. Fig. 2（a）Scanning electron microscope（SEM）image and（b） corresponding electron back-scattering diffraction（EBSD） IPF-map taken from the electron-beam irradiated region in P900-V100 sample. Fig. 3 Average grain size and their aspect ratio calculated from EBSD IPF-map taken from the electron-beam irradiated region.

Fig. 4 Comparison of experimental SEM image and computational thermal fluid dynamics（CtFD）simulated melt pool with a beam diameter of 700 μm and absorption rates of（a）0.3,（b）0.5, and （c）0.7. Electron beam power and scan speed are 900 W and 100 mm s-1, respectively.

Fig. 6 Depth of melt tracks calculated from experimental SEM image and CtFD simulation results.

Fig. 7 G-R plots of 316L steel colored by（a）aspect ratio of crystalline grains and（b）fluid velocity.

Fig. 8 Comparison of solidification microstructure（EBSD IPF-map）of melt region formed by scanning electron beam and corresponding snap shot of CtFD simulation colored by fluid velocity

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원문 PDF 보기

Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump

낮은 레이놀즈 수 유압 점프의 수치 모델링에서 OpenFOAM 및 FLOW-3D의 성능 평가

ArnauBayon^a DanielValero^b RafaelGarcía-Bartual^a Francisco JoséVallés-Morán^a P. AmparoLópez-Jiménez^a

Abstract

A comparative performance analysis of the CFD platforms OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D is presented, focusing on a 3D swirling turbulent flow: a steady hydraulic jump at low Reynolds number. Turbulence is treated using RANS approach RNG k-ε. A Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method is used to track the air–water interface, consequently aeration is modeled using an Eulerian–Eulerian approach. Structured meshes of cubic elements are used to discretize the channel geometry. The numerical model accuracy is assessed comparing representative hydraulic jump variables (sequent depth ratio, roller length, mean velocity profiles, velocity decay or free surface profile) to experimental data. The model results are also compared to previous studies to broaden the result validation. Both codes reproduced the phenomenon under study concurring with experimental data, although special care must be taken when swirling flows occur. Both models can be used to reproduce the hydraulic performance of energy dissipation structures at low Reynolds numbers.

CFD 플랫폼 OpenFOAM 및 FLOW-3D의 비교 성능 분석이 3D 소용돌이치는 난류인 낮은 레이놀즈 수에서 안정적인 유압 점프에 초점을 맞춰 제시됩니다. 난류는 RANS 접근법 RNG k-ε을 사용하여 처리됩니다.

VOF(Volume Of Fluid) 방법은 공기-물 계면을 추적하는 데 사용되며 결과적으로 Eulerian-Eulerian 접근 방식을 사용하여 폭기가 모델링됩니다. 입방체 요소의 구조화된 메쉬는 채널 형상을 이산화하는 데 사용됩니다. 수치 모델 정확도는 대표적인 유압 점프 변수(연속 깊이 비율, 롤러 길이, 평균 속도 프로파일, 속도 감쇠 또는 자유 표면 프로파일)를 실험 데이터와 비교하여 평가됩니다.

모델 결과는 또한 결과 검증을 확장하기 위해 이전 연구와 비교됩니다. 소용돌이 흐름이 발생할 때 특별한 주의가 필요하지만 두 코드 모두 실험 데이터와 일치하는 연구 중인 현상을 재현했습니다. 두 모델 모두 낮은 레이놀즈 수에서 에너지 소산 구조의 수리 성능을 재현하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

Keywords

CFDRANS, OpenFOAM, FLOW-3D ,Hydraulic jump, Air–water flow, Low Reynolds number

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The Optimal Operation on Auxiliary Spillway to Minimize the Flood Damage in Downstream River with Various Outflow Conditions

류하천의 영향 최소화를 위한 보조 여수로 최적 활용방안 검토

Hyung Ju Yoo¹ Sung Sik Joo² Beom Jae Kwon³ Seung Oh Lee^4*
유 형주¹ 주 성식² 권 범재³ 이 승오^4*
¹Ph.D Student, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hongik University²Director, Water Resources & Environment Department, HECOREA³Director, Water Resources Department, ISAN⁴Professor, Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hongik University
¹홍익대학교 건설환경공학과 박사과정
²㈜헥코리아 수자원환경사업부 이사
³㈜이산 수자원부 이사
⁴홍익대학교 건설환경공학과 교수*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT

최근 기후변화로 인해 강우강도 및 빈도의 증가에 따른 집중호우의 영향 및 기존 여수로의 노후화에 대비하여 홍수 시 하류 하천의 영향을 최소화할 수 있는 보조 여수로 활용방안 구축이 필요한 실정이다. 이를 위해, 수리모형 실험 및 수치모형 실험을 통하여 보조 여수로 운영에 따른 흐름특성 변화 검토에 관한 연구가 많이 진행되어 왔다.

그러나 대부분의 연구는 여수로에서의 흐름특성 및 기능성에 대한 검토를 수행하였을 뿐 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 따른 하류하천 영향 검토 및 호안 안정성 검토에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다.

이에 본 연구에서는 기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로 방류 조건에 따른 하류영향 분석 및 호안 안정성 측면에서 최적 방류 시나리오 검토를 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 검토하였다. 또한 FLOW-3D 수치모의 수행을 통한 유속, 수위 결과와 소류력 산정 결과를 호안 설계허용 기준과 비교하였다.

수문 완전 개도 조건으로 가정하고 계획홍수량 유입 시 다양한 보조 여수로 활용방안에 대하여 수치모의를 수행한 결과, 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 기존 여수로 단독운영에 비하여 최대유속 및 최대 수위의 감소효과를 확인하였다. 다만 계획홍수량의 45% 이하 방류 조건에서 대안부의 호안 안정성을 확보하였고 해당 방류량 초과 경우에는 처오름 현상이 발생하여 월류에 대한 위험성 증가를 확인하였다.

따라서 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영 방안 도출이 중요하다고 판단하였다. 여수로의 배분 비율 및 총 허용 방류량에 대하여 검토한 결과 보조 여수로의 방류량이 기존 여수로의 방류량보다 큰 경우 하류하천의 흐름이 중심으로 집중되어 대안부의 유속 저감 및 수위 감소를 확인하였고, 계획 홍수량의 77% 이하의 조건에서 호안의 허용 유속 및 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하였다.

이를 통하여 본 연구에서 제안한 보조 여수로 활용방안으로는 기존 여수로와 동시 운영 시 총 방류량에 대하여 보조 여수로의 배분량이 기존 여수로의 배분량보다 크게 설정하는 것이 하류하천의 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

그러나 본 연구는 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부에서의 영향에 대해서만 검토하였고 수문 전면 개도 조건에서 검토하였다는 한계점은 분명히 있다. 이에 향후에는 다양한 수문 개도 조건 및 방류 시나리오를 적용 및 검토한다면 보다 효율적이고, 효과적인 보조 여수로 활용방안을 도출이 가능할 것으로 기대 된다.

키워드

보조 여수로, FLOW-3D, 수치모의, 호안 안정성, 소류력

Recently, as the occurrence frequency of sudden floods due to climate change increased and the aging of the existing spillway, it is necessary to establish a plan to utilize an auxiliary spillway to minimize the flood damage of downstream rivers. Most studies have been conducted on the review of flow characteristics according to the operation of auxiliary spillway through the hydraulic experiments and numerical modeling. However, the studies on examination of flood damage in the downstream rivers and the stability of the revetment according to the operation of the auxiliary spillway were relatively insufficient in the literature. In this study, the stability of the revetment on the downstream river according to the outflow conditions of the existing and auxiliary spillway was examined by using 3D numerical model, FLOW-3D. The velocity, water surface elevation and shear stress results of FLOW-3D were compared with the permissible velocity and shear stress of design criteria. It was assumed the sluice gate was fully opened. As a result of numerical simulations of various auxiliary spillway operations during flood season, the single operation of the auxiliary spillway showed the reduction effect of maximum velocity and the water surface elevation compared with the single operation of the existing spillway. The stability of the revetment on downstream was satisfied under the condition of outflow less than 45% of the design flood discharge. However, the potential overtopping damage was confirmed in the case of exceeding the 45% of the design flood discharge. Therefore, the simultaneous operation with the existing spillway was important to ensure the stability on design flood discharge condition. As a result of examining the allocation ratio and the total allowable outflow, the reduction effect of maximum velocity was confirmed on the condition, where the amount of outflow on auxiliary spillway was more than that on existing spillway. It is because the flow of downstream rivers was concentrated in the center due to the outflow of existing spillway. The permissible velocity and shear stress were satisfied under the condition of less than 77% of the design flood discharge with simultaneous operation. It was found that the flood damage of downstream rivers can be minimized by setting the amount allocated to the auxiliary spillway to be larger than the amount allocated to the existing spillway for the total outflow with simultaneous operation condition. However, this study only reviewed the flow characteristics around the revetment according to the outflow of spillway under the full opening of the sluice gate condition. Therefore, the various sluice opening conditions and outflow scenarios will be asked to derive more efficient utilization of the auxiliary spillway in th future.KeywordsAuxiliary spillway FLOW-3D Numerical simulation Revetment stability Shear stress

1. 서 론

최근 기후변화로 인한 집중호우의 영향으로 홍수 시 댐으로 유입되는 홍수량이 설계 홍수량보다 증가하여 댐 안정성 확보가 필요한 실정이다(Office for Government Policy Coordination, 2003). MOLIT & K-water(2004)에서는 기존댐의 수문학적 안정성 검토를 수행하였으며 이상홍수 발생 시 24개 댐에서 월류 등으로 인한 붕괴위험으로 댐 하류지역의 극심한 피해를 예상하여 보조여수로 신설 및 기존여수로 확장 등 치수능력 증대 기본계획을 수립하였고 이를 통하여 극한홍수 발생 시 홍수량 배제능력을 증대하여 기존댐의 안전성 확보 및 하류지역의 피해를 방지하고자 하였다. 여기서 보조 여수로는 기존 여수로와 동시 또는 별도 운영하는 여수로로써 비상상황 시 방류 기능을 포함하고 있고(K-water, 2021), 최근에는 기존 여수로의 노후화에 따라 보조여수로의 활용방안에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 3차원 수치해석을 수행하여 기존 및 보조 여수로의 방류량 조합에 따른 하류 영향을 분석하고 하류 호안 안정성 측면에서 최적 방류 시나리오를 검토하고자 한다.

기존의 댐 여수로 검토에 관한 연구는 주로 수리실험을 통하여 방류조건 별 흐름특성을 검토하였으나 최근에는 수치모형 실험결과가 수리모형실험과 비교하여 근사한 것을 확인하는 등 점차 수치모형실험을 수리모형실험의 대안으로 활용하고 있다(Jeon et al., 2006; Kim, 2007; Kim et al., 2008). 국내의 경우, Jeon et al.(2006)은 수리모형 실험과 수치모의를 이용하여 임하댐 바상여수로의 기본설계안을 도출하였고, Kim et al.(2008)은 가능최대홍수량 유입 시 비상여수로 방류에 따른 수리학적 안정성과 기능성을 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 활용하여 검토하였다. 또한 Kim and Kim(2013)은 충주댐의 홍수조절 효과 검토 및 방류량 변화에 따른 상·하류의 수위 변화를 수치모형을 통하여 검토하였다. 국외의 경우 Zeng et al.(2017)은 3차원 수치모형인 Fluent를 활용한 여수로 방류에 따른 흐름특성 결과와 측정결과를 비교하여 수치모형 결과의 신뢰성을 검토하였다. Li et al.(2011)은 가능 최대 홍수량(Probable Maximum Flood, PMF)조건에서 기존 여수로와 신규 보조 여수로 유입부 주변의 흐름특성에 대하여 3차원 수치모형 Fluent를 활용하여 검토하였고, Lee et al.(2019)는 서로 근접해있는 기존 여수로와 보조여수로 동시 운영 시 방류능 검토를 수리모형 실험 및 수치모형 실험(FLOW-3D)을 통하여 수행하였으며 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로를 동시운영하게 되면 배수로 간섭으로 인하여 총 방류량이 7.6%까지 감소되어 댐의 방류능력이 감소하였음을 확인하였다.

그러나 대부분의 여수로 검토에 대한 연구는 여수로 내에서의 흐름특성 및 기능성에 대한 검토를 수행하였고. 이에 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로 방류운영에 따른 하류하천의 흐름특성 변화 및 호안 안정성 평가에 관한 추가적인 검토가 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로 방류 조건에 따른 하류하천의 흐름특성 및 호안 안정성분석을 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 이용하여 검토하였다. 또한 다양한 방류 배분 비율 및 허용 방류량 조건 변화에 따른 하류하천의 흐름특성 및 소류력 분석결과를 호안 설계 허용유속 및 허용 소류력 기준과 비교하여 하류하천의 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 최적의 보조 여수로 활용방안을 도출하고자 한다.

2. 본 론

2.1 이론적 배경

2.1.1 3차원 수치모형의 기본이론

FLOW-3D는 미국 Flow Science, Inc에서 개발한 범용 유체역학 프로그램(CFD, Computational Fluid Dynamics)으로 자유 수면을 갖는 흐름모의에 사용되는 3차원 수치해석 모형이다. 난류모형을 통해 난류 해석이 가능하고, 댐 방류에 따른 하류 하천의 흐름 해석에도 많이 사용되어 왔다(Flow Science, 2011). 본 연구에서는 FLOW-3D(version 12.0)을 이용하여 홍수 시 기존 여수로의 노후화에 대비하여 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 대한 검토를 하류하천의 호안 안정성 측면에서 검토하였다.

2.1.2 유동해석의 지배방정식

1) 연속 방정식(Continuity Equation)

FLOW-3D는 비압축성 유체에 대하여 연속방정식을 사용하며, 밀도는 상수항으로 적용된다. 연속 방정식은 Eqs. (1), (2)와 같다.

(1)

∇·v=0

(2)

∂∂x(uAx)+∂∂y(vAy)+∂∂z(wAz)=RSORρ

여기서, ρ는 유체 밀도(kg/m³), u, v, w는 x, y, z방향의 유속(m/s), Ax, Ay, Az는 각 방향의 요소면적(m²), RSOR는 질량 생성/소멸(mass source/sink)항을 의미한다.

2) 운동량 방정식(Momentum Equation)

각 방향 속도성분 u, v, w에 대한 운동방정식은 Navier-Stokes 방정식으로 다음 Eqs. (3), (4), (5)와 같다.

(3)

∂u∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂x+Gx+fx-bx-RSORρVFu

(4)

∂v∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂y+Gy+fy-by-RSORρVFv

(5)

∂w∂t+1VF(uAx∂u∂x+vAy∂v∂y+wAz∂w∂z)=-1ρ∂p∂z+Gz+fz-bz-RSORρVFw

여기서, Gx, Gy, Gz는 체적력에 의한 가속항, fx, fy, fz는 점성에 의한 가속항, bx, by, bz는 다공성 매체에서의 흐름손실을 의미한다.

2.1.3 소류력 산정

호안설계 시 제방사면 호안의 안정성 확보를 위해서는 하천의 흐름에 의하여 호안에 작용하는 소류력에 저항할 수 있는 재료 및 공법 선택이 필요하다. 국내의 경우 하천공사설계실무요령(MOLIT, 2016)에서 계획홍수량 유하 시 소류력 산정 방법을 제시하고 있다. 소류력은 하천의 평균유속을 이용하여 산정할 수 있으며, 소류력 산정식은 Eqs. (6), (7)과 같다.

1) Schoklitsch 공식

Schoklitsch(1934)는 Chezy 유속계수를 적용하여 소류력을 산정하였다.

(6)

τ=γRI=γC2V2

여기서, τ는 소류력(N/m²), R은 동수반경(m), γ는 물의 단위중량(10.0 kN/m³), I는 에너지경사, C는 Chezy 유속계수, V는 평균유속(m/s)을 의미한다.

2) Manning 조도계수를 고려한 공식

Chezy 유속계수를 대신하여 Manning의 조도계수를 고려하여 소류력을 산정할 수 있다.

(7)

τ=γn2V2R1/3

여기서, τ는 소류력(N/m²), R은 동수반경(m), γ는 물의 단위중량(10.0 kN/m³), n은 Manning의 조도계수, V는 평균유속(m/s)을 의미한다.

FLOW-3D 수치모의 수행을 통하여 하천의 바닥 유속을 도출할 수 있으며, 본 연구에서는 Maning 조도계수롤 고려하여 소류력을 산정하고자 한다. 소류력을 산정하기 위해서 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부의 바닥유속 변화를 검토하여 최대 유속 값을 이용하였다. 최종적으로 산정한 소류력과 호안의 재료 및 공법에 따른 허용 소류력과 비교하여 제방사면 호안의 안정성 검토를 수행하게 된다.

2.2 하천호안 설계기준

하천 호안은 계획홍수위 이하의 유수작용에 대하여 안정성이 확보되도록 계획하여야 하며, 호안의 설계 시에는 사용재료의 확보용이성, 시공상의 용이성, 세굴에 대한 굴요성(flexibility) 등을 고려하여 호안의 형태, 시공방법 등을 결정한다(MOLIT, 2019). 국내의 경우, 하천공사설계실무요령(MOLIT, 2016)에서는 다양한 호안공법에 대하여 비탈경사에 따라 설계 유속을 비교하거나, 허용 소류력을 비교함으로써 호안의 안정성을 평가한다. 호안에 대한 국외의 설계기준으로 미국의 경우, ASTM(미국재료시험학회)에서 호안블록 및 식생매트 시험방법을 제시하였고 제품별로 ASTM 시험에 의한 허용유속 및 허용 소류력을 제시하였다. 일본의 경우, 호안 블록에 대한 축소실험을 통하여 항력을 측정하고 이를 통해서 호안 블록에 대한 항력계수를 제시하고 있다. 설계 시에는 항력계수에 의한 블록의 안정성을 평가하고 있으나, 최근에는 세굴의 영향을 고려할 수 있는 호안 안정성 평가의 필요성을 제기하고 있다(MOLIT, 2019). 관련된 국내·외의 하천호안 설계기준은 Table 1에 정리하여 제시하였고, 본 연구에서 하천 호안 안정성 평가 시 하천공사설계실무요령(MOLIT, 2016)과 ASTM 시험에서 제시한 허용소류력 및 허용유속 기준을 비교하여 각각 0.28 kN/m², 5.0 m/s 미만일 경우 호안 안정성을 확보하였다고 판단하였다.

Table 1.

Standard of Permissible Velocity and Shear on Revetment

Country (Reference)	Material	Permissible velocity (Vp, m/s)	Permissible Shear (τp, kN/m²)
Korea	River Construction Design Practice Guidelines (MOLIT, 2016)	Vegetated	5.0	0.50
Stone	5.0	0.80
USA	ASTM D’6460	Vegetated	6.1	0.81
Unvegetated	5.0	0.28
JAPAN	Dynamic Design Method of Revetment	–	5.0	–

2.3. 보조여수로 운영에 따른 하류하천 영향 분석

2.3.1 모형의 구축 및 경계조건

본 연구에서는 기존 여수로의 노후화에 대비하여 홍수 시 보조여수로의 활용방안에 따른 하류하천의 흐름특성 및 호안안정성 평가를 수행하기 위해 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용하였다. 기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로는 치수능력 증대사업(MOLIT & K-water, 2004)을 통하여 완공된 ○○댐의 제원을 이용하여 구축하였다. ○○댐은 설계빈도(100년) 및 200년빈도 까지는 계획홍수위 이내로 기존 여수로를 통하여 운영이 가능하나 그 이상 홍수조절은 보조여수로를 통하여 조절해야 하며, 또한 2011년 기존 여수로 정밀안전진단 결과 사면의 표층 유실 및 옹벽 밀림현상 등이 확인되어 노후화에 따른 보수·보강이 필요한 상태이다. 이에 보조여수로의 활용방안 검토가 필요한 것으로 판단하여 본 연구의 대상댐으로 선정하였다. 하류 하천의 흐름특성을 예측하기 위하여 격자간격을 0.99 ~ 8.16 m의 크기로 하여 총 격자수는 49,102,500개로 구성하였으며, 여수로 방류에 따른 하류하천의 흐름해석을 위한 경계조건으로 상류는 유입유량(inflow), 바닥은 벽면(wall), 하류는 수위(water surface elevation)조건으로 적용하도록 하였다(Table 2, Fig. 1 참조). FLOW-3D 난류모형에는 혼합길이 모형, 난류에너지 모형, k-ϵ모형, RNG(Renormalized Group Theory) k-ϵ모형, LES 모형 등이 있으며, 본 연구에서는 여수로 방류에 따른 복잡한 난류 흐름 및 높은 전단흐름을 정확하게 모의(Flow Science, 2011)할 수 있는 RNG k-ϵ모형을 사용하였고, 하류하천 호안의 안정성 측면에서 보조여수로의 활용방안을 검토하기 위하여 방류시나리오는 Table 3에 제시된 것 같이 설정하였다. Case 1 및 Case 2를 통하여 계획홍수량에 대하여 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 단독 운영이 하류하천에 미치는 영향을 확인하였고 보조 여수로의 방류량 조절을 통하여 호안 안정성 측면에서 보조 여수로 방류능 검토를 수행하였다(Case 3 ~ Case 6). 또한 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 방류량 배분에 따른 하류하천의 영향 검토(Case 7 ~ Case 10) 및 방류 배분에 따른 허용 방류량을 호안 안정성 측면에서 검토를 수행하였다(Case 11 ~ Case 14).

수문은 완전개도 조건으로 가정하였으며 하류하천의 계획홍수량에 대한 기존 여수로와 보조여수로의 배분량을 조절하여 모의를 수행하였다. 여수로는 콘크리트의 조도계수 값(Chow, 1959)을 채택하였고, 댐 하류하천의 조도계수는 하천기본계획(Busan Construction and Management Administration, 2009) 제시된 조도계수 값을 채택하였으며 FLOW-3D의 적용을 위하여 Manning-Strickler 공식(Vanoni, 2006)을 이용하여 조도계수를 조고값으로 변환하여 사용하였다. Manning-Strickler 공식은 Eq. (8)과 같으며, FLOW-3D에 적용한 조도계수 및 조고는 Table 4와 같다.

(8)

n=ks1/68.1g1/2

여기서, kS는 조고 (m), n은 Manning의 조도계수, g는 중력가속도(m/s²)를 의미한다.

시간에 따라 동일한 유량이 일정하게 유입되도록 모의를 수행하였으며, 시간간격(Time Step)은 0.0001초로 설정(CFL number < 1.0) 하였다. 또한 여수로 수문을 통한 유량의 변동 값이 1.0%이내일 경우는 연속방정식을 만족하고 있다고 가정하였다. 이는, 유량의 변동 값이 1.0%이내일 경우 유속의 변동 값 역시 1.0%이내이며, 수치모의 결과 1.0%의 유속변동은 호안의 유속설계기준에 크게 영향을 미치지 않는다고 판단하였다. 그 결과 모든 수치모의 Case에서 2400초 이내에 결과 값이 수렴하는 것을 확인하였다.

Table 2.

Mesh sizes and numerical conditions

Mesh	Numbers	49,102,500 EA
Increment (m)	Direction	Existing Spillway	Auxiliary Spillway
∆X	0.99 ~ 4.30	1.00 ~ 4.30
∆Y	0.99 ~ 8.16	1.00 ~ 5.90
∆Z	0.50 ~ 1.22	0.50 ~ 2.00
Boundary Conditions	X_min / Y_max	Inflow / Water Surface Elevation
X_max, Y_min, Z_min / Z_max	Wall / Symmetry
Turbulence Model	RNG model

Table 3.

Case of numerical simulation (Qp : Design flood discharge)

Case	Existing Spillway (Q_e, m³/s)	Auxiliary Spillway (Q_a, m³/s)	Remarks
1	Q_p	0	Reference case
2	0	Q_p
3	0	0.58Q_p	Review of discharge capacity on auxiliary spillway
4	0	0.48Q_p
5	0	0.45Q_p
6	0	0.32Q_p
7	0.50Q_p	0.50Q_p	Determination of optimal division ratio on Spillways
8	0.61Q_p	0.39Q_p
9	0.39Q_p	0.61Q_p
10	0.42Q_p	0.58Q_p
11	0.32Q_p	0.45Q_p	Determination of permissible division on Spillways
12	0.35Q_p	0.48Q_p
13	0.38Q_p	0.53Q_p
14	0.41Q_p	0.56Q_p

Table 4.

Roughness coefficient and roughness height

Criteria	Roughness coefficient (n)	Roughness height (ks, m)
Structure (Concrete)	0.014	0.00061
River	0.033	0.10496

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Fig. 1

Layout of spillway and river in this study

2.3.2 보조 여수로의 방류능 검토

본 연구에서는 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 방류량 배분에 따른 하류하천 대안부의 유속분포 및 수위분포를 검토하기 위해 수치모의 Case 별 다음과 같이 관심구역을 설정하였다(Fig. 2 참조). 관심구역(대안부)의 길이(L)는 총 1.3 km로 10 m 등 간격으로 나누어 검토하였으며, Section 1(0 < X/L < 0.27)은 기존 여수로 방류에 따른 영향이 지배적인 구간, Section 2(0.27 < X/L < 1.00)는 보조 여수로 방류에 따른 영향이 지배적인 구간으로 각 구간에서의 수위, 유속, 수심결과를 확인하였다. 기존 여수로의 노후화에 따른 보조 여수로의 방류능 검토를 위하여 Case 1 – Case 6까지의 결과를 비교하였다.

보조 여수로의 단독 운영 시 기존 여수로 운영 시 보다 하류하천의 대안부의 최대 유속(Vmax)은 약 3% 감소하였으며, 이는 보조 여수로의 하천 유입각이 기존 여수로 보다 7°작으며 유입하천의 폭이 증가하여 유속이 감소한 것으로 판단된다. 대안부의 최대 유속 발생위치는 하류 쪽으로 이동하였으며 교량으로 인한 단면의 축소로 최대유속이 발생하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 보조 여수로의 배분량(Qa)이 증가함에 따라 하류하천 대안부의 최대 유속이 증가하였다. 하천호안 설계기준에서 제시하고 있는 허용유속(Vp)과 비교한 결과, 계획홍수량(Qp)의 45% 이하(Case 5 & 6)를 보조 여수로에서 방류하게 되면 허용 유속(5.0 m/s)조건을 만족하여 호안안정성을 확보하였다(Fig. 3 참조). 허용유속 외에도 대안부에서의 소류력을 산정하여 하천호안 설계기준에서 제시한 허용 소류력(τp)과 비교한 결과, 유속과 동일하게 보조 여수로의 방류량이 계획홍수량의 45% 이하일 경우 허용소류력(0.28 kN/m²) 조건을 만족하였다(Fig. 4 참조). 각 Case 별 호안설계조건과 비교한 결과는 Table 5에 제시하였다.

하류하천의 수위도 기존 여수로 운영 시 보다 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 최대 수위(ηmax)가 약 2% 감소하는 효과를 보였으며 최대 수위 발생위치는 수충부로 여수로 방류시 처오름에 의한 수위 상승으로 판단된다. 기존 여수로의 단독운영(Case 1)의 수위(ηref)를 기준으로 보조 여수로의 방류량이 증가함에 따라 수위는 증가하였으나 계획홍수량의 58%까지 방류할 경우 월류에 대한 안정성(ηmax/ηref<0.97(=기설제방고))은 확보되었다(Fig. 5 참조). 그러나 계획홍수량 조건에서는 월류에 대한 위험성이 존재하기 때문에 기존여수로와 보조여수로의 적절한 방류량 배분 조합을 도출하는 것이 중요하다고 판단되어 진다.

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Fig. 2

Region of interest in this study

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Fig. 3

Maximum velocity and location of Vmax according to Q_a

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Fig. 4

Maximum shear according to Q_a

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Fig. 5

Maximum water surface elevation and location of ηmax according to Q_a

Table 5.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 1 ~ Case 6)

Case	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
1 (Q_a = 0)	9.15	0.54	No Good	No Good
2 (Q_a = Q_p)	8.87	0.56	No Good	No Good
3 (Q_a = 0.58Q_p)	6.53	0.40	No Good	No Good
4 (Q_a = 0.48Q_p)	6.22	0.36	No Good	No Good
5 (Q_a = 0.45Q_p)	4.22	0.12	Accpet	Accpet
6 (Q_a = 0.32Q_p)	4.04	0.14	Accpet	Accpet

2.3.3 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로 방류량 배분 검토

기존 여수로 및 보조 여수로 단독운영에 따른 하류하천 및 호안의 안정성 평가를 수행한 결과 계획홍수량 방류 시 하류하천 대안부에서 호안 설계 조건(허용유속 및 허용 소류력)을 초과하였으며, 처오름에 의한 수위 상승으로 월류에 대한 위험성 증가를 확인하였다. 따라서 계획 홍수량 조건에서 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 방류량 배분을 통하여 호안 안정성을 확보하고 하류하천에 방류로 인한 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 배분조합(Case 7 ~ Case 10)을 검토하였다. Case 7은 기존 여수로와 보조여수로의 배분 비율을 균등하게 적용한 경우이고, Case 8은 기존 여수로의 배분량이 보조 여수로에 비하여 많은 경우, Case 9는 보조 여수로의 배분량이 기존 여수로에 비하여 많은 경우를 의미한다. 최대유속을 비교한 결과 보조 여수로의 배분 비율이 큰 경우 기존 여수로의 배분량에 의하여 흐름이 하천 중심에 집중되어 대안부의 유속을 저감하는 효과를 확인하였다. 보조여수로의 방류량 배분 비율이 증가할수록 기존 여수로 대안부 측(0.00<X/L<0.27, Section 1) 유속 분포는 감소하였으나, 신규여수로 대안부 측(0.27<X/L<1.00, Section 2) 유속은 증가하는 것을 확인하였다(Fig. 6 참조). 그러나 유속 저감 효과에도 대안부 전구간에서 설계 허용유속 조건을 초과하여 제방의 안정성을 확보하지는 못하였다. 소류력 산정 결과 유속과 동일하게 보조 여수로의 방류량이 기존 여수로의 방류량 보다 크면 감소하는 것을 확인하였고 일부 구간에서는 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하는 것을 확인하였다(Fig. 7 참조).

따라서 유속 저감효과가 있는 배분 비율 조건(Qa>Qe)에서 Section 2에 유속 저감에 영향을 미치는 기존 여수로 방류량 배분 비율을 증가시켜 추가 검토(Case 10)를 수행하였다. 단독운영과 비교 시 하류하천에 유입되는 유량은 증가하였음에도 불구하고 기존 여수로 방류량에 의해 흐름이 하천 중심으로 집중되는 현상에 따라 대안부의 유속은 단독 운영에 비하여 감소하는 것을 확인하였고(Fig. 8 참조), 호안 설계 허용유속 및 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하는 구간이 발생하여 호안 안정성도 확보한 것으로 판단되었다. 최종적으로 각 Case 별 수위 결과의 경우 여수로 동시 운영을 수행하게 되면 대안부 전 구간에서 월류에 대한 안정성(ηmax/ηref<0.97(=기설제방고))은 확보하였다(Fig. 9 참조). 각 Case 별 대안부에서 최대 유속결과 및 산정한 소류력은 Table 6에 제시하였다.

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Fig. 6

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

/media/sites/ksds/2021-014-02/N0240140207/images/ksds_14_02_07_F7.jpg

Fig. 7

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

/media/sites/ksds/2021-014-02/N0240140207/images/ksds_14_02_07_F8.jpg

Fig. 8

Velocity results of FLOW-3D (a: auxiliary spillway operation only , b : simultaneous operation of spillways)

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Fig. 9

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Table 6.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 7 ~ Case 10)

Case (Q_e & Q_a)	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2
7 Qe : 0.50QpQa : 0.50Qp	8.10	6.23	0.64	0.30	No Good	No Good	No Good	No Good
8 Qe : 0.61QpQa : 0.39Qp	8.88	6.41	0.61	0.34	No Good	No Good	No Good	No Good
9 Qe : 0.39QpQa : 0.61Qp	6.22	7.33	0.24	0.35	No Good	No Good	Accept	No Good
10 Qe : 0.42QpQa : 0.58Qp	6.39	4.79	0.30	0.19	No Good	Accept	No Good	Accept

2.3.4 방류량 배분 비율의 허용 방류량 검토

계획 홍수량 방류 시 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 배분 비율 검토 결과 Case 10(Q_e = 0.42Q_p, Q_a = 0.58Q_p)에서 방류에 따른 하류 하천의 피해를 최소화시킬 수 있는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 대안부 전 구간에 대하여 호안 설계조건을 만족하지 못하였다. 따라서 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 방류 배분 비율을 고정시킨 후 총 방류량을 조절하여 허용 방류량을 검토하였다(Case 11 ~ Case 14).

호안 안정성 측면에서 검토한 결과 계획홍수량 대비 총 방류량이 감소하면 최대 유속 및 최대 소류력이 감소하고 최종적으로 계획 홍수량의 77%를 방류할 경우 하류하천의 대안부에서 호안 설계조건을 모두 만족하는 것을 확인하였다(Fig. 10, Fig. 11 참조). 각 Case 별 대안부에서 최대 유속결과 및 산정한 소류력은 Table 7에 제시하였다. 또한 Case 별 수위 검토 결과 처오름으로 인한 대안부 전 구간에서 월류에 대한 안정성(ηmax/ηref<0.97(=기설제방고))은 확보하였다(Fig. 12 참조).

Table 7.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 11 ~ Case 14)

Case (Qe & Qa)	Maximum Velocity (Vmax, m/s)	Maximum Shear (τmax, kN/m²)	Evaluation in terms of Vp	Evaluation in terms of τp
Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2	Section 1	Section 2
11 Qe : 0.32QpQa : 0.45Qp	3.63	4.53	0.09	0.26	Accept	Accept	Accept	Accept
12 Qe : 0.35QpQa : 0.48Qp	5.74	5.18	0.23	0.22	No Good	No Good	Accept	Accept
13 Qe : 0.38QpQa : 0.53Qp	6.70	4.21	0.28	0.11	No Good	Accept	Accept	Accept
14 Qe : 0.41QpQa : 0.56Qp	6.54	5.24	0.28	0.24	No Good	No Good	Accept	Accept

/media/sites/ksds/2021-014-02/N0240140207/images/ksds_14_02_07_F10.jpg

Fig. 10

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

/media/sites/ksds/2021-014-02/N0240140207/images/ksds_14_02_07_F11.jpg

Fig. 11

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

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Fig. 12

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

3. 결 론

본 연구에서는 홍수 시 기존 여수로의 노후화로 인한 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 대하여 하류하천의 호안 안정성 측면에서 검토하였다. 여수로 방류로 인한 하류하천의 흐름특성을 검토하기 위하여 3차원 수치모형인 FLOW-3D를 활용하였고, 여수로 지형은 치수능력 증대사업을 통하여 완공된 ○○댐의 제원을 이용하였다. 하류하천 조도 계수 및 여수로 방류량은 하천기본계획을 참고하여 적용하였다. 최종적으로 여수로 방류로 인한 하류하천의 피해를 최소화 시킬 수 있는 적절한 보조 여수로의 활용방안을 도출하기 위하여 보조 여수로 단독 운영과 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영에 따른 하류 하천의 흐름특성 및 소류력의 변화를 검토하였다.

수문은 완전 개도 상태에서 방류한다는 가정으로 계획 홍수량 조건에서 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 하류하천 대안부의 유속 및 수위를 검토한 결과 기존 여수로 단독운영에 비하여 최대 유속 및 최대 수위가 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이는 보조 여수로 단독 운영 시 하류하천으로 유입각도가 작아지고, 유입되는 하천의 폭이 증가되기 때문이다. 그러나 계획 홍수량 조건에서 하천호안 설계기준에서 제시한 허용 유속(5.0 m/s)과 허용 소류력(0.28 kN/m²)과 비교하였을 때 호안 안정성을 확보하지 못하였으며, 계획홍수량의 45% 이하 방류 시에 대안부의 호안 안정성을 확보하였다. 수위의 경우 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부에서 처오름 현상이 발생하여 월류에 대한 위험성을 확인하였고 이를 통하여 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영 방안을 도출하는 것이 중요하다고 판단된다. 따라서 기존 여수로와의 동시 운영 측면에서 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 배분 비율 및 총 방류량을 변화시켜가며 하류 하천의 흐름특성 및 소류력의 변화를 검토하였다. 배분 비율의 경우 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 균등 배분(Case 7) 및 편중 배분(Case 8 & Case 9)을 검토하여 보조 여수로의 방류량이 기존 여수로의 방류량보다 큰 경우 하류하천의 중심부로 집중되어 대안부의 최대유속, 최대소류력 및 최대수위가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 근거로 기존 여수로의 방류 비율을 증가(Q_e=0.42Q_p, Q_a=0.58Q_p)시켜 검토한 결과 대안부 일부 구간에서 허용 유속 및 허용소류력 조건을 만족하는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통하여 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로의 동시 운영을 통하여 적절한 방류량 배분 비율을 도출하는 것이 방류로 인한 하류하천의 피해를 저감하는데 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 설계홍수량 방류 시 전 구간에서 허용 유속 및 소류력 조건을 만족하지 못하였다. 최종적으로 전체 방류량에서 기존 여수로의 방류 비율을 42%, 보조 여수로의 방류 비율을 58%로 설정하여 허용방류량을 검토한 결과, 계획홍수량의 77%이하로 방류 시 대안부의 최대유속은 기존여수로 방류의 지배영향구간(section 1)에서 3.63 m/s, 기존 여수로와 보조 여수로 방류의 영향구간(section 2)에서 4.53 m/s로 허용유속 조건을 만족하였고, 산정한 소류력도 각각 0.09 kN/m² 및 0.26 kN/m²로 허용 소류력 조건을 만족하여 대안부 호안의 안정성을 확보하였다고 판단된다.

본 연구 결과는 기후변화 및 기존여수로의 노후화로 인하여 홍수 시 기존여수로의 단독운영으로 하류하천의 피해가 발생할 수 있는 현시점에서 치수증대 사업으로 완공된 보조 여수로의 활용방안에 대한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있고, 향후 계획 홍수량 유입 시 최적의 배분 비율 및 허용 방류량 도출에 이용할 수 있다. 다만 본 연구는 여수로 방류에 따른 제방에 작용하는 수충력은 검토하지 못하고, 허용 유속 및 허용소류력은 제방과 유수의 방향이 일정한 구간에 대하여 검토하였다. 또한 여수로 방류에 따른 대안부에서의 영향에 대해서만 검토하였고 수문 전면 개도 조건에서 검토하였다는 한계점은 분명히 있다. 이에 향후에는 다양한 수문 개도 조건 및 방류 시나리오를 적용 및 검토하여 보다 효율적이고, 효과적인 보조 여수로 활용방안을 도출하고자 한다.

Acknowledgements

본 결과물은 K-water에서 수행한 기존 및 신규 여수로 효율적 연계운영 방안 마련(2021-WR-GP-76-149)의 지원을 받아 연구되었습니다.

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8 부산국토관리청 (2009). 낙동강수계 하천기본계획(변경). 부산: 부산국토관리청.
9 전태명, 김형일, 박형섭, 백운일 (2006). 수리모형실험과 수치모의를 이용한 비상여수로 설계-임하댐. 한국수자원학회 학술발표회. 1726-1731.
10 한국수자원공사 (2021). 댐관리 규정. 대전: 한국수자원공사.

원문 보기

Figure 17. Longitudinal turbulent kinetic energy distribution on the smooth and triangular macroroughnesses: (A) Y/2; (B) Y/6.

Numerical Simulations of the Flow Field of a Submerged Hydraulic Jump over Triangular Macroroughnesses

Triangular Macroroughnesses 대한 잠긴 수압 점프의 유동장 수치 시뮬레이션

by Amir Ghaderi^1,2 ,Mehdi Dasineh³,Francesco Aristodemo² andCostanza Aricò^4,*¹Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 537138791, Iran²Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy³Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 8311155181, Iran⁴Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy^*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.Academic Editor: Anis YounesWater2021, 13(5), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050674

Abstract

The submerged hydraulic jump is a sudden change from the supercritical to subcritical flow, specified by strong turbulence, air entrainment and energy loss. Despite recent studies, hydraulic jump characteristics in smooth and rough beds, the turbulence, the mean velocity and the flow patterns in the cavity region of a submerged hydraulic jump in the rough beds, especially in the case of triangular macroroughnesses, are not completely understood. The objective of this paper was to numerically investigate via the FLOW-3D model the effects of triangular macroroughnesses on the characteristics of submerged jump, including the longitudinal profile of streamlines, flow patterns in the cavity region, horizontal velocity profiles, streamwise velocity distribution, thickness of the inner layer, bed shear stress coefficient, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and energy loss, in different macroroughness arrangements and various inlet Froude numbers (1.7 < Fr₁ < 9.3). To verify the accuracy and reliability of the present numerical simulations, literature experimental data were considered.

Keywords: submerged hydraulic jump; triangular macroroughnesses; TKE; bed shear stress coefficient; velocity; FLOW-3D model

수중 유압 점프는 강한 난류, 공기 동반 및 에너지 손실로 지정된 초임계에서 아임계 흐름으로의 급격한 변화입니다. 최근 연구에도 불구하고, 특히 삼각형 거시적 거칠기의 경우, 평활 및 거친 베드에서의 수압 점프 특성, 거친 베드에서 잠긴 수압 점프의 공동 영역에서 난류, 평균 속도 및 유동 패턴이 완전히 이해되지 않았습니다.

이 논문의 목적은 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 스트림 방향 속도 분포, 두께를 포함하여 서브머지드 점프의 특성에 대한 삼각형 거시 거칠기의 영향을 FLOW-3D 모델을 통해 수치적으로 조사하는 것이었습니다.

내부 층의 층 전단 응력 계수, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE) 및 에너지 손실, 다양한 거시 거칠기 배열 및 다양한 입구 Froude 수(1.7 < Fr1 < 9.3). 현재 수치 시뮬레이션의 정확성과 신뢰성을 검증하기 위해 문헌 실험 데이터를 고려했습니다.

Introduction

격렬한 난류 혼합과 기포 동반이 있는 수압 점프는 초임계에서 아임계 흐름으로의 변화 과정으로 간주됩니다[1]. 자유 및 수중 유압 점프는 일반적으로 게이트, 배수로 및 둑과 같은 수력 구조 아래의 에너지 손실에 적합합니다. 매끄러운 베드에서 유압 점프의 특성은 널리 연구되었습니다[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].

베드의 거칠기 요소가 매끄러운 베드와 비교하여 수압 점프의 특성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 예측하기 위해 거시적 거칠기에 대한 자유 및 수중 수력 점프에 대해 여러 실험 및 수치 연구가 수행되었습니다. Ead와 Rajaratnam[10]은 사인파 거대 거칠기에 대한 수리학적 점프의 특성을 조사하고 무차원 분석을 통해 수면 프로파일과 배출을 정규화했습니다.

Tokyayet al. [11]은 두 사인 곡선 거대 거칠기에 대한 점프 길이 비율과 에너지 손실이 매끄러운 베드보다 각각 35% 더 작고 6% 더 높다는 것을 관찰했습니다. Abbaspur et al. [12]는 6개의 사인파형 거대 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 연구했습니다. 그 결과, 꼬리수심과 점프길이는 평상보다 낮았고 Froude 수는 점프길이에 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다.

Shafai-Bejestan과 Neisi[13]는 수압 점프에 대한 마름모꼴 거대 거칠기의 영향을 조사했습니다. 결과는 마름모꼴 거시 거칠기를 사용하면 매끄러운 침대와 비교하여 꼬리 수심과 점프 길이를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났습니다. Izadjoo와 Shafai-Bejestan[14]은 다양한 사다리꼴 거시 거칠기에 대한 수압 점프를 연구했습니다.

그들은 전단응력계수가 평활층보다 10배 이상 크고 점프길이가 50% 감소하는 것을 관찰하였습니다. Nikmehr과 Aminpour[15]는 Flow-3D 모델 버전 11.2[16]를 사용하여 사다리꼴 블록이 있는 거시적 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 조사했습니다. 결과는 거시 거칠기의 높이와 거리가 증가할수록 전단 응력 계수뿐만 아니라 베드 근처에서 속도가 감소하는 것으로 나타났습니다.

Ghaderi et al. [17]은 다양한 형태의 거시 거칠기(삼각형, 정사각형 및 반 타원형)에 대한 자유 및 수중 수력 점프 특성을 연구했습니다. 결과는 Froude 수의 증가에 따라 자유 및 수중 점프에서 전단 응력 계수, 에너지 손실, 수중 깊이, 미수 깊이 및 상대 점프 길이가 증가함을 나타냅니다.

자유 및 수중 점프에서 가장 높은 전단 응력과 에너지 손실은 삼각형의 거시 거칠기가 존재할 때 발생했습니다. Elsebaie와 Shabayek[18]은 5가지 형태의 거시적 거칠기(삼각형, 사다리꼴, 2개의 측면 경사 및 직사각형이 있는 정현파)에 대한 수력학적 점프의 특성을 연구했습니다. 결과는 모든 거시적 거칠기에 대한 에너지 손실이 매끄러운 베드에서보다 15배 이상이라는 것을 보여주었습니다.

Samadi-Boroujeni et al. [19]는 다양한 각도의 6개의 삼각형 거시 거칠기에 대한 수력 점프를 조사한 결과 삼각형 거시 거칠기가 평활 베드에 비해 점프 길이를 줄이고 에너지 손실과 베드 전단 응력 계수를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났습니다.

Ahmed et al. [20]은 매끄러운 베드와 삼각형 거시 거칠기에서 수중 수력 점프 특성을 조사했습니다. 결과는 부드러운 침대와 비교할 때 잠긴 깊이와 점프 길이가 감소했다고 밝혔습니다. 표 1은 다른 연구자들이 제시한 과거의 유압 점프에 대한 실험 및 수치 연구의 세부 사항을 나열합니다.

Table 1. Main characteristics of some past experimental and numerical studies on hydraulic jumps.

Reference	Shape Bed-Channel Type- Jump Type	Channel Dimension (m)	Roughness (mm)	Fr₁	Investigated Flow Properties
Ead and Rajaratnam [10]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL¹ = 7.60 CW² = 0.44 CH³ = 0.60	-Corrugated sheets (RH⁴ = 13 and 22)	4–10	-Upstream and tailwater depths-Jump length-Roller length-Velocity-Water surface profile
Tokyay et al. [11]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL = 10.50 CW = 0.253 CH = 0.432	-Two sinusoidal corrugated (RH = 10 and 13)	5–12	-Depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss
Izadjoo and Shafai-Bejestan [14]	-Smooth and rough beds-Two rectangular-channel-Free jump	CL = 1.2, 9 CW = 0.25, 0.50 CH = 0.40	Baffle with trapezoidal cross section (RH: 13 and 26)	6–12	-Upstream and tailwater depths-Jump length-Velocity-Bed shear stress coefficient
Abbaspour et al. [12]	-Horizontal bed with slope 0.002-Rectangular channel—smooth and rough beds-Free jump	CL = 10 CW = 0.25 CH = 0.50	-Sinusoidal bed (RH = 15,20, 25 and 35)	3.80–8.60	-Water surface profile-Depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss-Velocity profiles-Bed shear stress coefficient
Shafai-Bejestan and Neisi [13]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free jump	CL = 7.50 CW = 0.35 CH = 0.50	Lozenge bed	4.50–12	-Sequent depth-Jump length
Elsebaie and Shabayek [18]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-With side slopes of 45 degrees for two trapezoidal and triangular macroroughnesses and of 60 degrees for other trapezoidal macroroughnesses-Free jump	CL = 9 CW = 0.295 CH = 0.32	-Sinusoidal-Triangular-Trapezoidal with two side-Rectangular-(RH = 18 and corrugation wavelength = 65)	50	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Bed shear stress coefficient
Samadi-Boroujeni et al. [19]	-Rectangular channel-Smooth and rough beds-Free jump	CL = 12 CW = 0.40 CH = 0.40	-Six triangular corrugated (RH = 2.5)	6.10–13.10	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Energy loss-Velocity profiles-Bed shear stress coefficient
Ahmed et al. [20]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Submerged jump	CL = 24.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular corrugated sheet (RH = 40)	1.68–9.29	-Conjugated and tailwater depths-Submerged ratio-Deficit depth-Relative jump length-Jump length-Relative roller jump length-Jump efficiency-Bed shear stress coefficient
Nikmehr and Aminpour [15]	-Horizontal bed with slope 0.002-Rectangular channel-Rough bed-Free jump	CL = 12 CW = 0.25 CH = 0.50	-Trapezoidal blocks (RH = 2, 3 and 4)	5.01–13.70	-Water surface profile-Sequent depth-Jump length-Roller length-Velocity
Ghaderi et al. [17]	-Smooth and rough beds-Rectangular channel-Free and submerged jump	CL = 4.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular, square and semi-oval macroroughnesses (RH = 40 and distance of roughness of I = 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200)	1.70–9.30	-Horizontal velocity distributions-Bed shear stress coefficient-Sequent depth ratio and submerged depth ratio-Jump length-Energy loss
Present study	Rectangular channel Smooth and rough beds Submerged jump	CL = 4.50 CW = 0.75 CH = 0.70	-Triangular macroroughnesses (RH = 40 and distance of roughness of I = 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200)	1.70–9.30	-Longitudinal profile of streamlines-Flow patterns in the cavity region-Horizontal velocity profiles-Streamwise velocity distribution-Bed shear stress coefficient-TKE-Thickness of the inner layer-Energy loss

CL¹: channel length, CW²: channel width, CH³: channel height, RH⁴: roughness height.

이전에 논의된 조사의 주요 부분은 실험실 접근 방식을 기반으로 하며 사인파, 마름모꼴, 사다리꼴, 정사각형, 직사각형 및 삼각형 매크로 거칠기가 공액 깊이, 잠긴 깊이, 점프 길이, 에너지 손실과 같은 일부 자유 및 수중 유압 점프 특성에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 조사합니다.

베드 및 전단 응력 계수. 더욱이, 저자[17]에 의해 다양한 형태의 거시적 거칠기에 대한 수력학적 점프에 대한 이전 발표된 논문을 참조하면, 삼각형의 거대조도는 가장 높은 층 전단 응력 계수 및 에너지 손실을 가지며 또한 가장 낮은 잠긴 깊이, tailwater를 갖는 것으로 관찰되었습니다.

다른 거친 모양, 즉 정사각형 및 반 타원형과 부드러운 침대에 비해 깊이와 점프 길이. 따라서 본 논문에서는 삼각형 매크로 거칠기를 사용하여(일정한 거칠기 높이가 T = 4cm이고 삼각형 거칠기의 거리가 I = 4, 8, 12, 16 및 20cm인 다른 T/I 비율에 대해), 특정 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE) 및 흐름 방향 속도 분포와 같은 연구가 필요합니다.

CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) 방법은 자유 및 수중 유압 점프[21]와 같은 복잡한 흐름의 모델링 프로세스를 수행하는 중요한 도구로 등장하며 수중 유압 점프의 특성은 CFD 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 정확하게 예측할 수 있습니다 [22,23 ].

본 논문은 초기에 수중 유압 점프의 주요 특성, 수치 모델에 대한 입력 매개변수 및 Ahmed et al.의 참조 실험 조사를 제시합니다. [20], 검증 목적으로 보고되었습니다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 캐비티 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 내부 층의 두께, 베드 전단 응력 계수, TKE 및 에너지 손실과 같은 특성을 조사할 것입니다.

Figure 1. Definition sketch of a submerged hydraulic jump at triangular macroroughnesses.

Table 2. Effective parameters in the numerical model.

Bed Type	Q (l/s)	I (cm)	T (cm)	d (cm)	y₁ (cm)	y₄ (cm)	Fr₁= u₁/(gy₁)^0.5	S	Re₁= (u₁y₁)/υ
Smooth	30, 45	–	–	5	1.62–3.83	9.64–32.10	1.7–9.3	0.26–0.50	39,884–59,825
Triangular macroroughnesses	30, 45	4, 8, 12, 16, 20	4	5	1.62–3.84	6.82–30.08	1.7–9.3	0.21–0.44	39,884–59,825

Figure 2. Longitudinal profile of the experimental flume (Ahmed et al. [20]).

Table 3. Main flow variables for the numerical and physical models (Ahmed et al. [20]).

Models	Bed Type	Q (l/s)	d (cm)	y₁ (cm)	u₁ (m/s)	Fr₁
Numerical and Physical	Smooth	45	5	1.62–3.83	1.04–3.70	1.7–9.3
	T/I = 0.5	45	5	1.61–3.83	1.05–3.71	1.7–9.3
	T/I = 0.25	45	5	1.60–3.84	1.04–3.71	1.7–9.3

Figure 3. The boundary conditions governing the simulations.

Table 4. Characteristics of the computational grids.

Mesh	Nested Block Cell Size (cm)	Containing Block Cell Size (cm)
1	0.55	1.10
2	0.65	1.30
3	0.85	1.70

Table 5. The numerical results of mesh convergence analysis.

Parameters	Amounts
f_s₁ (-)	7.15
f_s₂ (-)	6.88
f_s₃ (-)	6.19
K (-)	5.61
E₃₂ (%)	10.02
E₂₁ (%)	3.77
GCI₂₁ (%)	3.03
GCI₃₂ (%)	3.57
GCI₃₂/r^p GCI₂₁	0.98

Figure 5. Time changes of the flow discharge in the inlet and outlet boundaries conditions (A): Q = 0.03 m3/s (B): Q = 0.045 m3/s.

Figure 6. The evolutionary process of a submerged hydraulic jump on the smooth bed—Q = 0.03 m3/s.

Figure 7. Numerical versus experimental basic parameters of the submerged hydraulic jump. (A): y3/y1; and (B): y4/y1.

Figure 8. Velocity vector field and flow pattern through the gate in a submerged hydraulic jump condition: (A) smooth bed; (B) triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 9. Velocity vector distributions in the x–z plane (y = 0) within the cavity region.

Figure 10. Typical vertical distribution of the mean horizontal velocity in a submerged hydraulic jump [46].

Figure 11. Typical horizontal velocity profiles in a submerged hydraulic jump on smooth bed and triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 12. Horizontal velocity distribution at different distances from the sluice gate for the different T/I for Fr1 = 6.1

Figure 13. Stream-wise velocity distribution for the triangular macroroughnesses with T/I = 0.5 and 0.25.

Figure 14. Dimensionless horizontal velocity distribution in the submerged hydraulic jump for different Froude numbers in triangular macroroughnesses.

Figure 15. Spatial variations of (umax/u1) and (δ⁄y1).

Figure 16. The shear stress coefficient (ε) versus the inlet Froude number (Fr1).

Figure 18. The energy loss (EL/E3) of the submerged jump versus inlet Froude number (Fr1).

Conclusions

본 논문에서는 유선의 종방향 프로파일, 공동 영역의 유동 패턴, 수평 속도 프로파일, 스트림 방향 속도 분포, 내부 층의 두께, 베드 전단 응력 계수, 난류 운동 에너지(TKE)를 포함하는 수중 유압 점프의 특성을 제시하고 논의했습니다. ) 및 삼각형 거시적 거칠기에 대한 에너지 손실. 이러한 특성은 FLOW-3D® 모델을 사용하여 수치적으로 조사되었습니다. 자유 표면을 시뮬레이션하기 위한 VOF(Volume of Fluid) 방법과 난류 RNG k-ε 모델이 구현됩니다. 본 모델을 검증하기 위해 평활층과 삼각형 거시 거칠기에 대해 수치 시뮬레이션과 실험 결과를 비교했습니다. 본 연구의 다음과 같은 결과를 도출할 수 있다.
개발 및 개발 지역의 삼각형 거시 거칠기의 흐름 패턴은 수중 유압 점프 조건의 매끄러운 바닥과 비교하여 더 작은 영역에서 동일합니다. 삼각형의 거대 거칠기는 거대 거칠기 사이의 공동 영역에서 또 다른 시계 방향 와류의 형성으로 이어집니다.
T/I = 1, 0.5 및 0.33과 같은 거리에 대해 속도 벡터 분포는 캐비티 영역에서 시계 방향 소용돌이를 표시하며, 여기서 속도의 크기는 평균 유속보다 훨씬 작습니다. 삼각형 거대 거칠기(T/I = 0.25 및 0.2) 사이의 거리를 늘리면 캐비티 영역에 크기가 다른 두 개의 소용돌이가 형성됩니다.
삼각형 거시조도 사이의 거리가 충분히 길면 흐름이 다음 조도에 도달할 때까지 속도 분포가 회복됩니다. 그러나 짧은 거리에서 흐름은 속도 분포의 적절한 회복 없이 다음 거칠기에 도달합니다. 따라서 거시 거칠기 사이의 거리가 감소함에 따라 마찰 계수의 증가율이 감소합니다.
삼각형의 거시적 거칠기에서, 잠수 점프의 지정된 섹션에서 최대 속도는 자유 점프보다 높은 값으로 이어집니다. 또한, 수중 점프에서 두 가지 유형의 베드(부드러움 및 거친 베드)에 대해 깊이 및 와류 증가로 인해 베드로부터의 최대 속도 거리는 감소합니다. 잠수 점프에서 경계층 두께는 자유 점프보다 얇습니다.
매끄러운 베드의 난류 영역은 게이트로부터의 거리에 따라 생성되고 자유 표면 롤러 영역 근처에서 발생하는 반면, 거시적 거칠기에서는 난류가 게이트 근처에서 시작되어 더 큰 강도와 제한된 스위프 영역으로 시작됩니다. 이는 반시계 방향 순환의 결과입니다. 거시 거칠기 사이의 공간에서 자유 표면 롤러 및 시계 방향 와류.
삼각 거시 거칠기에서 침지 점프의 베드 전단 응력 계수와 에너지 손실은 유입구 Froude 수의 증가에 따라 증가하는 매끄러운 베드에서 발견된 것보다 더 큽니다. T/I = 0.50 및 0.20에서 최고 및 최저 베드 전단 응력 계수 및 에너지 손실이 평활 베드에 비해 거칠기 요소의 거리가 증가함에 따라 발생합니다.
거의 거칠기 요소가 있는 삼각형 매크로 거칠기의 존재에 의해 주어지는 점프 길이와 잠긴 수심 및 꼬리 수심의 감소는 결과적으로 크기, 즉 길이 및 높이가 감소하는 정수조 설계에 사용될 수 있습니다.
일반적으로 CFD 모델은 다양한 수력 조건 및 기하학적 배열을 고려하여 잠수 점프의 특성 예측을 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 캐비티 영역의 흐름 패턴, 흐름 방향 및 수평 속도 분포, 베드 전단 응력 계수, TKE 및 유압 점프의 에너지 손실은 수치적 방법으로 시뮬레이션할 수 있습니다. 그러나 거시적 차원과 유동장 및 공동 유동의 변화에 대한 다양한 배열에 대한 연구는 향후 과제로 남아 있다.

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FLOW-3D 모형을 이용한 해상풍력기초 세굴현상 분석

박영진¹, 김태원^2*1 서일대학교 토목공학과, ² (주)지티이

Analysis of Scour Phenomenon around Offshore Wind Foundation using Flow-3D Mode

Abstract

국내․외에서 다양한 형태의 석유 대체에너지는 온실효과 가스를 배출하지 않는 청정에너지로 개발되고 있으며, 특히 해상풍력은 풍력 자원이 풍부하고 육상보다 풍력 감소가 상대적으로 작아 다양하게 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 해상 풍력기초의 세굴현상을 분석하기 위해서 Flow-3D 모형을 이용하여 모노 파일과 삼각대 파일 기초에 대하여 수치모의를 수행 하였다. 직경이 다른(D=5.0 m, d=1.69 m) 모노 파일 형식과 직경이 동일한(D=5.0 m) 모노파일에 대하여 세굴현상을 평가하 였다. 수치해석 결과, 동일한 직경을 가진 모노파일에서 하강류가 증가되었으며, 최대세굴심은 약 1.7배 이상 발생하였다. 삼각대 파일에 대하여 관측유속과 극치파랑 조건을 상류경계조건으로 각각 적용한 후 세굴현상을 평가하였다. 극치파랑조건 을 적용한 경우 최대 세굴심은 약 1.3배 정도 깊게 발생하였다. LES 모형을 적용하였을 경우 세굴심은 평형상태에 도달한 반면, RNG  모형은 해석영역 내 전반적으로 세굴현상이 발생하였으며, 세굴심은 평형상태에 도달하지 않았다. 해상풍 력기초에 대하여 세굴현상을 평가하기 위해서 수치모형 적용시 파랑조건 및 LES 난류모형을 적용하는 것이 타당할 것으로 판단된다.

Various types of alternative energy sources to petroleum are being developed both domestically and internationally as clean energy that does not emit greenhouse gases. In particular, offshore wind power has been studied because the wind resources are relatively limitless and the wind power is relatively smaller than onshore. In this study, to analyze the scour phenomenon around offshore wind foundations, mono pile and tripod pile foundations were simulated using a FLOW-3D model. The scour phenomenon was evaluated for mono piles: one is a pile with a 5 m diameter and d=1.69 m and the other is a pile with a 5 m diameter. Numerical analysis showed that in the latter, the falling-flow increased and the maximum scour depth occurred more than 1.7 times. For a tripod pile foundation, the measured velocity and the maximum wave condition were applied to the upstream boundary condition, respectively, and the scour phenomenon was evaluated. When the maximum wave condition was applied, the maximum scour depth occurred more than about 1.3 times. When the LES model was applied, the scour depth reached equilibrium, whereas the numerical results of the RNG model show that the scour phenomenon occurred in the entire boundary area and the scour depth did not reach equilibrium. To evaluate the scour phenomenon around offshore wind foundations, it is reasonable to apply the wave condition and the LES turbulence model to numerical model applications.

Keywords : Flow-3D, LES model, Mono pile, Offshore wind foundation, RNG k-e model, Scour phenomenon, Tripod pile

서론

지구환경문제에 대한 관심이 증가되고 있는 현실에 서, 풍력발전은 석유 대체에너지로서 뿐만 아니라, 이산 화탄소 등 온실효과 가스를 배출하지 않는 청청에너지의 발전방식으로 국내․외에서 개발이 증가되고 있다. 특 히, 해상풍력은 풍력 자원이 풍부하고, 육상보다 풍력 감 소가 상대적으로 작아 전기 출력량이 크기 때문에 신재 생에너지원 확보 차원에서 국내․외 해상풍력단지 사업 계획이 수립되어 추진되고 있는 실정이다. Fig. 1은 세계 최대 네델란드 해상풍력단지인 Nysted Offshore Wind Farm의 사진이다.

하천 내 교각 주변에서 세굴 현상은 발생하며 교각의 안정성 측면에서 세굴보호공을 설치한다. 해양에서 해상 풍력발전 기초를 설치할 경우 구조물로 인해 교란된 흐 름은 세굴을 유발시킨다. 따라서 해상풍력기초를 계획할 경우 안정성 측면에서 세굴현상을 검토할 필요가 있다. 특히 하천의 경우 교각 세굴보호공에 대하여 다양한 공 법들이 설계에 반영되고 있으나, 해양구조물 기초에 대 한 연구는 미흡한 상태이다.

이에 본 연구에서는 수치모 형을 이용하여 해상풍력기초에 대한 세굴현상을 분석하 였다. 수치모형을 이용하여 세굴현상을 예측함에 있어서 본 연구와 연관된 연구동향으로는 양원준과 최성욱(2002) 은 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용하여 세굴영향 평가를 함에 있어서 난류모형을 비교․분석 하였다. 전반적으로 수리 모형실험 자료와 좀 더 잘 일치하는 난류모형은 LES 모 형으로 분석되었다[1]. 여창건 등(2010)은 세굴영향 평 가를 위해 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용할 경우 세굴에 미치 는 중요한 인자에 대하여 매개변수 민감도분석을 수행하 였다.

검토결과, 세굴에 민감한 변수는 유사의 입경, 세 굴조절계수, 안식각 등의 순서로 민감한 것으로 검토되 었다[2]. 오명학 등(2012)은 해상풍력발전기초 시설 주 변에서 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용하여 세굴영향 검토를 수 행하였다. 오명학 등이 검토한 지역은 본 연구 지역과 동 일한 지역이나 경계조건 및 세굴평가에서 가장 중요한 평균입경이 다르다. 세굴검토를 위해 수치모형에 입력한 경계조건은 대조기 창조 최강유속 1.0 m/s을 상류경계조 건으로, 평균입경은 0.0353 mm를 적용하였다. 이와 같은 조건에서 모노파일에서 발생하는 최대세굴심은 약 5.24 m로 분석되었다[3].

Stahlmann과 Schlurmann(2010)은 본 과업에서 적용할 해상풍력기초와 유사한 기초를 가진 구조물에 대하여 수리모형실험을 수행하였다. 연구대상 지역은 독일 해안가에 의한 해상풍력단지에 대하여 삼각 대 형식의 해상풍력기초에 대하여 1/40과 1/12 축척으로 각각 수리모형실험을 수행하였다. 1/40과 1/12 축척에 따라서 세굴분포양상 및 최대세굴심의 위치가 다르게 관 측되었다[4].

본 연구에서는 3차원 수치모형인 Flow-3D를 이용하 여 세굴현상을 평가함에 있어서, 파일 형상 변화, 경계조 건이 다른 경우 및 서로 다른 난류모형을 적용하였을 경 우에 대하여 수치해석이 국부세굴 현상에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 이와 같은 연구는 향후 수치모형을 이용하 여 해상풍력발전 기초에 대하여 세굴현상을 평가함에 있 어서 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Fig. 3. Boundary Area and Grid of Flow-3D

Fig. 5. Velocity Development around Monopile

Fig. 6. Flow Phenomenon and Scour around Tripod Pile Foundation

Fig. 7. Scour according to Turbulence Models(RNG k-e & LES Model)

결론

본 연구에서는 해상풍력기초 형식이 모노파일과 삼각 대 파일일 경우 세굴현상을 평가하기 위해서 3차원 수치 모형인 Flow-3D를 이용하였다. 직경이 서로 다른(D=5.0 m, d=1.69 m) 모노파일과 직경이 동일한(D=5.0 m) 모노파일에 대하여 LES 모형 을 적용하여 세굴현상을 평가하였다. 서로 다른 직경을 가진 모노파일 주변에서 최대 세굴심은 4.13 m, 동일한 직경을 가진 모노파일 주변에서는 7.13 m의 최대 세굴 심이 발생하였다. 또한 동일한 직경을 가진 파일에서 하 강류가 증가되어 최대세굴심이 증가된 것으로 분석되었 다. 수치해석 결과, 세굴에 대한 기초의 안정성 측면에서 서로 다른 직경을 가진 기초 형식이 유리한 것으로 분석 되었다. 수치모형을 이용하여 세굴현상을 평가함에 있어서 경 계조건 및 난류모형의 선정은 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 직경을 가진 삼각대 형식의 해상풍력기초에 대하여 상류경계조건으로 관측유속과 극치파랑조건을 각각 적용하였을 경우 세굴현상을 평가하였다. 극치파랑 조건을 적용하였을 경우가 최대세굴심이 약 1.3배 정도 깊게 발생하였다. 또한 극치파랑조건에서 RNG 과 LES 모형을 적용하여 세굴현상을 평가하였다. LES 모 형을 적용하였을 경우 파일 주변에서 세굴현상이 발생하 였으며, 세굴심은 일정시간이 경과된 후에는 증가되지 않는 평형상태에 도달하였다. 그러나 RNG 모형을 적용한 경우는 평형상태에 도달하지 않고 계속해서 세굴 이 진행되어 세굴심을 평가할 수 없었다. 현재 해양구조 물 기초에 대한 세굴현상 연구는 미흡한 상태로 하천에 서 교각 세굴현상을 검토하기 위해서 적용되는 경계조건 을 적용하기보다는 해상 조건인 파랑조건을 적용하여 검 토하는 것이 기초의 안정성 측면에서 유리할 것으로 판 단된다. 또한 정확한 세굴현상을 예측하기 위해서는 RNG 모형보다는 LES 모형을 적용하는 것이 타당 할 것으로 판단된다. 향후 해상풍력기초에 대한 세굴관측을 수행하여 수치 모의 결과와 비교․분석이 필요하며, 또한 다양한 파랑 조건에서 난류모형에 대한 비교․분석이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.858424

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Flow on the inclined drop with bat-shaped elements: (a) Non-submerged flow

Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering

Rasoul Daneshfaraz*, Ehsan Aminvash**, Silvia Di Francesco***, Amir Najibi**, John Abraham****

토목공학의 수치해석법

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to provide a method to increase energy dissipation on an inclined drop. Therefore, three types of rough elements with cylindrical, triangular and batshaped geometries are used on the inclined slope in the relative critical depth range of 0.128 to 0.36 and the effect of the geometry of these elements is examined using Flow 3D software. The results showed demonstrate that the downstream relative depth obtained from the numerical analysis is in good agreement with the laboratory results. The application of rough elements on the inclined drop increased the downstream relative depth and also the relative energy dissipation. The application of rough elements on the sloping surface of the drop significantly reduced the downstream Froude number, so that the Froude number in all models ranging from 4.7~7.5 to 1.45~3.36 also decreased compared to the plain drop. Bat-shaped elements are structurally smaller in size, so the use of these elements, in addition to dissipating more energy, is also economically viable.

이 연구의 주요 목적은 경사진 낙하에서 에너지 소산을 증가시키는 방법을 제공하는 것입니다. 따라서 0.128 ~ 0.36의 상대 임계 깊이 범위에서 경사면에 원통형, 삼각형 및 박쥐 모양의 형상을 가진 세 가지 유형의 거친 요소가 사용되며 이러한 요소의 형상의 영향은 Flow 3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 조사됩니다. 결과는 수치 분석에서 얻은 하류 상대 깊이가 실험실 결과와 잘 일치함을 보여줍니다. 경 사진 낙하에 거친 요소를 적용하면 하류 상대 깊이와 상대 에너지 소산이 증가했습니다. 낙차 경사면에 거친 요소를 적용하면 하류의 Froude 수를 크게 감소시켜 4.7~7.5에서 1.45~3.36 범위의 모든 모델에서 Froude 수도 일반 낙차에 비해 감소했습니다. 박쥐 모양의 요소는 구조적으로 크기가 더 작기 때문에 더 많은 에너지를 분산시키는 것 외에도 이러한 요소를 사용하는 것이 경제적으로도 가능합니다.

Keywords: Downstream depth, Energy dissipation, Froude number, Inclined drop, Roughness elements

Introduction

급수 네트워크 시스템, 침식 수로, 수처리 시스템 및 경사가 큰 경우 흐름 에너지를 더 잘 제어하기 위해 경사 방울을 사용할 수 있습니다. 낙하 구조는 지반의 자연 경사를 설계 경사로 변환하여 에너지 소산, 유속 감소 및 수심 증가를 유발합니다. 따라서 흐름의 하류 에너지를 분산 시키기 위해 에너지 분산 구조를 사용할 수 있습니다. 난기류와 혼합된 물과 공기의 형성은 에너지 소비를 증가 시키는 효과적인 방법입니다. 흐름 경로에서 거칠기 요소를 사용하는 것은 에너지 소산을 위한 알려진 방법입니다. 이러한 요소는 흐름 경로에 배치됩니다. 그들은 종종 에너지 소산을 증가시키기 위해 다른 기하학적 구조와 배열을 가지고 있습니다. 이 연구의 목적은 직사각형 경사 방울에 대한 거칠기 요소의 영향을 조사하는 것입니다.

Fig. 2: Geometric and hydraulic parameters of an inclined drop equipped with roughness elements

Fig. 3: Views of the incline with (a) Bat-shaped, (b) Cylindrical, (c) Triangular roughness elements

Fig. 4: Geometric profile of inclined drop and boundary conditions with the bat-shape roughness element

Fig. 5: Variation of the RMSE varying cell size

Fig. 6: Numerical and laboratory comparison of the downstream relative depth

Fig. 7: Flow profile on inclined drop in discharge of 5 L/s: (a) Without roughness elements; (b) Bat-shaped roughness element; (c) Cylindrical roughness element; (d) Triangular roughness element

Fig. 8: Relative edge depth versus the relative critical depth

Fig. 9: Flow on the inclined drop with bat-shaped elements: (b) Submerged flow

Fig. 10: Relative downstream depth versus the relative critical depth

Fig. 11: Relative downstream depth versus the relative critical depth

Conclusions

현재 연구에서 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 한 높이, 한 각도, 밀도 15% 및 지그재그 배열에서 삼각형, 원통형 및 박쥐 모양의 형상을 가진 세 가지 유형의 거칠기 요소를 사용하여 경사 낙하 수리학적 매개변수에 대한 거칠기 요소 형상의 영향 평가되었다. VOF 방법을 사용하여 자유 표면 흐름을 시뮬레이션하고 초기에 3개의 난류 모델 RNG, k-ɛ 및 kω를 검증에 사용하고 이를 검토한 후 RNG 방법을 사용하여 다른 모델을 시뮬레이션했습니다. 1- 수치 결과에서 얻은 부드러운 경사 방울의 하류 상대 깊이는 실험실 데이터와 매우 좋은 상관 관계가 있으며 원통형 요소가 장착 된 경사 방울의 상대 에지 깊이 값이 가장 높았습니다. 2- 하류 상대깊이는 임계상대깊이가 증가함에 따라 상승하는 경향을 나타내어 박쥐형 요소를 구비한 경사낙하와 완만한 경사낙하가 각각 하류상대깊이가 가장 높고 가장 낮았다. 3- 하류 깊이의 증가로 인해 상대적 임계 깊이가 증가함에 따라 상대적 에너지 소산이 감소합니다. 한편, 가장 높은 에너지 소산은 박쥐 모양의 요소가 장착된 경사 낙하와 관련이 있으며 가장 낮은 에너지 소산은 부드러운 낙하와 관련이 있습니다. 삼각형, 원통형 및 박쥐 모양의 거친 요소가 장착된 드롭은 부드러운 드롭보다 각각 65%, 76% 및 85% 더 많은 흐름 에너지를 소산합니다. 4- 낙차의 경사면에 거친 요소를 적용하여 다운 스트림 Froude 수를 크게 줄여 4.7 ~ 7.5에서 1.45 ~ 3.36까지의 모든 모델에서 Froude 수가 부드러운 낙하에 비해 감소했습니다. 또한, 다른 원소보다 부피가 작은 박쥐 모양의 거칠기의 부피로 인해 이러한 유형의 거칠기를 사용하는 것이 경제적입니다.

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Fig. 1. A) Computational domain showing the cylinder, the profiles PF1, PF2 and the mining pit as set-up in the laboratory (B).

Numerical analysis of water flow around a bridge pier in a sand mined channel

모래 채굴 수로에서 교각 주변의 물 흐름에 대한 수치 해석

Oscar HERRERA-GRANADOS^1,, Abhijit LADE^2,, Bimlesh KUMAR₃
¹ Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
email: Oscar.Herrera-Granados@pwr.edu.pl
^{2 3}Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
email: lade176104013@iitg.ac.in
email: bimk@iitg.ac.in

ABSTRACT

Extraction of sand from river beds has a variety of effects on the hydraulic and morphological characteristicsof the fluvial systems. Recent studies on mining pit have revealed that downstream reaches of the mining pitare more prone to erosion due to increased bed shear stresses. Bridge piers in the vicinity of such mining pitsare also prone to streambed instabilities due to turbulence alterations as suggested by a few recent studies.Thus, a numerical study was carried out to study the effects of a mining pit on the hydrodynamics around acircular pier. The numerical experiments were conducted with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codeFlow-3D, which can run several turbulence model closures. In this contribution, the authors applied theclassical RANS equations with the volume of fluid (VOF) method (Savage and Johnson, 2001).

강바닥에서 모래를 추출하는 것은 하강 시스템의 수력 학적 및 형태 학적 특성에 다양한 영향을 미칩니다. 광산 구덩이에 대한 최근 연구에 따르면 광산 구덩이의 하류 도달은 베드 전단 응력 증가로 인해 침식되기 쉽습니다. 이러한 광산 구덩이 근처의 교각은 최근 몇 가지 연구에서 제안한 바와 같이 난류 변화로 인해 유동 불안정성이 발생하기 쉽습니다. 따라서 원형 부두 주변의 유체 역학에 대한 광산 구덩이의 영향을 연구하기 위해 수치 연구가 수행되었습니다. 수치 실험은 CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 코드 Flow-3D로 수행되었으며, 여러 난류 모델 폐쇄를 실행할 수 있습니다. 이 공헌에서 저자는 VOF (volume of fluid) 방법 (Savage and Johnson, 2001)과 함께 고전적인 RANS 방정식을 적용했습니다.

1. Set-up and boundary conditions

두 번의 수치 실행 결과가 이 기여도에서 비교됩니다. 첫 번째 실험에서 0.044 [m3-s-1]의 정상 유량이 원통 부두가 있는 1.0 [m] 폭의 채널을 따라 흐르는 상류 경계 조건으로 설정되었습니다. 계산 영역은 IIT Guwahati 수력학 실험실 (Lade et al., 2019b)의 틸팅 유체 크기를 기반으로 정의됩니다. 두 번째 실행에서는 동일한 배출물이 실린더의 상류에 있는 준설 사다리꼴 구덩이와 함께 실린더 주위로 통과되었습니다. 구덩이의 깊이는 0.1 [m]이고 수로 전체에 걸쳐 확장되었습니다. 수로의 길이 방향을 따라 피트의 상단 너비는 0.67 [m], 하단 너비는 0.33 [m]였습니다.

이 연구의 주요 초점은 채굴 구덩이 (그림 1의 PF2)가있을 때 구덩이 하류 (그림 1의 PF1)와 실린더 하류의 흐름 특성의 변화를 조사하는 것이 었습니다. 따라서 채널 베드는 고정 베드 모델을 사용하여 시뮬레이션 되었습니다. 두 실험의 수압 조건은 CFD 경계 조건으로 설정된 표 1에 나와 있습니다. 배출구 (하류 경계 조건)는 실험실 기록 중에 측정된 수심을 사용하여 설정되었습니다 (Lade et al., 2019a).

Fig. 2. Output of the CFD model (velocity magnitude) without the sand pit (left side) and with the trapezoidal sand pit (right side).

Fig. 3. Output of the CFD model. Streamwise velocity ux, TKE as well as Lt profiles along the locations PF1 and PF2

References

Herrera-Granados O (2018) Turbulence flow modeling of one-sharp-groyne field. In Free surface flows and transport processes :
36th International School of Hydraulics. Geoplanet: Earth and Planetary Series. Springer IP AG, 207-218.
Lade AD, Deshpande V, Kumar B (2019a) Study of flow turbulence around a circular bridge pier in sand-mined stream channel.
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Water Management,https://doi.org/10.1680/jwama.19.00041
Lade AD, A, DT, Kumar B (2019b) Randomness in flow turbulence around a bridge pier in a sand
mined channel..Physica A 535 122426
Savage, BM, Johnson, M.C (2001). Flow over ogee spillway: Physical and numerical model case study. J. Hydraulic Eng.,
127(8), 640–649.

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Numerical simulation of energy dissipation in crescent-shaped contraction of the flow path

Authors

¹ Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Iran.
² M.sc student, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Iran.
³ M.sc student, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maragheh, Iran

Abstract

One of the methods of controlling and reducing flow energy is the use of energy dissipating structures and the formation of hydraulic jumps. One of these types of structures is the constriction elements in the flow path, which leads to a decrease in the energy of the passing flow. In the present study, the effect of crescent-shaped contraction as an energy dissipating structure in the supercritical flow path has been investigated using FLOW-3D software. Examining the simulation results, the RNG turbulence model due to its higher accuracy and lower relative error and absolute error percentage than other models, among the RNG turbulence models, k-ε, k-ω and LES was selected. In this study, the amplitude of the Froude number after the gate as the most effective dimensionless parameter in energy dissipation varied from 2.8 to 7.5 and the values of stenosis on both sides are 5 and 7.5 cm. The results show that in all cases of using the crescent-shaped contractions, the energy consumption due to the contraction is 5 and 7.5 cm, respectively, based on the energy drop relative to the upstream of 24.62% and 29.84% and compared to the downstream 46.14% and 48.42% more than the classic free jump. Also, by examining the obtained results, it was observed that the crescent-shaped contractions have a better performance in terms of energy loss compared to the sudden contraction, obtained from the studies of previous researchers. Based on the simulation results, with increasing the upstream Froude number, the relative energy dissipation to the upstream and downstream crescent-shaped contraction increased so that the use of contraction elements reduces the downstream Froude number of the contracted section in the range of 1.6 to 3/2.

흐름 에너지를 제어하고 줄이는 방법 중 하나는 에너지 소산 구조를 사용하고 유압 점프를 형성하는 것입니다. 이러한 유형의 구조 중 하나는 흐름 경로의 수축 요소로, 통과하는 흐름의 에너지를 감소시킵니다. 현재 연구에서는 초 임계 유동 경로에서 에너지 소산 구조로서 초승달 모양의 수축 효과가 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 조사되었습니다. 시뮬레이션 결과를 살펴보면 RNG 난류 모델 중 k-ε, k-ω, LES 중에서 다른 모델보다 정확도가 높고 상대 오차와 절대 오차 비율이 낮은 RNG 난류 모델을 선택했습니다. 이 연구에서 에너지 소산에서 가장 효과적인 무 차원 매개 변수 인 게이트 뒤의 Froude 수의 진폭은 2.8에서 7.5까지 다양했으며 양쪽의 협착 값은 5cm와 7.5cm입니다. 결과는 초승달 모양의 수축을 사용하는 모든 경우에서 수축으로 인한 에너지 소비는 각각 5cm와 7.5cm로 상류에 비해 에너지 강하가 24.62 % 및 29.84 %이고 하류와 비교됩니다. 고전적인 자유 점프보다 46.14 % 및 48.42 % 더 많습니다. 또한 얻어진 결과를 살펴보면 초승달 모양의 수축이 이전 연구자들의 연구에서 얻은 갑작스런 수축에 비해 에너지 손실 측면에서 더 나은 성능을 보이는 것으로 나타났습니다. 시뮬레이션 결과에 따르면 상류 Froude 수를 증가 시키면 상류 및 하류 초승달 모양의 수축에 대한 상대적 에너지 소산이 증가하여 수축 요소를 사용하면 수축 된 부분의 하류 Froude 수가 1.6 ~ 3/2 범위에서 감소합니다. .

Keywords

Figure 1. The push barge model in 1:20 geometrical scale during field experiments.

Experimental Method for the Measurements and Numerical Investigations of Force Generated on the Rotating Cylinder under Water Flow

by Teresa Abramowicz-Gerigk^1,*,Zbigniew Burciu¹,Jacek Jachowski¹,Oskar Kreft²,Dawid Majewski³,Barbara Stachurska³ ,Wojciech Sulisz³ andPiotr Szmytkiewicz³

¹Faculty of Navigation, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
²AREX Ltd., 81-212 Gdynia, Poland
³Institute of Hydro-Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-328 Gdansk, Poland
^*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Remco J. WiegerinkSensors2021, 21(6), 2216; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062216
Received: 20 January 2021 / Revised: 9 March 2021 / Accepted: 18 March 2021 / Published: 22 March 2021(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing in Flow Analysis)

Abstract

본 논문은 자유 표면 효과를 포함한 균일한 흐름 하에서 회전하는 실린더 (로터)에 발생하는 유체 역학적 힘의 실험 테스트 설정 및 측정 방법을 제시합니다. 실험 테스트 설정은 고급 유량 생성 및 측정 시스템을 갖춘 수로 탱크에 설치된 고유 한 구조였습니다.

테스트 설정은 로터 드라이브가 있는 베어링 장착 플랫폼과 유체 역학적 힘을 측정하는 센서로 구성되었습니다. 낮은 길이 대 직경 비율 실린더는 얕은 흘수 강 바지선의 선수 로터 방향타 모델로 선택되었습니다. 로터 역학은 최대 550rpm의 회전 속도와 최대 0.85m / s의 수류 속도에 대해 테스트되었습니다.

실린더의 낮은 종횡비와 자유 표면 효과는 생성 된 유체 역학적 힘에 영향을 미치는 현상에 상당한 영향을 미쳤습니다. 회전자 길이 대 직경 비율, 회전 속도 대 유속 비율 및 양력에 대한 레이놀즈 수의 영향을 분석했습니다. 실험 결과에 대한 계산 모델의 유효성이 표시됩니다. 결과는 시뮬레이션 및 실험에 대한 결과의 유사한 경향을 보여줍니다.

The paper presents the experimental test setup and measurement method of hydrodynamic force generated on the rotating cylinder (rotor) under uniform flow including the free surface effect. The experimental test setup was a unique construction installed in the flume tank equipped with advanced flow generating and measuring systems.

The test setup consisted of a bearing mounted platform with rotor drive and sensors measuring the hydrodynamic force. The low length to diameter ratio cylinders were selected as models of bow rotor rudders of a shallow draft river barge. The rotor dynamics was tested for the rotational speeds up to 550 rpm and water current velocity up to 0.85 m/s. The low aspect ratio of the cylinder and free surface effect had significant impacts on the phenomena influencing the generated hydrodynamic force. The effects of the rotor length to diameter ratio, rotational velocity to flow velocity ratio, and the Reynolds number on the lift force were analyzed. The validation of the computational model against experimental results is presented. The results show a similar trend of results for the simulation and experiment.

Keywords: rotating cylinder; force sensor with built-in amplifier; strain gauge sensor; CFD analysis

Figure 2. Scheme of the measurement area.

Figure 3. The force measuring part of the experimental test setup: (a) side view: 1—bearing-mounted platform, 2—drive system, 3—cylinder, 4—support frame, 5—force sensors, and 6—adjusting screw; (b) top view.

Figure 4. Location of the rotor, rotor drive, and supporting frame in the wave flume.

Figure 5. Lift force obtained from the measurements in the wave flume for different flow velocities and cylinder diameters.

Figure 6. Variation of the lift coefficient with rotation rate for various free stream velocities and various cylinder diameters—experimental results.

Figure 7. Boundary conditions for rotor-generated flow field simulation—computing domain with free surface level.

Figure 8. General view and the close-up of the rotor wall sector applied for the rotor simulation.

Figure 9. Structured mesh used in FLOW-3D and the FAVORTM technique—the original shape of the rotor and the shape of the object after FAVOR discretization technique for 3 mesh densities.

Figure 10. Parameter y+ for the studied turbulence models and meshes.

Figure 11. Results of numerical computations in time for the cylinder with D2 diameter at 500 rpm rotational speed and current speed V = 0.82 m/s using LES model in dependence of mesh density: (a) FX and (b) FY

Figure 12. Results of 3D flow simulation for V = 0.40 m/s: (a) perspective view of velocity field on the free surface, (b) top view of velocity field on the free surface, (c) velocity field in the horizontal plane at half-length section of the rotor, and (d) velocity field in the rotor symmetry plane.

Figure 13. Results of 3D flow simulation for V = 0.50 m/s: (a) perspective view of velocity field on the free surface, (b) top view of velocity field on the free surface, (c) velocity field in the horizontal plane at half-length section of the rotor, and (d) velocity field in the rotor symmetry plane.

Figure 14. Results of 3D flow simulation for V = 0.82 m/s: (a) perspective view of velocity field on the free surface, (b) top view of velocity field on the free surface, (c) velocity field in the horizontal plane at half-length section of the rotor, and (d) velocity field in the rotor symmetry plane.

Figure 15. Flow chart of validation of the computational model against experimental results.

Figure 16. Measured (EXP) and computed (CFD) lift force values.

결론

결론은 다음과 같습니다.
계산 결과가 일반적으로 실험 데이터와 일치하는 경우 계산 결과는 검증 된 것으로 간주되며 추가 예측에 사용할 수 있습니다. 검증 실험을 통해 메쉬 밀도와 난류 모델을 결정할 수있었습니다.
작은 전류 속도 0.4m / s 및 0.5m / s에서 직경 D3의 로터에 대해 계산 된 양력 값은 회전 속도가 200rpm 이상일 때의 실험 값과 달랐습니다. 그 이유는 실험 중에 관찰 된 강한 진동과 수치 시뮬레이션에서 모델링되지 않은 유동 분리 때문이었습니다.
D2 직경을 가진 로터의 경우 작은 rpm에서 양력의 반대 부호가 관찰되었습니다. 이 현상은 시뮬레이션 중에 관찰되지 않았습니다.
제시된 실험 테스트 설정은 드라이브,지지 구조물 및 측정 장치에 손상을 주지 않고 진동을 포함한 모든 현상을 관찰 할 수 있도록 구성되었습니다. Wang et al. [14]는 동일한 α 값에서 실린더 종횡비가 증가함에 따라 와류 유발 진동이 증가하는 것을 관찰했습니다.
실험의 원활한 진행은 장치 손상 가능성과 함께 약 4의 α에 영향을 미쳤습니다. 본 연구에서는 α = 4.8에서 시작하는 가장 큰 직경의 실린더에서 가장 강한 진동이 관찰되었습니다.
제시된 연구는 로터 생성 흐름의 능동적 제어에 대한 추가 연구의 첫 번째 부분으로 유체 역학적 힘의 신뢰할 수 있는 실험적 예측 방법을 설명했습니다 [22]. , 바람, 파도 [23].
논문의 참신함은 저상 실린더에 대해 회 전자에서 생성 된 유체 역학적 힘을 모델링 할 수있는 가능성에 대한 조사입니다.
이 방법의 주요 장점은 자유 표면 효과 및 유동 유도 회 전자 진동과 관련된 현상을 포함하여 회 전자 생성 유동장 및 유체 역학적 힘을 관찰 할 수 있다는 것입니다. 제안 된 테스트 설정 구성은 유체 역학적 힘의 매개 변수 연구, 스케일 효과 조사 및 낮은 전류 속도와 큰 회전 속도에서 큰 불일치가 확인 된 CFD 시뮬레이션 모델의 검증에 사용될 것입니다.

References

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FIGURA 4.9. DISTRIBUCIÓN DE PRESIONES SOBRE EL PANEL SUMERGIDO ELABORADO: Jurado – Oñate, 2020

Analysis of Sediment Transport Downstream of Submerged Panels Applying the Flow 3D Program

Jurado Amaluisa, Luis Alfredo
Oñate Oñate, Veronica Cristina

FLOW-3D 프로그램을 적용한 수중 패널의 하류 퇴적물 이동 분석

이 조사의 목적은 실험 모델 f Khaled Hamad의 박사 학위 논문 인 Submerged Vanes의 실험적 난류 분석을 기반으로 FLOW 3D 컴퓨터 패키지를 사용하여 3 차원 수치 모델링을 개발하여 수치 및 실험 모델 둘 사이의 속도와 압력 결과를 비교하는 것입니다.

이 조사는 모래층에 설치된 침수 베인과 상호 작용할 때 흐름의 거동을 평가하고 이러한 유형의 수력 구조물을 구현할 때 퇴적물 수송 능력이 어떻게 변하는지 분석했습니다.

보정된 모델을 얻기 위해 민감도 분석이 수행되었고 보정은 메쉬 크기, 계산 비용, 시뮬레이션 시간 및 난류 모델을 정의했습니다. 원하는 결과가 얻어 질 때까지 23 번의 테스트가 수행되었고 실험 모델과 같았습니다.

난류 분석은 보정 된 모델 속도, 레이놀즈 전단, 난류 운동 에너지 및 그 소산 속도, 난류 강도 및 Kolmogorov 스케일로 수행되었습니다. 실험 모델과 수치 모델에서 얻은 결과를 비교했습니다. 수치 모형과 실험 모형의 결과를 비교하여 차이와 오차의 비율을 결정하여 수치 모형의 값을 검증 하였습니다.

FIGURA 1.2. (ARRIBA) EROSIÓN DE UN BANCO DE SEDIMENTOS POR LA CORRIENTE NATURAL;(ABAJO) MITIGACIÓN DE LA EROSIÓN MEDIANTE LA INSTALACIÓN DE PANELES SUMERGIDOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)

FIGURA 1.3. REDISTRIBUCIÓN DEL FLUJO POR ACCIÓN DE PANELES SUMERGIDOS DENTRO DE UNA SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL DEL CANAL FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)

FIGURA 2.2. BOSQUEJO DE LA CIRCULACIÓN INDUCIDA POR UNA SERIE DE TRES PANELES SUMERGIDOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)

FIGURA 2.3. ESQUEMA QUE MUESTRA EL CAMBIO PROVOCADO POR TRES PANELES SUMERGIDOS EN EL PERFIL DE LA CAMA DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)

FIGURA 2.4. ESQUEMA DEL TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Sarango, 2013)

FIGURA 2.5. FORMAS DEL TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Garcia & Maza, 1996)

FOTOGRAFÍA 3.1. VISTA EN PLANTA DEL CANAL FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)

FOTOGRAFÍA 3.2. PANEL SUMERGIDO INSTALADO FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)

FOTOGRAFÍA 3.3. SISTEMA DE COORDENADAS DEL PANEL SUMERGIDO FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)

FOTOGRAFÍA 4.1. TOPOGRAFÍA FINAL DEL LECHO DE ARENA EN MODELO EXPERIMENTAL FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)

FIGURA 4.15. TOPOGRAFÍA FINAL DEL LECHO DE ARENA TRAZADA EN MATLAB FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)

TABLA 4.6. TENSIONES DE REYNOLDS TANTO PARA EL MODELO NUMÉRICO (PRUEBA 23) COMO PARA EL MODELO EXPERIMENTAL PARA LOS PUNTOS DE ESTUDIO

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Figure 5 - Modeling a simple lotus overflow symmetrically in FLOW-3D software

Flow-3D를 이용한 나팔형 여수로의 방류계수에 대한 와류방지 블레이드 45 도의 효과

Effect of Vortex Breaker Blades 45 Degree on Discharge Coefficient of Morning Glory Spillway Using Flow-3D

Authors

S. Noruzi1
and J. Ahadiyan2*
¹– M.Sc. Student, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.
^2*-Corresponding Author, Associate Professor, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran
University of Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

The discharge coefficient of morning glory spillway is decreased with eddies created by vortex at the inlet part of weir. However, a series of specific blades can reduce vortices which result in the spillway efficiency is increased. Hence, in this research numerical modeling of installed breaker blade on morning glory spillway was evaluated using Flow-3D model. To achieve these purposes, morning glory spillway was modeled without and with blades 3, 4 and 6 blades at 45 degree angle. To simulate the turbulence fluctuations, the modified k-e model (RNG k-e) was used and its results were compared to the experimental data. Results showed that by installing blades, the discharge coefficient increases up to 42 percent with 25 percent decreasing in the upstream water level. Moreover, among the three different arrangements of blades, the six-blade model was found to have more satisfactory results than other models. In comparison to control model, for H/D between 0 to 0.1 and 0.1 to 0.2 the discharge coefficient has been increased 40 and 57 percent for six-blade arrangement, respectively.

모닝 글로리의 방류계수는 위어 입구 부분의 와류에 의해 생성된 소용돌이로 감소합니다. 그러나 일련의 특정 블레이드는 와류를 줄여 여수로 효율성을 높일 수 있습니다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 모닝 글로리 여수로에 설치된 브레이커 블레이드의 수치 모델링을 FLOW-3D 모델을 사용하여 평가했습니다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 모닝 글로리 여수로는 45도 각도로 블레이드 3, 4 및 6 블레이드 있는 모델과 없는 모델로 모델링되었습니다. 난류 변동을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 수정된 k-e 모델 (RNG k-e)을 사용하고 그 결과를 실험 데이터와 비교했습니다. 결과에 따르면 블레이드를 설치하면 상류 수위가 25 % 감소하면서 배출 계수가 42 %까지 증가합니다. 또한 3 개의 서로다른 블레이드 배열 중 6 개 블레이드 모델이 다른 모델보다 더 만족스러운 결과를 나타냈다. 기본 모델과 비교하여 H / D가 0 ~ 0.1 및 0.1 ~ 0.2 인 경우, 6개 블레이드 배열에서 방류계수가 각각 40 % 및 57 % 증가했습니다.

Keywords

Figure 1 - Dimensions of the vortex blade — Figure 1 – Dimensions of the vortex blade

Figure 3 - A (Physical model of lotus overflow without blade, b) Physical model of lotus overflow with eddy blades. — Figure 3 – A (Physical model of lotus overflow without blade, b) Physical model of lotus overflow with eddy blades.

Figure 7 - Comparison of Ashley flow chart with numerical model and laboratory — Figure 7 – Comparison of Ashley flow chart with numerical model and laboratory

Figure 8 - Comparison of flow coefficient diagram - immersion ratio of numerical model with laboratory: a (overflow without blade, b) overflow with three blades, c (overflow with four blades, d) overflow with six blades — Figure 8 – Comparison of flow coefficient diagram – immersion ratio of numerical model with laboratory: a (overflow without blade, b) overflow with three blades, c (overflow with four blades, d) overflow with six blades

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Figure 1 - General diagram of the forehead and body of the concentrated

Laboratory and Numerical Study of Dynamics Salty Density Current in The Reservoirs

저수지의 동적 염분 흐름의 실험 및 수치해석적 연구

Authors

¹ Water resource expert Khuzestan Water and Power Authority
² shahid chamran univercity of ahwaz

Since the characteristics of density current is affected by different parameters, the effect of discharge rate changes, gradient and the concentration of density current on speed of the forehead and also the speed distribution in density current’s body have been investigated by physical and three-dimensional mathematical model (Flow-3d) in this research. For these purposes, different tests in the form of salty density current were done with three inflow discharge rates (0.7, 1 and 1.3 liters per second) and three different slopes (0, 1 and 2.2 percent). As well as to evaluate the effect of density changes on the flow characteristics, the concentration of 10, 15 and 20 grams per liter were used. In order to measure the speed of the forehead, velocity distribution in the body and its changes with flow, density and different slopes, video camera and ultrasound profiler speedometer were used in this study. Then, forehead speed and velocity distribution in the current’s body were achieved using six different turbulence models which are available on the software of “Flow-3D”. Comparing the results of physical and mathematical model showed that Eddy turbulence model and laminar flow mode have better accuracy in relation to other turbulent models. It should be noted that Reynolds number on experiments are at the range of 2000-4000.

밀도 흐름의 특성은 서로 다른 파라미터에 의해 영향을 받기 때문에 방출 속도 변화, 구배 및 밀도 흐름의 농도가 수두 속도에 미치는 영향과 밀도 흐름의 볼륨 속도 분포도 물리적 및 3차원 수학 모델(Flow-3d)에 의해 조사되었습니다.

이러한 목적을 위해 세 가지 유입 배출 속도(초당 0.7, 1 및 1.3L)와 세 가지 다른 경사도(0, 1, 2.2%)로 염분 밀도 흐름 형태의 다른 테스트가 수행되었습니다.

밀도 변화가 흐름 특성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 리터당 10, 15, 20g의 농도를 사용했습니다. 이 연구에서는 수두의 속도를 측정하기 위해 체내의 속도 분포와 흐름, 밀도 및 다양한 기울기와 함께 변화된 속도, 비디오 카메라 및 초음파 프로파일러 속도계를 사용했습니다.

그런 다음, “Flow-3D” 소프트웨어에서 사용할 수 있는 6가지 난류 모델을 사용하여 현재 볼륨의 수두 속도와 속도 분포를 달성했습니다.

물리적 모델과 수학적 모델의 결과를 비교한 결과, 에디 난류 모델과 층류 모드가 다른 난류 모델과 비교하여 더 나은 정확도를 가지고 있다는 것을 보여주었습니다.

레이놀즈 실험 번호는 2000-4000 범위라는 점에 유의해야 합니다.

Figure 2 – Dimensional profile of velocity distribution in concentrated flow (Graph and Altinacar, 1662)

Figure 1 - Schematic drawing of the physical model used — Figure 1 – Schematic drawing of the physical model used

Figure 0 - Sample of the concentrated flow created in the laboratory (front and body of concentrated flow) — Figure 0 – Sample of the concentrated flow created in the laboratory (front and body of concentrated flow)

Figure 6 - Mixing intensity values against Richardson number and comparing it with the results of other researchers — Figure 6 – Mixing intensity values against Richardson number and comparing it with the results of other researchers

Reference

1- حقی آبی، ا. 1383. بررسی اثر شیب کف بر پروفیل سرعت جریان غلیظ رساله دکتری رشته سازه های آبی ، دانشکده مهندسی علوم آب، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.

2- کاهه، م. قمشی، م. و س، ح، موسوی جهرمی، 1391. بررسی آزمایشگاهی سرعت پیشروی جریان غلیظ بر روی سطوح زبر. علوم و مهندسی آبیاری، 35(1): 101-110.

3- کشتکار، ش. ایوب زاده، س ع. و ب، فیروزآبادی، 1389 . بررسی پروفیل سرعت و غلظت جریان گل آلود با استفاده از مدل فیزیکی. پژوهش‌های آبخیزداری،87(2): 43-36.

4- کوتی، ف. کاشفی پور، س، م. و م قمشی، 1391. تجزیه و تحلیل پروفیل های سرعت در جریان غلیظ. مجله ی علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، علوم آب و خاک، 59: 29-15.

5- Altinakar, M.S., Graf, W.H. and , E.J, Hopfinger. 1990. Weakly depositing turbidity current on a small slope. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 28(1): 55-80.

6- Baas, J.H. McCaffrey, W.D. Haughton P.D.W. and C, Choux. 2005. Coupling between suspended sediment distribution and turbulence structure in a laboratory turbidity current. Journal of Geophysics Research, 110: 20-32.

7- Barahmand, N. and A, Shamsai. 2010. Experimental and theoretical study of density jumps on smooth and rough beds”. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 15(4): 285-307.

8- Britter, R.E. and P, Linden. 1980.The motion of the front of a gravity current traveling down an incline. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 99(3): 531- 543.

9- Buckee, C. Kneller, B. and J, Peakall. 2001. Turbulence structure in steady solute-driven gravity currents Blackwell Oxford pp, 173-188.

10- Choux, C.M.A. Baas, J.H. McCaffrey, W.D. and P.D.W, Haughton. 2005. Comparison of spatio–temporal evolution of experimental particulate gravity flows at two different initial concentrations based on velocity grain size and density data. Sedimentary Geology, 179: 49-69.

11- FathiMoghadam, M. TorabiPoudeh, H. Ghomshi, M. and M, Shafaei. 2008. The density current head velocity in expansion reaches. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 13(1): 63-68.

12- Ghomeshi, M. 1995. Reservoir sedimentationmodeling. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Wollongong. Australia.

Graf, W.H. and M, S, Altinakar. 1998. Fluvial Hydraulics, Flow and Transport Processes in Channels of Simple Geometry. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, England.

14- Ieong, K, K. Mok, K,M. and H, Yeh. 2006. Fluctuation of the front propagation speed of developed gravity current. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 18(3): 351-355.

15- LaRocca, M. Adduce, C. Sciortino, G. And A, B, Pinzon. 2008. Experimental and numerical simulation of three-dimensional gravity currents on smooth and rough bottom. Physics of Fluids, 20, 106603.

16- McCaffrey, W, D. Choux, C, M. Baas, J, H. And P, D, W, Haughton. 2003. Spatio-temporal evolution of velocity structure concentration and grainsize stratification within experimental particulate gravity currents. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 20: 851-860.

17- Sequeiros, O, E. Spinewine, B. Beaubouef, R, T. Sun, T. Garcia, H. M., and G, Parker. 2010. Characteristics of Velocity and Excess Density Profiles of Saline Underflows and Turbidity Currents Flowing over a Mobile Bed”. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 136(7): 167-180.

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19- Yu, W, S. Lee, H, Y. And M, S, Hsu. 2000. Experiments on deposition behavior of fine in a reservoir. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 126(12): 912-920.

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Studying the effect of shape changes in plan of labyrinth weir on increasing flow discharge coefficient using Flow-3D numerical model

FLOW-3D 수치 모델을 이용하여 미로 위어 평면도의 형상 변화가 유량 계수 증가에 미치는 영향 연구

E. Zamiri 1
, H. Karami 2*
and S. Farzin3
1- M.S. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
2
*

Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan
University, Semnan, Iran. (hkarami@semnan.ac.ir).
3- Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

Keywords: : Flood control, Sidewall angle, Predicting discharge coefficient, Computational hydraulic,

Introduction

Weirs are hydraulic structures used to measure, regulate and control the water levels and are
fixed upon open channels and rivers width. Growing magnitude of probable maximum flood
events (PMF) has highlighted the demand for increasing discharge capacity. Application of
labyrinth weir has been suggested as a solution for increasing discharge capacity.
Tullis et al. (1995) evaluated the effective parameters in determining the capacity of a labyrinth
weir. They introduced total head, the effective crest length and the discharge coefficient as
parameters influencing the discharge capacity of a labyrinth weir. Khode et al. (2011)
experimentally studied the parameters of a flow-over labyrinth weir for different side wall angles
(α) from 8 to 30°. They found that discharge coefficient increases by growing side wall angle
values.
Crookston and Tullis (2012a) studied performance of different labyrinth weirs by making
differences between geometric shapes of weirs in plan. The results indicated that discharge
capacity of the arced labyrinth weirs is more than the discharge capacity of horseshoe weirs.
Seo et al. (2016) investigated the effect of weir shapes on discharge of weirs. It was shown that
the discharge of the labyrinth weir had an increase of approximately 71% in comparison with the
linear ogee weir.
In this research, labyrinth weir with sidewall angle equal to 6° was simulated through Flow3D model, using experimental results of previous researchers. After validation, the changes of
discharge coefficient of weir with angles of 45° and 85° and apex shapes of triangular and halfcircular shapes were analyzed.

Weirs는 수위를 측정, 조절 및 제어하는 데 사용되는 수력 구조물이며 열린 수로 및 강 폭에 고정됩니다. 예상되는 최대 홍수 사건 (PMF)의 규모가 커짐에 따라 배출 용량 증가에 대한 요구가 강조되었습니다. 미로 위어 (labyrinth weir)의 적용은 배출 용량을 증가시키기 위한 해결책으로 제안 되었습니다.

Tullis et al. (1995)는 미로 위어의 용량을 결정하는데 효과적인 매개 변수를 평가했습니다. 그들은 미로 위어의 배출 용량에 영향을 미치는 매개 변수로 총 수두, 유효 문장 길이 및 배출 계수를 도입했습니다.

Khode et al. (2011)은 8 ~ 30 °의 다양한 측벽 각도 (α)에 대한 유동-오버 래비 린스 위어의 매개 변수를 실험적으로 연구했습니다.

그들은 측벽 각도 값이 증가함에 따라 방전 계수가 증가한다는 것을 발견했습니다. Crookston과 Tullis (2012a)는 평면에서 위어의 기하학적 모양을 차이를 만들어 서로 다른 미로 위어의 성능을 연구했습니다.

결과는 호형 미로 위어의 배출 용량이 말굽 위어의 배출 용량보다 더 많다는 것을 나타냅니다. Seo et al. (2016)은 위어의 배출에 대한 위어 모양의 영향을 조사했습니다. 미로 위어의 배출량은 선형 오지 위어에 비해 약 71 % 증가한 것으로 나타났습니다.

이 연구에서는 이전 연구자들의 실험 결과를 사용하여 Flow3D 모델을 통해 측벽 각도가 6 ° 인 미로 위어를 시뮬레이션했습니다. 검증 후 각 45 °, 85 °의 위어의 배출 계수 변화와 삼각형 및 반원 형태의 정점 형태를 분석 하였다.

Fig.1- Schematic of trapezoidal, triangular, and rectangular congressional overflow

Fig.3- Plan of geometric parameters of congressional overflow

Fig. 4- The boundary conditions of the congressional overflow model

Fig.5- View of a simulated congressional overflow

Fig. 6- Comparison of discharge coefficients resulted from numerical and experimental models

Fig.7- The relationship between Cd and Q for different angles of the congressional overflow wall

Fig. 8- The relationship between Cd and HT/p for different angles of the congressional overflow wall

Table 3- The correlation of Q and HT/p with Cd for different angles of the overflow wall

Fig. 9- The congressional overflow with linear, semicircular and triangular spans

Fig. 10- The relationship between Cd and Q for different forms of congressional overflow

Fig. 11- The relationship of Cd and HT/p under different forms of congressional overflow

Fig. 12- The relationship Cd other/Cd simple and HT/p in a congressional overflow

Fig. 13- Comparison of discharge coefficients resulted from a numerical model and proposed relation

Fig. 14- Comparison of Cd from the present study and other studies for 6 angle congressional overflow

Fig. 15- The relationship between the discharge coefficient and HT/p for 6 ◦ angle congressional overflow

Results

오버행의 넘침 흐름을 증가시키는 것이 중요하기 때문에 본 연구에서는 넘침 벽의 돌출부에 6, 45 및 85 도의 세 가지 값을 채점하고 넘침 개구부에 삼각형 및 반원 모양을 제안함으로써 , 오버 플로우의 오버 플로우 계수를 변경하여 3D 숫자 래치를 사용하십시오.

Irene Par Vahsh Bareh에서 얻은 결과는 다음과 같습니다.

1- 흐름을 따라 포병의 범람 벽 각도를 늘리면 방출 계수가 증가합니다. 벽 각도가 85도 및 45 도인 포병의 범람 계수는 벽 각도가 6 도인 범람 계수 평균의 2.28 및 1.24 배입니다.

2-구부러진 양고기를 먹은 상태에서 배수로 모양의 변화는 배출 계수를 증가시킨다. 삼각형과 비 삼각형 개구부가있는 오버플로의 배출 계수는 온대 개구부가있는 오버플로의 배출 계수에 비해 양고기가 50.29 및 4.16 % 증가했습니다.

3- 오버플로 양 (p / HT)의 부하와 함께 부하 부하의 무 차원 비율 값을 늘리면 혼잡 한 오버플로의 방전 계수가 감소합니다. 또한 p <HT / 0.5의 값에서 세 가지 형태의 오버플로 개구에 대한 배출 계수의 값은 서로 가깝고 오버플로 모양의 각 끝은 값에서 동일한 기능을 갖습니다. p / HT <0.5. 4-유량이 증가함에 따라 유량 계수가 감소합니다.

References

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Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering (JISE)

FLOW-3D 모델을 사용하여 오리피스 업스트림의 종 방향 및 횡 방향 속도 프로파일 모델링

Modeling Longitudinal and Transverse Velocity Profiles Upstream of an Orifice Using the FLOW-3D Model

Authors

¹ MS Student, Department of Water Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

² Professor, Department of Water Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

³ shahid chamran university

Abstract

Due to the crisis of water scarcity, water resources management has become inevitable in Iran. Dam reservoirs are among the most important used water resources. Construction of a dam on a river reduces the flow velocity in the reservoir, finally resulting in the deposit of sediments in it. The depositing of sediments in the dam reservoir reduces its useful volume and disturbs the dam’s performance in terms of water storage. Therefore, solutions have always been proposed to manage and discharge sediments in the reservoir during the service period. In this regard, pressurized flushing is a common solution for eliminating sediments. In this method, by opening the bottom gates, the upstream water pressure discharges the sediments through the orifice. The volume of the exited sediments is a function of factors, such as gate diameter, sediments type and size, water height upstream the gate, and outflow discharge. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effect of the mentioned factors on the volume of sediments exited from an orifice. Shahmirzadi et al. (2010) experimentally evaluated the effect of the diameter of bottom dischargers on the dimensions of the flushing cone. Powell and Khan (2015) conducted tests to investigate the flow pattern upstream of a dam orifice under the fixed bed and equilibrium scour (mobile bed) conditions. Their results demonstrated that the velocity’s horizontal component was almost equal for both fixed and equilibrium scour conditions. The same conditions were also the case for the vertical component of the velocity.

Keywords : Flushing, orifice, turbulence model, shear stress

물 부족의 위기로 이란에서는 수자원 관리가 불가피해졌습니다. 댐 저수지는 가장 중요한 사용 수자원 중 하나 입니다. 강에 댐을 건설하면 저수지의 유속이 감소하여 결국 침전물이 퇴적됩니다. 댐 저수지에 퇴적물이 쌓이면 유용한 부피가 줄어들고 물 저장 측면에서 댐의 성능이 저하됩니다.

따라서 서비스 기간 동안 저수지의 퇴적물을 관리하고 배출하는 솔루션이 항상 제안 되었습니다. 이와 관련하여 가압 플러싱은 침전물 제거를 위한 일반적인 솔루션입니다.

이 방법에서는 하단 게이트를 열면 상류 수압이 오리피스를 통해 퇴적물을 배출합니다. 배출된 퇴적물의 부피는 게이트 직경, 퇴적물의 유형 및 크기, 게이트 상류의 수위, 유출 배출과 같은 요인의 함수입니다.

오리피스에서 배출되는 퇴적물의 양에 대한 언급 된 요인의 영향에 대한 수많은 연구가 수행되었습니다. Shahmirzadi et al. (2010)은 바닥 배출기의 직경이 플러싱 콘의 치수에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 평가했습니다.

Powell and Khan (2015)은 고정층 아래의 댐 오리피스 상류의 유동 패턴과 평형 수색 (이동 층) 조건을 조사하기 위해 테스트를 수행했습니다. 그들의 결과는 속도의 수평 성분이 고정 및 평형 수색 조건 모두에서 거의 동일하다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 속도의 수직 성분에 대해서도 동일한 조건이 적용되었습니다.

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The 3D computational domain model (50–18.6) slope change, and boundary condition for (50–30 slope change) model.

Numerical investigation of flow characteristics over stepped spillways

Güven, Aytaç
Mahmood, Ahmed Hussein
Water Supply (2021) 21 (3): 1344–1355.
https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.283 Article history

Abstract

Spillways are constructed to evacuate flood discharge safely so that a flood wave does not overtop the dam body. There are different types of spillways, with the ogee type being the conventional one. A stepped spillway is an example of a nonconventional spillway. The turbulent flow over a stepped spillway was studied numerically by using the Flow-3D package. Different fluid flow characteristics such as longitudinal flow velocity, temperature distribution, density and chemical concentration can be well simulated by Flow-3D. In this study, the influence of slope changes on flow characteristics such as air entrainment, velocity distribution and dynamic pressures distribution over a stepped spillway was modelled by Flow-3D. The results from the numerical model were compared with an experimental study done by others in the literature. Two models of a stepped spillway with different discharge for each model were simulated. The turbulent flow in the experimental model was simulated by the Renormalized Group (RNG) turbulence scheme in the numerical model. A good agreement was achieved between the numerical results and the observed ones, which are exhibited in terms of graphics and statistical tables.

배수로는 홍수가 댐 몸체 위로 넘치지 않도록 안전하게 홍수를 피할 수 있도록 건설되었습니다. 다른 유형의 배수로가 있으며, ogee 유형이 기존 유형입니다. 계단식 배수로는 비 전통적인 배수로의 예입니다. 계단식 배수로 위의 난류는 Flow-3D 패키지를 사용하여 수치적으로 연구되었습니다.

세로 유속, 온도 분포, 밀도 및 화학 농도와 같은 다양한 유체 흐름 특성은 Flow-3D로 잘 시뮬레이션 할 수 있습니다. 이 연구에서는 계단식 배수로에 대한 공기 혼입, 속도 분포 및 동적 압력 분포와 같은 유동 특성에 대한 경사 변화의 영향을 Flow-3D로 모델링 했습니다.

수치 모델의 결과는 문헌에서 다른 사람들이 수행한 실험 연구와 비교되었습니다. 각 모델에 대해 서로 다른 배출이 있는 계단식 배수로의 두 모델이 시뮬레이션되었습니다. 실험 모델의 난류 흐름은 수치 모델의 Renormalized Group (RNG) 난류 계획에 의해 시뮬레이션되었습니다. 수치 결과와 관찰 된 결과 사이에 좋은 일치가 이루어졌으며, 이는 그래픽 및 통계 테이블로 표시됩니다.

HIGHLIGHTS

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A numerical model was developed for stepped spillways.
The turbulent flow was simulated by the Renormalized Group (RNG) model.
Both numerical and experimental results showed that flow characteristics are greatly affected by abrupt slope change on the steps.

Keyword

CFD, numerical modelling, slope change, stepped spillway, turbulent flow

INTRODUCTION

댐 구조는 물 보호가 생활의 핵심이기 때문에 물을 저장하거나 물을 운반하는 전 세계에서 가장 중요한 프로젝트입니다. 그리고 여수로는 댐의 가장 중요한 부분 중 하나로 분류됩니다. 홍수로 인한 파괴 나 피해로부터 댐을 보호하기 위해 여수로가 건설됩니다.

수력 발전, 항해, 레크리에이션 및 어업의 중요성을 감안할 때 댐 건설 및 홍수 통제는 전 세계적으로 매우 중요한 문제로 간주 될 수 있습니다. 많은 유형의 배수로가 있지만 가장 일반적인 유형은 다음과 같습니다 : ogee 배수로, 자유 낙하 배수로, 사이펀 배수로, 슈트 배수로, 측면 채널 배수로, 터널 배수로, 샤프트 배수로 및 계단식 배수로.

그리고 모든 여수로는 입구 채널, 제어 구조, 배출 캐리어 및 출구 채널의 네 가지 필수 구성 요소로 구성됩니다. 특히 롤러 압축 콘크리트 (RCC) 댐 건설 기술과 더 쉽고 빠르며 저렴한 건설 기술로 분류 된 계단식 배수로 건설과 관련하여 최근 수십 년 동안 많은 계단식 배수로가 건설되었습니다 (Chanson 2002; Felder & Chanson 2011).

계단식 배수로 구조는 캐비테이션 위험을 감소시키는 에너지 소산 속도를 증가시킵니다 (Boes & Hager 2003b). 계단식 배수로는 다양한 조건에서 더 매력적으로 만드는 장점이 있습니다.

계단식 배수로의 흐름 거동은 일반적으로 낮잠, 천이 및 스키밍 흐름 체제의 세 가지 다른 영역으로 분류됩니다 (Chanson 2002). 유속이 낮을 때 nappe 흐름 체제가 발생하고 자유 낙하하는 낮잠의 시퀀스로 특징 지워지는 반면, 스키밍 흐름 체제에서는 물이 외부 계단 가장자리 위의 유사 바닥에서 일관된 흐름으로 계단 위로 흐릅니다.

또한 주요 흐름에서 3 차원 재순환 소용돌이가 발생한다는 것도 분명합니다 (예 : Chanson 2002; Gonzalez & Chanson 2008). 계단 가장자리 근처의 의사 바닥에서 흐름의 방향은 가상 바닥과 가상으로 정렬됩니다. Takahashi & Ohtsu (2012)에 따르면, 스키밍 흐름 체제에서 주어진 유속에 대해 흐름은 계단 가장자리 근처의 수평 계단면에 영향을 미치고 슈트 경사가 감소하면 충돌 영역의 면적이 증가합니다. 전이 흐름 체제는 나페 흐름과 스키밍 흐름 체제 사이에서 발생합니다. 계단식 배수로를 설계 할 때 스키밍 흐름 체계를 고려해야합니다 (예 : Chanson 1994, Matos 2000, Chanson 2002, Boes & Hager 2003a).

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 즉 수력 공학의 수치 모델은 일반적으로 물리적 모델에 소요되는 총 비용과 시간을 줄여줍니다. 따라서 수치 모델은 실험 모델보다 빠르고 저렴한 것으로 분류되며 동시에 하나 이상의 목적으로 사용될 수도 있습니다. 사용 가능한 많은 CFD 소프트웨어 패키지가 있지만 가장 널리 사용되는 것은 FLOW-3D입니다. 이 연구에서는 Flow 3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 유량이 서로 다른 두 모델에 대해 계단식 배수로에서 공기 농도, 속도 분포 및 동적 압력 분포를 시뮬레이션합니다.

Roshan et al. (2010)은 서로 다른 수의 계단 및 배출을 가진 계단식 배수로의 두 가지 물리적 모델에 대한 흐름 체제 및 에너지 소산 조사를 연구했습니다. 실험 모델의 기울기는 각각 19.2 %, 12 단계와 23 단계의 수입니다. 결과는 23 단계 물리적 모델에서 관찰 된 흐름 영역이 12 단계 모델보다 더 수용 가능한 것으로 간주되었음을 보여줍니다. 그러나 12 단계 모델의 에너지 손실은 23 단계 모델보다 더 많았습니다. 그리고 실험은 스키밍 흐름 체제에서 23 단계 모델의 에너지 소산이 12 단계 모델보다 약 12 % 더 적다는 것을 관찰했습니다.

Ghaderi et al. (2020a)는 계단 크기와 유속이 다른 정련 매개 변수의 영향을 조사하기 위해 계단식 배수로에 대한 실험 연구를 수행했습니다. 그 결과, 흐름 체계가 냅페 흐름 체계에서 발생하는 최소 scouring 깊이와 같은 scouring 구멍 치수에 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 또한 테일 워터 깊이와 계단 크기는 최대 scouring깊이에 대한 실제 매개 변수입니다. 테일 워터의 깊이를 6.31cm에서 8.54 및 11.82cm로 늘림으로써 수세 깊이가 각각 18.56 % 및 11.42 % 증가했습니다. 또한 이 증가하는 테일 워터 깊이는 scouring 길이를 각각 31.43 % 및 16.55 % 감소 시킵니다. 또한 유속을 높이면 Froude 수가 증가하고 흐름의 운동량이 증가하면 scouring이 촉진됩니다. 또한 결과는 중간의 scouring이 횡단면의 측벽보다 적다는 것을 나타냅니다. 계단식 배수로 하류의 최대 scouring 깊이를 예측 한 후 실험 결과와 비교하기 위한 실험식이 제안 되었습니다. 그리고 비교 결과 제안 된 공식은 각각 3.86 %와 9.31 %의 상대 오차와 최대 오차 내에서 scouring 깊이를 예측할 수 있음을 보여주었습니다.

Ghaderi et al. (2020b)는 사다리꼴 미로 모양 (TLS) 단계의 수치 조사를 했습니다. 결과는 이러한 유형의 배수로가 확대 비율 LT / Wt (LT는 총 가장자리 길이, Wt는 배수로의 폭)를 증가시키기 때문에 더 나은 성능을 갖는 것으로 관찰되었습니다. 또한 사다리꼴 미로 모양의 계단식 배수로는 더 큰 마찰 계수와 더 낮은 잔류 수두를 가지고 있습니다. 마찰 계수는 다양한 배율에 대해 0.79에서 1.33까지 다르며 평평한 계단식 배수로의 경우 대략 0.66과 같습니다. 또한 TLS 계단식 배수로에서 잔류 수두의 비율 (Hres / dc)은 약 2.89이고 평평한 계단식 배수로의 경우 약 4.32와 같습니다.

Shahheydari et al. (2015)는 Flow-3D 소프트웨어, RNG k-ε 모델 및 VOF (Volume of Fluid) 방법을 사용하여 배출 계수 및 에너지 소산과 같은 자유 표면 흐름의 프로파일을 연구하여 스키밍 흐름 체제에서 계단식 배수로에 대한 흐름을 조사했습니다. 실험 결과와 비교했습니다. 결과는 에너지 소산 율과 방전 계수율의 관계가 역으로 실험 모델의 결과와 잘 일치 함을 보여 주었다.

Mohammad Rezapour Tabari & Tavakoli (2016)는 계단 높이 (h), 계단 길이 (L), 계단 수 (Ns) 및 단위 폭의 방전 (q)과 같은 다양한 매개 변수가 계단식 에너지 소산에 미치는 영향을 조사했습니다. 방수로. 그들은 해석에 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용하여 계단식 배수로에서 에너지 손실과 임계 흐름 깊이 사이의 관계를 평가했습니다. 또한 유동 난류에 사용되는 방정식과 표준 k-ɛ 모델을 풀기 위해 유한 체적 방법을 적용했습니다. 결과에 따르면 스텝 수가 증가하고 유량 배출량이 증가하면 에너지 손실이 감소합니다. 얻은 결과를 다른 연구와 비교하고 경험적, 수학적 조사를 수행하여 결국 합격 가능한 결과를 얻었습니다.

METHODOLOGY

ListenReadSpeaker webReader: ListenFor all numerical models the basic principle is very similar: a set of partial differential equations (PDE) present the physical problems. The flow of fluids (gas and liquid) are governed by the conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy. For Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the PDE system is substituted by a set of algebraic equations which can be worked out by using numerical methods (Versteeg & Malalasekera 2007). Flow-3D uses the finite volume approach to solve the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, by applying the technique of Fractional Area/Volume Obstacle Representation (FAVOR) to define an obstacle (Flow Science Inc. 2012). Equations (1) and (2) are RANS and continuity equations with FAVOR variables that are applied for incompressible flows.

(1)

(2)where is the velocity in x_i direction, t is the time, is the fractional area open to flow in the subscript directions, is the volume fraction of fluid in each cell, p is the hydrostatic pressure, is the density, is the gravitational force in subscript directions and is the Reynolds stresses.

Turbulence modelling is one of three key elements in CFD (Gunal 1996). There are many types of turbulence models, but the most common are Zero-equation models, One-equation models, Two-equation models, Reynolds Stress/Flux models and Algebraic Stress/Flux models. In FLOW-3D software, five turbulence models are available. The formulation used in the FLOW-3D software differs slightly from other formulations that includes the influence of the fractional areas/volumes of the FAVOR^TM method and generalizes the turbulence production (or decay) associated with buoyancy forces. The latter generalization, for example, includes buoyancy effects associated with non-inertial accelerations.

The available turbulence models in Flow-3D software are the Prandtl Mixing Length Model, the One-Equation Turbulent Energy Model, the Two-Equation Standard Model, the Two-Equation Renormalization-Group (RNG) Model and large Eddy Simulation Model (Flow Science Inc. 2012).In this research the RNG model was selected because this model is more commonly used than other models in dealing with particles; moreover, it is more accurate to work with air entrainment and other particles. In general, the RNG model is classified as a more widely-used application than the standard k-ɛ model. And in particular, the RNG model is more accurate in flows that have strong shear regions than the standard k-ɛ model and it is defined to describe low intensity turbulent flows. For the turbulent dissipation it solves an additional transport equation:

(3)where CDIS1, CDIS2, and CDIS3 are dimensionless parameters and the user can modify them. The diffusion of dissipation, Diff ɛ, is

(4)where u, v and w are the x, y and z coordinates of the fluid velocity; ⁠, ⁠, and ⁠, are FLOW-3D’s FAVOR^TM defined terms; and are turbulence due to shearing and buoyancy effects, respectively. R and are related to the cylindrical coordinate system. The default values of RMTKE, CDIS1 and CNU differ, being 1.39, 1.42 and 0.085 respectively. And CDIS2 is calculated from turbulent production (⁠⁠) and turbulent kinetic energy (⁠⁠).The kinematic turbulent viscosity is the same in all turbulence transport models and is calculated from

(5)where ⁠: is the turbulent kinematic viscosity. is defined as the numerical challenge between the RNG and the two-equation k-ɛ models, found in the equation below. To avoid an unphysically large result for in Equation (3), since this equation could produce a value for very close to zero and also because the physical value of may approach to zero in such cases, the value of is calculated from the following equation:

(6)where ⁠: the turbulent length scale.

VOF and FAVOR are classifications of volume-fraction methods. In these two methods, firstly the area should be subdivided into a control volume grid or a small element. Each flow parameter like velocity, temperature and pressure values within the element are computed for each element containing liquids. Generally, these values represent the volumetric average of values in the elements.Numerous methods have been used recently to solve free infinite boundaries in the various numerical simulations. VOF is an easy and powerful method created based on the concept of a fractional intensity of fluid. A significant number of studies have confirmed that this method is more flexible and efficient than others dealing with the configurations of a complex free boundary. By using VOF technology the Flow-3D free surface was modelled and first declared in Hirt & Nichols (1981). In the VOF method there are three ingredients: a planner to define the surface, an algorithm for tracking the surface as a net mediator moving over a computational grid, and application of the boundary conditions to the surface. Configurations of the fluids are defined in terms of VOF function, F (x, y, z, t) (Hirt & Nichols 1981). And this VOF function shows the volume of flow per unit volume

(7)

(8)

(9)where is the density of the fluid, is a turbulent diffusion term, is a mass source, is the fractional volume open to flow. The components of velocity (u, v, w) are in the direction of coordinates (x, y, z) or (r, ⁠). in the x-direction is the fractional area open to flow, and are identical area fractions for flow in the y and z directions. The R coefficient is based on the selection of the coordinate system.

The FAVOR method is a different method and uses another volume fraction technique, which is only used to define the geometry, such as the volume of liquid in each cell used to determine the position of fluid surfaces. Another fractional volume can be used to define the solid surface. Then, this information is used to determine the boundary conditions of the wall that the flow should be adapted for.

Case study

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In this study, the experimental results of Ostad Mirza (2016) was simulated. In a channel composed of two 4 m long modules, with a transparent sidewall of height 0.6 m and 0.5 m width. The upstream chute slope (i.e. pseudo-bottom angle) Ɵ1 = 50°, the downstream chute slope Ɵ2 = 30° or 18.6°, the step heights h = 0.06 m, the total number of steps along the 50° chute 41 steps, the total number of steps along the 30° chute 34 steps and the total number of steps along the 18.6° chute 20 steps.

The flume inflow tool contained a jetbox with a maximum opening set to 0.12 meters, designed for passing the maximum unit discharge of 0.48 m²/s. The measurements of the flow properties (i.e. air concentration and velocity) were computed perpendicular to the pseudo-bottom as shown in Figure 1 at the centre of twenty stream-wise cross-sections, along the stepped chute, (i.e. in five steps up on the slope change and fifteen steps down on the slope change, namely from step number −09 to +23 on 50°–30° slope change, or from −09 to +15 on 50°–18.6° slope change, respectively).

Sketch of the air concentration C and velocity V measured perpendicular to the pseudo-bottom used by Mirza (Ostad Mirza 2016).

Pressure sensors were arranged with the x/l values for different slope change as shown in Table 1, where x is the distance from the step edge, along the horizontal step face, and l is the length of the horizontal step face. The location of pressure sensors is shown in Table 1.Table 1

Location of pressure sensors on horizontal step faces

Θ(°)	L(m)			x/l (–)
50.0	0.050	0.35	0.64	–	–	–
30.0	0.104	0.17	0.50	0.84	–	–
18.6	0.178	0.10	0.30	0.50	0.7	0.88

Location of pressure sensors on horizontal step faces

Inlet boundary condition for Q = 0.235 m3/s and fluid elevation 4.21834 m.

Inlet boundary condition for Q = 0.235 m³/s and fluid elevation 4.21834 m.

Numerical model set-up

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A 3D numerical model of hydraulic phenomena was simulated based on an experimental study by Ostad Mirza (2016). The water surcharge and flow pressure over the stepped spillway was computed for two models of a stepped spillway with different discharge for each model. In this study, the package was used to simulate the flow parameters such as air entrainment, velocity distribution and dynamic pressures. The solver uses the finite volume technique to discretize the computational domain. In every test run, one incompressible fluid flow with a free surface flow selected at 20̊ was used for this simulation model. Table 2 shows the variables used in test runs.Table 2

Variables used in test runs

Test no.	Θ₁ (°)	Θ₂ (°)	h(m)	d₀	q (m³s⁻¹)	d_c/h (–)
1	50	18.6	0.06	0.045	0.1	2.6
2	50	18.6	0.06	0.082	0.235	4.6
3	50	30.0	0.06	0.045	0.1	2.6
4	50	30.0	0.06	0.082	0.235	4.6

Table 2 Variables used in test runs

For stepped spillway simulation, several parameters should be specified to get accurate simulations, which is the scope of this research. Viscosity and turbulent, gravity and non-inertial reference frame, air entrainment, density evaluation and drift-flux should be activated for these simulations. There are five different choices in the ‘viscosity and turbulent’ option, in the viscosity flow and Renormalized Group (RNG) model. Then a dynamical model is selected as the second option, the ‘gravity and non-inertial reference frame’. Only the z-component was inputted as a negative 9.81 m/s² and this value represents gravitational acceleration but in the same option the x and y components will be zero. Air entrainment is selected. Finally, in the drift-flux model, the density of phase one is input as (water) 1,000 kg/m³ and the density of phase two (air) as 1.225 kg/m³. Minimum volume fraction of phase one is input equal to 0.1 and maximum volume fraction of phase two to 1 to allow air concentration to reach 90%, then the option allowing gas to escape at free surface is selected, to obtain closer simulation.

The flow domain is divided into small regions relatively by the mesh in Flow-3D numerical model. Cells are the smallest part of the mesh, in which flow characteristics such as air concentration, velocity and dynamic pressure are calculated. The accuracy of the results and simulation time depends directly on the mesh block size so the cell size is very important. Orthogonal mesh was used in cartesian coordinate systems. A smaller cell size provides more accuracy for results, so we reduced the number of cells whilst including enough accuracy. In this study, the size of cells in x, y and z directions was selected as 0.015 m after several trials.

Figure 3 shows the 3D computational domain model 50–18.6 slope change, that is 6.0 m length, 0.50 m width and 4.23 m height. The 3D model of the computational domain model 50–30 slope changes this to 6.0 m length, 0.50 m width and 5.068 m height and the size of meshes in x, y, and z directions are 0.015 m. For the 50–18.6 slope change model: both total number of active and passive cells = 4,009,952, total number of active cells = 3,352,307, include real cells (used for solving the flow equations) = 3,316,269, open real cells = 3,316,269, fully blocked real cells equal to zero, external boundary cells were 36,038, inter-block boundary cells = 0 (Flow-3D report). For 50–30 slope change model: both total number of active and passive cells = 4,760,002, total number of active cells equal to 4,272,109, including real cells (used for solving the flow equations) were 3,990,878, open real cells = 3,990,878 fully blocked real cells = zero, external boundary cells were 281,231, inter-block boundary cells = 0 (Flow-3D report).

Figure 3VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

The 3D computational domain model (50–18.6) slope change, and boundary condition for (50–30 slope change) model.

When solving the Navier-Stokes equation and continuous equations, boundary conditions should be applied. The most important work of boundary conditions is to create flow conditions similar to physical status. The Flow-3D software has many types of boundary condition; each type can be used for the specific condition of the models. The boundary conditions in Flow-3D are symmetry, continuative, specific pressure, grid overlay, wave, wall, periodic, specific velocity, outflow, and volume flow rate.

There are two options to input finite flow rate in the Flow-3D software either for inlet discharge of the system or for the outlet discharge of the domain: specified velocity and volume flow rate. In this research, the X-minimum boundary condition, volume flow rate, has been chosen. For X-maximum boundary condition, outflow was selected because there is nothing to be calculated at the end of the flume. The volume flow rate and the elevation of surface water was set for Q = 0.1 and 0.235 m³/s respectively (Figure 2).

The bottom (Z-min) is prepared as a wall boundary condition and the top (Z-max) is computed as a pressure boundary condition, and for both (Y-min) and (Y-max) as symmetry.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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The air concentration distribution profiles in two models of stepped spillway were obtained at an acquisition time equal to 25 seconds in skimming flow for both upstream and downstream of a slope change 50°–18.6° and 50°–30° for different discharge as in Table 2, and as shown in Figure 4 for 50°–18.6° slope change and Figure 5 for 50°–30° slope change configuration for dc/h = 4.6. The simulation results of the air concentration are very close to the experimental results in all curves and fairly close to that predicted by the advection-diffusion model for the air bubbles suggested by Chanson (1997) on a constant sloping chute.

Figure 4VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Experimental and simulated air concentration distribution for steps number −5, +1, +5, +8, +11 and +15 along the 50°–18.6° slope change for dc/h = 4.6.

Figure 5VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Experimental and simulated air concentration distribution for steps number −5, +1, +5, +11, +19 and +22 along the 50°–30° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6.

Figure 6VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Figure 6 Experimental and simulated dimensionless velocity distribution for steps number −5, −1, +1, +5, +8, +11 and +15 along the 50°–18.6° slope change for dc/h = 2.6.

Experimental and simulated dimensionless velocity distribution for steps number −5, −1, +1, +5, +8, +11 and +15 along the 50°–18.6° slope change for dc/h = 2.6.

Figure 7 Experimental and simulated dimensionless velocity distribution for steps number −5, −1, +1, +5. +11, +15 and +22 along the 50°–30° slope change for dc/h = 2.6.

Figure 7VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Experimental and simulated dimensionless velocity distribution for steps number −5, −1, +1, +5. +11, +15 and +22 along the 50°–30° slope change for dc/h = 2.6.

But as is shown in all above mentioned figures it is clear that at the pseudo-bottom the CFD results of air concentration are less than experimental ones until the depth of water reaches a quarter of the total depth of water. Also the direction of the curves are parallel to each other when going up towards the surface water and are incorporated approximately near the surface water. For all curves, the cross-section is separate between upstream and downstream steps. Therefore the (-) sign for steps represents a step upstream of the slope change cross-section and the (+) sign represents a step downstream of the slope change cross-section.

The dimensionless velocity distribution (V/V₉₀) profile was acquired at an acquisition time equal to 25 seconds in skimming flow of the upstream and downstream slope change for both 50°–18.6° and 50°–30° slope change. The simulation results are compared with the experimental ones showing that for all curves there is close similarity for each point between the observed and experimental results. The curves increase parallel to each other and they merge near at the surface water as shown in Figure 6 for slope change 50°–18.6° configuration and Figure 7 for slope change 50°–30° configuration. However, at step numbers +1 and +5 in Figure 7 there are few differences between the simulated and observed results, namely the simulation curves ascend regularly meaning the velocity increases regularly from the pseudo-bottom up to the surface water.

Figure 8 (50°–18.6° slope change) and Figure 9 (50°–30° slope change) compare the simulation results and the experimental results for the presented dimensionless dynamic pressure distribution for different points on the stepped spillway. The results show a good agreement with the experimental and numerical simulations in all curves. For some points, few discrepancies can be noted in pressure magnitudes between the simulated and the observed ones, but they are in the acceptable range. Although the experimental data do not completely agree with the simulated results, there is an overall agreement.

Figure 8 Comparison between simulated and experimental results for the dimensionless pressure for steps number −1, −2, −3 and +1, +2 +3 and +20 on the horizontal step faces of 50°–18.6° slope change configuration, for dc/h = 4.6, x is the distance from the step edge.

Figure 8VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Comparison between simulated and experimental results for the dimensionless pressure for steps number −1, −2, −3 and +1, +2 +3 and +20 on the horizontal step faces of 50°–18.6° slope change configuration, for dc/h = 4.6, x is the distance from the step edge.

Figure 9 Comparison between simulated and experimental results for the dimensionless pressure for steps number −1, −2, −3 and +1, +2 and +30, +31 on the horizontal step face of 50°–30° slope change configuration, for dc/h = 4.6, x is the distance from the step edge.

Figure 9VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Comparison between simulated and experimental results for the dimensionless pressure for steps number −1, −2, −3 and +1, +2 and +30, +31 on the horizontal step face of 50°–30° slope change configuration, for dc/h = 4.6, x is the distance from the step edge.

The pressure profiles were acquired at an acquisition time equal to 70 seconds in skimming flow on 50°–18.6°, where p is the measured dynamic pressure, h is step height and ϒ is water specific weight. A negative sign for steps represents a step upstream of the slope change cross-section and a positive sign represents a step downstream of the slope change cross-section.

Figure 10 shows the experimental streamwise development of dimensionless pressure on the 50°–18.6° slope change for dc/h = 4.6, x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.3 on 18.6° sloping chute compared with the numerical simulation. It is obvious from Figure 10 that the streamwise development of dimensionless pressure before slope change (steps number −1, −2 and −3) both of the experimental and simulated results are close to each other. However, it is clear that there is a little difference between the results of the streamwise development of dimensionless pressure at step numbers +1, +2 and +3. Moreover, from step number +3 to the end, the curves get close to each other.

Figure 10 Comparison between experimental and simulated results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–18.6° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.3 on 18.6° sloping chute.

Figure 10VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Comparison between experimental and simulated results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–18.6° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.3 on 18.6° sloping chute.

Figure 11 compares the experimental and the numerical results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–30° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.17 on 30° sloping chute. It is apparent that the outcomes of the experimental work are close to the numerical results, however, the results of the simulation are above the experimental ones before the slope change, but the results of the simulation descend below the experimental ones after the slope change till the end.

Figure 11 Comparison between experimental and simulated results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–30° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.17 on 30° sloping chute.

Figure 11VIEW LARGE DOWNLOAD SLIDE

Comparison between experimental and simulated results for the streamwise development of the dimensionless pressure on the 50°–30° slope change, for dc/h = 4.6, and x/l = 0.35 on 50° sloping chute and x/l = 0.17 on 30° sloping chute.

CONCLUSION

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In this research, numerical modelling was attempted to investigate the effect of abrupt slope change on the flow properties (air entrainment, velocity distribution and dynamic pressure) over a stepped spillway with two different models and various flow rates in a skimming flow regime by using the CFD technique. The numerical model was verified and compared with the experimental results of Ostad Mirza (2016). The same domain of the numerical model was inputted as in experimental models to reduce errors as much as possible.

Flow-3D is a well modelled tool that deals with particles. In this research, the model deals well with air entrainment particles by observing their results with experimental results. And the reason for the small difference between the numerical and the experimental results is that the program deals with particles more accurately than the laboratory. In general, both numerical and experimental results showed that near to the slope change the flow bulking, air entrainment, velocity distribution and dynamic pressure are greatly affected by abrupt slope change on the steps. Although the extent of the slope change was relatively small, the influence of the slope change was major on flow characteristics.

The Renormalized Group (RNG) model was selected as a turbulence solver. For 3D modelling, orthogonal mesh was used as a computational domain and the mesh grid size used for X, Y, and Z direction was equal to 0.015 m. In CFD modelling, air concentration and velocity distribution were recorded for a period of 25 seconds, but dynamic pressure was recorded for a period of 70 seconds. The results showed that there is a good agreement between the numerical and the physical models. So, it can be concluded that the proposed CFD model is very suitable for use in simulating and analysing the design of hydraulic structures.

이 연구에서 수치 모델링은 두 가지 다른 모델과 다양한 유속을 사용하여 스키밍 흐름 영역에서 계단식 배수로에 대한 유동 특성 (공기 혼입, 속도 분포 및 동적 압력)에 대한 급격한 경사 변화의 영향을 조사하기 위해 시도되었습니다. CFD 기술. 수치 모델을 검증하여 Ostad Mirza (2016)의 실험 결과와 비교 하였다. 오차를 최대한 줄이기 위해 실험 모형과 동일한 수치 모형을 입력 하였다.

Flow-3D는 파티클을 다루는 잘 모델링 된 도구입니다. 이 연구에서 모델은 실험 결과를 통해 결과를 관찰하여 공기 혼입 입자를 잘 처리합니다. 그리고 수치와 실험 결과의 차이가 작은 이유는 프로그램이 실험실보다 입자를 더 정확하게 다루기 때문입니다. 일반적으로 수치 및 실험 결과는 경사에 가까워지면 유동 벌킹, 공기 혼입, 속도 분포 및 동적 압력이 계단의 급격한 경사 변화에 크게 영향을받는 것으로 나타났습니다. 사면 변화의 정도는 상대적으로 작았지만 사면 변화의 영향은 유동 특성에 큰 영향을 미쳤다.

Renormalized Group (RNG) 모델이 난류 솔버로 선택되었습니다. 3D 모델링의 경우 계산 영역으로 직교 메쉬가 사용되었으며 X, Y, Z 방향에 사용 된 메쉬 그리드 크기는 0.015m입니다. CFD 모델링에서 공기 농도와 속도 분포는 25 초 동안 기록되었지만 동적 압력은 70 초 동안 기록되었습니다. 결과는 수치 모델과 물리적 모델간에 좋은 일치가 있음을 보여줍니다. 따라서 제안 된 CFD 모델은 수력 구조물의 설계 시뮬레이션 및 해석에 매우 적합하다는 결론을 내릴 수 있습니다.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

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All relevant data are included in the paper or its Supplementary Information.

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Figure 6. Maximum inundation field in simulations with (a) no barrier on the seawall (red line), (b) a 1 m barrier across the entire sea wall, and (c) a 1.7 m barrier partially installed on the seawall.

Storm surge inundation simulations comparing three-dimensional with two-dimensional models based on Typhoon Maemi over Masan Bay of South Korea

Jae-Seol Shim†, Jinah Kim†, Dong-Chul Kim‡, Kiyoung Heo†, Kideok Do†, Sun-Jung Park ‡
† Coastal Disaster Research Center,
Korea Institute of Ocean Science &
Technology, 426-744, Ansan, Gyeonggi,
Korea
jsshim@kiost.ac
jakim@kiost.ac
kyheo21@kiost.ac
kddo@kiost.ac
‡ Technology R&D Institute
Hyein E&C Co., Ltd., Seoul 157-861,
Korea
skkkdc@chol.com
Nayana_sj@nate.com

ABSTRACT

Shim, J., Kim, J., Kim, D., Heo, K., Do, K., Park, S., 2013. Storm surge inundation simulations comparing threedimensional with two-dimensional models based on Typhoon Maemi over Masan Bay of South Korea. In:
Conley, D.C., Masselink, G., Russell, P.E. and O’Hare, T.J. (eds.), Proceedings 12th International Coastal Symposium
(Plymouth, England), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, pp. 392-397, ISSN 0749-0208.
Severe storm surge inundation was caused by the typhoon Maemi in Masan Bay, South Korea in September 2003. To
investigate the differences in the storm surge inundation simulated by three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional
models, we used the ADvanced CIRCulation model (ADCIRC) and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model
(FLOW3D). The simulation results were compared to the flood plain map of Masan Bay following the typhoon Maemi.
To improve the accuracy of FLOW3D, we used a high-resolution digital surface model with a few tens of centimeterresolution, produced by aerial LIDAR survey. Comparison of the results between ADCRIC and FLOW3D simulations shows that the inclusion of detailed information on buildings and topography has an impact, delaying seawater propagation and resulting in a reduced inundation depth and flooding area. Furthermore, we simulated the effect of the installation of a storm surge barrier on the storm surge inundation. The barrier acted to decrease the water volume of the inundation and delayed the arrival time of the storm surge, implying that the storm surge barrier provides more time for residents’ evacuation.

Keywords: Typhoon Maemi, digital surface elevation model, Reynolds-Averaged NavierStokes equations.

2003 년 9 월 대한민국 마산만 태풍 매미에 의해 심한 폭풍 해일 침수가 발생했습니다. 3 차원 (3D) 및 2 차원 모델로 시뮬레이션 한 폭풍 해일 침수의 차이를 조사하기 위해 ADvanced CIRCulation 모델 ( ADCIRC) 및 3D 전산 유체 역학 (CFD) 모델 (FLOW3D).

시뮬레이션 결과는 태풍 매미 이후 마산만 범람원 지도와 비교되었다. FLOW-3D의 정확도를 높이기 위해 우리는 항공 LIDAR 측량으로 생성된 수십 센티미터 해상도의 고해상도 디지털 표면 모델을 사용했습니다.

ADCRIC과 FLOW3D 시뮬레이션의 결과를 비교하면 건물과 지형에 대한 자세한 정보를 포함하면 해수 전파가 지연되고 침수 깊이와 침수 면적이 감소하는 것으로 나타났습니다.

또한, 폭풍 해일 침수에 대한 폭풍 해일 장벽 설치의 효과를 시뮬레이션했습니다. 이 장벽은 침수 물량을 줄이고 폭풍 해일 도착 시간을 지연시키는 역할을 하여 폭풍 해일 장벽이 주민들의 대피에 더 많은 시간을 제공한다는 것을 의미합니다.

INTRODUCTION

2003 년 9 월 12 일 태풍 매미로 인한 강한 폭풍 해일이 남해안을 강타했습니다. 마산 만 일대는 심한 폭풍우 침수로 인해 최악의 피해를 입었고 광범위한 홍수를 겪었습니다. 따라서 마산 만에 예방 체계를 구축하기 위해 폭풍 해일에 의한 침수에 대한 수치 예측을 시도하는 선행 연구가 수행되었다 (Park et al. 2011).

그러나 일반적인 2 차원 (2D) 또는 3 차원 (3D) 수압 가정을 사용할 때 지형의 해상도는 복잡한 해안 구조를 표현하기에 충분하지 않습니다. 따라서 우리는 마산 만의 고해상도 지형도를 통해 전산 유체 역학 (CFD)의 침수 시뮬레이션을 제시한다.

태풍 매미는 2003 년 9 월 12 일 12시 (UTC)에 한반도에 상륙하여 남동부 해안을 따라 추적했습니다 (그림 1). 2003 년 9 월 13 일 6시 (UTC)에 동 일본해로 이동하여 온대 저기압이되었습니다.

풍속과 기압면에서 한국을 강타한 가장 강력한 태풍 중 하나입니다. 특히 마산 만에 접해있는 마산시는 폭풍 해일 홍수로 최악의 피해를 입어 32 명이 사망하고 심각한 해안 피해를 입었다. 태풍이 지나가는 동안 중앙 기압은 950hPa, 진행 속도는 45kmh-1로 마산항의 조 위계를 통해 최대 약 2.3m의 서지 높이를 기록했다.

마산 만에 접한 주거 및 상업 지역은 홍수가 심했고 지하 시설은 폭풍 해일로 침수로 어려움을 겪었습니다 (Yasuda et al. 2005). 이 논문에서는 3D CFD 모델 (FLOW 3D)과 2D ADvanced CIRCulation 모델 (ADCIRC)을 사용하여 기록 된 마산 만에서 가장 큰 폭풍 해일 중 하나에 의해 생성 된 해안 침수를 시뮬레이션했습니다.

건물의 높이와 공간 정보를 포함하는 디지털 표면 모델 (DSM)은 LiDAR (Airborne Light Detection and Ranging)에 의해 만들어졌으며, 폭풍 해일 침수 모델, 즉 3D CFD 모델 (FLOW 3D)의 입력 데이터로 사용되었습니다. ). 또한 ADCIRC의 시뮬레이션 결과는 FLOW3D의 경계 조건으로 사용됩니다.

본 연구의 목적은 극심한 침수 높이와 해안 육지로의 범람을 포함하여 마산 만에서 태풍 매미로 인한 폭풍 해일 침수를 재현하는 것이다.

<중략>………………

Figure 1. The best track and the central pressures of the typhoon Maemi from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Open circles indicate the locations of the typhoon in 3 h intervals. Filled circles represent locations of the cited stations; A, B, C and D indicate Jeju, Yeosu, Tongyoung, and Masan, respectively.

Figure 2. Model domain with FEM mesh for Typhoon Maemi.

Figure 3. Validation of surge height for the four major tidal stations on the south coast of the Korea.

Figure 4. Inundation depth results from (a) ADCIRC, (b) FLOW3D, and (c) inundation field surveying hazard map following typhoon Maemi.

Figure 5. Inundation depth results computed by Flow3D at each time period following arrival of storm surge wave at harbor mouth.

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원문 바로가기

Figure 4. Structure of artificial neural network [37]

Turbulent Flow Modeling at Tunnel Spillway Concave Bends and Prediction of Pressure using Artificial Neural Network

터널 배수로 오목 굴곡에서 난류 유동 모델링 인공 신경망을 이용한 압력 예측 및 예측

Zeinab Bashari Moghaddam 1
Hossein Mohammad Vali Samani2
Seyed Habib Mousavi Jahromi 3

Abstract

터널 배수로는 높은 자유 표면 유속이 설정되는 배수로 유형 중 하나입니다. 회전 가속과 난류 흐름의 불규칙성으로 인해 오목한 수직 굽힘에서 압력이 증가합니다. 물리적 모델은 이 현상을 분석하는 가장 좋은 도구입니다.

모든 실제 프로토 타입 상태 분석을 포괄하는 데 필요한 물리적 모델의 수가 너무 많아 배치 및 비용 측면에서 비실용적입니다. 따라서 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어는 가능한 모든 실제 대안을 포괄하는 오목한 굴곡 터널의 난류 흐름 데이터베이스를 분석하고 생성하기 위해 선택되었습니다.

이 소프트웨어는 방전과 형상이 다른 다양한 터널을 시뮬레이션했습니다. 수치 결과는 Alborz Dam 터널 배수로의 건설 된 물리적 모델의 실험 결과로 검증되었으며 만족스러운 동의를 얻었습니다. 차원 분석은 문제의 관련 변수를 차원 없는 매개 변수로 그룹화하는 데 사용됩니다.

이러한 매개 변수는 인공 신경망 시뮬레이션에 사용됩니다. 결과는 Flow-3D 소프트웨어로 얻은 무 차원 매개 변수와 신경망에 의해 예측된 변수 사이의 상관 계수 R2 = 0.95를 보여 주었으며, 이와 관련하여 난류 모델링을 통해 얻은 데이터베이스를 기반으로 한 인공 신경망이 결론을 내릴 수있었습니다. 압력 예측을 위한 강력한 도구입니다.

Keywords: Flow-3D, Tunnel spillway concave bend, Numerical simulation, Turbulent flow,
Artificial neural network

본문 내용 생략 : 본문 내용은 내용 하단부에 첨부된 본문 링크를 참조하시기 바랍니다.

Figure 2. Flow in the curvature of the flip bucket

Figure 3. The location of piezometers on the bed of the concave curvature of tunnel spillway in Alborz Dam

Figure 5. Correlation coefficient of the Neural Network simulation and Flow-3D in the training
stage

Figure 6. Correlation coefficient of the Neural Network simulation and Flow-3D in the validation stage

Figure 7. Comparison 0f the Simulated Neural Network and Flow-3D Results of the validation stage

Figure 8. Correlation coefficient of the Flow-3D numerical results and Equation (1)

Figure 9. Correlation coefficient of the Flow-3D numerical results and Equation (2)

Figure 10. Correlation coefficient of the Flow-3D numerical results and Equation (3)

현재 연구에서 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어는 처음에 다양한 크기와 배출의 터널 배수로에서 난류 흐름을 시뮬레이션하는데 사용되었습니다. 결과는 이란 에너지부 물 연구소에서 제공한 Alborz 저장 댐에서 얻은 실제 데이터와 비교하여 검증되었습니다.

시뮬레이션에는 다양한 난류 모델이 사용되었으며 RNG 방법이 관찰된 실제 결과와 가장 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 직경이 3 ~ 15m 인 다양한 터널 배수로, 곡률 반경 3 개, 거의 모든 실제 사례를 포괄하는 3개의 배출이 시뮬레이션에 사용되었습니다.

차원 분석을 사용하여 무 차원 매개 변수를 생성하고 문제의 변수 수를 줄였으며 마지막으로 두 개의 주요 무 차원 그룹이 결정되었습니다. 이러한 무 차원 변수 간의 관계를 얻기 위해 신경망을 사용하고 터널 배수로의 오목한 굴곡에서 압력 예측 단계에서 0.95의 상관 계수를 얻었습니다.

압력 계산 결과는 다른 일반적인 방법으로 얻은 결과와 비교되었습니다. 비교는 신경망 결과가 훨씬 더 정확하고 배수로 터널의 오목한 곡률에서 압력을 예측하는 강력한 도구로 간주 될 수 있음을 나타냅니다.

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논문 원문 바로보기

Fig. 1 Fixed staff gauge for head measurement at the upstream side of the Yuanshanzi Flood Diversion Work in the Keelung River, Taiwan

Velocity distribution and discharge calculation at a sharp-crested weir

Shun-Chung Tsung • Jihn-Sung Lai •
Der-Liang Young

sharp-crested weir에서 속도 분포 및 배출 계산

개방 수로의 harp-crested 위어는 수두-방류 관계를 통해 방류를 계산하는데 유용한 장치입니다. 그러나 수위 측정 사이트와 배출 계수는 배출 계산 정확도에 큰 영향을 미칩니다. 따라서 본 연구는 각각 16MHz MicroADV와 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 위어 부분의 속도 분포를 측정하고 시뮬레이션합니다. 감마 확률 밀도 함수를 사용하여 속도 분포를 특성화하기 위해 위어 섹션의 수심 및 표면 속도가 선택됩니다. 본 연구에서는 측정된 수심과 수면 속도에서 도출된 속도 분포를 기반으로 속도-면적 통합 방법으로 정확한 배출을 계산합니다. 이 연구의 주요 기여는 정확한 측정 사이트를 제공하고, 속도 분포와 방류를 연결하고, 방류 계수 영향을 피하고, 방류 계산 정확도를 향상시키는 것입니다.

A sharp-crested weir in open channel is a useful device to calculate discharge via head-discharge relationship. However, water stage measurement site and discharge coefficient significantly influence discharge calculation accuracy. Therefore, this study measures and simulates velocity distribution at the weir section using 16-MHz MicroADV and FLOW-3D, respectively. The water depth and surface velocity at the weir section are selected to characterize velocity distribution using gamma probability density function. In this study, accurate discharge is calculated by velocity–area integration method based on velocity distribution derived from measured water depth and surface velocity. The main contributions of this study are to give an exact measurement site, link velocity distribution and discharge, avoid discharge coefficient influence, and improve discharge calculation accuracy.

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Fig. 4 Current lines in the horizontal level in: a 0.70 and b 14 cm from the streambed in tandem pies

3D numerical simulation of flow field around twin piles

트윈 말뚝 주위의 유동장 3D 수치 시뮬레이션

Amini, A; Parto, AA
Amini, A (reprint author), AREEO, Kurdistan Agr & Nat Resources Res & Educ Ctr, Sanandaj, Iran.
, 2017; 65 (6): 1243

Abstract

이 연구에서는, 파일 그룹 주위의 흐름 패턴과 국소적 스크루 메커니즘을 식별하기 위해, 플로우 필드를 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 사용해 시뮬레이션했다. 편평한 침대 채널에 나란히 배열되어 있는 한 쌍의 말뚝이 조사되었다. Navier-Stokes 방정식을 확립하기 위해 RNGk-epsilon 난류 모델을 사용하였고 실험 데이터를 사용하여 결과를 검증하였다. FLOW-3D 기능의 경우, 소프트웨어가 파일 그룹 간의 예상 상호작용을 적절히 시뮬레이션할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 플로우 필드 시뮬레이션 결과는 레이놀즈 숫자와 말뚝 간격이 vortices 형성에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 변수라는 것을 보여주었다. 탠덤 더미 주변의 흐름과 웨이크 바이크 주변의 하향 흐름은 측면 배치와 단일 더미에 비해 더 강렬하고 복잡했다.

In this study to identify the flow pattern and local scour mechanism around pile groups, the flow field was simulated using FLOW-3D software. A pair of pile on a flat-bed channel with side by side and tandem arrangements was investigated. To establish Navier–Stokes equations, the RNGk-e turbulence model was used and the results were verified using experimental data. In case of FLOW-3D capability, it was found that the software was able to properly simulate the expected interaction between the pile groups. The results of flow field simulation showed that Reynolds number and the pile spacing are the most influential variables in forming vortices. The flow around tandem pile and the downward flow around wake vortices were more intense and complicate in comparison with side by side arrangements and single pile.

Keywords : Bridge, Sediment, Flow pattern, Pile group, Local scour

Fig. 1 General view of the channel and measured points a side by side b tandem arrangement

Fig. 2 Meshing around the two side by side piles: a plan and b side view

Fig. 3 Meshing around the two tandem piles: a plan and b side view

Fig. 5 Current lines in the horizontal level in: a 0.70 cm, and b 14 cm from the streambed in side by side piles

Fig. 6 Comparing iso-velocity line in longitudinal direction (u): a observed in 0.7 cm; b observed in 14 cm; c simulated in 0.7 cm and d simulated in 14 cm

Fig. 7 Comparing iso-velocity line in latitudinal direction (v): a observed in 0.7 cm; b observed in 14 cm; c simulated in 0.7 cm and d simulated in 14 cm

Fig. 8 3D velocity profiles in x–z plane in the center of the pile (Y = 0): a x = - 1.65D; b x = - 6.59D; c x = 0.69D; d x = 1.32D; e x = 3.69D and f x = 7.60D — Fig. 8 3D velocity profiles in x–z plane in the center of the pile (Y = 0): a x = – 1.65D; b x = – 6.59D; c x = 0.69D; d x = 1.32D; e x = 3.69D and f x = 7.60D

Fig. 9 Comparison of simulated and observed velocity in x–y plane in center of piles

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논문 원문 바로가기

Figure Top view of velocity distribution of tailings mortar

Study on discharge velocity of tailings mortar in dam break based on FLOW-3D

Jiahao Hu¹, Chengwei Na¹, Yi Wang^1*
College of Water Conservancy,Shenyang Agricultural University ,Shenyang,
Liaoning, 110866, China
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: yiwang@syau.edu.cn

Abstract

Tailings pond is used to store the tailings discharged from the mine after separation
and mining. As a potential hazard source with high potential energy, the tailings mortar with
high potential energy after dam break is transformed into high-speed dynamic energy sand
flow to impact the downstream area through energy conversion. In this paper, through the
establishment of a three-dimensional model of a tailings pond, the FLOW-3D software is used
for numerical simulation, and the influence of correlation coefficient on the discharge speed of
tailings mortar after dam break is analyzed, and the relevant migration law is obtained. The
test in this paper can provide a reference for the corresponding disaster and protection
engineering research.

Tailings pond은 분리와 채굴 후 광산에서 방출된 Tailings 을 보관하는 데 사용됩니다. 잠재적 위험원으로서 댐 붕괴 후 높은 잠재적 에너지를 가진 Tailings Mortar는 고속 동적 에너지 및 흐름으로 변환되어 에너지 변환을 통해 다운스트림 영역에 영향을 미칩니다. 본 논문에서는 Tailings pond의 3차원 모델 구축을 통해 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 수치 시뮬레이션에 활용하고 댐 붕괴 후 Tailings Mortar의 배출 속도에 대한 상관계수의 영향을 분석하여 관련 이주법을 도출하였습니다. 본 문서의 테스트는 해당 재해 및 보호 엔지니어링 연구에 대한 참조를 제공할 수 있습니다.

Figure 1 Calculation model of a tailings pond

Figure 6 Relationship between velocity and time of tailings mortar movement at 200m and 400m away from the breach

Figure Relationship between migration distance and time of tailings mortar

논문 원문 바로가기

References

[1] Chopra, M.,Rohit, R.,Kumar, A.V.,Sunny F.,Nair R.N. Response Surface Method Coupled with
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Review of tailings pond parameters and emission estimates[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science
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[3] Dimache,L.B.,Iancu, I.,Pante, G.,Omer, I. Numerical Modelling of Exfiltrations from Leaching
Tailing Ponds[J]. Energy Procedia,2016,85:193-200.
[4] Dibike, Y.B.,Shakibaeinia, A,Droppo, I.G.,Caron, E. Modelling the potential effects of Oil-Sands tailings pond breach on the water and sediment quality of the Lower Athabasca River[J].
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[5] Willis, C.E.,Louis, V.,Kirk, J.L.,Pierre, K.A.,Dodge, C. Tailings ponds of the Athabasca Oil Sands
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Field Measurement Using Two Radar Velocimeters[J].Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences,2007(04):583-587.

Figure 1. Experimental flume used (a) Side view of the flume; (b) Pool detail.

Modelling of Pool-Type Fishways Flows: Efficiency and Scale Effects Assessment

by Ana L. Quaresma *OrcID andAntónio N. PinheiroOrcID
CERIS—Civil Engineering for Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Bommanna Krishnappan
Water 2021, 13(6), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060851
Received: 16 January 2021 / Revised: 8 March 2021 / Accepted: 18 March 2021 / Published: 20 March 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecohydraulics of Pool-Type Fishways)

Abstract

이 연구에서는 전산 유체 역학 (CFD) 소프트웨어 (FLOW-3D®)를 사용하여 바닥 오리피스가 있는 풀형 어로에서 흐름의 3D 수치 모델링을 수행했습니다. 수치 결과는 음향 도플러 속도계 (ADV) 및 입자 이미지 속도계 (PIV) 측정에서 얻은 실험 데이터와 비교되었습니다.

흐름 깊이, 흐름 패턴, 수속, 난류 운동 에너지, Reynolds 수직 응력 및 바닥 구성 요소에 평행한 Reynolds 전단 응력과 같이 어로 효율에 영향을 미치는 여러 유체 역학적 변수를 정성 및 정량적으로 비교했습니다.

수치 모델은 복잡한 유동장을 정확하게 재현하여 수치 모델 예측과 분석 된 변수에 대한 실험 데이터 사이에 전반적으로 좋은 일치를 보여줍니다. 분석중인 모든 매개 변수에 대한 수치 모델 검증 수행의 중요성이 강조되었습니다.

또한 프로토 타입 어로의 업 스케일 된 수치 모델을 실행하여 스케일링 효과를 분석했습니다. 스케일 효과의 증거없이 실제 모델과 프로토 타입 치수 모두에 대해 유사한 정확도로 모델을 수행했습니다.

현재 연구는 CFD 모델 (즉, FLOW-3D®)이 새로운 수영장 유형 어로 형상을 위한 적절하고 효율적인 설계 및 분석 도구로 사용될 수 있으며 물리적 모델 테스트를 줄이고 보완 할 수 있다고 결론지었습니다.

In this study, the 3D numerical modelling of flow in a pool-type fishway with bottom orifices was performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software (FLOW-3D^®). Numerical results were compared with experimental data obtained from acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Several hydrodynamic variables that influence fishways efficiencies, such as flow depths, flow patterns, water velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds normal stresses, and Reynolds shear stress parallel to the bottom component, were qualitatively and quantitatively compared. The numerical model accurately reproduced the complex flow field, showing an overall good agreement between the numerical model predictions and the experimental data for the analysed variables. The importance of performing a numerical model validation for all the parameters under analyses was highlighted. Additionally, scaling effects were analysed by running an upscaled numerical model of the prototype fishway. The model performed with similar accuracy for both physical model and prototype dimensions with no evidence of scale effects. The present study concludes that CFD models (namely FLOW-3D^®) may be used as an adequate and efficient design and analysis tool for new pool-type fishways geometries, reducing and complementing physical model testing.Keywords: pool-type fishways; 3D numerical modelling; LES; scale effects; flow patterns; CFD model assessment

Introduction

강의 종단 연결성을 복원하는 것은 담수 생태계의 회복에있어 여전히 중요한 문제입니다 [1,2]. 잘 설계되고 건설된 경우 어로는 물고기가 댐과 둑을 지나 계속 이동할 수 있는 경로를 제공합니다.

물고기 통과 효율성에 대한 검토에서 Noonan et al. [3]은 기존의 많은 어로의 설계 특성이 어종의 요구를 적절하게 충족시키지 못했지만, 풀형 어로가 모든 어류 그룹에 대해 가장 높은 효율성을 보여 주었다는 것을 발견했습니다.
여러 어종에 적합한 수영 조건을 제공하는 것은 어항의 흐름과 난류 패턴이 성공에 중요한 역할을 하기 때문에 다소 어려운 일입니다 [2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].

물리적 모델링은 풀형 유형 어로의 유체 역학을 연구하기 위한 주요 접근 방식이었습니다 (예 : [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]). 그러나 물리적 실험은 비용과 시간이 많이 소요됩니다. 따라서 컴퓨터 기술의 발전으로 인해 물리적 모델 테스트를 줄이기 위해 복잡한 기하학적 구조를 가진 유압 구조의 흐름 패턴을 분석하는 데 전산 유체 역학 (CFD) 3 차원 (3D) 모델이 점점 더 많이 사용되고 있습니다 [23,24].

따라서 이러한 모델은 어로 유체 역학 연구 및 효율적인 어로 설계에 필수적인 역할을 할 수 있습니다.
어로에 대한 수치 모델링 연구는 주로 수직 슬롯 어로에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다 [12,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. 수영장의 주요 부분에서 수직 슬롯 어로 흐름은 거의 2 차원 (2D)이고 수직 속도 구성 요소가 수평 요소 [26]보다 훨씬 작기 때문에 이러한 연구의 대부분은 2D 모델을 사용했습니다.

바닥 오리피스가있는 수영장 유형 어로에서는 흐름이 매우 복잡하고 3D이므로 정확한 유동장 특성화를 얻기 위해 3D 모델을 사용해야합니다. 이 어로 구성을 모델링하는 것은 높은 속도 구배, 높은 와도 및 높은 전단 영역을 포함하기 때문에 다소 어렵습니다.

이 연구에서는 FLOW-3D® (Flow Science, Inc., Santa Fe, NM, USA)를 사용하여 바닥 오리피스가 있는 수영장 유형 어로의 3D 수치 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 흐름 깊이, 속도 및 난류 패턴을 예측하는 능력을 평가했습니다. .

최근 몇 년 동안 실내에 가까운 프로토 타입 수영장 형 어로가 사이프 린드 종의 행동과 움직임을 연구하는데 사용되었습니다 [1,7,8,11,38,39,40,41,42,43]. Silva et al. [38]은 노치, 급락 및 스트리밍에 대한 두 가지 다른 유동 체제와 관련하여 조정 가능한 치수를 가진 침수된 오리피스와 표면 노치의 동시 존재에 대한 Iberian barbel Luciobarbus bocagei (Steindachner, 1864)의 반응을 평가했습니다.

이 연구의 결과는 이베리아 바벨이 어로를 협상하기 위해 오리피스 (76 %)를 선호했으며 어로에 들어가는 데 걸리는 시간도 오리피스에 비해 훨씬 적다는 것을 보여주었습니다.

Silva et al. [39] 오프셋 및 직선 오리피스가있는 수영장 유형 어로의 이베리아 바벨에 대한 적합성을 테스트했습니다. 이 연구는 오프셋 구성이 직선 오리피스 레이아웃 (28 %)에 비해 물고기 통과 성공률 (68 %)이 훨씬 더 높음을 발견했습니다. 어로를 성공적으로 협상하는 데 걸리는 시간도 오프셋 구성, 특히 작은 성인의 경우 훨씬 더 낮았습니다.

이 연구에서는 유속과 난류 매개 변수가 물고기 수영 성능에 미치는 영향을 분석했습니다. 수영장의 유동장을 특성화하기 위해 음향 도플러 속도계가 사용되었습니다.

이 연구의 결과에 따르면 레이놀즈 전단 응력은 어로 내 이베리아 미늘의 움직임에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 매개 변수임이 입증되었습니다. Branco et al. [40] 두 가지 다른 흐름을 가진 오리피스와 노치가 있는 풀형 유형 어로에서 형태 학적 및 생태학적 특성이 다른 두 종, 바닥 지향 이베리아 바벨 Luciobarbus bocagei 및 물기둥 수영 자 Iberian chub Squalius pyrenaicus의 거동과 성능을 평가했습니다.

풀의 유체 역학을 특성화하기 위해 음향 도플러 속도계가 사용되었습니다. 결과는 두 종 모두 흐름 흐름이있는 노치를 선호했으며 이 흐름 체제로 상류로 이동하는데 더 성공적이었습니다.
이 연구에서는 이 시설의 1 : 2.5 스케일 어로 모델을 사용하여 Silva et al.에 의해 테스트된 바닥 오리피스 구성이 있는 풀형 유형 어로의 속도와 난류를 측정했습니다.

[7,38] 효과가 입증된 바벨 사용. 2D 입자 이미지 속도계 (PIV) 시스템 및 음향 도플러 속도계 (ADV)를 사용하여 순간 속도의 광범위한 측정을 수행하고, 후 처리하고, 수치 모델 정확도를 평가하는 데 사용했습니다.

Haque et al. [44] 대부분의 경우 수치 모델의 검증에 사용할 수있는 실험 데이터 세트에 높은 측정 오류가 있고 / 또는 측정 메시가 너무 거칠어 서 이들의 예측 기능을 올바르게 평가할 수없는 문제를 언급했습니다.

모델. Blocken과 Gualtieri [23]는 검증 및 검증 연구가 필수적이며 CFD 연구를 검증하기위한 데이터를 제공하기 위해 고품질 실험이 필요하다고 언급합니다.

Fuentes-Pérez et al. [35]는 특히 난류 메트릭에 대한 어로 연구에서 수치 모델 검증 데이터를 찾는 데 어려움을 언급합니다. 두 가지 측정 기술을 사용하고 상당한 양의 실험 데이터를 얻었기 때문에 이 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 극복했습니다.

물리적 모델은 종종 Froude 수 유사성을 기반으로하며, 두 유사성 법칙을 모두 충족하는 데 어려움이있어 무시되는 레이놀즈 수 유사성입니다. 프로토 타입 레이놀즈 수가 일반적으로 훨씬 더 크기 때문에 레이놀즈 수 관련 스케일 효과가 도입될 수 있습니다.

레이놀즈 수 증가는 속도 분포와 경계층 속성에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다 [45]. 척도 효과를 평가하기 위해 수치 시뮬레이션을 사용할 수 있습니다 [46,47]. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바닥 오리피스 흐름이있는 풀형어도에 대한 스케일 효과를 분석하기 위해 두 가지 크기의 수치 모델을 개발했습니다.

프로토 타입 치수의 대형 모델과 물리적 모델 치수의 스케일 된 소형 모델입니다. .
바닥 오리피스가있는 수영장 형 어로의 유동장은 수직 슬롯 어로 (VSF)의 유동장보다 매우 3 차원 적이며 훨씬 더 복잡합니다. 이는 어로 수치 모델 검증에 대한 이전 연구에서 더 자주 고려 된 설계입니다 [26, 27,28,29,35].

저자가 아는 한, 이것은 바닥 오리피스가있는 풀형 어로에 대한 최초의 CFD 연구이며, 여기에는 실험 속도 데이터와 풀형 어로에 대한 3 차원 수치 모델링 결과 간의 가장 광범위한 비교도 포함됩니다. 두 가지 다른 측정 기술 (PIV 및 ADV)이 사용되어 자세한 비교가 가능하고 이러한 유형의 유동장에 대한 CFD 시뮬레이션 결과에 대한 확신을 제공합니다.

이 연구는 다른 어로 유형의 이전 수치 모델 연구에서 제시되지 않았던 난류 매개 변수를 포함하여 수치 모델 결과와 측정 간의 일치에 대한 통계적 테스트를 통해 정성적 비교 뿐만 아니라 상세한 정량적 비교도 제공합니다. 스케일 효과도 다룹니다.

따라서 이 연구는 전 세계적으로 가장 많이 사용되는 풀 유형 어로의 CFD 모델 검증을 원활하게 할 것이며 [10] 설계자들의 사용을 장려 할 것입니다.
또한 새로운 풀 유형 어로 형상을 위한 설계 도구로 CFD 모델 (즉, FLOW 3D®)을 사용하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

Figure 2. Three dimensional representations of a pool showing the measurement planes and the acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) measurement grid (a) measurement planes parallel to the flume bottom; (b) vertical measurement planes (ADV measurement grid is only shown in one plane).

Figure 3. Computational domain, showing Pool 3 mesh block.

Figure 4. Streamlines of time-averaged velocities (left: PIV; right: mesh Amodel): (a,b) plane 2 (z = 0.088 m); (c,d) plane 5 (y = 0.20 m).

Figure 5. Longitudinal variation of velocity components: (a,c,e) planes 1 and 6 intersection (y = 0.36 m and z = 0.04 m); (b,d,f) planes 2 and 5 intersection (y = 0.20 m and z = 0.088 m).

Figure 6. Longitudinal variation of Reynolds normal stress components and Reynolds shear stress parallel to the bottom component: (a,c,e,g) planes 1 and 6 intersection (y = 0.36 m and z = 0.04m); (b,d,f,h) planes 2 and 5 intersection (y = 0.20 m and z = 0.088 m).

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Figure 5. Flow pattern of operating condition 1: (a) Physical model flow diagram; (b) Simulation model flow.

Numerical Study of Fluctuating Pressure on Stilling Basin Slab with Sudden Lateral Enlargement and Bottom Drop

급격한 측면 확대 및 바닥 낙하에 따른 정류지(stilling basin) 슬래브의 변동 압력에 대한 수치 연구

by Yangliang Lu,Jinbu Yin *OrcID,Zhou Yang,Kebang Wei andZhiming Liu
College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Weihui Road, Yangling 712100, China*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2021, 13(2), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020238
Received: 6 November 2020 / Revised: 7 January 2021 / Accepted: 11 January 2021 / Published: 19 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Modelling in Hydraulics Engineering)

Abstract

갑작스런 확장 및 바닥 낙하가 있는 고요한 정류지(stilling basin) 유역은 복잡한 수력 특성, 특히 3D 공간 수력 점프 아래에서 변동하는 압력 분포로 이어집니다.

이 논문은 FLOW-3D 소프트웨어를 기반으로 한 LES (Large Eddy Simulation) 모델과 TruVOF 방법을 사용하여 시간 평균 압력, 변동 압력의 RMS (Root Mean Square), 정물(stilling basin) 조 슬래브의 최대 및 최소 압력을 시뮬레이션했습니다.

실제 모델 결과와 비교하여 시뮬레이션 결과는 LES 모델이 정물 유역의 변동하는 수류 압력을 안정적으로 시뮬레이션 할 수 있음을 보여줍니다. 변동 압력의 RMS의 최대 값은 정수조 전면과 측벽의 연장선 부근에 나타납니다.

이 논문은 변동 압력의 생성 메커니즘과 Navier-Stokes 방정식에서 파생된 Poisson 방정식을 기반으로 영향 요인 (변동 속도, 속도 구배, 변동 와도)의 정량 분석과 특성의 정성 분석을 결합하는 연구 방법을 제공합니다.

변동하는 압력의. 정류 지의 소용돌이 영역과 벽에 부착 된 제트 영역의 변동 압력 분포는 주로 각각 와류 및 변동 유속의 영향을 받으며 충돌 영역의 분포는 변동 속도, 속도 구배 및 변동에 의해 발생합니다.

A stilling basin with sudden enlargement and bottom drop leads to complicated hydraulic characteristics, especially a fluctuating pressure distribution beneath 3D spatial hydraulic jumps. This paper used the large eddy simulation (LES) model and the TruVOF method based on FLOW-3D software to simulate the time-average pressure, root mean square (RMS) of fluctuating pressure, maximum and minimum pressure of a stilling basin slab. Compared with physical model results, the simulation results show that the LES model can simulate the fluctuating water flow pressure in a stilling basin reliably. The maximum value of RMS of fluctuating pressure appears in the vicinity of the front of the stilling basin and the extension line of the side wall. Based on the generating mechanism of fluctuating pressure and the Poisson Equation derived from the Navier–Stokes Equation, this paper provides a research method of combining quantitative analysis of influencing factors (fluctuating velocity, velocity gradient, and fluctuating vorticity) and qualitative analysis of the characteristics of fluctuating pressure. The distribution of fluctuating pressure in the swirling zone of the stilling basin and the wall-attached jet zone is mainly affected by the vortex and fluctuating flow velocity, respectively, and the distribution in the impinging zone is caused by fluctuating velocity, velocity gradient and fluctuating vorticity.

Keywords: submerged jump; sudden lateral enlargement and bottom drop; large eddy simulation; vortex; fluctuating pressure

Figure 1. Schematic design of model test: (a) Sectional view; (b) Plan view.

Figure 2. Model layout in laboratory: (a) Discharge chute; (b) The stilling basin.

Table 1. Operating conditions.

Condition	Flow Discharge (m³/s)	Inflow Froude Number	Inflow Velocity (m/s)	Inflow Water Depth (m)
1	0.942	5.295	5.611	0.114
2	0.643	4.545	4.489	0.097
3	0.232	4.227	3.018	0.052

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of fluctuating pressure data-processing process.

Figure 4. 3D simulation model: (a) Boundary conditions; (b) Grid mesh.

Table 2. Grid independence test.

Grid	Containing Block Cell Size (m)	Nested Block Cell Size (m)	Discharge (m³/s)	Relative Error (%)
1	0.050	0.025	0.990	5.10
2	0.040	0.020	0.969	2.70
3	0.030	0.015	0.956	1.49
4	0.020	0.010	0.952	1.06

Figure 6. Numerical simulation of water surface profile and x-z plane flow rate vector.

Figure 7. Comparison of bottom velocity.

Figure 8. Comparison of pressure at 10 pressure measurement points: (a) Comparison of root mean square (RMS) of fluctuating and time-average pressure; (b) Comparison of maximum and minimum pressure.

Figure 9. The distribution diagram of time-average pressure and RMS of fluctuating pressure of bottom of stilling basin under three cases.

Figure 10. Speed vector in stilling basin at z = 40 cm horizontal plane and bottom plate plane in three cases.

Figure 11. Distribution of fluctuating velocity and vorticity in the horizontal section of the stilling basin slab: (a) Distribution of fluctuating velocity; (b) Distribution of fluctuating vorticity.

Figure 12. Distribution of root time-average square fluctuating pressure of x = 50 cm cross-section of bottom plate: (a) Distributions of fluctuating velocity and fluctuating pressure; (b) Distributions of fluctuating vorticity and fluctuating pressure.

Figure 13. Variance of fluctuating pressure coefficient (Cp′).

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Figure 6. Scour depth (in negative value) at different views around pier

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of local scour around circular bridge pier using Flow-3D software

Flow-3D 소프트웨어를 이용한 원형 교각 주변 지역 scour의 3 차원 수치 시뮬레이션

To cite this article: Halah Kais Jalal and Waqed H. Hassan 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 745 012150

Halah Kais Jalal1
, Waqed H. Hassan2
1 Graduate student, Civil Engineering Department, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq.
2 Professor, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq.
E-mail: halah.q@s.uokerbala.edu.iq, Waaqidh@uokerbala.edu.iq

Abstract

주어진 값의 내부 드리프트를 나타내는 다항식 순서 또는 자체 정의 함수 목록을 제공 할 수 있습니다. 이 드리프트는 kriging 보간 동안 내부적으로 적합합니다. 다음에서는 선형 드리프트가 추가된 인공 데이터를 생성합니다. 그런 다음 결과 샘플은 Universal kriging의 입력으로 사용됩니다. 그런 다음 보간 중에 “선형”드리프트가 추정됩니다. 추정된 평균 / 드리프트에만 액세스하기 위해 호출 루틴에 스위치 only_mean을 제공합니다. 원형 교각 주변의 국부 수색 문제는 Flow-3D 모델을 사용하여 전산 유체 역학 (CFD)에서 국부적 진화를 나타냅니다. 교각 설계에서 중요한 scour 및 scour 구멍의 최대 깊이. 이 연구의 목적은 교각 주변의 수색 깊이를 정확하게 시뮬레이션하고 예측하는 수치 시뮬레이션 모델 Flow-3D의 능력을 검증하는 것입니다. 이 검증은 수치 결과를 Melville 실험실 실험 모델과 비교하여 수행됩니다. 30 분후 수치 결과에서 얻은 원형 부두 주변의 최대 scour 깊이는 3.6cm이고 Melville 모델에서 얻은 scour 깊이는 4cm입니다. 이 결과에 따르면 수치 모델과 실험 모델 간의 오류율 비율은 10 %에 가깝습니다. 결과는 실험 결과와 함께 좋은 검증을 보여주었습니다. 마지막으로 제안 된 Flow-3D 모델은 교각 주변의 수색 깊이를 예측하고 시뮬레이션 하는데 효과적인 도구를 고려하고 잠재적인 결과를 예측하는 경제적인 방법을 고려했습니다.

The problem of local scouring around circular bridge pier has been studied numerically
by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using Flow-3D model to represent the evolution of local
scour and the maximum depth of the scour hole which is important in the bridge pier design. The
aim of this study is to verify the ability of the numerical simulation model Flow-3D to accurately
simulate and predict the scour depth around the bridge pier. This verification is conducted by
comparison the numerical results with Melville laboratory experimental model. The maximum
scours depth around the circular pier obtained from numerical results after 30 min is 3.6 cm, while
the scouring depth obtained from Melville model is 4 cm. According to these results, the error rate
ratio between the numerical and experimental models is close to 10%. The results showed a good
validation with experimental results. Finally, the proposed Flow-3D model considered an effective
tool in predicting and simulating the scour depth around bridge pier and considered an economic
method to predict potential results.
Keywords: Local scour, Flow-3D, CFD, Verfication

scour은 흐르는 물의 침식 작용으로 정의 할 수 있으며, 이는 가까운 교각 및 교각에서 베드를 제거하고 침식합니다 [1]. 다리의 교각 주변을 scour하는 것은 다리의 실패 원인이 충돌 및 과부하와 함께 엄청난 인명 손실과 경제적 영향으로 이어지는 주요 원인 중 하나로 간주됩니다 [2], 지역 scour 예측, 특히 최대 scour 깊이는 다음과 같습니다.

교량 설계, 유지 보수 및 평가에 필수적입니다. 전 세계의 많은 연구자들은 다양한 관점과 다양한 조건에서 광범위하게 scour 문제를 연구했습니다.

교량 부지에서 만든 scour에는 일반적으로 세 가지 유형이 포함되어 있습니다. 일반 scour, 수축 scour 및 국부 scour [3], 세 가지 scour 유형 중, scour는 다리와 관련된 위험에서 가장 중요한 역할을 하기 때문에, local scour는 이 연구의 중요한 부분으로 간주됩니다.

많은 선행 연구가 경험적 테스트를 사용하여 교량의 국부 scour을 분석하는 기술과 방법론을 목표로 했습니다 [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11] . 이러한 경험적 scour 테스트의 대부분은 비용이 많이 들고 노동 집약적이기 때문에 크고 중요한 교량에서 종종 수행됩니다.

그러나 가장 인기 있는 고속도로 교량의 경우 경험적 테스트가 적용되지 않지만 이러한 일반 교량에서 scour이 자주 발생하지만 일부 연구에서는 경제적이고 실용적인 목적으로 교량 scour에 대한 분석 솔루션을 조사했습니다.

지난 몇 년 동안 전산 유체 역학 (CFD를 사용하여 산업 및 환경 응용 분야에서 유체 흐름 동작을 결정하는 데 사용)을 더 많이 사용할 수 있는 컴퓨터 및 소프트웨어의 기능이 증가함에 따라 scour의 3 차원 시뮬레이션 방법이 더욱 널리 보급되었습니다.

FLUENT, CFX, PHOENIX와 같은 CFD 소프트웨어는 실험 설정과 여러면에서 유사하므로 이 수치 시뮬레이션의 원래 개념은 속도계와 같은 확장된 부속품을 사용하여 물리적 모델을 설계하고 구성하는 것입니다. 복잡한 모델 실험실 조건에서 모델링하기 어려운 모델은 수치 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 간단하게 모델링 할 수 있습니다.

좋은 수치 모델은 확실히 모델 테스트를 보완 할 수 있으며 설계 엔지니어가 모델 테스트를 수행 할 수 있는 가장 중요한 사례를 식별하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다는 것이 널리 알려져 있습니다.

복잡한 문제와 대규모 모델 연구를 해결할 수 있는 매력적인 아이디어입니다. 실제 결과를 결정하기 위해 추가 작업자 또는 기존의 대규모 설정이 필요하지 않습니다.

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 방법은 Navier-Stokes의 이산화 및 해석과 계산 셀의 연속성 방정식을 통해 유동 프로세스 시뮬레이션에 항상 사용됩니다. 현재 연구에서 상용 코드 Flow-3D는 교각 주변의 scour 깊이를 모델링하는 데 사용됩니다.

Flow-3D 모델은 유압 공학 응용을 위한 특수 장치가 있는 CFD 패키지입니다. 수치 기법은 다중 스케일 다중 물리 흐름 문제를 얻기 위해 과도 및 3 차원 솔루션에 대한 유체 운동 방정식을 해결하는 데 사용됩니다.

물리적 옵션과 수치 옵션의 조합을 통해 사용자는 Flow-3D를 광범위한 유체 흐름 및 열 전달 현상에 적용 할 수 있으며 다양한 유압 문제를 해결하는 데 널리 사용됩니다 [12]. Flow-3D에 의한 scour의 수치 시뮬레이션은 많은 연구자들에 의해 제안 되었습니다.

Flow-3D에 의한 Scour의 수치 시뮬레이션은 많은 연구자들에 의해 제안 되었습니다.

예를 들어, [13]은 Scour Hole 내의 원형 브리지 부두의 기초에서 발생하는 흐름을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 Flow-3D를 사용했고, [14]는 조수 아래의 복잡한 브리지 피어에서 국소 스캐닝을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 숫자 모델을 사용했고 [15]는 Flow-3D를 사용했습니다.다양한 조건에서 국부적 골절 깊이의 더미 모양과 [16] CFD 코드를 사용하여 3D 흐름과 다양한 모양의 교량 부두 주위의 국부적 스캐닝을 시뮬레이션했습니다.

이 모든 연구는 맑은 물 조건에서 흐르는 물이 주로 흐름과 강바닥 사이의 대부분의 상호 작용으로 이어진다는 가설을 세웠습니다.

본 논문에서는 [4]의 실험실 모델에 의한 수치 시뮬레이션 검증을 통해 교량 주변의 국부 scour 실험 결과를 CFD 코드 Flow-3D의 수치 시뮬레이션 결과와 비교하여 검증을 목적으로 합니다. 이 검증의 주요 목적은 교량 부두 주변의 scour 깊이를 예측할 때 수치 모델 Flow-3D의 효과를 테스트하는 것입니다.

Figure 1. Plan view of Melville experimental setup [4]

Figure 2. Geometry of the numerical model configured by the FLOW-3D

Figure 3. Effect of Cell Size on Scour Depth

Figure 4. Meshing Plane Structure Around a Circular Pier

Figure 7. Contour Lines Represented the Depth of Scour Around Circular Bridge Pier for Melville Model

Figure 8. Contour Lines Represented the Depth of Scour Around the bridge Pier for the Numerical model

Figure 9. Scour depth against time around cylindrical pier.

Figure 10. Contour map of flow velocity around a pier at 30 min resulted by Melville [4]

Figure 11. Contour map of flow velocity distribution around a pier at 30 min resulted by numerical simulation.

Conclusion

이 연구는 교각에서 scour깊이의 발달을 예측하는 데 있어 이 수치 시뮬레이션의 효과를 검증하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 검증은 30 분의 scour 깊이 공식화 후 Flow-3D의 수치 결과를 Melville 실험 모델과 비교하여 결론을 내립니다.

결과의 비교는 최대 수세공 깊이에 대한 오류율이 10 %임을 나타내며,이 관찰은 수치 및 실험 작업 사이에 좋은 검증을 보여 주므로 수치 시뮬레이션은 scour 깊이를 성공적으로 재현합니다.

이러한 결과에 따르면 제안된 수치 모델 Flow-3D는 교각 주변의 scour 깊이와 유동장을 시뮬레이션하고 예측하는데 효과적인 도구로 간주되었습니다.

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논문 원문 바로가기

Figure 1. The bathymetry provided with the benchmark problem.

Performance Assessment of NAMI DANCE in Tsunami Evolution and Currents Using a Benchmark Problem

Deniz Velioglu

^1,*,

Rozita Kian

²,

Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner

³ and

Andrey Zaytsev

⁴

1Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey

²Ocean Engineering Department, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA

³Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey

⁴Department of Applied Mathematics, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: Richard P. Signell

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2016, 4(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse4030049

Received: 5 July 2016 / Revised: 2 August 2016 / Accepted: 12 August 2016 / Published: 18 August 2016

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 14th Estuarine and Coastal Modeling Conference)

Abstract

쓰나미 진화, 전파 및 침수의 수치 모델링은 현상에 관련된 수많은 매개 변수로 인해 복잡합니다. 쓰나미 모션을 해결하는 숫자 코드의 성능과 흐름 및 속도 패턴을 평가하는 것이 중요합니다. NAMI DANCE는 긴 파도 모델링을 위해 개발된 계산 도구입니다.

쓰나미 생성, 전파 및 침수 메커니즘의 수치 모델링 및 효율적인 시각화를 제공하고 쓰나미 매개 변수를 계산합니다. 긴 파도 이론에서, 물 입자의 수직 움직임은 압력 분포에 영향을 미치지 않습니다.

이러한 근사치와 소홀히 하는 수직 가속을 기반으로 질량 보존 및 모멘텀 방정식은 2차원 깊이 평균 방정식으로 줄어듭니다. NAMI DANCE는 유한차 계산 방법을 사용하여 긴 파도 문제에서 선형 및 비선형 형태의 깊이 평균 얕은 수식을 해결합니다.

이 연구에서 NAMI DANCE는 미국 포틀랜드에서 열린 2015 년 국립 쓰나미 위험 완화 프로그램 (NTHMP) 연례 회의에서 논의된 벤치 마크 문제에 적용됩니다.

벤치마크 문제는 하나의 독방 파도가 해양 섬 특징이 있는 삼각형 모양의 선반을 전파하는 일련의 실험을 특징으로 합니다. 이 문제는 섬 부근에서 상세한 무료 표면 고도 및 속도 의 타임 시리즈를 제공합니다. 결과를 비교한 결과, NAMI DANCE는 긴 파도 진화, 전파, 증폭 및 쓰나미 전류를 만족스럽게 예측할 수 있음을 보여주었습니다.

키워드: 수치 모델링;쓰나미 전류;깊이 평균 방정식;벤치마크,numerical modeling; tsunami currents; depth-averaged equation; benchmark

쓰나미는 해저 지진, 수중 산사태, 화산 폭발 또는 큰 운석 파업으로 인한 해저의 갑작스런 움직임에 의해 생성되는 큰 파도입니다. 쓰나미 파도는이 현상의 가장 파괴적인 매개 변수로 받아 들여진다; 그러나 큰 파도 움직임에 의해 트리거되는 전류는 경우에 따라 매우 치명적일 수 있습니다.

분지 공명 및 기하학적 증폭은 폐쇄 된 분지에서 쓰나미 영향의 지역 배율에 대한 두 가지 합리적으로 잘 이해된 메커니즘이며, 일반적으로 항구 또는 항구에서 쓰나미 위험 잠재력을 추정 할 때 조사 되는 메커니즘입니다. 반면에 전류에 대한 이해력과 예측 능력은부족하다[1].

이 연구는 수치 도구를 사용하여 쓰나미 진화, 전파 및 증폭뿐만 아니라 쓰나미 전류의 추정에 2 차원 깊이 평균 천수(shallow water)모델 방정식의 충분성을 조사하는 것을 목표로; 즉 나미 댄스. 1970 년대 이후, 독방 파도는 일반적으로 실험 및 수학 연구에서, 쓰나미를 모델링하는 데 사용되었습니다[2].

이러한 점에서 수치 코드는 복잡한 목욕을 통해 단일 독방 파도의 진화와 전파에 초점을 맞춘 벤치마크 문제에 적용됩니다. 이 문제는 선반의 근해에 위치한 섬 특징이 있는 삼각형 모양의 선반을 전파할 때 단일 고독한 파도의 변형을 분석하는 일련의 실험을 설명합니다. 섬 부근에 형성되는 해류도 실험에서 조사된다.

이 연구에 사용된 벤치마크 문제는 미국 포틀랜드에서 개최된 2015 년 국립 쓰나미 위험 완화 프로그램 (NTHMP) 워크샵의 벤치마크 문제 #5.3]. 벤치마크 데이터와 수치 결과를 비교하여 2차원 깊이 평균 얕은 수식은 쓰나미 파도 진화와 해류에 대해 만족스러운 결과를 제공하므로 쓰나미 완화 전략을 결정하는 동안 사용하기에 충분한 도구임을 관찰합니다.

Figure 2. Model parameters: (a) bathymetry of the numerical model, NAMI DANCE; (b) incoming wave.

Figure 3. Comparison of free surface elevation (FSE) results: (a) X = 7.5 m and Y = 0.0 m at Gage 1; (b) X = 13.0 m and Y = 0.0 m at Gage 2; (c) X = 21.0 m and Y = 0.0 m at Gage 3; (d) X = 7.5 m and Y = 5.0 m at Gage 4; (e) X = 13.0 m and Y = 5.0 m at Gage 5; (f) X = 21.0 m and Y = 5.0 m at Gage 6; (g) X = 25.0 m and Y = 0.0 m at Gage 7; (h) X = 25.0 m and Y = 5.0 m at Gage 8. Black line represents benchmark data, red line represents numerical results.

Figure 4. Comparison of results: (a) horizontal velocity in x-direction, U, recorded at X = 13.0 m, Y = 0.0 m and Z = 0.75 m at Gage 2; (b) horizontal velocity in y-direction, V, recorded at X = 13.0 m, Y = 0.0 m and Z = 0.75 m at Gage 2; (c) horizontal velocity in x-direction, U, recorded at X = 21.0 m, Y = −5.0 m and Z = 0.77 m at Gage 9; (d) horizontal velocity in y-direction, V, recorded at X = 21.0 m, Y = −5.0 m and Z = 0.77 m at Gage 9. Black line represents benchmark data, red line represents numerical results.

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논문 원문 바로가기

Calibrating Simulation Parameters

시뮬레이션 매개 변수 보정

교정 연구의 목표

계단식 배수로에서 공기 유입 시뮬레이션에 대한 다양한 수치 매개 변수의 영향을 조사합니다.

엔지니어링 과제

쉽게 실험 데이터와 일치하도록 공기 유입 및 도움말 보정의 최초의 시뮬레이션에 수치 매개 변수의 영향을 연구에 사용할 수 있는 자동화된 워크 플로우 생성 ¹ .

연구할 매개 변수는 메쉬 크기, 난류 모델, 난류 길이 스케일 및 동적 대 고정 난류 길이 스케일입니다. 또한 FLOW-3D (x) 는 마지막 시간 단계에서 유입된 공기 농도의 이미지와 시뮬레이션에서 공기 유입의 진화를 보여주는 애니메이션을 생성합니다.

FLOW-3D (x) 워크 플로우

시뮬레이션은 동반된 공기의 양을 보고하기 위해 3, 4, 5 단계의 샘플링 볼륨으로 설정됩니다. FLOW-3D (x) 는 노드를 사용하여 자동화된 워크 플로를 구성합니다.

첫 번째 노드는 .csv 파일에서 시뮬레이션 매개 변수를 읽는데 사용됩니다. 그런 다음 매개 변수는 시뮬레이션을 실행 하기 위해 FLOW-3D 노드로 전송됩니다 . 후 처리 노드는 배수로의 각 단계에서 샘플링 볼륨에서 동반된 공기 볼륨을 추출하고, 마지막 시간 단계에서 동반된 공기의 이미지를 생성하고, 공기 동반 애니메이션을 생성합니다. 마지막 노드는 샘플링 볼륨에서 보고된 동반 공기 값을 .csv 파일에 씁니다.

매개 변수 정의 입력 파일에 18 개의 매개 변수 세트가 지정되어 있으므로 예산 또는 허용되는 반복 횟수가 18로 설정되었습니다. 단일 시뮬레이션의 런타임은 각 반복에서 사용되는 메시 크기에 따라 다릅니다.

매개 변수 연구 결과

사용 FLOW-3D (X) 의 데이터 분석 기능 및 자동 화상 생성하면 빠른 시각적 평가 결과의 검증을 허용합니다. 또한 각 시뮬레이션 실행에 대한 각 단계의 공기 유입 값은 보고된 .csv 파일에서 쉽게 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 최적화 연구 시간을 절약하기 위해 배치 실행이 사용되었습니다.

교정 전

0.01m의 메쉬 크기, k-ω 난류 모델 및 0.005m와 동일한 난류 길이 척도를 사용하는 시뮬레이션의 마지막 시간 단계에서 유입 공기

References

메쉬 크기 = 0.005m, k-ω 난류 모델 및 0.005m와 같은 난류 길이 척도의 시뮬레이션에서 마지막 시간 단계에서 혼입된 공기. 2 배 더 미세한 메쉬를 사용한 공기 혼입의 시작은 0.01m 메쉬보다 실험 결과와 유사하게 비교됩니다.

참고 문헌

¹ Felder, Stefan (2013). Air-water flow properties on stepped spillways for embankment dams: Aeration, energy dissipation and turbulence on uniform, non-uniform and pooled stepped chutes. PhD Thesis, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland.

CFD Stirs Up Mixing 일반

CFD (전산 유체 역학) 전문가가 필요하고 때로는 실행하는데 몇 주가 걸리는 믹싱 시뮬레이션의 시대는 오래 전입니다. 컴퓨팅 및 관련 기술의 엄청난 도약에 힘 입어 Ansys, Comsol 및 Flow Science와 같은 회사는 엔지니어의 데스크톱에 사용하기 쉬운 믹싱 시뮬레이션을 제공하고 있습니다.

“병렬화 및 고성능 컴퓨팅의 발전과 템플릿화는 비전문 화학 엔지니어에게 정확한 CFD 시뮬레이션을 제공했습니다.”라고 펜실베이니아 주 피츠버그에있는 Ansys Inc.의 수석 제품 마케팅 관리자인 Bill Kulp는 말합니다 .

흐름 개선을위한 실용적인 지침이 필요하십니까? 다운로드 화학 처리의 eHandbook을 지금 흐름 도전 싸우는 방법!

예를 들어, 회사는 휴스턴에있는 Nalco Champion과 함께 프로젝트를 시작했습니다. 이 프로젝트는 시뮬레이션 전문가가 아닌 화학 엔지니어에게 Ansys Fluent 및 ACT (분석 제어 기술) 템플릿 기반 시뮬레이션 앱에 대한 액세스 권한을 부여합니다. 새로운 화학 물질을위한 프로세스를 빠르고 효율적으로 확장합니다.

Giving Mixing Its Due

“화학 산업은 CFD와 같은 계산 도구를 사용하여 많은 것을 얻을 수 있지만 혼합 프로세스는 단순하다고 가정하기 때문에 간과되는 경우가 있습니다. 그러나 최신 수치 기법을 사용하여 우수한 성능을 달성하는 흥미로운 방법이 많이 있습니다.”라고 Flow Science Inc. , Santa Fe, NM의 CFD 엔지니어인 Ioannis Karampelas는 말합니다 .

이러한 많은 기술이 회사의 Flow-3D Multiphysics 모델링 소프트웨어 패키지와 전용 포스트 프로세서 시각화 도구 인 FlowSight에 포함되어 있습니다.

“모든 상업용 CFD 패키지는 어떤 형태의 시각화 도구와 번들로 제공되지만 FlowSight는 매우 강력하고 사용하기 쉽고 이해하기 쉽게 설계되었습니다. 예를 들어, 프로세스를 재 설계하려는 엔지니어는 다양한 설계 변경의 효과를 평가하기 위해 매우 직관적인 시각화 도구가 필요합니다.”라고 그는 설명합니다.

이 접근 방식은 실험 측정을 얻기 어려운 공정 (예 : 쉽게 측정 할 수없는 매개 변수 및 독성 물질의 존재로 인해 본질적으로 위험한 공정)을 더 잘 이해하고 최적화하는데 특히 효과적입니다.

동일한 접근 방식은 또한 믹서 관련 장비 공급 업체가 고객 요구에 맞게 제품을보다 정확하게 개발하고 맞춤화하는 데 도움이되었습니다. “이는 불필요한 프로토 타이핑 비용이나 잠재적 인 과도한 엔지니어링을 방지합니다. 두 가지 모두 일부 공급 업체의 문제였습니다.”라고 Karampelas는 말합니다.

CFD 기술 자체는 계속해서 발전하고 있습니다. 예를 들어, 수치 알고리즘의 관점에서 볼 때 구형 입자의 상호 작용이 열 전달을 적절하게 모델링하는 데 중요한 다양한 문제에 대해 이산 요소 모델링을 쉽게 적용 할 수있는 반면, LES 난류 모델은 난류 흐름 패턴을 정확하게 시뮬레이션하는 데 이상적입니다.

컴퓨팅 리소스에 대한 비용과 수요에도 불구하고 Karampelas는 난류 모델의 전체 제품군을 제공 할 수있는 것이 중요하다고 생각합니다. 특히 LES는 이미 대부분의 학계와 일부 산업 (예 : 전력 공학)에서 선택하는 방법이기 때문입니다. .

그럼에도 불구하고 CFD의 사용이 제한적이거나 비실용적 일 수있는 경우는 확실히 있습니다. 여기에는 나노 입자에서 벌크 유체 증발을 모델링하는 것과 같이 관심의 규모가 다른 규모에 따라 달라질 수있는 문제와 중요한 물리적 현상이 아직 알려지지 않았거나 제대로 이해되지 않았거나 아마도 매우 복잡한 문제 (예 : 모델링)가 포함됩니다. 음 펨바 효과”라고 Karampelas는 경고합니다.

반면에 더욱 강력한 하드웨어와 업데이트 된 수치 알고리즘의 출현은 CFD 소프트웨어를 사용하여 과다한 설계 및 최적화 문제를 해결하기위한 최적의 접근 방식이 될 것이라고 그는 믿습니다.

“복잡한 열교환 시스템 및 새로운 혼합 기술과 같이 점점 더 복잡한 공정을 모델링 할 수있는 능력은 가까운 장래에 가능할 수있는 일을 간단히 보여줍니다. 수치적 방법 사용의 주요 이점은 설계자가 상상력에 의해서만 제한되어 소규모 믹서에서 대규모 반응기 및 증류 컬럼에 이르기까지 다양한 화학 플랜트 공정을 최적화 할 수있는 길을 열어 준다는 것입니다. 실험적 또는 경험적 접근 방식은 항상 관련성이 있지만 CFD가 미래의 엔지니어를위한 선택 도구가 될 것이라고 확신합니다.”라고 그는 결론을 내립니다.

Seán Ottewell은 Chemical Processing의 편집장입니다. sottewell@putman.net으로 이메일을 보낼 수 있습니다 .

기사 원문 : https://www.chemicalprocessing.com/articles/2017/cfd-stirs-up-mixing/

수자원 분야

Water & Environmental

FLOW-3D는 작은 하수 처리 시스템부터 대형 수력 발전 프로젝트까지 수처리 및 환경 산업에 직면한 광범위한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 뛰어난 CFD 소프트웨어 입니다. FLOW-3D는 시뮬레이션의 복잡성을 감소시키고 최적의 솔루션에 대해 노력을 집중할 수 있도록 해줍니다. 이를 통해 통해 파악된 가치 있는 통찰력은 귀하의 상당한 시간과 비용을 절약 할 수 있습니다.

실제 지형을 적용하여 3차원 shallow water hybrid model을 이용한 댐 붕괴 시뮬레이션

FLOW-3D는 자유표면 흐름이 있는 수치해석 알고리듬에 의해 유동의 표면이 시공간적으로 변하는 모사를 위한 이상적인 도구라고 할 수 있습니다. 자유 표면은 물과 공기 같은 높은 비율의 밀도 변화를 가지는 유체들 사이의 특정한 경계를 일컫습니다. 자유 표면 흐름을 모델링하는 것은 일반적인 유동방정식과 난류 모델이 결합된 고급 알고리즘을 필요로 합니다. 이 기능은 FLOW-3D로 하여금 침수 구조에 의해 형성된 방수, 수력 점프 및 수면 변화의 흐름의 궤적을 포착 할 수 있습니다.

Hydraulics 적용사례 자료 다운로드 (STI C&D)

Water Treatments 적용사례 자료 다운로드 (STI C&D)

FLOW-3D Wastewater Brochure Download

FLOW-3D Stormwater Brochure Download

FLOW-3D Fish passages Brochure Download

FLOW-3D RIVERS Brochure Download

FLOW-3D Air Entrainment Brochure Download

FLOW-3D Sediment Scour Brochure Download

FLOW-3D DAMS Brochure Download

Bibliography & Technical Data

합류식 하수관 월류 유동 전환 구조물 해석

폭우 시 하수관의 용량 부족은 월류(Overflow)를 초래하고, 이는 하천 오염으로 이어집니다. 설계 오류는 이러한 문제를 악화시킬 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D HYDRO와 ...

Flip Bucket Spillway

고속으로 흐르는 물의 충격과 침식은 예측하기 어렵고, 설계 오류는 곧 댐의 안전을 위협할 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D HYDRO와 함께라면 이러한 위험을 ...

샤워기 내부 유동 해석

🚿 샤워기 내부 유동, 과연 눈에 보이지 않는 물의 움직임은 어떨까요? 저희가 FLOW-3D HYDRO를 활용하여 샤워기 내부의 복잡한 유동을 해석한 ...

Baffle Drop Structure

Baffle Drop Structure 설계, 정말 안전할까요?경사수로에서 발생하는 난류와 침식은 예측하기 어렵고, 설계 오류는 곧 재앙적인 결과를 초래할 수 있습니다.FLOW-3D HYDRO와 ...

Schematic view of the experimental set-up

Short-time numerical simulation of ultrasonically assisted electrochemical removal of strontium from water

September 2023 DOI:10.30955/gnc2023.00436 Conference: 18th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology CEST2023, 30 August to 2 September 2023, Athens, ...

Study of a Tailings Dam Failure Pattern and Post-Failure Effects under Flooding Conditions

폐석댐 붕괴 패턴 및 홍수 조건에서의 붕괴 후 영향 연구 Zhong Gao, Jinpeng Liu, Wen He, Bokai Lu, Manman Wang, ...

Determination of Formulae for the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Fixed Box-Type Free Surface Breakwater in the Intermediate Water

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Three-Dimensional Simulations of Subaerial Landslide-Generated Waves: Comparing OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D HYDRO Models

지표 산사태로 발생한 파랑의 3차원 시뮬레이션: OpenFOAM과 FLOW-3D HYDRO 모델 비교 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Alessandro Romano, Gabriel Barajas Ojeda ...

Discharge Formula and Hydraulics of Rectangular Side Weirs in the Small Channel and Field Inlet

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Three-dimensional flow structure in a confluence-bifurcation unit

합류 분기 유닛의 3차원 유동 구조 Di Wang, Xiaoyong Cheng, Zhixuan Cao, Jinyun Deng Abstract Enhanced understanding of flow structure ...

FLOW-3D Water & Environmental Brochure (FSI) Bibliography

Models

Air Entrainment
Hybrid Shallow Water/3D Flow
Sediment Scour
Turbulence
More Modeling Capabilities

Case Studies

Evaluating Hydraulic Energy Losses and Total Hydraulic Head with FLOW-3D‘s Flux Baffles
Modeling Commercial Aquaculture Systems
Modeling Local Bridge Scour during Flood Event

Conference Proceedings

Figure 1. Right: Absolute velocities in the vertical sluice gate fish pass. Level difference between the pools is 0.20 m. Left: Isosurface of the surface structure (blue), Right and left: Isosurface of absolute velocity 1.50 m/s (yellow)

Success Criterion for Fish Passages |수력 발전소 물고기 통로

São Roque 수력 발전소 물고기 통로

이 기사는 Matthias Haselbauer, RMD Consult 및 Carlos Barreira Martinez ( Minas Gerais 연방 대학교) 가 기고했습니다 .

브라질에서는 지난 150 년 동안 지표수의 사용이 지속적으로 증가했습니다. 항행성을 유지하고, 수력을 생성하고, 홍수를 방지하기 위해 자연 흐름을 방해하는 많은 장애물과 우회로가 세워졌습니다. 강에 서식하는 물고기 및 기타 작은 동물은 이러한 변화로 고통 받습니다. 일부 종의 멸종 시점까지 어류 수가 크게 감소한 것이 관찰되었습니다. 어류, 조류 및 포유류 개체수가 동시에 감소함에 따라 먹이 사슬에 대한 인간의 엄청난 영향이 분명해졌습니다.

강을 물고기를 위해 개방하기 위해 브라질에 많은 수의 물고기 통로가 건설되었지만 생물학적 및 기술적 측면에서 효율성이 떨어지는 경우가 많았습니다. 종종 1 차원적이고 경험적인 가정을 사용하여 설계된 통로의 흐름 상황은 과도한 선택과 열악한 위치를 초래합니다. 전통적인 1 차원 디자인의 물고기 통로와 달리 오늘날 더 적절한 도구를 사용할 수 있습니다. CFD (전산 유체 역학) 시뮬레이션을 사용하면 평균 속도 필드 뿐만 아니라 물고기 통로의 유용성에 상당한 영향을 미치는 과도 흐름 효과를 조사 할 수 있습니다. 최적의 결과를 얻으려면 설계 프로세스에서 수력 학적 고려 사항과 생물학적 고려 사항의 결합이 필수적입니다.

이 연구에서는주기적인 수직 수문 물고기 통로 내부의 난류 응집 구조에 대해 논의합니다. 길이가 4.50m이고 너비가 각각 3.30 인 두 개의 웅덩이 사이에서 흐름은 0.50m의 확장이 있는 작은 수직 개구부를 통과해야 합니다 (그림 1).

CFD 시뮬레이션은 FLOW-3D 로 수행되었습니다 . 흐름 방향의 주기적 경계 조건에서 달성 가능한 해상도는 약 2.5cm입니다. 두 웅덩이 사이의 수면 Δh의 레벨 차이는 20cm였다. 따라서 절대 속도의 최대 값은 약 2m / s ≈ Δh * 2g입니다. 전체 위치 에너지는 운동 에너지로 변환되고 나중에 풀에서 소멸됩니다. 제트가 벽에서 분리되는 고속 영역이 형성됩니다.

절대 속도 수문 물고기 통과 — 그림 1. 오른쪽 : 수직 수문 물고기 통과의 절대 속도. 수영장 사이의 레벨 차이는 0.20m입니다. 왼쪽 : 표면 구조의 등면 (파란색), 오른쪽 및 왼쪽 : 절대 속도 1.50m / s (노란색)의 등면

LES (Large Eddy Simulation)를 통해 순간 흐름 영역에 대한 자세한 분석이 가능했습니다. 속도 및 난류 장의 분포와 풀 내의 일관된 난류 구조는 물고기의 행동을 더 잘 이해할 수있게했습니다.

난류 압력 변동

순간 속도 또는 압력 필드는 평균 값과 해당 변동으로 나눌 수 있습니다. 변동 압력에 대한 각 방정식은 다음과 같습니다.

${\tilde{p}}’=\tilde{p}-\left\langle {\tilde{p}} \right\rangle$

난류 압력 장을 살펴보면 와류 내부의 난류 압력이 음수임을 알 수 있습니다. 난류 압력의 국부적 최소값은 그림 2와 같이 대규모 와류의 코어를 나타냅니다. 물고기 통로에서 여러 개의 수평 롤러가 관찰 될 수 있습니다. 와류는 수 문의 전 단층 내부에 형성됩니다. 정점의 주행 거리가 증가하면 와류 직경이 증가하고 난류 압력 진폭이 감소하여 롤러 내부의 난류 압력이 증가합니다.

일관된 구조와 관련하여 개방 채널 흐름의 난류 압력을 분석하는 것은 매우 어렵습니다. 대규모 와류는 직접 관찰로 거의 감지 할 수 없습니다. 이는 수면의 변동과 전체 전류 내부의 관련 압력 변동 때문입니다. 표면파에 의해 유발 된 압력 변동은 다음 지수 법칙에 따라 수심 z에 따라 감소합니다 [Kundu, 2004] :

${p}’\propto {{e}^{{-kz}}}$

서로 다른 압력 변동의 중첩으로 인해 표면 근처의 대규모 일관된 구조를 감지하기가 어렵습니다.

Q- 기준

와류 감지를위한 또 다른 도구는 Dubrief (2000)와 Hunt (1988)가 제안했으며, 이들은 압력, 와도 및 Q- 기준의 등면을 비교했습니다. Q- 기준은 다음과 같이 계산됩니다.

$\displaystyle {{\tilde{\Omega }}{{ij}}}=\frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{{\partial {{{\tilde{U}}}{i}}}}{{{{x}{j}}}}-\frac{{{{{\tilde{U}}}{j}}}}{{\partial {{x}_{i}}}}} \right)$

과

$\displaystyle {\tilde{\Omega }}{ij}=\frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{\tilde{U}{i}} {x}{j}-\frac{\tilde{U}{j}} {x}_{i}} \right)$

공간적으로 필터링 된 속도 구배의 비대칭 및 대칭 부분. 그림 3에서는 Q ~ = 50s-2의 계산 된 등가 곡면이 표시됩니다. Q- 기준으로 소규모 와류가 감지됩니다. 난류 압력 변동과는 달리, Q- 기준 계산을 위해 자유 표면 상태는 탐지 가능성을 방해하지 않습니다. 이는 ∇²p 계산에 선형 정압 분포가 사용되지 않기 때문 입니다. 흐름에서 흐름 방향으로 작은 헤어 라인 소용돌이를 볼 수 있습니다.

Isosurfaces 난류 압력 변동 — 그림 3 : 난류 압력 변동의 등면

토론

다른 스케일의 소용돌이를 시각화하면 엔지니어는 물고기가 수로를 통과해야하는 일관된 구조에 대해 좋은 느낌을 갖게됩니다. 감지 된 대규모 롤러가 주요 구조입니다. 물고기는 이러한 구조에 대한 흐름에서 안정화되어야합니다. 이 롤러의 축은 메인 스트림 방향에 부분적으로 수직이므로 물고기가 안정화를 위해 메인 핀을 사용할 수 있습니다.

소규모 구조물은 물고기의 수영 방향과 평행합니다. 물고기는 이러한 와류에서 안정화를 위해 수직 지느러미 만 사용할 수 있기 때문에 대규모 롤러보다 안정화를 위해 더 많은 노력을 기울여야합니다.

계산 된 LES 결과를 사용하여 물고기 통과 내부의 흐름 조건에 대한 생물 학자와 엔지니어 간의 예비 토론을 시작할 수 있습니다. 감지 된 난류 구조는 물고기 통과의 성공에 중요합니다. 이러한 구조를 통과하는 데는 고속 영역을 통과하는 것보다 더 많은 에너지가 필요할 수 있습니다.

다음 달에 브라질 벨루 오리 존치에있는 미나스 제 라이스 연방 대학교에서 이러한 난류 구조와 물고기가 이러한 구조를 탐색하는 능력 사이의 상관 관계를 확인하기 위해 일련의 실험실 실험이 수행 될 것입니다.

참고 문헌

Dubrief, Yves; Delcayre, Frank: On Coherent-vortex identification in turbulence. In: Journal of Turbulence 1 (2000), pp. 1-22

Haselbauer M.: Geräuscharme Fischaufstiegsgerinne – Experimentelle und numerische Analyse des Fischpasses vom Typ periodische Schütze. PhD-Thesis, Fachgebiet Hydromechanik, TU München, 2008

Hunt, J.C.R.; Wray, A.A.; Moin, P.: Eddies, streams, and convergence zones in turbulent flows. In: CTR-S88 (1988), pp. 193-208

Kundu, Pijush K; Cohen, Ira M: Fluid Mechanics. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004

Wilczak, J. M: Large-scale eddies in the unstably stratified atmospheric surface layer. Part I: Velocity and temperature structure. In: J. Atmos. Sci. 41 (1984), pp. 3537-3550

Acknowledgement: All results were post-processed with Paraview.

원문 보기

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FLOW-3D HYDRO에는 수십 가지 예가 사전 탑재되어 있어 응용 프로그램 모델링을 시작할 수 있는 좋은 출발점을 제공합니다.

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기하학적 또는 흐름 구성에 대한 제한 없음: FLOW-3D HYDO는 속도, 공기 흡입 및 난류장과 같은 중요한 흐름 특성을 매우 정확하게 표현합니다.

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FLOW-3D 튜토리얼 V12

빠른 시작

이 튜토리얼 매뉴얼은 FLOW-3D 를 처음 사용하는 사용자에게 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스(GUI)의 주요 구성 요소를 쉽게 익히도록 하고, 다양한 시뮬레이션의 설정 및 실행 방법을 안내하기 위한 것입니다.

이 매뉴얼에 있는 실습과정은 FLOW-3D의 기본 사항을 다루기 위한 것입니다. 이 매뉴얼에서 제시하는 문제는 다양한 주제를 설명하고, 발생할 수 있는 많은 질문을 해결하기 위해 선정되었습니다. 이 매뉴얼의 실습과정은 FLOW-3D를 실행하는 컴퓨터에 앉아 사용하는 것이 가장 좋습니다.

CFD 사용 철학에 대한 간단한 섹션 다음에는 중요 파일과 시뮬레이션 파일을 실행하는 방법이 소개되어 있습니다. 이 소개 섹션 다음에는 모델 설정, 시뮬레이션 실행 및 포스트 프로세스, Simulation Manager 탐색 방법에 대한 설명이 있습니다. 이러한 각 단계에 대한 자세한 내용은 모델 설정, 컴퓨팅 결과 및 후처리 장에서 확인할 수 있습니다.

1.CFD 사용에 대한 철학

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)는 유체 흐름(질량, 운동량 및 에너지 보존)에 대한 지배 방정식의 컴퓨터 솔루션입니다. 지정된 지배방정식은 이론 장에 설명된 Numerical방법을 사용하여 이산화되고 계산됩니다.

CFD 소프트웨어를 사용하는 것은 여러 면에서 실험을 설정하는 것과 유사합니다. 실제 상황을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 실험을 올바르게 설정하지 않으면, 그 결과는 실제 상황을 반영하지 않습니다. 같은 방법으로 수치 모델이 실제 상황을 정확하게 나타내지 않으면, 그 결과는 실제 상황을 반영하지 않습니다. 사용자는 어떤 것이 중요한지, 어떻게 표현해야 하는지를 결정해야 합니다. 시작하기 전에 다음과 같은 질문을 하는 것이 중요합니다.

CFD 계산에서 무엇을 알고 싶습니까?
중요한 현상을 포착하기 위해 규모와 Mesh는 어떻게 설계되어야 하는가?
실제 물리적 상황을 가장 잘 나타내는 경계 조건은 무엇입니까?
어떤 종류의 유체를 사용해야합니까?
이 문제에 어떤 유체 특성이 중요합니까?
다른 어떤 물리적 현상이 중요합니까?
초기 유체 상태는 어떻게 됩니까?
어떤 단위 시스템을 사용해야합니까?

모델링 되는 문제가 실제 상황을 가능한 한 유사하게 나타내는지 확인하는 것이 중요합니다. 사용자는 복잡한 시뮬레이션 작업을 해결 가능한 부분으로 나누는 것이 좋습니다.

복잡한 물리 효과를 추가하기 전에, 간단하고 쉽게 이해할 수 있는 근사값으로 점차적으로 시작하여 프로세스 진행하십시오. 간단한 손 계산(베르누이 방정식, 에너지 균형, 파동
전파, 경계층 성장 등)은 물리 및 매개 변수를 선택하는데 도움이 되고, 결과와 비교할 수 있는 점검항목을 제공합니다.

CFD의 장단점을 이해하면 분석을 진행하는데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. CFD는 다음과 같은 경우 탁월한 분석 옵션입니다.

기하 구조, 물리학 또는 필요한 상세 수준으로 인해 표준 엔지니어링 계산이 유용하지 않은 경우가 많습니다.
실제 실험은 비용이 많이 소요됩니다.
실험에서 수집할 수 있는 것보다 유체흐름에 대한 자세한 정보가 필요한 경우 유용합니다.
위험하거나 적대적인 조건, 확장이 잘되지 않는 프로세스 등으로 인해 정확한 실험 측정을 하기가 어려운 경우
복잡한 흐름 정보에 대한 커뮤니케이션

CFD는 다음과 같은 경우에 덜 효과적입니다.

솔루션이 계산 리소스가 매우 많이 소요되거나, 도메인 크기를 줄이기 위한 가정 또는 해결되지 않은 물리적 현상을 설명하기 위한 반 임계 모델이 필요한 경우
CFD 시뮬레이션에 대한 입력이 되는 중요한 물리적 현상이 알려지지 않은 경우
물리적 현상이 잘 이해되지 않거나 매우 복잡한 경우

CFD를 사용할 때 명심해야 할 몇 가지 중요한 참고 사항이 있습니다.

CFD는 규정된 초기 및 경계 조건에 따라 지정된 지배 방정식의 수치해석 솔루션입니다. 따라서 모델 설정, 즉 어떤 방정식을 풀어야 하는지, 재료 특성, 초기 조건 및 경계 조건이, 가능한 한 물리적 상황과 최대한 일치해야 합니다.
방정식의 수치 해는 일반적으로 어떤 종류의 근사치를 필요로 합니다. 물리적 모델에 대한 가정과 해결방법을 검토한 후 사용하는 것이 좋습니다.
디지털 컴퓨터는 숫자가 유한 정밀도로 이진수로 표시되는 방식으로 인해 반올림 오류가 발생합니다. 이는 문제를 악화시키기 때문에 매우 근소한 숫자의 차이를 계산해야 하는 상황을 피하십시오. 이러한 상황의 예는 시뮬레이션 도메인이 원점에서 멀리 떨어져 있을 때입니다.

2.중요한 파일

FLOW-3D 시뮬레이션과 관련된 많은 파일이 있습니다. 가장 중요한 것들이 아래에 설명되어 있습니다. 모든 prepin.* 파일의 명칭에서 prepin는 파일 형식을 의미하며, 별표시* 위치는 시뮬레이션 이름을 의미합니다. (예 : prepin.example_simulation.)

·prepin.*: 시뮬레이션용 입력 파일입니다. 시뮬레이션 설정을 설명하는 모든 입력 변수가 포함되어 있습니다.
·prpgrf.*: 이것은 전 처리기 출력 파일입니다. 여기에는 계산된 초기 조건이 포함되며 시뮬레이션을 실행하기 전에 설정을 확인하는 데 사용될 수 있습니다.
·flsgrf.*: 솔버 출력 파일입니다. 시뮬레이션의 최종 결과가 포함됩니다.
·prperr.*, report.*, prpout.*: 이 파일들은 Preprocessor Diagnostic Files.
·hd3err.*, hd3msg.*, hd3out.*: 이 파일들은 Solver Diagnostic Files.

모든 시뮬레이션 파일은 단일 폴더에 함께 유지하므로, 설명이 될 수 있는 시뮬레이션 이름을 사용하는 것이 좋습니다. 그러나 매우 긴 파일 이름은 운영 체제에 따라 문제가 될 수 있습니다.

노트

시뮬레이션 이름이 inp(즉, 입력 파일이 있다면 prepin.inp) 출력 및 진단 파일은 모두 .dat이름을 갖습니다. 예: flsgrf.dat.
모든 입력 파일은 네트워크 위치의 컴퓨터 대신 로컬 디렉토리에 저장하는 것이 좋습니다. 이것은 솔버가 더 빠르게 실행되고 GUI의 응답 속도가 빨라지며 실행중인 시뮬레이션을 방해하는 네트워크 문제 가능성을 제거합니다.

3.시뮬레이션 관리자

FLOW-3D 시뮬레이션 관리자의 탭은 주로 시뮬레이션을 실행할 수 있도록 시뮬레이션 환경을 구성하고 실행 시뮬레이션에 대한 상태 정보를 표시하는데 사용됩니다.

작업 공간 (Workspaces)

작업 공간(Workspaces)은 Simulation Manager의 필수 부분이며 파일을 FLOW-3D에서 처리하는 방식입니다. 기본적으로 시뮬레이션을 포함하고 구성하는 폴더입니다. 몇 가지 예를 들면 시뮬레이션과 또 다른 작업 공간인 검증 사례를 포함하도록 할 수 있습니다:

새로운 작업 공간 만들기

이 튜토리얼에서는 작성하려는 시뮬레이션을 포함할 작업 공간(Workspaces)을 작성하십시오.

1.File -> New workspace로 이동

2.작업 공간 이름으로 Tutorial를 입력하십시오.

3.기본 위치는 현재 사용자의 홈 디렉토리에 있습니다. 다른 곳에서 찾을 수 있지만 기본 위치가 우리의 목적에 적합합니다.

4.하위 디렉토리를 사용하여 작업 공간 이름 만들기 확인란을 선택합니다. 이렇게 하면 파일 시스템에서 작업 공간에 대한 새로운 하위 디렉토리가 만들어져 시뮬레이션 파일을 훨씬 쉽게 구성할 수 있습니다.

5.확인을 눌러 새 작업 공간을 작성하십시오. 이제 포트폴리오에 표시됩니다.

작업 공간 닫기

포트폴리오를 정리하고 탐색하기 쉽도록 필요 없는 작업공간을 닫는 것이 편리합니다. 작업 공간을 닫으면 포트폴리오에서 해당 작업 공간만 제거됩니다. 그러나, 컴퓨터에서 작업 공간을 삭제하지는 않습니다.

작업 공간을 닫으려면

1.기존 작업 공간을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 작업 Close Workspace를 선택하십시오. 또는 포트폴리오에서 작업 공간을 선택 (왼쪽 클릭) 하고 Delete 키를 누를 수 있습니다.

2.작업 공간을 닫을 것인지 묻는 메세지가 표시됩니다. 예를 선택하십시오.

3.포트폴리오는 더 이상 닫힌 작업 공간을 포함하지 않습니다.

기존 작업 공간 열기

오래된 작업 공간을 열어야 할 때가 있을 것입니다. 예를 들어, 새 프로젝트에 유사한 시뮬레이션을 작성하기 전에 기존 시뮬레이션의 설정을 검토할 수 있습니다. 기존 작업 공간을 열려면

1.File -> Open Workspace…를 선택하십시오

2.작업 공간 파일이 있는 디렉토리를 찾으십시오. Tutorial.FLOW-3D_Workspace.

3.작업 공간을 로드 하려면 OK을 누르십시오.

작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션 작업

작업 공간을 사용하는 방법을 알았으니, 여기에 시뮬레이션을 추가해 봅시다.

Example를 추가하십시오

작업 공간에 작업 시뮬레이션을 추가하는 가장 간단한 방법은 포함된 예제 시뮬레이션 중 하나를 추가하는 것입니다. FLOW-3D의 다양한 기능을 사용하는
방법을 보여주기 위해 설계된 간단하고 빠른 시뮬레이션입니다. 기존 작업 공간에 예제를 추가하려면 다음을 수행하십시오.

1.포트폴리오에서 원하는 작업 공간을 강조 표시하십시오

2.File -> Add example…을 선택하십시오. 또는 작업공간을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 예제 추가…를 선택할 수 있습니다.

3.예제 대화 상자에서 예제를 선택하고 열기를 누르십시오. 자연 대류(Natural Convection) 예제를 선택했습니다.

4.새 시뮬레이션 대화 상자가 열립니다.

5.디렉토리가 작업 공간 위치에 있는지 확인하는 것이 좋으므로 기본 시뮬레이션 이름과 위치를 잘 확인하는 것이 좋습니다. FLOW-3D는 모든 시뮬레이션 파일을 이 작업 공간 디렉토리의 별도 하위 디렉토리에 배치하여 파일 구성을 쉽게 만들어 줍니다.

6.시뮬레이션을 위한 단위 시스템을 선택하십시오. 표준 단위 시스템이 권장되지만 각 단위를 독립적으로 선택하기 위해 사용자 지정 단위 시스템을 선택할 수 있습니다.

7.확인을 눌러 새 시뮬레이션을 작업 공간에 추가하십시오.

작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션 제거

작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션을 제거해야 하는 경우가 있습니다 (이는 작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션을 제거만 하며, 컴퓨터에서 시뮬레이션을 삭제하지는 않습니다). 작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션을 제거하려면 다음을 수행하십시오.

1.작업 공간에서 기존 시뮬레이션을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 (이 경우 이전 섹션에서 추가 한 예제 사용) 시뮬레이션 제거를 선택하십시오. 또는 작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션을 선택 (왼쪽 클릭)하고 Delete 키를 누를 수 있습니다.

2.작업 공간에는 더 이상 시뮬레이션이 포함되지 않습니다.

모든 작업 공간 및 디스크에서 시뮬레이션 삭제

작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션을 제거하는 것 외에도 디스크에서 모든 시뮬레이션 파일을 삭제해야 할 수도 있습니다. 작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션을 제거하고 디스크에서 시뮬레이션
파일을 삭제하려면 다음을 수행하십시오.

1.작업 공간에서 기존 시뮬레이션을 마우스 오른쪽 단추로 클릭하고 (이 경우 이전 섹션에서 추가 한 예제 사용) 모든 작업 공간 및 디스크에서 시뮬레이션
삭제를 선택하십시오.

2.시뮬레이션 디렉토리에서 삭제할 파일을 선택할 수 있는 창이 나타납니다. 삭제할 파일을 선택한 다음 확인을 눌러 해당 파일을 삭제하거나 취소를 눌러 작업을 중단하십시오.

3.OK를 선택한 경우 선택한 작업 공간은 더 이상 시뮬레이션을 포함하지 않습니다. 선택한 작업 공간의 모든 시뮬레이션 파일은 디렉토리에서 삭제됩니다.

경고

이 작업은 취소할 수 없으므로 계속하기 확인 후 파일을 삭제해야 합니다.

작업 공간에 기존 시뮬레이션 추가

기존 시뮬레이션을 작업 공간에 추가하려면 다음을 수행하십시오.

1.열린 작업 공간을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 기존 시뮬레이션 추가…를 선택합니다. 작업 공간을 선택한 다음 File->Add Existing Simulation… 을 선택할 수도 있습니다.

2.prepin.*파일 위치로 이동하여 열기를 선택하십시오.

3.시뮬레이션이 이제 작업 공간에 나타납니다.

작업 공간에 새로운 시뮬레이션 추가

대부분의 경우 기존 시뮬레이션을 사용하는 대신 새 시뮬레이션을 작성하게 됩니다. 작업 공간에 새로운 시뮬레이션을 추가하려면:

1.기존 작업 공간을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 새 시뮬레이션 추가…를 선택하십시오.

2.시뮬레이션 이름을 입력하라는 message가 표시됩니다. 이 예제에서는 heat transfer example 불러오십시오.

3.그런 다음 드롭다운 목록을 사용하여 시뮬레이션을 위한 단위 시스템을 결정합니다. 사용 가능한 옵션은 질량, 길이, 시간, 전기요금
각각 g, cm, s, coul기준의 Kg, m, s, CGS입니다. 또한 엔지니어링 단위도 사용할 수 있으며, slug, ft, s의 기초 단위가 있지만, 전기
충전을 위한 단위는 없습니다. 이러한 옵션 중 어느 것도 해당되지 않는 경우, 질량, 길이, 시간 및 전기요금에 대한 기준 등을 사용자 정의하여 사용자 지정 단위 시스템을 사용할 수 있습니다.

4.온도 단위는 드롭다운 목록을 사용하여 지정해야 합니다. 사용 가능한 옵션은 SI 및 CGS 단위의 경우 Celsius 및
Kelvin, 엔지니어링 단위의 경우 Fahrenheit 및 Rankine입니다. Custom units(사용자 정의 단위) 옵션을 선택한 경우, 사용 가능한 온도 단위는 질량
및 길이에 대해 선택한 기본 단위에 따라 변경됩니다.

노트

새 시뮬레이션의 시뮬레이션 단위는 신중하게 선택하십시오. 일단 설정하면 단위를 변경할 수 없습니다.

5.이 시뮬레이션에 사용된 템플릿이 기본 템플릿이 됩니다. 템플릿은 포함된 설정을 새 시뮬레이션에 적용하는 저장된 값 세트입니다. 다른 템플릿을 사용해야하는 경우
찾아보기 아이콘 ( )을 클릭하여 사용 가능한 템플릿 목록에서 선택하십시오.

6.기본 시뮬레이션 이름과 위치는 디렉토리가 작업 공간 위치에 있는지 확인하는 것이 좋습니다. FLOW-3D는 모든 시뮬레이션 파일을 이 작업 공간 디렉토리의 별도 하위 디렉토리에 배치하여 파일 구성을 훨씬 쉽게 만듭니다. 시뮬레이션을 다른 위치에 저장하려면 찾아보기 아이콘 ( )을 사용하여 원하는 위치로 이동하십시오.

7.확인을 클릭하여 작업 공간에 새 시뮬레이션을 추가하십시오.

heat transfer example

다른 옵션

우리는 지금 이러한 옵션을 사용하지 않는 동안, 이 시뮬레이션을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하여 추가 옵션에 대한 액세스를 제공합니다.

일반적으로 사용되는 Add Simulation Copy… 그리고 Add Restart Simulation…을 추가합니다. 첫 번째 옵션은 기존 시뮬레이션의 사본을
작성하고, 두 번째 옵션은 기존 시뮬레이션을 복사하고 원래 시뮬레이션의 결과를 다시 시작 시뮬레이션의 초기 조건으로 사용하도록 다시 시작 옵션을 구성합니다.

추가 정보

재시작 시뮬레이션에 대한 자세한 내용은 도움말에서 모델 설정 장의 재시작 섹션을 참조하십시오.

전처리 및 시뮬레이션 실행

시뮬레이션 전처리

시뮬레이션 전처리는 초기 조건을 계산하고 입력 파일에서 일부 진단 테스트를 실행합니다. 문제가 올바르게 구성되었는지 확인하거나 전 처리기의 진단 정보가 필요한 경우에
유용합니다. 시뮬레이션을 실행하기 전에 전처리할 필요가 없습니다. 시뮬레이션을 전처리 하려면

1.작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 Preprocess Simulation->Local을 선택합니다. 이 경우 입력 파일 heat transfer example이 아직 완전히 정의되지 않았으므로 작업 공간에서 예제 문제를 선택하십시오.

2.전처리 프로세스가 시작되고 Simulation Manager 하단의 텍스트 창에 일부 정보가 인쇄된 후 성공적으로 완료됩니다. 포트폴리오에서 시뮬레이션 이름 옆의 아이콘도 시뮬레이션이 성공적으로 처리되었음을 나타내도록 변경됩니다.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 도움말의 컴퓨팅 결과 장의 전처리 섹션을 참조하십시오.

시뮬레이션 실행

시뮬레이션을 실행하면 입력 파일에 정의된 문제에 대한 지배 방정식(물리적 모델, 형상, 초기 조건, 경계 조건 등)이 해석됩니다. 시뮬레이션을 실행하려면

1.작업 공간에서 시뮬레이션을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 Run Simulation->Local을 선택하십시오. 이 경우 입력 파일 heat transfer example이 아직 완전히
정의되지 않았으므로 작업 공간에서 예제 문제를 선택하십시오.

2.솔버가 시작되고 시뮬레이션 관리자 하단의 텍스트 창에 일부 정보가 인쇄되고 플롯이 업데이트 된 후 성공적으로 완료됩니다. 포트폴리오에서 시뮬레이션 이름 옆의
아이콘도 시뮬레이션이 성공적으로 실행되었음을 나타내도록 변경됩니다. 또한 솔버가 실행되는 동안 큐에 시뮬레이션이 나타나는 것을 볼 수 있으며, 완료되면 사라집니다.

추가 정보

시뮬레이션 실행 및 진단 읽기에 대한 자세한 내용은 도움말의 컴퓨팅 결과 장에서 솔버 실행 섹션을 참조하십시오.

작업 공간에서 모든 시뮬레이션 실행

작업 공간을 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 Simulate Workspace->Local을 선택하여 작업 공간에서 모든 시뮬레이션을 실행할 수도 있습니다.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 컴퓨팅 결과 장에서 솔버 실행 섹션을 참조하십시오.

대기열

사전 처리 또는 실행에 작업이 제출되면 큐의 맨 아래에 시뮬레이션이 자동으로 추가됩니다. 그런 다음 솔버에 사용 가능한 라이센스 및 계산 리소스가 있으면 시뮬레이션이 사전 처리되거나 실행됩니다. 대기열에 있지만 아직 전처리 또는 실행되지 않은 시뮬레이션은 대기열 맨 아래의 컨트롤을 사용하여 대기열에서 다시 정렬하거나 대기열에서 제거할 수 있습니다.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 컴퓨팅 결과 장을 참조하십시오.

파일 시스템에서 파일 찾기

어떤 이유로 구조물 파일에 액세스해야 하는 경우 (아마 *.STL 폴더에 파일을 배치해야 함) 표시된 파일 경로를 시뮬레이션 입력 파일로 클릭하여 파일 시스템의 해당 위치로 이동할 수 있습니다.

4.모델 설정

Model Setup(모델 설정) 탭은 시뮬레이션 관리자에서 현재 선택한 시뮬레이션에 대한 입력 매개 변수를 정의하는 곳입니다. 여기에는 전역설정, 물리학 모델, 유체,
기하학, 메싱, 구성요소 특성, 초기 조건, 경계 조건, 출력 옵션 및 숫자가 포함된다.

이 섹션은 물에 잠긴 모래(위; 파랑)의 바닥에서 가열된 구리 블록(위; 빨간색)에 의해 발생하는 열 기둥(아래)을 보여주는 간단한 시뮬레이션 설정 방법을 안내합니다.

이 튜토리얼은 방법이나 모델이 어떻게 작동하는지, 옵션을 선택한 이유 등에 대한 포괄적인 논의를 의도한 것이 아니며, 이 특정 시뮬레이션을 설정하기 위해 수행해야 할 사항에
대한 간략한 개요일 뿐입니다. 여기서 행해지는 것에 대한 방법/모델과 추론의 세부사항은 사용 설명서의 다른 장에서 확인할 수 있습니다.

시작하려면 새 작업 공간을 작성하고 새 시뮬레이션을 추가하십시오. 이를 수행하는 방법에 대한 지침은 새 작업 공간 작성 및 작업 공간에 새 시뮬레이션 추가를 참조하십시오.

탐색

모델 설정은 주로 빨간색으로 표시된 처음 9 개의 아이콘의 탐색을 통해 수행됩니다. 각 아이콘은 시뮬레이션의 특정 측면을 구성하기 위한 위젯을 엽니다. Global에서 시작하여 Numerics로 끝나는 다음 섹션은 각 위젯의 목적을 보여줍니다.

통제 수단

다음은 FLOW-3D 사용자 인터페이스의 그래픽 디스플레이 영역에서 사용되는 마우스 컨트롤입니다.

행동	버튼/키	동작	기술
회전	왼쪽	길게 클릭	마우스 왼쪽 버튼을 클릭 한 채로 Meshing & Geometry 창에서 마우스를 움직입니다. 그에 따라 모델이 회전합니다.
줌	중간 버튼/스크롤 휠	스크롤/클릭 한 상태	마우스를 앞뒤로 움직여 확대/축소하려면 가운데 휠을 굴리거나 마우스 가운데 버튼을 클릭 한 상태로 유지하십시오.
팬	우측	길게 클릭	마우스 오른쪽 버튼을 클릭 한 채로 창에서 마우스를 움직입니다. 모델이 마우스와 함께 움직입니다.
객체에 초점 설정	해당 없음	객체 위에 커서를 놓기	커서를 개체 위로 가져 가면 마우스 오른쪽 버튼 클릭 메뉴를 통해 추가 조작을 위해 개체가 활성화됩니다. 개체가 활성화되면 강조 표시됩니다. Meshing & Geometry 탭에서 Tools->Mouse Hover Selection 환경 설정 이 활성화된 경우에만 수행됩니다.
선택	왼쪽	더블 클릭	객체를 두 번 클릭하면 마우스 오른쪽 버튼 메뉴를 통해 추가 조작을 위해 객체를 선택하고 활성화합니다. Meshing & Geometry 탭에서 Tools->Mouse Hover Selection 환경 설정 이 비활성화 된 경우에만 활성화됩니다.
액세스 객체 속성	우측	딸깍 하는 소리	강조 표시된 객체를 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 클릭하면 객체 식별, 표시/숨기기, 활성화/비활성화, 투명도 조정 등의 옵션 목록이 표시됩니다.
커서 좌표 반환 (프로브)	왼쪽	Shift + 클릭	Shift 키를 누르면 커서가 대상으로 바뀝니다. Shift 키를 누른 상태에서 클릭하면 화면의 왼쪽 하단에 표시된 표면의 좌표가 표시됩니다.
피벗 점 배치	왼쪽	cntrl + 클릭	Ctrl 키를 누르고 있으면 커서가 피벗 아이콘으로 바뀝니다. Ctrl 키를 누른 상태에서 클릭하여 피벗 점을 설정하십시오. 뷰가 피벗 점을 중심으로 회전합니다. 토글 사용자 정의 피벗 피벗 점을 끕니다. 보기 창 위의 버튼을 누릅니다.

도움이
되는 툴바 옵션도 있습니다. 옵션의 목적을 찾으려면 아이콘 위로 마우스를 가져갑니다.

글로벌

이 매뉴얼에 대한 시뮬레이션을 만들려면 원하는 작업 공간을 마우스 오른쪽 단추로 클릭하고 새 시뮬레이션 추가…를 선택하십시오. 매뉴얼 섹션의 새 시뮬레이션 추가 작업 공간에 설명된 대로 이름을 ‘heat transfer example’로 지정하고 작업 공간에 추가하십시오. SI와 Kelvin을 각각 단위 시스템과 온도로 선택합니다. 일단 설정되면
시뮬레이션을 위한 단위는 변경할 수 없다는 점을 기억하십시오.

글로벌 아이콘 f3d_global_icon 을 클릭하여 글로벌 위젯을 여십시오. 여기에서 정의된 단위가 표시되고 시뮬레이션 완료 시간이 설정됩니다. 이 시뮬레이션의 경우 완료 시간을 200 초로 설정하십시오. 시뮬레이션에 대한 중요한 세부 정보는 여기 노트 필드에도 추가할 수 있습니다.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 전역 섹션을 참조하십시오.

물리

물리 f3d_models_icon 아이콘을 클릭하여 물리 위젯을 엽니다.

이 문제의 경우, 하나의 유체, 자유 표면, 경계 및 비압축/제한 압축의 기본 설정이 모두 정확합니다.

관련 물리 메커니즘(즉, 추가 지배 방정식 또는 지배 방정식 용어)은 물리 위젯에서 정의됩니다. 모델을 활성화하려면 해당 모델의 아이콘을 마우스 왼쪽 버튼으로 클릭하고 ‘활성화‘를 선택하십시오. 이 시뮬레이션을 위해서는 다음 모델을 활성화해야 합니다.

·Density evaluation(밀도 평가): 이 모델은 열 기둥을 생성하는 밀도 변화를 설명합니다. 다른 양(예: 온도 또는 스칼라)의 함수로 평가된 밀도를 선택하고 Include volumetric thermal expansion 상자를 선택하십시오.

·Gravity and non-inertial reference frame(중력 및 비 관성 기준 프레임): 중력을 나타내는 힘이 추가되므로 Z 중력 성분에 -9.81을 입력하십시오.

·
Heat transfer(열 전달): 이 모델은 유체와 고체 물체 사이의 열 전달을 설명합니다. 이 시뮬레이션의 경우 First order for the Fluid internal Energy advection를 선택하고 Fluid to solid heat transfer를 활성화하려면 확인란을 선택하십시오. 나머지 옵션은 기본값으로 두어야합니다.

·
Viscosity and turbulence(점성 및 난류): 이 모델은 유체의 점성 응력을 설명합니다. Viscous flow 옵션을 선택하고 나머지 옵션은 기본값으로 두십시오.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 물리 섹션을 참조하십시오.

유체

유체의 속성은 모델 설정 탭의 유체 위젯에 정의되어 있습니다. 유체 위젯은 수직 도구 모음에서 Fluids f3d_fluids_icon 아이콘을 클릭하여 액세스할 수 있습니다. 먼저 유체 옵션 1 이 속성 옵션으로 선택되어 있는지 확인하십시오. 유체 1의 속성은 수동으로 입력할 수 있지만 일반적인 유체의 속성을 설정하는 빠른 방법은 재료 속성로드 버튼을 클릭하여 재료 데이터베이스에서 유체를 로드하는 것입니다. 다음으로, 원하는 재료를 탐색하십시오. 이 경우 Fluids->Liquids->Water_at_20_C를 선택하고 Load를 클릭하십시오.

이 시뮬레이션에는 데이터베이스에 없는 특성인 체적 열 팽창 계수가 필요합니다. 밀도 하위 탭에서 을 입력하십시오. 최종 속성 세트는 다음과 같아야 합니다.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 유체 섹션을 참조하십시오.

Geometry(기하)

기하형상 아이콘을 클릭하여 물리 위젯을 엽니다.

이 시뮬레이션을 위해 생성해야 하는 두 가지 형상은 구리 블록과 모래층이 있습니다. 둘 다 프리미티브를 사용하여 작성합니다. 보다 현실적인 시뮬레이션은 Primitives, Stereolithography(STL) Geometry File (s)/또는 Raster File (s)을 사용하여 지오메트리를 정의할 수 있습니다.

구리 블록을 만들려면 먼저 지정된 형상 아이콘을 클릭하여 작성합니다. 구리 블록을 x 및 y 방향 원점에서 +/- 2cm 연장하고 z 방향으로 0-4cm 연장합니다. 나머지 옵션은 그대로 두고 블럭을 솔리드로 만들고 새 구성 요소에 추가합니다.

하위 구성 요소 정의를 마치고 구성 요소 정의로 이동하려면 확인을 선택하십시오. 자동으로 열린 구성요소 추가 대화상자에서 Type as General(솔리드)을 그대로 두고 Name(이름) 필드에 Copper block을 입력한 다음 OK(확인)를 선택하여 구성요소 정의를 완료하십시오.

아이콘을 다시 클릭하여 베드 하위 구성 요소를 작성하십시오. 아래 표시된 범위를 사용하고 컴포넌트에 추가 선택 사항을 새 컴포넌트(2)로 설정하십시오.

하위 구성 요소 정의를 마치고 구성 요소 정의로 이동하려면 확인을 선택하십시오. 대화 형으로 이름 필드에서Bed를 입력한 후 구성요소 정의를 마칩니다. 최종 형상은 다음과 같이 표시됩니다.

새 구성 요소를 추가하면 가로 및 세로 방향으로 그래픽 표시 창에 길이 스케일이 자동으로 생성됩니다. 이 눈금자 도구를 사용하여 생성된 기하학적 객체의 범위를 빠르게 측정할 수 있습니다.

노트

표시 영역에는 지오메트리 모양 정의만 표시되므로 객체가 솔리드인지 구멍인지에 대한 정보는 표시되지 않습니다. 옵션을 사용하여 Mesh 후에 나중에 수행할 수 있습니다.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 도움말 모델 설정 장의 형상 섹션을 참조하십시오.

구성 요소 속성

열전달 모델은 고체 구성 요소의 전도 방정식을 해결하기 위해 재료 특성이 필요합니다. 이러한 속성은 이 아이콘을 클릭하여 구성 요소 속성 위젯에서 설정합니다.

각 구성 요소에는 솔리드 특성 및 표면 특성이 정의 되어 있어야합니다. 구리 블록에 대해 이를 설정하려면 먼저 형상 위젯에서 구성 요소 1: copper block 요소를 선택하십시오. 그런 다음 컴포넌트 특성 위젯에서 솔리드 특성을 선택하고 다음과 같이 특성을 정의하십시오.

여기에서 두 번째 구성 요소(베드)에 대해 설명된 구성 요소 특성 정의를 위한 대체 방법을 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 방법에서는 구성 요소 2: 베드 구성 요소를 클릭하고 재료 필드 옆에 있는 재료 특성로드 아이콘을 선택하여 시작합니다. 다음으로 재료를 탐색합니다. 이 경우 Solids->Sands->Sand_Quartz 를 선택하고 Load를 선택하십시오.

추가 정보

l 자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 유체 섹션을 참조하십시오.

l 주어진 물리적 모델에 필요한 속성에 대한 자세한 내용은 모델 참조 장을 참조하십시오.

Meshing(메싱)

Mesh는 Mesh 위젯에서 생성 및 정의되며, 위젯을 통해 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 이 아이콘을 눌러 새 Mesh를 추가합니다. Mesh의 범위를 형상에 빠르게 적용하려면 형상에 맞추기 라디오 버튼을 선택하고 오프셋 라디오 버튼을 백분율로 유지합니다. 블록 속성에서 셀 크기를 0.004로 설정하십시오.

Mesh 상단은 z 방향으로 위쪽으로 확장해야 합니다. Z-Direciton 탭을 선택하고 Mesh Plane 2에 0.2를 입력합니다.

이 시뮬레이션은 2D가 될 것입니다. 동일한 프로세스에 따라 Y 방향 범위를 -0.005 및 0.005 로 설정하십시오. 그리고 합계 셀을 1로 설정하십시오.

최종 Mesh는 그래픽 디스플레이 창 바로 위의 Mesh->Flow Mesh->View 모드 드롭 다운 메뉴에서 옵션을 변경하여 다른 방식으로 볼 수 있습니다. 그리드 라인 마다 그리드 선을 표시합니다 옵션은 Mesh Plane의 옵션만 표시됩니다 Plane Mesh 및 개요 옵션은 Mesh의 범위를 보여줍니다.

또한 솔버가 Mesh의 최종 지오메트리를 인식하는 방법은 FAVOR TM 알고리즘을 사용하여 형상 정의를 면적 분수 및 부피 분수로 변환합니다. 이렇게 하려면 아이콘을 클릭한 다음 생성을 선택하십시오.

잠시 후 회색 영역이 고체 물질을 나타내는 아래와 같은 형상을 표시해야 합니다.

추가 정보

l Mesh에 대한 자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 Mesh 섹션을 참조하십시오.

l FAVOR^TM 및 FAVORize
옵션에 대한 자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 Reviewing the FAVORized Geometry and Mesh 섹션을 참조하십시오.

경계 조건

FLOW-3D는 구성 요소 유형 및 활성 물리적 모델에 기초한 구성 요소에 적절한 경계 조건을 자동으로 적용합니다. 그러나 경계 조건 위젯에서 Mesh 블록면의 경계 조건은 각 Mesh 블록에 대해 수동으로 설정해야 합니다( ).

이 매뉴얼의 경우 경계 조건 중 3 가지가 경계조건( X Min , X Max, Z Max 경계)을 기본 대칭 조건조건부터 변경해야 합니다.

·X Min :

o경계 조건 위젯의 경계 섹션 아래에 있는 X Min 목록을 클릭하십시오. Type에서 경계 유형을 Velocity로 설정하고 X 속도에 대해 0.001을 입력하십시오.

·다음으로, 유체 분율 사용에서 유체 표고 사용으로 드롭다운 상자를 변경하고 유체 높이를 0.15로 설정하십시오.

·마지막으로 온도를 298K로 설정하십시오.

·
X Max :

o경계 조건 위젯의 경계 섹션 아래에 있는 X 최대 목록을 클릭하십시오. 경계 유형을 압력으로 설정하고 압력에 대해 0을 입력하십시오.

o다음으로, 유체 분율 사용에서 유체 높이 사용으로 드롭다운 상자를 변경하고 유체 높이를 0.15로 설정하십시오.

o마지막으로 온도를 298K로 맞춥니다.

o XMAX 경계 조건

·
Z 최대 :

o경계 조건 위젯의 경계 섹션 아래에 있는 Z 최대 목록을 클릭하십시오. 경계 유형을 압력으로 설정하고 압력에 대해 0을 입력하십시오.

o다음으로 유체 분율을 0.0으로 설정하십시오.

o마지막으로 온도를 298K로 맞춘다.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 Mesh 경계 조건 섹션을 참조하십시오.

초기 조건

도메인 내부의 솔리드 객체(구성 요소)와 유체 모두에 대해 초기 조건을 설정해야 합니다.

·
구성 요소 :이 시뮬레이션에서 솔리드 객체에 필요한 유일한 초기 조건은 초기 온도입니다. 이것은 각 구성 요소에 대한 위젯에 설정되어 있는 구성 요소 속성에 대해 수행한 것과 유사한 방식으로 구성 요소를 등록합니다. 구성 요소 속성을 설정할 때 이전과 동일한 방법으로 구성 요소 1의 초기 온도를 350K로 설정하고 구성 요소 2의 초기 온도를 298K로 설정하십시오.

유체: 유체의 초기 조건을 설정하기 위해 조금 더 설정해야 합니다. 이 경우 유체 구성, 온도, 속도 및 압력 분포를 모두 설정해야 합니다. 유체 초기 조건은 초기 위젯을 설정하고 초기 f3d_initial_icon를 클릭하면 열립니다.

아이콘을 선택한 후 유체 목록에서 압력을 선택하고 온도를 298K로 설정합니다. x, y, z 속도를 0.0으로 설정하십시오.

다음으로, 높이/볼륨 목록과 유체 높이 사용 드롭다운 버튼을 선택합니다. 유체 높이를 0.15로 설정하십시오.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 초기 조건 섹션을 참조하십시오.

출력

FLOW-3D 옵션에는 결과 파일에 기록될 데이터와 출력 위젯에서 발견된 빈도를 제어하는 7가지 데이터 유형이 있습니다. 출력 아이콘을 클릭합니다.

다른 데이터 유형은 다음과 같습니다.

·Restart: 모든 흐름 변수. 기본 출력 주기는 시뮬레이션 시간의 1/10입니다.

·Selected: 사용자가 선택한 흐름 변수 만. 기본 출력 주기는 시뮬레이션 시간의 1/100입니다.

·History: 하나의 변수와 시간의 변화를 보여주는 데이터. 예는 시간 단계 크기, 평균 운동 에너지, 배플에서의 유속 등을 포함합니다. 기본 출력 주기 = 시뮬레이션 시간의 1/100.

·Short print: hd3msg.*파일에 텍스트 진단 데이터가 기록 됩니다. 기본 출력 주기는 시뮬레이션 시간의 1/100입니다.

·Long print : hd3out.*파일에 텍스트 진단 데이터가 기록 됩니다. 기본 출력 주기는 시뮬레이션 시간의 1/10입니다.

·Solidification: 응고 모델이 활성화 된 경우에만 사용 가능합니다.

·FSI TSE: 변형 가능한 솔리드에 대한 추가 출력 옵션.

일반적으로 이 시뮬레이션에는 기본 출력 속도가 적합합니다. 그러나 Selected Data의 일부 추가 구성은 유용합니다. Selected data interval을 0.5로 설정한 다음 Fluid 온도, Fluid velocity, Macroscopic density 및 Wall 온도 옆에 있는 상자를 선택합니다. 그러면 이러한 값이 0.5초마다 출력됩니다.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 출력 섹션을 참조하십시오.

Numerics

기본 Numerics 옵션은 대부분의 시뮬레이션에서 잘 작동하므로 기본 옵션에서 벗어나야 하는 충분한 이유가 없는 경우에는 현재 그대로 두는 것이 가장 좋습니다.

이것으로 모델 설정 섹션에서 시작된 예제 문제의 설정을 마칩니다. 이제 실행할 준비가 되었으므로 전처리 및 시뮬레이션 실행의 단계에 따라 시뮬레이션을 실행하십시오.

추가 정보

자세한 내용은 모델 설정 장의 Numerics 옵션 섹션을 참조하십시오.

일반 시뮬레이션 설정 점검 목록

시뮬레이션을 설정하는 데 필요한 단계에 대한 개략적인 개요가 아래에 나와 있습니다. 이 목록은 포괄적인 목록이 아닙니다. 일반적인 단계, 고려해야 할 몇 가지 중요한 사항 및 권장되는 설정 순서를 간단히 설명하는 안내서일 뿐입니다.

시작하기 전에

1.물리적 문제의 다이어그램을 그리기 및 주석 달기 : 이 다이어그램에는 기하학적 치수, 유체의 위치, 관련 힘, 움직이는 물체의 속도, 관련 열 전달 메커니즘 등이 포함되어야 합니다. 완성된 다이어그램은 문제에 대한 모든 관련 엔지니어링 정보로 인한 물리적 문제에 대한 이미지여야 합니다.

2.모델링 접근법 결정: 주석이 달린 다이어그램을 가이드로 사용하여 문제점에 접근하는 방법을 결정 : 문제가 되는 유체의 수, 혼화 가능한 경우, 하나 이상의 유체에서 방정식을 풀어야하는 경우 및 압축성이 중요한지 파악하여 시작하십시오. 그런 다음 어떤 물리적 메커니즘이 중요한지 결정하십시오. 이러한 각 옵션 (예: 유체 유형, 열 전달 메커니즘 등)에 대한 관련 엔지니어링 정보를 다이어그램에 추가하십시오. 물리적 메커니즘이 포함되거나 무시된 이유를 정당화하려고 합니다. 이를 통해 시뮬레이션 프로세스 초기에 오류를 수정하는 데 시간이 거의 걸리지 않는 초기에 실수를 잡을 수 있습니다.

3.다이어그램에 계산 영역을 그리고, 계산 영역의 가장자리에 있는 물리적 상황 설명 : 경계의 물리적 상황을 가장 잘 나타내는 경계 조건 유형을 기록합니다. 사용 가능한 경계 조건 유형이 경계의 물리적 상황에 대한 합리적인 근사치가 아닌 경우 이 경계를 다른 곳으로 이동해야 합니다.

모델 설정 : 일반

1.문제, 시뮬레이션의 목적, 사례 번호 등을 설명하는 메모를 추가하십시오. 메모는 향후 사용자 또는 나중에 참조할 수 있도록 설정을 설명하고 정당화하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 시뮬레이션의 목적, 분석 방법 등을 논의해야합니다.

2.사용할 솔버와 프로세서 수를 선택하십시오.

3.단위 시스템 선택: 소규모 문제를 모델링 할 때는 작은 단위 (예 : mm-gm-msec)를 사용하고 규모가 큰 문제는 큰 단위 (예 : SI)를 사용하십시오. 이를 통해 기계 정밀도로 인한 반올림 오류를 방지할 수 있습니다.

4.유체 수, 인터페이스 추적 옵션 및 유량 모드를 선택하십시오. 주석이 달린 다이어그램을 이 단계의 지침으로 사용하십시오. 유체의 수는 질량, 운동량 및 에너지 보존을 관장하는 방정식이 유체 분율 f> 0″ width=”44″ height=”17″ border=”0″></span>(</span>유체<span lang= 1을 나타내는) 또는 유체 분획 $f \ geq 0$ (유체 1 및 유체 2)이 있는 영역에서 해결되는지 여부를 나타냅니다. 인터페이스
추적 옵션은 유체 분율의 변화가 급격한지 또는 확산되어야 하는지 여부를 정의하는 반면, 흐름 모드는 두 유체 문제에서 처리되는 영역을 정의합니다.

5.마감 조건 정의: 시뮬레이션 종료 시점을 선택합니다. 시간, 채우기 비율 또는 기타 정상 상태 측정을 기반으로 할 수 있습니다.

6.기존 결과에서 시뮬레이션을 다시 시작하는 방법 정의 (선택 사항): 기존 결과 파일에서 시뮬레이션을 다시 시작할 때 다시 시작 옵션이 적용됩니다. 재시작 옵션은 재시작 소스 파일에서 가져온 정보와 시뮬레이션의 초기 조건을 사용하여 재설정되는 정보를 정의합니다.

모델 설정 : 물리

1.주석이 달린 다이어그램을 기반으로 관련 실제 모델 활성화

모델 설정 : 유체

1.유체의 속성 정의 1: 주석이 달린 다이어그램을 가이드로 사용하여 활성 물리적 모델에 대한 적절한 물리적 속성을 정의하십시오.

2.유체 2의 속성 정의 (사용하는 경우): 주석이 달린 다이어그램을 가이드로 사용하여 활성 물리적 모델에 적절한 물리적 속성을 정의하십시오.

3.인터페이스의 속성 정의: f = 1과 f = 0의 영역 사이의 인터페이스 속성을 정의하십시오. 여기에는 표면 장력, 상 변화 및 확산에 대한 특성이 포함됩니다.

모델 설정 : Mesh 및 형상

1.모든 STL 파일의 오류 점검: ADmesh, netfabb Studio 또는 유사한 프로그램을 사용하여 모든 STL 파일의 오류를 점검하십시오. 이는 모델 설정에 시간을 소비하기 전에 형상
정의와 관련된 문제를 파악하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

2.모든 하위 구성 요소 및 구성 요소 가져 오기 및 정의 : 주석이 달린 다이어그램에 설명 된 대로 실제 사례와 일치하도록 3D 솔리드 형상을 정의합니다. 최종 결과는 물리적 형상의 정확한 복제본이어야 합니다. 각 부분에 설명적인 이름을 사용하고 대량 소스가 될 구성 요소를 포함하십시오.

3.모든 구성 요소의 속성 정의: 주석이 달린 다이어그램에 그려진 내용을 기반으로 각 구성 요소의 모든 재료 속성, 표면 속성, 모션 속성 등을 정의합니다. 경계 조건이 정의될 때까지 질량 소스 특성을 정의하기를 기다리십시오.

4.스프링과 로프 및 각각에 대한 관련 속성을 정의합니다.

5.주석이 달린 다이어그램에 설명된 시뮬레이션 도메인과 일치하도록 Mesh를 정의하십시오. 도메인의 모서리가 다이어그램에서 식별된 위치에 있는지 확인하십시오. 또한 인터페이스 (셀이 있는 셀과 셀이 다른 셀 이 있는 셀)를 식별하려면 세 개의 셀이 필요합니다. ). 최소 5 개의 셀이 예상되는 가장 얇은 연속 영역에 맞도록 충분히 작은 셀을 사용하십시오. 과 .

6.지오메트리를 정의하는 모든 배플 정의

7.경계 조건, 질량 소스, 질량 모멘텀 소스, 밸브 및 벤트 정의: 경계 조건 (질량 소스, 질량 모멘텀 소스, 밸브 및 벤트 포함)은 모든 방정식을 풀기 위해 주어진 위치에서 솔루션을 규정합니다. 주석이 달린 다이어그램을 사용하여 각 경계 (또는 소스 등)에 지정된 내용이 유동 솔루션, 열 전달 솔루션, 전위 등에 대한 현실과 일치하는지 확인하십시오.

8.유체 및 구성 요소의 초기 조건을 정의합니다. 초기 조건은 모든 방정식 (유량 솔루션, 열 전달 솔루션, 전위 등)에 대해 모든 영역에서 솔루션을 규정합니다. .주석이
달린 다이어그램을 사용하여 초기 조건에 지정된 내용이 현재 현실에 대한 근사치인지 확인하십시오. 유체 영역뿐만 아니라 구성 요소의 초기 조건을 설정해야 합니다.

9.모든 측정 장치 정의 (샘플링 볼륨, 플럭스 표면 및 히스토리 프로브)

모델 설정 : 출력

1.출력 기준 (시간, 채우기 비율 또는 응고된 비율)을 선택하십시오.

2.재시작 데이터에 추가할 출력을 선택하십시오.

3.선택한 데이터에 기록할 정보를 선택하십시오.

4.재시작, 선택, 히스토리, 짧은 인쇄 및 긴 인쇄 데이터의 출력 속도 정의 : 기본 속도는 재시작 및 긴 인쇄 데이터의 경우 (10개 출력)/(시뮬레이션 종료 시간) 및 선택한 기록, 짧은 인쇄 데이터의 경우 (100개 출력)/(시뮬레이션 종료 시간)입니다.

모델 설정 : 숫자

1.기본값이 아닌 필수 숫자 옵션을 선택 FLOW-3D의 숫자 옵션은 고급 사용자를 대상으로 하며, 지배 방정식을 해결하는 데 사용되는 숫자 근사치 및 방법을 상당히 제어할 수 있습니다. 이러한 옵션 중 일부를 잘못 사용하면 솔루션에 문제가 발생할 수 있으므로 일반적으로 이 옵션의 기능을 먼저 이해하고 조정의 정당성을 갖추지 않고는 이러한 설정을 조정하지 않습니다.

5.FLOW-3D에서 후 처리

이 섹션에서는 FLOW-3D에 통합된 포스트 프로세서를 사용하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 보다 강력한 외부 포스트프로세서 FlowSight에 대한 튜토리얼은 FlowSight 설명서를 참조하십시오. 또한 이 섹션에서는 Flow Over A Weir 예제 문제를 실행하여 생성된 결과 파일을 사용합니다. 이 예제 문제를 실행하는 방법에 대한 지침은 예제 추가 및 시뮬레이션 사전 처리 및 실행을 참조합니다.

FlowSight 사용에 대한 기본 참조는 FlowSight의 Help->helpLocal Help 메뉴에서 액세스하는 FlowSight 사용자 설명서입니다.

추가 정보

기존 플롯

기존 플롯은 솔버가 자동으로 생성하는 사전 정의된 플롯입니다. 사용자 정의 플롯은 아래의 사용자 정의 플롯 섹션에 설명되어 있습니다.

1.분석 탭을 클릭하십시오. FLOW-3D 결과 대화 상자가 표시됩니다; 메세지가 나타나지 않으면 (분석 탭이 열림) 결과 파일 열기를 선택하여 동일한 대화 상자를 엽니다.

2.기존 라디오 버튼을 선택하십시오. 데이터 파일 경로 상자에 두 가지 유형의 파일이 표시됩니다 (있는 경우). 이름이 prpplt.*있는 파일 에는 전처리 flsplt.*기에 의해 자동으로 작성된 플롯이 포함되고 이름이 있는 파일에는 입력 파일에 사전 지정된 플롯 뿐만 아니라 후 처리기에 의해 자동으로 작성된 플롯이 포함됩니다.

3. 확인을 선택 flsplt.Flow_Over_A_Weir하고 클릭하십시오. 그러면 디스플레이 탭이 자동으로 열립니다.

4.사용 가능한 플롯 목록이 오른쪽에 나타납니다. 목록에서 해당 플롯의 이름을 클릭하면 특정 플롯을 볼 수 있습니다. 플롯 26 이 아래에 나와 있습니다.

커스텀 플롯

1.분석 탭으로 돌아갑니다. 대화 상자를 열려면 결과 파일 열기를 선택하십시오.

2.전체 출력 파일을 보려면 사용자 정의 단일 선택 단추를 선택하십시오. 전체 출력 파일에는 prpgrf.*파일과 파일이 포함됩니다 flsgrf.*. 시뮬레이션이 실행되었으므로 전 처리기 출력 파일이 삭제되어 flsgrf파일에 통합되었습니다.

3.flsgrf.Flow_Over_A_Weir대화 상자 에서 파일을 선택하고 확인을 클릭하십시오.

이제 분석 탭이 표시됩니다. 시뮬레이션 결과를 시각화 하는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있습니다. 사용 가능한 플롯 유형은 다음과 같습니다.

·Custom : 이 매뉴얼 의 FLSINP 파일을 사용하여 플롯합니다. 사용자 정의 섹션의 출력 코드를 사용하여 출력 플롯을 수동으로 수정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이것은 고급 옵션입니다.

·프로브 : 개별 셀, 경계, 구성 요소 및 도메인 전체(전역) 변수 대 시간에 대한 그래픽 및 텍스트 출력을 표시합니다. 자세한 내용은 프로브 플롯 및 프로브 : 특정 시점의 데이터와 시간 을 참조하십시오.

·1-D : 셀 데이터는 X, Y 또는 Z 방향의 셀 라인을 따라 볼 수 있습니다. 플롯 제한은 공간 및 시간에 모두 적용할 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 1-D 플롯 및 1-D : 라인을 따른 데이터 대 시간 을 참조하십시오.

·2-D : 셀 데이터는 XY, YZ 또는 XZ 평면에서 볼 수 있습니다. 플롯 제한은 공간 및 시간에 모두 적용할 수 있습니다. 속도 벡터 및 입자를 추가할 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 2 차원 플롯 및 2 차원 : 평면의 데이터와 시간의 데이터 를 참조하십시오.

·3-D : 유체와 고체의 표면 플롯을 생성하고 셀 데이터로 채색 할 수 있습니다. 속도 벡터, 입자 (있는 경우) 및 유선과 같은 추가 정보를 추가할 수 있습니다. 플롯 제한은 공간 및 시간에 모두 적용할 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 3D 플롯 및 3D : 표면의 데이터 대 시간 을 참조하십시오.

·텍스트 출력 : cell-by-cell 재시작, 선택 및 응고 데이터를 텍스트 파일에 쓸 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 텍스트 출력 및 텍스트 : ASCII 형식의 공간 데이터 출력 대 시간 을 참조하십시오.

·중립 파일 : 재시작 및 선택된 데이터는 별도의 텍스트 파일에 정의 된 지정된 지점(보간 또는 셀 중심)에서 출력 될 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 중립 파일 : 사용자 정의 좌표에서의 공간 데이터 출력 대 시간 을 참조하십시오.

·FSI TSE : 유한 요소 유체 / 고체 상호 작용 및 열 응력 진화 물리학 패키지에서 출력됩니다. 자세한 내용은 FSI / TSE : 표면의 구조 데이터와 시간 을 참조하십시오.

3 차원 도표

1.Analyze -> 3-D 탭을 선택하십시오.

2.Iso-surface = Fraction of fluid를 선택하십시오. 이것은 표면을 그리는 데 사용되는 변수입니다. 선택한 등면 변수에 대한 등고선 값 기준을 충족하는 모든 셀을 통해 표면이 그려집니다. 유체의 분율이 기본값이며 유체 표면이 표시됩니다.

3.색상 변수 = 압력을 선택하십시오. 이 선택은 등위면의 색을 지정하는 데 사용되는 변수를 결정합니다 (이 경우 유체 표면은 압력에 의해 색이 그려집니다).

4.Component iso-surface overlay = Solid volume을 선택하십시오. 솔리드 볼륨 은 유체와 함께 솔리드 구성 요소를 표시합니다. 이전 단계에서는 체적 분수의 보완을 등위면으로 선택하여 이 작업을 수행했지만 이 옵션을 사용하면 유체와 고체 표면을 동시에 플롯 할 수 있습니다.

5.이동 시간 프레임의 최소 및 최대 위치들 (0 내지 1.25 초)에 슬라이더 위치.

6.렌더 버튼을 클릭하여 디스플레이 탭으로 전환하고 t = 0.0에서 1.25 초 사이에 일련의 11 플롯을 생성하여 압력에 의해 채색된 유체 표면과 위어 구조를 보여줍니다. 데이터 다시 시작 이 선택되었으므로 11 개의 플롯이 있습니다.

7.사용 가능한 플롯이 사용 가능한 시간 프레임 목록에 나열됩니다. 다음을 클릭하여 시간 프레임 사이를 이동하거나 시간 프레임을 두 번 클릭하여 표시하십시오. 첫 번째 및 마지막 시간 프레임은 다음과 같아야 합니다.

8.Analyze -> 3-D 탭으로 돌아가서 Data Source 그룹에서 Selected data 라디오 버튼을 선택하십시오.

9.시간 프레임 선택기의 두 슬라이더가 모두 오른쪽에 있으므로 마지막 시간 프레임 만 생성됩니다. 사용 가능한 시간 프레임이 많고 렌더링하는데 시간이 오래 걸리므로 선택한 데이터를 선택하면 인터페이스에서 자동으로 수행됩니다. 사용 가능한 모든 시간 프레임을 렌더링 하려면 왼쪽 슬라이더를 Time Frame Min = 0 으로 이동하십시오.

10. 렌더링 버튼을 클릭하십시오. 몇 초 안에 뷰가 디스플레이 창으로 전환되고 101 개의 플롯이 사용 가능한 시간 프레임 목록에 나열됩니다. 시간 프레임 사이를 이동하려면 다음을 반복해서 클릭하십시오.

대칭 흐름 표시

위어 중심 아래로 대칭 평면을 사용하여 시뮬레이션을 설정했으므로 위어 구조의 절반만 시뮬레이션되고 표시됩니다. 프리젠테이션 목적으로 대칭 모델의 두 반쪽을 모두 표시할
수 있습니다.

1.아래와 같이 Analyze -> 3-D 탭으로 돌아가서 Open Symmetry Boundaries 확인란을 선택하십시오.

2.렌더링을 클릭하십시오. 유체 표면이 디스플레이 탭의 대칭 경계에서 열린 상태로 나타납니다.

3.화면 위의 도구 모음 메뉴에서 도구 -> 대칭을 선택하십시오.

4.대화 상자에서 Y 방향 확인란을 선택하여 Y = 0 평면에서 결과를 미러링합니다.

5.적용 및 닫기를 선택하십시오.

6.마지막 시간 프레임을 두 번 클릭하십시오. 디스플레이는 아래와 같이 전체 위어 구조를 보여줍니다.

3 차원 애니메이션 만들기

다음 단계는 3 차원 유체 표면의 애니메이션을 만드는 것입니다. 애니메이션은 사용 가능한 시간 프레임 목록의 프레임에서 만든 동영상입니다. 애니메이션의 시각적 효과를 향상시키려면 모든 프레임에 공통 색상 스케일을 적용하는 것이 좋습니다.

1.분석 -> 3-D 탭으로 돌아갑니다.

2.윤곽 제한 그룹 상자에서 전역 라디오 버튼을 모두 선택하십시오.

3.렌더 를 클릭 하여 다시 그리고 디스플레이 탭으로 돌아갑니다.

4.도구 -> 대칭 -> Y 방향 -> 적용 선택을 반복하여 Y = 0 평면에서 결과를 반영합니다.

5.선택 도구 -> 애니메이션 -> 러버 밴드 캡처를 다음과 같이 선택 확인 Mesh지가 나타납니다 그것을 읽은 후.

6.마우스 왼쪽 버튼을 클릭 한 상태에서 드래그하여 애니메이션을 적용할 화면 부분을 선택하십시오. 선택한 영역 주위에 선택 상자가 나타납니다.

7.디스플레이 창 위에서 빨간색 캡처 버튼을 선택하십시오. 애니메이션을 시작하는 대화 상자가 나타납니다.

8.애니메이션의 기본 이름은 out.avi입니다. 아래에 표시된 것처럼 보다 구체적인 이름이 권장됩니다.

9.기본 프레임 속도는 초당 10 프레임입니다. 이 시뮬레이션의 마감 시간은 1.25 초이고, 일정한 시간 간격으로 100 개의 플롯이 있으므로 ‘실제‘속도는 초당 80 프레임입니다. 너무 빠를 수 있으므로 대신 5 를 입력 하고 확인을 누르십시오.

10. 각 시간 프레임이 표시 창에 렌더링 되고 비트 맵 파일이 시뮬레이션 디렉토리에 작성됩니다. 이 프로세스가 완료되면 다음 대화 상자가 나타납니다.

프로세스의 다음 단계를 시작하려면 확인 버튼을 클릭하십시오. 새로운 프로세스 (BMP2VAI.exe)가 시작되고 압축 방법을 선택할 수 있는 새로운 비디오 압축 창이 나타납니다. 다른 창 뒤에 숨겨져 있으면 앞으로 가져옵니다.
애니메이션의 기본 압축은 압축되지 않습니다. 파일 크기가 너무 커서 뷰어에 로드 할 수 없으므로 대부분의 애니메이션에는 권장되지 않습니다. Windows를 사용하는 경우 Microsoft Video 1을, Linux를 사용하는 경우 Cinepak을 선택하십시오. 여기에서 선택하는 것은 컴퓨터에서 사용할 수 있는 비디오 코덱과 비디오를 표시하는 데 사용하는 기계에서 사용할 수 있는 것입니다.
애니메이션 속도가 데이터 속도에 의해 제한되지 않도록 데이터 속도 확인란을 선택 취소하십시오.

압축 프로세스를 시작하려면 확인을 클릭하십시오. 압축이 완료되면 다음 대화 상자가 나타납니다.

확인을 클릭하십시오. 애니메이션 프로세스가 완료되었습니다.
Windows 탐색기에서 .avi 파일을 찾는 가장 빠른 방법 은 시뮬레이션 관리자 탭으로 이동하여 시뮬레이션 입력 파일 링크를 클릭하는 것 입니다.
.avi파일 을 두 번 클릭하여 애니메이션을 재생 하십시오. 이전에 선택한 압축 형식을 읽을 수 있는 올바른 코덱이 설치되어 있지 않으면 오픈 소스 다중 코덱 비디오 플레이어 설치를 고려하십시오.

2 차원 도표

1.Analyze -> 2-D 탭을 선택하십시오. 이 시뮬레이션의 결과를 보는 데 가장 유용한 평면은 평면 Y = 0.0에있는 위어 중심선의 XZ 평면입니다.

2.XZ 평면 라디오 버튼을 선택하십시오.

3.Y 제한 슬라이더를 모두 Y = 0.25 (Y = 0.0에 가장 가까운 셀 중심 y 좌표)로 드래그 합니다. 또한 동일한 위치가 J = 2 로 식별되어 해당 셀이 도메인에서 두 번째임을 나타냅니다. 첫 번째 셀 (J = 1) 은 Mesh 외부에 있으며 경계
조건 속성을 계산하는 데 사용됩니다. 기본 윤곽 변수는 압력이며 기본 속도 벡터는 기본적으로 선택됩니다. 솔리드 형상은 모든 2D 플롯과 함께 자동으로 표시되므로 3D 플롯과 같이 활성화 할 필요가 없습니다.

4.벡터 옵션을 클릭하고 X = 2 및 Z = 2를 입력하십시오. 벡터는 이제 다른 모든 셀에 플롯 됩니다. 벡터 옵션을 적용하려면 확인을 선택하십시오.

5.Y = 0 평면에서 2 차원 압력 플롯의 시간 시퀀스를 생성하려면 렌더링을 클릭하십시오. T = 0.0 초 (왼쪽) 인 다음과 유사한 그래픽이 나타납니다. T = 0.125 초 (중간); 그리고 T = 1.25 초 (오른쪽).

6.디스플레이 화면의 오른쪽 상단에 있는 형식 버튼을 선택하십시오.

7.선 색상, 벡터 길이 및 화살촉 크기 변경과 같은 다양한 옵션을 시험해보십시오. 변경 사항을 보려면 적용을 선택하십시오. 완료되면 재설정 및 확인을 선택하여
기본 설정으로 돌아가서 대화 상자를 닫습니다. 모든 플롯에 대해 선호하는 옵션 세트가 있는 경우 저장 버튼을 선택하여 저장할 수 있습니다.

1 차원 도표

분석 -> 1-D 탭을 선택하십시오. 이 탭에서는 하나 이상의 플롯 시간에서 셀 행을 따라 압력, 유체 깊이, 유체 상승 및 속도와 같은 셀별 출력 변수의 꺾은 선형
차트 플롯을 사용할 수 있습니다.
데이터 소스 로 선택을 선택합니다. 사용 가능한 변수는 이제 더 빈번한 플로팅을 위해 선택된 변수 만 표시합니다.
자유 변수 표고를 데이터 변수 로 선택하십시오. 유압 데이터는 출력 탭에서 선택되었으므로 사용할 수 있습니다.

이 시뮬레이션의 흐름 방향은 주로 x 축과 평행하므로 X 방향을 선택하십시오.
Y 방향 슬라이더를 0.25(J = 2)로 이동하여 Y 방향에서 흐름 중심선에 가장 가까운 셀이 표시됩니다.
기본적으로 전체 X 범위가 표시됩니다. 플롯의 범위를 제한하려는 경우 X 방향 슬라이더를 이동할 수 있습니다. Z 방향 슬라이더의 위치는 주어진 x, y 위치에서 z 셀의 각 열에 대해 하나의 자유 표면 높이만 기록되므로 중요하지 않습니다. 시간 프레임 슬라이더는 0초와 1.25초여야 합니다.

렌더링을 클릭하십시오. t = 0.0에서 t = 1.25s까지의 시리즈 플롯이 디스플레이 탭의 플롯 목록에 나열됩니다. 이러한 플롯을 볼 수 있는 여러 가지 모드가
있습니다. 기본 모드는 단일 모드이며 형식 버튼 아래의 드롭 다운 상자에 표시됩니다.

다양한 시간에 유체 표면 높이의 플롯을 비교하려면 드롭 다운 상자에서 오버레이 모드를 선택하십시오.
오른쪽 창에서 플롯 1, 13 및 101 을 선택하려면 클릭하십시오. 플롯 이름에는 또한 기록된 시간이 표시됩니다 (t = 0.0, 0.15s 및 1.25 초). 출력은 아래와 같이 나타납니다.

이 플롯을 비트 맵 또는 포스트 스크립트 파일에 저장하려면 출력 버튼을 선택하십시오.
확인 화면에 플롯 오버레이 플롯을 캡처하는 확인란을 (그리고 단 하나의 출력 파일을).
쓰기 버튼을 선택하여 이미지 파일을 만듭니다.
결과 이미지 파일은 시뮬레이션 디렉토리에 있으며 (시뮬레이션 관리자 탭 에서이 파일을 찾는 방법을 기억하십시오) 이름이 지정한 plots_on_screen.bmp됩니다.

프로브 플롯

1.
분석 -> 프로브 탭을 선택하십시오. 시간 기록 플롯은이 탭에서 변수 대 시간의 라인 그래프 또는 텍스트 출력으로 생성됩니다. FLOW-3D 에는 데이터 소스 그룹에서 선택되는 세 가지 유형의 시간 종속 데이터가 있습니다.

·공간 데이터 : 재시작 및 선택된 데이터 소스. 단일 x, y, z 셀 중심 좌표의 시간 종속 값이 표시됩니다. 값은 시간과 관련하여 통합되거나 시간과 관련하여 차별화되거나 이동 평균 (시간)으로 통합될 수 있습니다.

·일반 history 데이터 :. 글로벌 수량은 시간에 따라 다릅니다. 일반적인 양은 평균 운동 에너지, 시간 단계 및 대류 볼륨 오류입니다. 또한 이 데이터 유형에는 모델 설정 -> 메싱 및 지오메트리 탭에서 이러한 옵션을 선택한 경우 지정된 측정 위치(배플, 샘플링 볼륨, 히스토리 프로브)의 모든 데이터와 이동 또는 정지 상태의 솔리드 및 스프링/로프를
위한 통합 출력이 포함됩니다.

·Mesh-dependent data : 메쉬 경계에서 시간에 따른 수량(계산 또는 사용자 지정)입니다. 일반적인 수량은 경계에서의 유량 및 경계에서의 지정된 유체 높이입니다.

2.데이터 원본에서 일반 기록 라디오 버튼을 선택합니다. X, Y 및 Z 데이터 점 슬라이더가 회색으로 바뀝니다. 이는 일반 기록 데이터가 특정 셀과 연결되어 있지 않기 때문입니다.

3.목록에서 질량 평균 유체 평균 운동 에너지를 선택하십시오.

4. 단위를 선택하여 플로팅 단위 대화 상자를 엽니다.

5. 플롯에 단위 표시를 선택하십시오.

6. SI, CGS, slugs/feet/seconds 또는 pounds/inches/seconds를 선택하여 원하는 단위 시스템으로 결과를 변환하고 출력합니다. 장치를 표시하고 변환하려면 모델 설정 -> 일반 탭에서 장치 시스템을 선택해야 합니다. 이전 단계에서 이 항목을 확인했으며, 지오메트리 및 유체 특성은 centimeters/grams/seconds 시스템에서 지정되었습니다.

7.Plotting Units 대화 상자를 닫으려면 OK를 선택하십시오.

8.데이터의 그래픽 출력을 생성하려면 렌더를 선택하십시오. 출력은 시간에 따른 영역의 모든 유체에 대한 질량 평균 평균 운동 에너지를 보여줍니다. 이전 단계에서 선택한 사항에 따라 단위 레이블과 함께 그림이 나타납니다. 플롯은 총 운동 에너지가 일부 평균값 주위에서 진동하고 있음을 나타냅니다. 진동이 작아짐에 따라 시뮬레이션은 정상 상태 흐름에 접근합니다.

9.분석 -> 프로브 탭으로 돌아갑니다.

10. 출력 양식 그룹에서 텍스트를 선택하여 그래프를 텍스트 데이터로 출력한 다음 렌더링을 다시 선택하십시오.

11. 나타나는 텍스트 대화 상자에서 다른 이름으로 저장 버튼을 선택하여 출력을 텍스트 파일로 저장할 수 있습니다.

12. 출력 창을 닫으려면 계속을 선택하십시오.

텍스트 출력

1.Analyze -> Text Output 탭을 선택하십시오.

2.텍스트 출력 은 셀별 데이터 ( 다시 시작 또는 선택됨 ) 만 출력 할 수 있고 (구성 요소, 측정 스테이션 또는 글로벌 데이터 없음) 둘 이상의 셀을 선택할 수 있다는 점을 제외하고 프로브 탭 과 동일한 방식으로 작동합니다. 각 플롯 시간에 대한 출력 데이터. 셀은 슬라이더를 사용하여 3D 블록에서 선택됩니다. 기본 공간 범위는 전체 도메인으로 설정됩니다.

3.직접 텍스트 데이터를 출력해보십시오.

FLOW-3D 및TruVOF는 미국 및 기타 국가에서 등록 상표입니다.

FLOW-3D CAST Bibliography

아래는 FSI의 금속 주조 참고 문헌에 수록된 기술 논문 모음입니다. 이 모든 논문에는 FLOW-3D CAST 해석 결과가 수록되어 있습니다. FLOW-3D CAST를 사용하여 금속 주조 산업의 응용 프로그램을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Metal Casting Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D CAST results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D CAST can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Metal Casting Industry.

33-20 Eric Riedel, Martin Liepe Stefan Scharf, Simulation of ultrasonic induced cavitation and acoustic streaming in liquid and solidifying aluminum, Metals, 10.4; 476, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10040476

20-20 Wu Yue, Li Zhuo and Lu Rong, Simulation and visual tester verification of solid propellant slurry vacuum plate casting, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2020. doi.org/10.1002/prep.201900411

17-20 C.A. Jones, M.R. Jolly, A.E.W. Jarfors and M. Irwin, An experimental characterization of thermophysical properties of a porous ceramic shell used in the investment casting process, Supplimental Proceedings, pp. 1095-1105, TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, San Diego, CA, February 23-27, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_102

12-20 Franz Josef Feikus, Paul Bernsteiner, Ricardo Fernández Gutiérrez and Michal Luszczak , Further development of electric motor housings, MTZ Worldwide, 81, pp. 38-43, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s38313-019-0176-z

09-20 Mingfan Qi, Yonglin Kang, Yuzhao Xu, Zhumabieke Wulabieke and Jingyuan Li, A novel rheological high pressure die-casting process for preparing large thin-walled Al–Si–Fe–Mg–Sr alloy with high heat conductivity, high plasticity and medium strength, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 776, art. no. 139040, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139040

07-20 Stefan Heugenhauser, Erhard Kaschnitz and Peter Schumacher, Development of an aluminum compound casting process – Experiments and numerical simulations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 279, art. no. 116578, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116578

05-20 Michail Papanikolaou, Emanuele Pagone, Mark Jolly and Konstantinos Salonitis, Numerical simulation and evaluation of Campbell running and gating systems, Metals, 10.1, art. no. 68, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10010068

102-19 Ferencz Peti and Gabriela Strnad, The effect of squeeze pin dimension and operational parameters on material homogeneity of aluminium high pressure die cast parts, Acta Marisiensis. Seria Technologica, 16.2, 2019. doi.org/0.2478/amset-2019-0010

94-19 E. Riedel, I. Horn, N. Stein, H. Stein, R. Bahr, and S. Scharf, Ultrasonic treatment: a clean technology that supports sustainability incasting processes, Procedia, 26th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, May 7-9, 2019.

93-19 Adrian V. Catalina, Liping Xue, Charles A. Monroe, Robin D. Foley, and John A. Griffin, Modeling and Simulation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi- and AlCu-based Alloys, Transactions, 123rd Metalcasting Congress, Atlanta, GA, USA, April 27-30, 2019.

84-19 Arun Prabhakar, Michail Papanikolaou, Konstantinos Salonitis, and Mark Jolly, Sand casting of sheet lead: numerical simulation of metal flow and solidification, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, pp. 1-13, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04522-3

72-19 Santosh Reddy Sama, Eric Macdonald, Robert Voigt, and Guha Manogharan, Measurement of metal velocity in sand casting during mold filling, Metals, 9:1079, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/met9101079

71-19 Sebastian Findeisen, Robin Van Der Auwera, Michael Heuser, and Franz-Josef Wöstmann, Gießtechnische Fertigung von E-Motorengehäusen mit interner Kühling (Casting production of electric motor housings with internal cooling), Geisserei, 106, pp. 72-78, 2019 (in German).

58-19 Von Malte Leonhard, Matthias Todte, and Jörg Schäffer, Realistic simulation of the combustion of exothermic feeders, Casting, No. 2, pp. 28-32, 2019. In English and German.

52-19 S. Lakkum and P. Kowitwarangkul, Numerical investigations on the effect of gas flow rate in the gas stirred ladle with dual plugs, International Conference on Materials Research and Innovation (ICMARI), Bangkok, Thailand, December 17-21, 2018. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 526, 2019. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/526/1/012028

47-19 Bing Zhou, Shuai Lu, Kaile Xu, Chun Xu, and Zhanyong Wang, Microstructure and simulation of semisolid aluminum alloy castings in the process of stirring integrated transfer-heat (SIT) with water cooling, International Journal of Metalcasting, Online edition, pp. 1-13, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00357-6

31-19 Zihao Yuan, Zhipeng Guo, and S.M. Xiong, Skin layer of A380 aluminium alloy die castings and its blistering during solution treatment, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1906-1916, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.05.011

25-19 Stefano Mascetti, Raul Pirovano, and Giulio Timelli, Interazione metallo liquido/stampo: Il fenomeno della metallizzazione, La Metallurgia Italiana, No. 4, pp. 44-50, 2019. In Italian.

20-19 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Campbellology for runner system design, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 187-199, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_19

19-19 Chengcheng Lyu, Michail Papanikolaou, and Mark Jolly, Numerical process modelling and simulation of Campbell running systems designs, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 53-64, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_5

18-19 Adrian V. Catalina, Liping Xue, and Charles Monroe, A solidification model with application to AlSi-based alloys, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 201-213, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_20

17-19 Fu-Yuan Hsu and Yu-Hung Chen, The validation of feeder modeling for ductile iron castings, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 227-238, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_22

04-19 Santosh Reddy Sama, Tony Badamo, Paul Lynch and Guha Manogharan, Novel sprue designs in metal casting via 3D sand-printing, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 25, pp. 563-578, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.009

02-19 Jingying Sun, Qichi Le, Li Fu, Jing Bai, Johannes Tretter, Klaus Herbold and Hongwei Huo, Gas entrainment behavior of aluminum alloy engine crankcases during the low-pressure-die-casting-process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 266, pp. 274-282, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.016

92-18 Fast, Flexible… More Versatile, Foundry Management Technology, March, 2018.

82-18 Xu Zhao, Ping Wang, Tao Li, Bo-yu Zhang, Peng Wang, Guan-zhou Wang and Shi-qi Lu, Gating system optimization of high pressure die casting thin-wall AlSi10MnMg longitudinal loadbearing beam based on numerical simulation, China Foundry, Vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 436-442, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s41230-018-8052-z

80-18 Michail Papanikolaou, Emanuele Pagone, Konstantinos Salonitis, Mark Jolly and Charalampos Makatsoris, A computational framework towards energy efficient casting processes, Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2018: Proceedings of the 5^th International Conference on Sustainable Design and Manufacturing (KES-SDM-18), Gold Coast, Australia, June 24-26 2018, SIST 130, pp. 263-276, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04290-5_27

64-18 Vasilios Fourlakidis, Ilia Belov and Attila Diószegi, Strength prediction for pearlitic lamellar graphite iron: Model validation, Metals, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2018. doi.org/10.3390/met8090684

51-18 Xue-feng Zhu, Bao-yi Yu, Li Zheng, Bo-ning Yu, Qiang Li, Shu-ning Lü and Hao Zhang, Influence of pouring methods on filling process, microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 Mg alloy pipe by horizontal centrifugal casting, China Foundry, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.196-202, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s41230-018-7256-6

47-18 Santosh Reddy Sama, Jiayi Wang and Guha Manogharan, Non-conventional mold design for metal casting using 3D sand-printing, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 34-B, pp. 765-775, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.03.049

42-18 M. Koru and O. Serçe, The Effects of Thermal and Dynamical Parameters and Vacuum Application on Porosity in High-Pressure Die Casting of A383 Al-Alloy, International Journal of Metalcasting, pp. 1-17, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0214-7

41-18 Abhilash Viswanath, S. Savithri, U.T.S. Pillai, Similitude analysis on flow characteristics of water, A356 and AM50 alloys during LPC process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 257, pp. 270-277, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.031

29-18 Seyboldt, Christoph and Liewald, Mathias, Investigation on thixojoining to produce hybrid components with intermetallic phase, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1960, no. 1, 2018. doi.org/10.1063/1.5034992

28-18 Laura Schomer, Mathias Liewald and Kim Rouven Riedmüller, Simulation of the infiltration process of a ceramic open-pore body with a metal alloy in semi-solid state to design the manufacturing of interpenetrating phase composites, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1960, no. 1, 2018. doi.org/10.1063/1.5034991

41-17 Y. N. Wu et al., Numerical Simulation on Filling Optimization of Copper Rotor for High Efficient Electric Motors in Die Casting Process, Materials Science Forum, Vol. 898, pp. 1163-1170, 2017.

12-17 A.M. Zarubin and O.A. Zarubina, Controlling the flow rate of melt in gravity die casting of aluminum alloys, Liteynoe Proizvodstvo (Casting Manufacturing), pp 16-20, 6, 2017. In Russian.

10-17 A.Y. Korotchenko, Y.V. Golenkov, M.V. Tverskoy and D.E. Khilkov, Simulation of the Flow of Metal Mixtures in the Mold, Liteynoe Proizvodstvo (Casting Manufacturing), pp 18-22, 5, 2017. In Russian.

08-17 Morteza Morakabian Esfahani, Esmaeil Hajjari, Ali Farzadi and Seyed Reza Alavi Zaree, Prediction of the contact time through modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in compound casting process of Al/Mg light metals, Journal of Materials Research, © Materials Research Society 2017

04-17 Huihui Liu, Xiongwei He and Peng Guo, Numerical simulation on semi-solid die-casting of magnesium matrix composite based on orthogonal experiment, AIP Conference Proceedings 1829, 020037 (2017); doi.org/10.1063/1.4979769.

100-16 Robert Watson, New numerical techniques to quantify and predict the effect of entrainment defects, applied to high pressure die casting, PhD Thesis: University of Birmingham, 2016.

88-16 M.C. Carter, T. Kauffung, L. Weyenberg and C. Peters, Low Pressure Die Casting Simulation Discovery through Short Shot, Cast Expo & Metal Casting Congress, April 16-19, 2016, Minneapolis, MN, Copyright 2016 American Foundry Society.

61-16 M. Koru and O. Serçe, Experimental and numerical determination of casting mold interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the high pressure die casting of a 360 aluminum alloy, ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, Vol. 129 (2016)

59-16 R. Pirovano and S. Mascetti, Tracking of collapsed bubbles during a filling simulation, La Metallurgia Italiana – n. 6 2016

43-16 Kevin Lee, Understanding shell cracking during de-wax process in investment casting, Ph.D Thesis: University of Birmingham, School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2016.

35-16 Konstantinos Salonitis, Mark Jolly, Binxu Zeng, and Hamid Mehrabi, Improvements in energy consumption and environmental impact by novel single shot melting process for casting, Journal of Cleaner Production, doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.165, Open Access funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, June 29, 2016

20-16 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Bifilm Defect Formation in Hydraulic Jump of Liquid Aluminum, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016, Band: 47, Heft 3, 1634-1648.

15-16 Mingfan Qia, Yonglin Kanga, Bing Zhoua, Wanneng Liaoa, Guoming Zhua, Yangde Lib,and Weirong Li, A forced convection stirring process for Rheo-HPDC aluminum and magnesium alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 234 (2016) 353–367

112-15 José Miguel Gonçalves Ledo Belo da Costa, Optimization of filling systems for low pressure by FLOW-3D, Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica, 2015.

89-15 B.W. Zhu, L.X. Li, X. Liu, L.Q. Zhang and R. Xu, Effect of Viscosity Measurement Method to Simulate High Pressure Die Casting of Thin-Wall AlSi10MnMg Alloy Castings, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Published online, November 2015, doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1783-8, © ASM International.

88-15 Peng Zhang, Zhenming Li, Baoliang Liu, Wenjiang Ding and Liming Peng, Improved tensile properties of a new aluminum alloy for high pressure die casting, Materials Science & Engineering A651(2016)376–390, Available online, November 2015.

83-15 Zu-Qi Hu, Xin-Jian Zhang and Shu-Sen Wu, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Die-Filling Behavior of High-Performance Die-Cast Al–Mg–Si–Mn Alloy, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), doi.org/10.1007/s40195-015-0332-7, © The Chinese Society for Metals and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.

82-15 J. Müller, L. Xue, M.C. Carter, C. Thoma, M. Fehlbier and M. Todte, A Die Spray Cooling Model for Thermal Die Cycling Simulations, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

81-15 M. T. Murray, L.F. Hansen, L. Chilcott, E. Li and A.M. Murray, Case Studies in the Use of Simulation- Improved Yield and Reduced Time to Market, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

80-15 R. Bhola, S. Chandra and D. Souders, Predicting Castability of Thin-Walled Parts for the HPDC Process Using Simulations, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

76-15 Prosenjit Das, Sudip K. Samanta, Shashank Tiwari and Pradip Dutta, Die Filling Behaviour of Semi Solid A356 Al Alloy Slurry During Rheo Pressure Die Casting, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, pp 1-6, October 2015

74-15 Murat KORU and Orhan SERÇE, Yüksek Basınçlı Döküm Prosesinde Enjeksiyon Parametrelerine Bağlı Olarak Döküm Simülasyon, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science, Science Journal (CSJ), Vol. 36, No: 5 (2015) ISSN: 1300-1949, May 2015

69-15 A. Viswanath, S. Sivaraman, U. T. S. Pillai, Computer Simulation of Low Pressure Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 45-48, September 2015

68-15 J. Aneesh Kumar, K. Krishnakumar and S. Savithri, Computer Simulation of Centrifugal Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 53-56, September 2015

59-15 F. Hosseini Yekta and S. A. Sadough Vanini, Simulation of the flow of semi-solid steel alloy using an enhanced model, Metals and Materials International, August 2015.

44-15 Ulrich E. Klotz, Tiziana Heiss and Dario Tiberto, Platinum investment casting material properties, casting simulation and optimum process parameters, Jewelry Technology Forum 2015

41-15 M. Barkhudarov and R. Pirovano, Minimizing Air Entrainment in High Pressure Die Casting Shot Sleeves, GIFA 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany

40-15 M. Todte, A. Fent, and H. Lang, Simulation in support of the development of innovative processes in the casting industry, GIFA 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany

19-15 Bruce Morey, Virtual casting improves powertrain design, Automotive Engineering, SAE International, March 2015.

15-15 K.S. Oh, J.D. Lee, S.J. Kim and J.Y. Choi, Development of a large ingot continuous caster, Metall. Res. Technol. 112, 203 (2015) © EDP Sciences, 2015, doi.org/10.1051/metal/2015006, www.metallurgical-research.org

14-15 Tiziana Heiss, Ulrich E. Klotz and Dario Tiberto, Platinum Investment Casting, Part I: Simulation and Experimental Study of the Casting Process, Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2015, 59, (2), 95, doi.org/10.1595/205651315×687399

138-14 Christopher Thoma, Wolfram Volk, Ruben Heid, Klaus Dilger, Gregor Banner and Harald Eibisch, Simulation-based prediction of the fracture elongation as a failure criterion for thin-walled high-pressure die casting components, International Journal of Metalcasting, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 47-54, 2014. doi.org/10.1007/BF03355594

107-14 Mehran Seyed Ahmadi, Dissolution of Si in Molten Al with Gas Injection, ProQuest Dissertations And Theses; Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Toronto (Canada), 2014; Publication Number: AAT 3637106; ISBN: 9781321195231; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-02(E), Section: B.; 191 p.

99-14 R. Bhola and S. Chandra, Predicting Castability for Thin-Walled HPDC Parts, Foundry Management Technology, December 2014

92-14 Warren Bishenden and Changhua Huang, Venting design and process optimization of die casting process for structural components; Part II: Venting design and process optimization, Die Casting Engineer, November 2014

90-14 Ken’ichi Kanazawa, Ken’ichi Yano, Jun’ichi Ogura, and Yasunori Nemoto, Optimum Runner Design for Die-Casting using CFD Simulations and Verification with Water-Model Experiments, Proceedings of the ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2014, November 14-20, 2014, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, IMECE2014-37419

89-14 P. Kapranos, C. Carney, A. Pola, and M. Jolly, Advanced Casting Methodologies: Investment Casting, Centrifugal Casting, Squeeze Casting, Metal Spinning, and Batch Casting, In Comprehensive Materials Processing; McGeough, J., Ed.; 2014, Elsevier Ltd., 2014; Vol. 5, pp 39–67.

77-14 Andrei Y. Korotchenko, Development of Scientific and Technological Approaches to Casting Net-Shaped Castings in Sand Molds Free of Shrinkage Defects and Hot Tears, Post-doctoral thesis: Russian State Technological University, 2014. In Russian.

69-14 L. Xue, M.C. Carter, A.V. Catalina, Z. Lin, C. Li, and C. Qiu, Predicting, Preventing Core Gas Defects in Steel Castings, Modern Casting, September 2014

68-14 L. Xue, M.C. Carter, A.V. Catalina, Z. Lin, C. Li, and C. Qiu, Numerical Simulation of Core Gas Defects in Steel Castings, Copyright 2014 American Foundry Society, 118th Metalcasting Congress, April 8 – 11, 2014, Schaumburg, IL

51-14 Jesus M. Blanco, Primitivo Carranza, Rafael Pintos, Pedro Arriaga, and Lakhdar Remaki, Identification of Defects Originated during the Filling of Cast Pieces through Particles Modelling, 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM XI), 5th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM V), 6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD VI), E. Oñate, J. Oliver and A. Huerta (Eds)

47-14 B. Vijaya Ramnatha, C.Elanchezhiana, Vishal Chandrasekhar, A. Arun Kumarb, S. Mohamed Asif, G. Riyaz Mohamed, D. Vinodh Raj , C .Suresh Kumar, Analysis and Optimization of Gating System for Commutator End Bracket, Procedia Materials Science 6 ( 2014 ) 1312 – 1328, 3rd International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterisation (ICMPC 2014)

42-14 Bing Zhou, Yong-lin Kang, Guo-ming Zhu, Jun-zhen Gao, Ming-fan Qi, and Huan-huan Zhang, Forced convection rheoforming process for preparation of 7075 aluminum alloy semisolid slurry and its numerical simulation, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24(2014) 1109−1116

37-14 A. Karwinski, W. Lesniewski, P. Wieliczko, and M. Malysza, Casting of Titanium Alloys in Centrifugal Induction Furnaces, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Volume 59, Issue 1, doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0068, 2014.

26-14 Bing Zhou, Yonglin Kang, Mingfan Qi, Huanhuan Zhang and Guoming Zhu, R-HPDC Process with Forced Convection Mixing Device for Automotive Part of A380 Aluminum Alloy, Materials 2014, 7, 3084-3105; doi.org/10.3390/ma7043084

20-14 Johannes Hartmann, Tobias Fiegl, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foams with tailored density profile by adapted blowing agents, Applied Physics A, doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8377-4, March 2014.

19-14 A.Y. Korotchenko, N.A. Nikiforova, E.D. Demjanov, N.C. Larichev, The Influence of the Filling Conditions on the Service Properties of the Part Side Frame, Russian Foundryman, 1 (January), pp 40-43, 2014. In Russian.

11-14 B. Fuchs and C. Körner, Mesh resolution consideration for the viability prediction of lost salt cores in the high pressure die casting process, Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014, Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

08-14 FY Hsu, SW Wang, and HJ Lin, The External and Internal Shrinkages in Aluminum Gravity Castings, Shape Casting: 5th International Symposium 2014. Available online at Google Books

103-13 B. Fuchs, H. Eibisch and C. Körner, Core Viability Simulation for Salt Core Technology in High-Pressure Die Casting, International Journal of Metalcasting, July 2013, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp 39–45

94-13 Randall S. Fielding, J. Crapps, C. Unal, and J.R.Kennedy, Metallic Fuel Casting Development and Parameter Optimization Simulations, International Conference on Fast reators and Related Fuel Cycles (FR13), 4-7 March 2013, Paris France

90-13 A. Karwińskia, M. Małyszaa, A. Tchórza, A. Gila, B. Lipowska, Integration of Computer Tomography and Simulation Analysis in Evaluation of Quality of Ceramic-Carbon Bonded Foam Filter, Archives of Foundry Engineering, doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0084, Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ISSN, (2299-2944), Volume 13, Issue 4/2013

88-13 Litie and Metallurgia (Casting and Metallurgy), 3 (72), 2013, N.V.Sletova, I.N.Volnov, S.P.Zadrutsky, V.A.Chaikin, Modeling of the Process of Removing Non-metallic Inclusions in Aluminum Alloys Using the FLOW-3D program, pp 138-140. In Russian.

85-13 Michał Szucki,Tomasz Goraj, Janusz Lelito, Józef S. Suchy, Numerical Analysis of Solid Particles Flow in Liquid Metal, XXXVII International Scientific Conference Foundryman’ Day 2013, Krakow, 28-29 November 2013

84-13 Körner, C., Schwankl, M., Himmler, D., Aluminum-Aluminum compound castings by electroless deposited zinc layers, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.12.01483-13.

77-13 Antonio Armillotta & Raffaello Baraggi & Simone Fasoli, SLM tooling for die casting with conformal cooling channels, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5523-7, December 2013.

64-13 Johannes Hartmann, Christina Blümel, Stefan Ernst, Tobias Fiegl, Karl-Ernst Wirth, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foam castings with microcellular cores by nano-functionalization, J Mater Sci, doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7668-z, September 2013.

46-13 Nicholas P. Orenstein, 3D Flow and Temperature Analysis of Filling a Plutonium Mold, LA-UR-13-25537, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Los Alamos Annual Student Symposium 2013, 2013-07-24 (Rev.1)

42-13 Yang Yue, William D. Griffiths, and Nick R. Green, Modelling of the Effects of Entrainment Defects on Mechanical Properties in a Cast Al-Si-Mg Alloy, Materials Science Forum, 765, 225, 2013.

39-13 J. Crapps, D.S. DeCroix, J.D Galloway, D.A. Korzekwa, R. Aikin, R. Fielding, R. Kennedy, C. Unal, Separate effects identification via casting process modeling for experimental measurement of U-Pu-Zr alloys, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 15 July 2013.

35-13 A. Pari, Real Life Problem Solving through Simulations in the Die Casting Industry – Case Studies, © Die Casting Engineer, July 2013.

34-13 Martin Lagler, Use of Simulation to Predict the Viability of Salt Cores in the HPDC Process – Shot Curve as a Decisive Criterion, © Die Casting Engineer, July 2013.

24-13 I.N.Volnov, Optimizatsia Liteynoi Tekhnologii, (Casting Technology Optimization), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), 3, 2013, 27-29. In Russian

23-13 M.R. Barkhudarov, I.N. Volnov, Minimizatsia Zakhvata Vozdukha v Kamere Pressovania pri Litie pod Davleniem, (Minimization of Air Entrainment in the Shot Sleeve During High Pressure Die Casting), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), 3, 2013, 30-34. In Russian

09-13 M.C. Carter and L. Xue, Simulating the Parameters that Affect Core Gas Defects in Metal Castings, Copyright 2012 American Foundry Society, Presented at the 2013 CastExpo, St. Louis, Missouri, April 2013

08-13 C. Reilly, N.R. Green, M.R. Jolly, J.-C. Gebelin, The Modelling Of Oxide Film Entrainment In Casting Systems Using Computational Modelling, Applied Mathematical Modelling, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.03.061, April 2013.

03-13 Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A fast simulation of transient metal flow and solidification in a narrow channel. Part II. Model validation and parametric study, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.061.

02-13 Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A fast simulation of transient metal flow and solidification in a narrow channel. Part I: Model development using lubrication approximation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.060.

116-12 Jufu Jianga, Ying Wang, Gang Chena, Jun Liua, Yuanfa Li and Shoujing Luo, “Comparison of mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ91D alloy motorcycle wheels formed by die casting and double control forming, Materials & Design, Volume 40, September 2012, Pages 541-549.

107-12 F.K. Arslan, A.H. Hatman, S.Ö. Ertürk, E. Güner, B. Güner, An Evaluation for Fundamentals of Die Casting Materials Selection and Design, IMMC’16 International Metallurgy & Materials Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2012.

103-12 WU Shu-sen, ZHONG Gu, AN Ping, WAN Li, H. NAKAE, Microstructural characteristics of Al−20Si−2Cu−0.4Mg−1Ni alloy formed by rheo-squeeze casting after ultrasonic vibration treatment, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 22 (2012) 2863-2870, November 2012. Full paper available online.

109-12 Alexandre Reikher, Numerical Analysis of Die-Casting Process in Thin Cavities Using Lubrication Approximation, Ph.D. Thesis: The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Engineering Department (2012) Theses and Dissertations. Paper 65.

97-12 Hong Zhou and Li Heng Luo, Filling Pattern of Step Gating System in Lost Foam Casting Process and its Application, Advanced Materials Research, Volumes 602-604, Progress in Materials and Processes, 1916-1921, December 2012.

93-12 Liangchi Zhang, Chunliang Zhang, Jeng-Haur Horng and Zichen Chen, Functions of Step Gating System in the Lost Foam Casting Process, Advanced Materials Research, 591-593, 940, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.591-593.940, November 2012.

91-12 Hong Yan, Jian Bin Zhu, Ping Shan, Numerical Simulation on Rheo-Diecasting of Magnesium Matrix Composites, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.192-193.287, Solid State Phenomena, 192-193, 287.

89-12 Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A Fast Numerical Simulation for Modeling Simultaneous Metal Flow and Solidification in Thin Cavities Using the Lubrication Approximation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications: An International Journal of Computation and Methodology, 63:2, 75-100, November 2012.

82-12 Jufu Jiang, Gang Chen, Ying Wang, Zhiming Du, Weiwei Shan, and Yuanfa Li, Microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-wall and high-rib parts of AM60B Mg alloy formed by double control forming and die casting under the optimal conditions, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.086, October 2012.

78-12 A. Pari, Real Life Problem Solving through Simulations in the Die Casting Industry – Case Studies, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

77-12 Y. Wang, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian and R.A. Miller, Rheological behavior models of metal matrix alloys in semi-solid casting process, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

76-12 A. Reikher and H. Gerber, Analysis of Solidification Parameters During the Die Cast Process, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

75-12 R.A. Miller, Y. Wang and K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, Estimating Cavity Fill Time, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

65-12 X.H. Yang, T.J. Lu, T. Kim, Influence of non-conducting pore inclusions on phase change behavior of porous media with constant heat flux boundary, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Available online 10 October 2012. Available online at SciVerse.

55-12 Hejun Li, Pengyun Wang, Lehua Qi, Hansong Zuo, Songyi Zhong, Xianghui Hou, 3D numerical simulation of successive deposition of uniform molten Al droplets on a moving substrate and experimental validation, Computational Materials Science, Volume 65, December 2012, Pages 291–301.

52-12 Hongbing Ji, Yixin Chen and Shengzhou Chen, Numerical Simulation of Inner-Outer Couple Cooling Slab Continuous Casting in the Filling Process, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 557-559), Advanced Materials and Processes II, pp. 2257-2260, July 2012.

47-12 Petri Väyrynen, Lauri Holappa, and Seppo Louhenkilpi, Simulation of Melting of Alloying Materials in Steel Ladle, SCANMET IV – 4th International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking, Lulea, Sweden, June 10-13, 2012.

46-12 Bin Zhang and Dave Salee, Metal Flow and Heat Transfer in Billet DC Casting Using Wagstaff® Optifill™ Metal Distribution Systems, 5th International Metal Quality Workshop, United Arab Emirates Dubai, March 18-22, 2012.

45-12 D.R. Gunasegaram, M. Givord, R.G. O’Donnell and B.R. Finnin, Improvements engineered in UTS and elongation of aluminum alloy high pressure die castings through the alteration of runner geometry and plunger velocity, Materials Science & Engineering.

44-12 Antoni Drys and Stefano Mascetti, Aluminum Casting Simulations, Desktop Engineering, September 2012

42-12 Huizhen Duan, Jiangnan Shen and Yanping Li, Comparative analysis of HPDC process of an auto part with ProCAST and FLOW-3D, Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 184-185 (2012) pp 90-94, Online available since 2012/Jun/14 at www.scientific.net, © (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.184-185.90.

41-12 Deniece R. Korzekwa, Cameron M. Knapp, David A. Korzekwa, and John W. Gibbs, Co-Design – Fabrication of Unalloyed Plutonium, LA-UR-12-23441, MDI Summer Research Group Workshop Advanced Manufacturing, 2012-07-25/2012-07-26 (Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States)

29-12 Dario Tiberto and Ulrich E. Klotz, Computer simulation applied to jewellery casting: challenges, results and future possibilities, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.33 012008. Full paper available at IOP.

28-12 Y Yue and N R Green, Modelling of different entrainment mechanisms and their influences on the mechanical reliability of Al-Si castings, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33,012072.Full paper available at IOP.

27-12 E Kaschnitz, Numerical simulation of centrifugal casting of pipes, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33 012031, Issue 1. Full paper available at IOP.

15-12 C. Reilly, N.R Green, M.R. Jolly, The Present State Of Modeling Entrainment Defects In The Shape Casting Process, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Available online 27 April 2012, ISSN 0307-904X, 10.1016/j.apm.2012.04.032.

12-12 Andrei Starobin, Tony Hirt, Hubert Lang, and Matthias Todte, Core drying simulation and validation, International Foundry Research, GIESSEREIFORSCHUNG 64 (2012) No. 1, ISSN 0046-5933, pp 2-5

10-12 H. Vladimir Martínez and Marco F. Valencia (2012). Semisolid Processing of Al/β-SiC Composites by Mechanical Stirring Casting and High Pressure Die Casting, Recent Researches in Metallurgical Engineering – From Extraction to Forming, Dr Mohammad Nusheh (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0356-1, InTech

07-12 Amir H. G. Isfahani and James M. Brethour, Simulating Thermal Stresses and Cooling Deformations, Die Casting Engineer, March 2012

06-12 Shuisheng Xie, Youfeng He and Xujun Mi, Study on Semi-solid Magnesium Alloys Slurry Preparation and Continuous Roll-casting Process, Magnesium Alloys – Design, Processing and Properties, ISBN: 978-953-307-520-4, InTech.

04-12 J. Spangenberg, N. Roussel, J.H. Hattel, H. Stang, J. Skocek, M.R. Geiker, Flow induced particle migration in fresh concrete: Theoretical frame, numerical simulations and experimental results on model fluids, Cement and Concrete Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.007, February 2012.

01-12 Lee, B., Baek, U., and Han, J., Optimization of Gating System Design for Die Casting of Thin Magnesium Alloy-Based Multi-Cavity LCD Housings, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Springer New York, Issn: 1059-9495, 10.1007/s11665-011-0111-1, Volume 1 / 1992 – Volume 21 / 2012. Available online at Springer Link.

104-11 Fu-Yuan Hsu and Huey Jiuan Lin, Foam Filters Used in Gravity Casting, Metall and Materi Trans B (2011) 42: 1110. doi:10.1007/s11663-011-9548-8.

99-11 Eduardo Trejo, Centrifugal Casting of an Aluminium Alloy, thesis: Doctor of Philosophy, Metallurgy and Materials School of Engineering University of Birmingham, October 2011. Full paper available upon request.

93-11 Olga Kononova, Andrejs Krasnikovs ,Videvuds Lapsa,Jurijs Kalinka and Angelina Galushchak, Internal Structure Formation in High Strength Fiber Concrete during Casting, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 59 2011

76-11 J. Hartmann, A. Trepper, and C. Körner, Aluminum Integral Foams with Near-Microcellular Structure, Advanced Engineering Materials 2011, Volume 13 (2011) No. 11, © Wiley-VCH

71-11 Fu-Yuan Hsu and Yao-Ming Yang Confluence Weld in an Aluminum Gravity Casting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Available online 23 November 2011, ISSN 0924-0136, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.11.006.

65-11 V.A. Chaikin, A.V. Chaikin, I.N.Volnov, A Study of the Process of Late Modification Using Simulation, in Zagotovitelnye Proizvodstva v Mashinostroenii, 10, 2011, 8-12. In Russian.

54-11 Ngadia Taha Niane and Jean-Pierre Michalet, Validation of Foundry Process for Aluminum Parts with FLOW-3D Software, Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting, 2011.

51-11 A. Reikher and H. Gerber, Calculation of the Die Cast parameters of the Thin Wall Aluminum Cast Part, 2011 Die Casting Congress & Tabletop, Columbus, OH, September 19-21, 2011

50-11 Y. Wang, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, and R.A. Miller, Runner design optimization based on CFD simulation for a die with multiple cavities, 2011 Die Casting Congress & Tabletop, Columbus, OH, September 19-21, 2011

48-11 A. Karwiński, W. Leśniewski, S. Pysz, P. Wieliczko, The technology of precision casting of titanium alloys by centrifugal process, Archives of Foundry Engineering, ISSN: 1897-3310), Volume 11, Issue 3/2011, 73-80, 2011.

46-11 Daniel Einsiedler, Entwicklung einer Simulationsmethodik zur Simulation von Strömungs- und Trocknungsvorgängen bei Kernfertigungsprozessen mittels CFD (Development of a simulation methodology for simulating flow and drying operations in core production processes using CFD), MSc thesis at Technical University of Aalen in Germany (Hochschule Aalen), 2011.

44-11 Bin Zhang and Craig Shaber, Aluminum Ingot Thermal Stress Development Modeling of the Wagstaff® EpsilonTM Rolling Ingot DC Casting System during the Start-up Phase, Materials Science Forum Vol. 693 (2011) pp 196-207, © 2011 Trans Tech Publications, July, 2011.

43-11 Vu Nguyen, Patrick Rohan, John Grandfield, Alex Levin, Kevin Naidoo, Kurt Oswald, Guillaume Girard, Ben Harker, and Joe Rea, Implementation of CASTfill low-dross pouring system for ingot casting, Materials Science Forum Vol. 693 (2011) pp 227-234, © 2011 Trans Tech Publications, July, 2011.

37-11 Ferencz Peti, Lucian Grama, Analyze of the Possible Causes of Porosity Type Defects in Aluminum High Pressure Diecast Parts, Scientific Bulletin of the Petru Maior University of Targu Mures, Vol. 8 (XXV) no. 1, 2011, ISSN 1841-9267

31-11 Johannes Hartmann, André Trepper, Carolin Körner, Aluminum Integral Foams with Near-Microcellular Structure, Advanced Engineering Materials, 13: n/a. doi: 10.1002/adem.201100035, June 2011.

27-11 A. Pari, Optimization of HPDC Process using Flow Simulation Case Studies, Die Casting Engineer, July 2011

26-11 A. Reikher, H. Gerber, Calculation of the Die Cast Parameters of the Thin Wall Aluminum Die Casting Part, Die Casting Engineer, July 2011

21-11 Thang Nguyen, Vu Nguyen, Morris Murray, Gary Savage, John Carrig, Modelling Die Filling in Ultra-Thin Aluminium Castings, Materials Science Forum (Volume 690), Light Metals Technology V, pp 107-111, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.690.107, June 2011.

19-11 Jon Spangenberg, Cem Celal Tutum, Jesper Henri Hattel, Nicolas Roussel, Metter Rica Geiker, Optimization of Casting Process Parameters for Homogeneous Aggregate Distribution in Self-Compacting Concrete: A Feasibility Study, © IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2011, New Orleans, USA

16-11 A. Starobin, C.W. Hirt, H. Lang, and M. Todte, Core Drying Simulation and Validations, AFS Proceedings 2011, © American Foundry Society, Presented at the 115th Metalcasting Congress, Schaumburg, Illinois, April 2011.

15-11 J. J. Hernández-Ortega, R. Zamora, J. López, and F. Faura, Numerical Analysis of Air Pressure Effects on the Flow Pattern during the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity, AIP Conf. Proc., Volume 1353, pp. 1238-1243, The 14th International Esaform Conference on Material Forming: Esaform 2011; doi:10.1063/1.3589686, May 2011. Available online.

10-11 Abbas A. Khalaf and Sumanth Shankar, Favorable Environment for Nondentric Morphology in Controlled Diffusion Solidification, DOI: 10.1007/s11661-011-0641-z, © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2011, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, March 11, 2011.

08-11 Hai Peng Li, Chun Yong Liang, Li Hui Wang, Hong Shui Wang, Numerical Simulation of Casting Process for Gray Iron Butterfly Valve, Advanced Materials Research, 189-193, 260, February 2011.

04-11 C.W. Hirt, Predicting Core Shooting, Drying and Defect Development, Foundry Management & Technology, January 2011.

76-10 Zhizhong Sun, Henry Hu, Alfred Yu, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Squeeze Casting Magnesium Alloy AM50, Magnesium Technology 2010, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, February 14-18, 2010, Seattle, WA.

68-10 A. Reikher, H. Gerber, K.M. Pillai, T.-C. Jen, Natural Convection—An Overlooked Phenomenon of the Solidification Process, Die Casting Engineer, January 2010

54-10 Andrea Bernardoni, Andrea Borsi, Stefano Mascetti, Alessandro Incognito and Matteo Corrado, Fonderia Leonardo aveva ragione! L’enorme cavallo dedicato a Francesco Sforza era materialmente realizzabile, A&C – Analisis e Calcolo, Giugno 2010. In Italian.

48-10 J. J. Hernández-Ortega, R. Zamora, J. Palacios, J. López and F. Faura, An Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Patterns and Air Entrapment Phenomena During the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., October 2010, Volume 132, Issue 5, 05101, doi:10.1115/1.4002535.

47-10 A.V. Chaikin, I.N. Volnov, and V.A. Chaikin, Development of Dispersible Mixed Inoculant Compositions Using the FLOW-3D Program, Liteinoe Proizvodstvo, October, 2010, in Russian.

42-10 H. Lakshmi, M.C. Vinay Kumar, Raghunath, P. Kumar, V. Ramanarayanan, K.S.S. Murthy, P. Dutta, Induction reheating of A356.2 aluminum alloy and thixocasting as automobile component, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20(20101) s961-s967.

41-10 Pamela J. Waterman, Understanding Core-Gas Defects, Desktop Engineering, October 2010. Available online at Desktop Engineering. Also published in the Foundry Trade Journal, November 2010.

39-10 Liu Zheng, Jia Yingying, Mao Pingli, Li Yang, Wang Feng, Wang Hong, Zhou Le, Visualization of Die Casting Magnesium Alloy Steering Bracket, Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys, ISSN: 1001-2249, CN: 42-1148/TG, 2010-04. In Chinese.

37-10 Morris Murray, Lars Feldager Hansen, and Carl Reinhardt, I Have Defects – Now What, Die Casting Engineer, September 2010

36-10 Stefano Mascetti, Using Flow Analysis Software to Optimize Piston Velocity for an HPDC Process, Die Casting Engineer, September 2010. Also available in Italian: Ottimizzare la velocita del pistone in pressofusione. A & C, Analisi e Calcolo, Anno XII, n. 42, Gennaio 2011, ISSN 1128-3874.

32-10 Guan Hai Yan, Sheng Dun Zhao, Zheng Hui Sha, Parameters Optimization of Semisolid Diecasting Process for Air-Conditioner’s Triple Valve in HPb59-1 Alloy, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 129 – 131), Vol. Material and Manufacturing Technology, pp. 936-941, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.129-131.936, August 2010.

29-10 Zheng Peng, Xu Jun, Zhang Zhifeng, Bai Yuelong, and Shi Likai, Numerical Simulation of Filling of Rheo-diecasting A357 Aluminum Alloy, Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys, DOI: CNKI:SUN:TZZZ.0.2010-01-024, 2010.

27-10 For an Aerospace Diecasting, Littler Uses Simulation to Reveal Defects, and Win a New Order, Foundry Management & Technology, July 2010

23-10 Michael R. Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment, The Canadian Die Caster, June 2010

15-10 David H. Kirkwood, Michel Suery, Plato Kapranos, Helen V. Atkinson, and Kenneth P. Young, Semi-solid Processing of Alloys, 2010, XII, 172 p. 103 illus., 19 in color., Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-642-00705-7.

09-10 Shannon Wetzel, Fullfilling Da Vinci’s Dream, Modern Casting, April 2010.

08-10 B.I. Semenov, K.M. Kushtarov, Semi-solid Manufacturing of Castings, New Industrial Technologies, Publication of Moscow State Technical University n.a. N.E. Bauman, 2009 (in Russian)

07-10 Carl Reilly, Development Of Quantitative Casting Quality Assessment Criteria Using Process Modelling, thesis: The University of Birmingham, March 2010 (Available upon request)

06-10 A. Pari, Optimization of HPDC Process using Flow Simulation – Case Studies, CastExpo ’10, NADCA, Orlando, Florida, March 2010

05-10 M.C. Carter, S. Palit, and M. Littler, Characterizing Flow Losses Occurring in Air Vents and Ejector Pins in High Pressure Die Castings, CastExpo ’10, NADCA, Orlando, Florida, March 2010

04-10 Pamela Waterman, Simulating Porosity Factors, Foundry Management Technology, March 2010, Article available at Foundry Management Technology

03-10 C. Reilly, M.R. Jolly, N.R. Green, JC Gebelin, Assessment of Casting Filling by Modeling Surface Entrainment Events Using CFD, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition (Jim Evans Honorary Symposium), Seattle, Washington, USA, February 14-18, 2010

02-10 P. Väyrynen, S. Wang, J. Laine and S.Louhenkilpi, Control of Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Inclusions in Continuous Casting – CFD and Neural Network Studies, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition (Jim Evans Honorary Symposium), Seattle, Washington, USA, February 14-18, 2010

60-09 Somlak Wannarumon, and Marco Actis Grande, Comparisons of Computer Fluid Dynamic Software Programs applied to Jewelry Investment Casting Process, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 55 2009.

59-09 Marco Actis Grande and Somlak Wannarumon, Numerical Simulation of Investment Casting of Gold Jewelry: Experiments and Validations, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol:3 2009-07-24

56-09 Jozef Kasala, Ondrej Híreš, Rudolf Pernis, Start-up Phase Modeling of Semi Continuous Casting Process of Brass Billets, Metal 2009, 19.-21.5.2009

51-09 In-Ting Hong, Huan-Chien Tung, Chun-Hao Chiu and Hung-Shang Huang, Effect of Casting Parameters on Microstructure and Casting Quality of Si-Al Alloy for Vacuum Sputtering, China Steel Technical Report, No. 22, pp. 33-40, 2009.

42-09 P. Väyrynen, S. Wang, S. Louhenkilpi and L. Holappa, Modeling and Removal of Inclusions in Continuous Casting, Materials Science & Technology 2009 Conference & Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, October 25-29, 2009

41-09 O.Smirnov, P.Väyrynen, A.Kravchenko and S.Louhenkilpi, Modern Methods of Modeling Fluid Flow and Inclusions Motion in Tundish Bath – General View, Proceedings of Steelsim 2009 – 3rd International Conference on Simulation and Modelling of Metallurgical Processes in Steelmaking, Leoben, Austria, September 8-10, 2009

21-09 A. Pari, Case Studies – Optimization of HPDC Process Using Flow Simulation, Die Casting Engineer, July 2009

20-09 M. Sirvio, M. Wos, Casting directly from a computer model by using advanced simulation software, FLOW-3D Cast, Archives of Foundry Engineering Volume 9, Issue 1/2009, 79-82

19-09 Andrei Starobin, C.W. Hirt, D. Goettsch, A Model for Binder Gas Generation and Transport in Sand Cores and Molds, Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Solidification Processes XII, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Minerals Society), June 2009

11-09 Michael Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment in a Shot Sleeve during Slow-Shot Stage, Die Casting Engineer (The North American Die Casting Association ISSN 0012-253X), May 2009

10-09 A. Reikher, H. Gerber, Application of One-Dimensional Numerical Simulation to Optimize Process Parameters of a Thin-Wall Casting in High Pressure Die Casting, Die Casting Engineer (The North American Die Casting Association ISSN 0012-253X), May 2009

7-09 Andrei Starobin, Simulation of Core Gas Evolution and Flow, presented at the North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

6-09 A.Pari, Optimization of HPDC PROCESS: Case Studies, North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

2-09 C. Reilly, N.R. Green and M.R. Jolly, Oxide Entrainment Structures in Horizontal Running Systems, TMS 2009, San Francisco, California, February 2009

28-08 A.V.Chaikin, I.N.Volnov, V.A.Chaikin, Y.A.Ukhanov, N.R.Petrov, Analysis of the Efficiency of Alloy Modifiers Using Statistics and Modeling, © 2008, Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), October, 2008

27-08 P. Scarber, Jr., H. Littleton, Simulating Macro-Porosity in Aluminum Lost Foam Castings, American Foundry Society, © 2008, AFS Lost Foam Conference, Asheville, North Carolina, October, 2008

22-08 Mark Littler, Simulation Eliminates Die Casting Scrap, Modern Casting/September 2008

21-08 X. Chen, D. Penumadu, Permeability Measurement and Numerical Modeling for Refractory Porous Materials, AFS Transactions © 2008 American Foundry Society, CastExpo ’08, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

20-08 Rolf Krack, Using Solidification Simulations for Optimising Die Cooling Systems, FTJ July/August 2008

19-08 Mark Littler, Simulation Software Eliminates Die Casting Scrap, ECS Casting Innovations, July/August 2008

13-08 T. Yoshimura, K. Yano, T. Fukui, S. Yamamoto, S. Nishido, M. Watanabe and Y. Nemoto, Optimum Design of Die Casting Plunger Tip Considering Air Entrainment, Proceedings of 10th Asian Foundry Congress (AFC10), Nagoya, Japan, May 2008

08-08 Stephen Instone, Andreas Buchholz and Gerd-Ulrich Gruen, Inclusion Transport Phenomena in Casting Furnaces, Light Metals 2008, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2008

07-08 P. Scarber, Jr., H. Littleton, Simulating Macro-Porosity in Aluminum Lost Foam Casting, AFS Transactions 2008 © American Foundry Society, CastExpo ’08, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

06-08 A. Reikher, H. Gerber and A. Starobin, Multi-Stage Plunger Deceleration System, CastExpo ’08, NADCA, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

05-08 Amol Palekar, Andrei Starobin, Alexander Reikher, Die-casting end-of-fill and drop forge viscometer flow transients examined with a coupled-motion numerical model, 68th World Foundry Congress, Chennai, India, February 2008

03-08 Petri J. Väyrynen, Sami K. Vapalahti and Seppo J. Louhenkilpi, On Validation of Mathematical Fluid Flow Models for Simulation of Tundish Water Models and Industrial Examples, AISTech 2008, May 2008

53-07 A. Kermanpur, Sh. Mahmoudi and A. Hajipour, Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Metal Flow and Solidification in the Multi-cavity Casting Moulds of Automotive Components, International Journal of Iron & Steel Society of Iran, Article 2, Volume 4, Issue 1, Summer and Autumn 2007, pages 8-15.

36-07 Duque Mesa A. F., Herrera J., Cruz L.J., Fernández G.P. y Martínez H.V., Caracterización Defectológica de Piezas Fundida por Lost Foam Casting Mediante Simulación Numérica, 8° Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingenieria Mecanica, Cusco, Peru, 23 al 25 de Octubre de 2007 (in Spanish)

27-07 A.Y. Korotchenko, A.M. Zarubin, I.A.Korotchenko, Modeling of High Pressure Die Casting Filling, Russian Foundryman, December 2007, pp 15-19. (in Russian)

26-07 I.N. Volnov, Modeling of Casting Processes with Variable Geometry, Russian Foundryman, November 2007, pp 27-30. (in Russian)

16-07 P. Väyrynen, S. Vapalahti, S. Louhenkilpi, L. Chatburn, M. Clark, T. Wagner, Tundish Flow Model Tuning and Validation – Steady State and Transient Casting Situations, STEELSIM 2007, Graz/Seggau, Austria, September 12-14 2007

11-07 Marco Actis Grande, Computer Simulation of the Investment Casting Process – Widening of the Filling Step, Santa Fe Symposium on Jewelry Manufacturing Technology, May 2007

09-07 Alexandre Reikher and Michael Barkhudarov, Casting: An Analytical Approach, Springer, 1st edition, August 2007, Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-84628-849-4. U.S. Order Form; Europe Order Form.

07-07 I.N. Volnov, Casting Modeling Systems – Current State, Problems and Perspectives, (in Russian), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), June 2007

05-07 A.N. Turchin, D.G. Eskin, and L. Katgerman, Solidification under Forced-Flow Conditions in a Shallow Cavity, DOI: 10.1007/s1161-007-9183-9, © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2007

04-07 A.N. Turchin, M. Zuijderwijk, J. Pool, D.G. Eskin, and L. Katgerman, Feathery grain growth during solidification under forced flow conditions, © Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.02.030, April 2007

03-07 S. Kuyucak, Sponsored Research – Clean Steel Casting Production—Evaluation of Laboratory Castings, Transactions of the American Foundry Society, Volume 115, 111th Metalcasting Congress, May 2007

02-07 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Mark R. Jolly and John Campbell, The Design of L-Shaped Runners for Gravity Casting, Shape Casting: 2nd International Symposium, Edited by Paul N. Crepeau, Murat Tiryakioðlu and John Campbell, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), Orlando, FL, Feb 2007

30-06 X.J. Liu, S.H. Bhavnani, R.A. Overfelt, Simulation of EPS foam decomposition in the lost foam casting process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 182 (2007) 333–342, © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

25-06 Michael Barkhudarov and Gengsheng Wei, Modeling Casting on the Move, Modern Casting, August 2006; Modeling of Casting Processes with Variable Geometry, Russian Foundryman, December 2007, pp 10-15. (in Russian)

7-06 M.Y.Smirnov, Y.V.Golenkov, Manufacturing of Cast Iron Bath Tubs Castings using Vacuum-Process in Russia, Russia’s Foundryman, July 2006. In Russian.

6-06 M. Barkhudarov, and G. Wei, Modeling of the Coupled Motion of Rigid Bodies in Liquid Metal, Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes – XI, May 28 – June 2, 2006, Opio, France, eds. Ch.-A. Gandin and M. Bellet, pp 71-78, 2006.

2-06 J.-C. Gebelin, M.R. Jolly and F.-Y. Hsu, ‘Designing-in’ Controlled Filling Using Numerical Simulation for Gravity Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys, Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2006, Vol.19 No.1

1-06 Michael Barkhudarov, Using Simulation to Control Microporosity Reduces Die Iterations, Die Casting Engineer, January 2006, pp. 52-54

30-05 H. Xue, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, R.A. Miller, Modeling Dynamic Cavity Pressure and Impact Spike in Die Casting, Cast Expo ’05, April 16-19, 2005

22-05 Blas Melissari & Stavros A. Argyropoulous, Measurement of Magnitude and Direction of Velocity in High-Temperature Liquid Metals; Part I, Mathematical Modeling, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 36B, October 2005, pp. 691-700

21-05 M.R. Jolly, State of the Art Review of Use of Modeling Software for Casting, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 337-346

20-05 J-C Gebelin, M.R. Jolly & F-Y Hsu, ‘Designing-in’ Controlled Filling Using Numerical Simulation for Gravity Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 355-364

19-05 F-Y Hsu, M.R. Jolly & J Campbell, Vortex Gate Design for Gravity Castings, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 73-82

18-05 M.R. Jolly, Modelling the Investment Casting Process: Problems and Successes, Japanese Foundry Society, JFS, Tokyo, Sept. 2005

13-05 Xiaogang Yang, Xiaobing Huang, Xiaojun Dai, John Campbell and Joe Tatler, Numerical Modelling of the Entrainment of Oxide Film Defects in Filling of Aluminium Alloy Castings, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 17 (6), 2004, 321-331

10-05 Carlos Evaristo Esparza, Martha P. Guerro-Mata, Roger Z. Ríos-Mercado, Optimal Design of Gating Systems by Gradient Search Methods, Computational Materials Science, October 2005

6-05 Birgit Hummler-Schaufler, Fritz Hirning, Jurgen Schaufler, A World First for Hatz Diesel and Schaufler Tooling, Die Casting Engineer, May 2005, pp. 18-21

4-05 Rolf Krack, The W35 Topic—A World First, Die Casting World, March 2005, pp. 16-17

3-05 Joerg Frei, Casting Simulations Speed Up Development, Die Casting World, March 2005, p. 14

2-05 David Goettsch and Michael Barkhudarov, Analysis and Optimization of the Transient Stage of Stopper-Rod Pour, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2005

36-04 Ik Min Park, Il Dong Choi, Yong Ho Park, Development of Light-Weight Al Scroll Compressor for Car Air Conditioner, Materials Science Forum, Designing, Processing and Properties of Advanced Engineering Materials, 449-452, 149, March 2004.

32-04 D.H. Kirkwood and P.J Ward, Numerical Modelling of Semi-Solid Flow under Processing Conditions, steel research int. 75 (2004), No. 8/9

30-04 Haijing Mao, A Numerical Study of Externally Solidified Products in the Cold Chamber Die Casting Process, thesis: The Ohio State University, 2004 (Available upon request)

28-04 Z. Cao, Z. Yang, and X.L. Chen, Three-Dimensional Simulation of Transient GMA Weld Pool with Free Surface, Supplement to the Welding Journal, June 2004.

23-04 State of the Art Use of Computational Modelling in the Foundry Industry, 3rd International Conference Computational Modelling of Materials III, Sicily, Italy, June 2004, Advances in Science and Technology, Eds P. Vincenzini & A Lami, Techna Group Srl, Italy, ISBN: 88-86538-46-4, Part B, pp 479-490

22-04 Jerry Fireman, Computer Simulation Helps Reduce Scrap, Die Casting Engineer, May 2004, pp. 46-49

21-04 Joerg Frei, Simulation—A Safe and Quick Way to Good Components, Aluminium World, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 42-43

20-04 J.-C. Gebelin, M.R. Jolly, A. M. Cendrowicz, J. Cirre and S. Blackburn, Simulation of Die Filling for the Wax Injection Process – Part II Numerical Simulation, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, Volume 35B, August 2004

14-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov, Charles H. Sherwin, and Ruel A. Overfelt, Hot Distortion Studies In Phenolic Urethane Cold Box System, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA

13-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov and Ruel A. Overfelt, First V-Process Casting of Magnesium, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA

5-04 C. Schlumpberger & B. Hummler-Schaufler, Produktentwicklung auf hohem Niveau (Product Development on a High Level), Druckguss Praxis, January 2004, pp 39-42 (in German).

3-04 Charles Bates, Dealing with Defects, Foundry Management and Technology, February 2004, pp 23-25

1-04 Laihua Wang, Thang Nguyen, Gary Savage and Cameron Davidson, Thermal and Flow Modeling of Ladling and Injection in High Pressure Die Casting Process, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 16 No 4 2003, pp 409-417

2-03 J-C Gebelin, AM Cendrowicz, MR Jolly, Modeling of the Wax Injection Process for the Investment Casting Process – Prediction of Defects, presented at the Third International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Minerals and Process Industries, December 10-12, 2003, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 415-420

29-03 C. W. Hirt, Modeling Shrinkage Induced Micro-porosity, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN66)

28-03 Thixoforming at the University of Sheffield, Diecasting World, September 2003, pp 11-12

26-03 William Walkington, Gas Porosity-A Guide to Correcting the Problems, NADCA Publication: 516

22-03 G F Yao, C W Hirt, and M Barkhudarov, Development of a Numerical Approach for Simulation of Sand Blowing and Core Formation, in Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Process-X”, Ed. By Stefanescu et al pp. 633-639, 2003

21-03 E F Brush Jr, S P Midson, W G Walkington, D T Peters, J G Cowie, Porosity Control in Copper Rotor Die Castings, NADCA Indianapolis Convention Center, Indianapolis, IN September 15-18, 2003, T03-046

12-03 J-C Gebelin & M.R. Jolly, Modeling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes, Trans AFS, 2002, 110, pp. 109-120

11-03 M.R. Jolly, Casting Simulation – How Well Do Reality and Virtual Casting Match – A State of the Art Review, Intl. J. Cast Metals Research, 2002, 14, pp. 303-313

10-03 Gebelin., J-C and Jolly, M.R., Modeling of the Investment Casting Process, Journal of Materials Processing Tech., Vol. 135/2-3, pp. 291 – 300

9-03 Cox, M, Harding, R.A. and Campbell, J., Optimised Running System Design for Bottom Filled Aluminium Alloy 2L99 Investment Castings, J. Mat. Sci. Tech., May 2003, Vol. 19, pp. 613-625

8-03 Von Alexander Schrey and Regina Reek, Numerische Simulation der Kernherstellung, (Numerical Simulation of Core Blowing), Giesserei, June 2003, pp. 64-68 (in German)

7-03 J. Zuidema Jr., L Katgerman, Cyclone separation of particles in aluminum DC Casting, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 607-614

6-03 Jean-Christophe Gebelin and Mark Jolly, Numerical Modeling of Metal Flow Through Filters, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 431-438

5-03 N.W. Lai, W.D. Griffiths and J. Campbell, Modelling of the Potential for Oxide Film Entrainment in Light Metal Alloy Castings, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 415-422

21-02 Boris Lukezic, Case History: Process Modeling Solves Die Design Problems, Modern Casting, February 2003, P 59

20-02 C.W. Hirt and M.R. Barkhudarov, Predicting Defects in Lost Foam Castings, Modern Casting, December 2002, pp 31-33

19-02 Mark Jolly, Mike Cox, Ric Harding, Bill Griffiths and John Campbell, Quiescent Filling Applied to Investment Castings, Modern Casting, December 2002 pp. 36-38

18-02 Simulation Helps Overcome Challenges of Thin Wall Magnesium Diecasting, Foundry Management and Technology, October 2002, pp 13-15

17-02 G Messmer, Simulation of a Thixoforging Process of Aluminum Alloys with FLOW-3D, Institute for Metal Forming Technology, University of Stuttgart

16-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Lost Foam Process, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 319-324

15-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Inclusion Tracking, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 341-346

14-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Advanced Simulation of the Flow and Heat Transfer of an Alternator Housing, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 219-228

8-02 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov, and Ruel A. Overfelt, Experimental and Numerical Study of Bonded Sand-Air Two-Phase Flow in PUA Process, Auburn University, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-091, Kansas City, MO

7-02 A Habibollah Zadeh, and J Campbell, Metal Flow Through a Filter System, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-020, Kansas City, MO

6-02 Phil Ward, and Helen Atkinson, Final Report for EPSRC Project: Modeling of Thixotropic Flow of Metal Alloys into a Die, GR/M17334/01, March 2002, University of Sheffield

5-02 S. I. Bakhtiyarov and R. A. Overfelt, Numerical and Experimental Study of Aluminum Casting in Vacuum-sealed Step Molding, Auburn University, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-050, Kansas City, MO

4-02 J. C. Gebelin and M. R. Jolly, Modelling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society AFS Transactions 02-079, Kansas City, MO

3-02 Mark Jolly, Mike Cox, Jean-Christophe Gebelin, Sam Jones, and Alex Cendrowicz, Fundamentals of Investment Casting (FOCAST), Modelling the Investment Casting Process, Some preliminary results from the UK Research Programme, IRC in Materials, University of Birmingham, UK, AFS2001

49-01 Hua Bai and Brian G. Thomas, Bubble formation during horizontal gas injection into downward-flowing liquid, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 1143-1159, 2001. doi.org/10.1007/s11663-001-0102-y

45-01 Jan Zuidema; Laurens Katgerman; Ivo J. Opstelten;Jan M. Rabenberg, Secondary Cooling in DC Casting: Modelling and Experimental Results, TMS 2001, New Orleans, Louisianna, February 11-15, 2001

43-01 James Andrew Yurko, Fluid Flow Behavior of Semi-Solid Aluminum at High Shear Rates,Ph.D. thesis; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2001. Abstract only; full thesis available at http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8451 (for a fee).

33-01 Juang, S.H., CAE Application on Design of Die Casting Dies, 2001 Conference on CAE Technology and Application, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, November 2001, (article in Chinese with English-language abstract)

32-01 Juang, S.H. and C. M. Wang, Effect of Feeding Geometry on Flow Characteristics of Magnesium Die Casting by Numerical Analysis, The Preceedings of 6th FADMA Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, July 2001, Chinese language with English abstract

26-01 C. W. Hirt., Predicting Defects in Lost Foam Castings, December 13, 2001

21-01 P. Scarber Jr., Using Liquid Free Surface Areas as a Predictor of Reoxidation Tendency in Metal Alloy Castings, presented at the Steel Founders’ Society of American, Technical and Operating Conference, October 2001

20-01 P. Scarber Jr., J. Griffin, and C. E. Bates, The Effect of Gating and Pouring Practice on Reoxidation of Steel Castings, presented at the Steel Founders’ Society of American, Technical and Operating Conference, October 2001

19-01 L. Wang, T. Nguyen, M. Murray, Simulation of Flow Pattern and Temperature Profile in the Shot Sleeve of a High Pressure Die Casting Process, CSIRO Manufacturing Science and Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Presented by North American Die Casting Association, Oct 29-Nov 1, 2001, Cincinnati, To1-014

18-01 Rajiv Shivpuri, Venkatesh Sankararaman, Kaustubh Kulkarni, An Approach at Optimizing the Ingate Design for Reducing Filling and Shrinkage Defects, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Presented by North American Die Casting Association, Oct 29-Nov 1, 2001, Cincinnati, TO1-052

5-01 Michael Barkhudarov, Simulation Helps Overcome Challenges of Thin Wall Magnesium Diecasting, Diecasting World, March 2001, pp. 5-6

2-01 J. Grindling, Customized CFD Codes to Simulate Casting of Thermosets in Full 3D, Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding 2000 Conference, October 31-November 2, 20

20-00 Richard Schuhmann, John Carrig, Thang Nguyen, Arne Dahle, Comparison of Water Analogue Modelling and Numerical Simulation Using Real-Time X-Ray Flow Data in Gravity Die Casting, Australian Die Casting Association Die Casting 2000 Conference, September 3-6, 2000, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

15-00 M. Sirvio, Vainola, J. Vartianinen, M. Vuorinen, J. Orkas, and S. Devenyi, Fluid Flow Analysis for Designing Gating of Aluminum Castings, Proc. NADCA Conf., Rosemont, IL, Nov 6-8, 1999

14-00 X. Yang, M. Jolly, and J. Campbell, Reduction of Surface Turbulence during Filling of Sand Castings Using a Vortex-flow Runner, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000

13-00 H. S. H. Lo and J. Campbell, The Modeling of Ceramic Foam Filters, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000

12-00 M. R. Jolly, H. S. H. Lo, M. Turan and J. Campbell, Use of Simulation Tools in the Practical Development of a Method for Manufacture of Cast Iron Camshafts,” Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August, 2000

14-99 J Koke, and M Modigell, Time-Dependent Rheological Properties of Semi-solid Metal Alloys, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Aachen University of Technology, Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 3: 15-30, 1999

12-99 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, Schneider, Wolfgang, Ray, Steven, Marthinusen, Jan-Olaf, Recent Improvements in Ceramic Foam Filter Design by Coupled Heat and Fluid Flow Modeling, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1999, pp. 1041-1047

10-99 Bongcheol Park and Jerald R. Brevick, Computer Flow Modeling of Cavity Pre-fill Effects in High Pressure Die Casting, NADCA Proceedings, Cleveland T99-011, November, 1999

8-99 Brad Guthrie, Simulation Reduces Aluminum Die Casting Cost by Reducing Volume, Die Casting Engineer Magazine, September/October 1999, pp. 78-81

7-99 Fred L. Church, Virtual Reality Predicts Cast Metal Flow, Modern Metals, September, 1999, pp. 67F-J

19-98 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Numerical Modeling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in the Launder-integrated Tool Within Casting Unit Development, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1998, pp. 1175-1182

18-98 X. Yang & J. Campbell, Liquid Metal Flow in a Pouring Basin, Int. J. Cast Metals Res, 1998, 10, pp. 239-253

15-98 R. Van Tol, Mould Filling of Horizontal Thin-Wall Castings, Delft University Press, The Netherlands, 1998

14-98 J. Daughtery and K. A. Williams, Thermal Modeling of Mold Material Candidates for Copper Pressure Die Casting of the Induction Motor Rotor Structure, Proc. Int’l Workshop on Permanent Mold Casting of Copper-Based Alloys, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Oct. 15-16, 1998

10-98 C. W. Hirt, and M.R. Barkhudarov, Lost Foam Casting Simulation with Defect Prediction, Flow Science Inc, presented at Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VIII Conference, June 7-12, 1998, Catamaran Hotel, San Diego, California

9-98 M. R. Barkhudarov and C. W. Hirt, Tracking Defects, Flow Science Inc, presented at the 1st International Aluminum Casting Technology Symposium, 12-14 October 1998, Rosemont, IL

5-98 J. Righi, Computer Simulation Helps Eliminate Porosity, Die Casting Management Magazine, pp. 36-38, January 1998

3-98 P. Kapranos, M. R. Barkhudarov, D. H. Kirkwood, Modeling of Structural Breakdown during Rapid Compression of Semi-Solid Alloy Slugs, Dept. Engineering Materials, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. and Flow Science Inc, USA, Presented at the 5th International Conference Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 23-25 June 1998

1-98 U. Jerichow, T. Altan, and P. R. Sahm, Semi Solid Metal Forming of Aluminum Alloys-The Effect of Process Variables Upon Material Flow, Cavity Fill and Mechanical Properties, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, published in Die Casting Engineer, p. 26, Jan/Feb 1998

8-97 Michael Barkhudarov, High Pressure Die Casting Simulation Using FLOW-3D, Die Casting Engineer, 1997

15-97 M. R. Barkhudarov, Advanced Simulation of the Flow and Heat Transfer Process in Simultaneous Engineering, Flow Science report, presented at the Casting 1997 – International ADI and Simulation Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May 28-30, 1997

14-97 M. Ranganathan and R. Shivpuri, Reducing Scrap and Increasing Die Life in Low Pressure Die Casting through Flow Simulation and Accelerated Testing, Dept. Welding and Systems Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, presented at 19th International Die Casting Congress & Exposition, November 3-6, 1997

13-97 J. Koke, Modellierung und Simulation der Fließeigenschaften teilerstarrter Metallegierungen, Livt Information, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen, October 1997

10-97 J. P. Greene and J. O. Wilkes, Numerical Analysis of Injection Molding of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics – Part 2 Fiber Orientation, Body-in-White Center, General Motors Corp. and Dept. Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 37, No. 6, June 1997

9-97 J. P. Greene and J. O. Wilkes, Numerical Analysis of Injection Molding of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics. Part 1 – Injection Pressures and Flow, Manufacturing Center, General Motors Corp. and Dept. Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 37, No. 3, March 1997

8-97 H. Grazzini and D. Nesa, Thermophysical Properties, Casting Simulation and Experiments for a Stainless Steel, AT Systemes (Renault) report, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

7-97 R. Van Tol, L. Katgerman and H. E. A. Van den Akker, Horizontal Mould Filling of a Thin Wall Aluminum Casting, Laboratory of Materials report, Delft University, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

6-97 M. R. Barkhudarov, Is Fluid Flow Important for Predicting Solidification, Flow Science report, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

22-96 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich & Schneider, Wolfgang, 3-D Modeling of the Start-up Phase of DC Casting of Sheet Ingots, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1996, pp. 971-981

9-96 M. R. Barkhudarov and C. W. Hirt, Thixotropic Flow Effects under Conditions of Strong Shear, Flow Science report FSI96-00-2, to be presented at the “Materials Week ’96” TMS Conference, Cincinnati, OH, 7-10 October 1996

4-96 C. W. Hirt, A Computational Model for the Lost Foam Process, Flow Science final report, February 1996 (FSI-96-57-R2)

3-96 M. R. Barkhudarov, C. L. Bronisz, C. W. Hirt, Three-Dimensional Thixotropic Flow Model, Flow Science report, FSI-96-00-1, published in the proceedings of (pp. 110- 114) and presented at the 4th International Conference on Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, The University of Sheffield, 19-21 June 1996

1-96 M. R. Barkhudarov, J. Beech, K. Chang, and S. B. Chin, Numerical Simulation of Metal/Mould Interfacial Heat Transfer in Casting, Dept. Mech. & Process Engineering, Dept. Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield and Flow Science Inc, 9th Int. Symposium on Transport Phenomena in Thermal-Fluid Engineering, June 25-28, 1996, Singapore

11-95 Barkhudarov, M. R., Hirt, C.W., Casting Simulation Mold Filling and Solidification-Benchmark Calculations Using FLOW-3D, Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, pp 935-946

10-95 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Optimal Design of a Distribution Pan for Level Pour Casting, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1995, pp. 1061-1070

9-95 E. Masuda, I. Itoh, K. Haraguchi, Application of Mold Filling Simulation to Die Casting Processes, Honda Engineering Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan, presented at the Modelling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1995

6-95 K. Venkatesan, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters on the Erosive Wear of Die Casting Dies, presented for Ph.D. degree at Ohio State University, 1995

5-95 J. Righi, A. F. LaCamera, S. A. Jones, W. G. Truckner, T. N. Rouns, Integration of Experience and Simulation Based Understanding in the Die Design Process, Alcoa Technical Center, Alcoa Center, PA 15069, presented by the North American Die Casting Association, 1995

2-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation and Comparison with Water Modeling Studies of the Inertia Dominated Cavity Filling in Die Casting, NUMIFORM, 1995

1-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Gate Velocity and Gate Size on the Quality of Die Casting Parts, NAMRC, 1995.

15-94 D. Liang, Y. Bayraktar, S. A. Moir, M. Barkhudarov, and H. Jones, Primary Silicon Segregation During Isothermal Holding of Hypereutectic AI-18.3%Si Alloy in the Freezing Range, Dept. of Engr. Materials, U. of Sheffield, Metals and Materials, February 1994

13-94 Deniece Korzekwa and Paul Dunn, A Combined Experimental and Modeling Approach to Uranium Casting, Materials Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, presented at the Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting, El Dorado Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1994

12-94 R. van Tol, H. E. A. van den Akker and L. Katgerman, CFD Study of the Mould Filling of a Horizontal Thin Wall Aluminum Casting, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, HTD-Vol. 284/AMD-Vol. 182, Transport Phenomena in Solidification, ASME 1994

11-94 M. R. Barkhudarov and K. A. Williams, Simulation of ‘Surface Turbulence’ Fluid Phenomena During the Mold Filling Phase of Gravity Castings, Flow Science Technical Note #41, November 1994 (FSI-94-TN41)

10-94 M. R. Barkhudarov and S. B. Chin, Stability of a Numerical Algorithm for Gas Bubble Modelling, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K., International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 19, 415-437 (1994)

16-93 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation of Die Cavity Filling in Die Castings and an Evaluation of Process Parameters on Die Wear, Dept. of Industrial Systems Engineering, Presented by: N.A. Die Casting Association, Cleveland, Ohio, October 18-21, 1993

15-93 K. Venkatesen and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Modeling of Filling and Solidification for Improved Quality of Die Casting: A Literature Survey (Chapters II and III), Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing, Report C-93-07, August 1993, Ohio State University

1-93 P-E Persson, Computer Simulation of the Solidification of a Hub Carrier for the Volvo 800 Series, AB Volvo Technological Development, Metals Laboratory, Technical Report No. LM 500014E, Jan. 1993

13-92 D. R. Korzekwa, M. A. K. Lewis, Experimentation and Simulation of Gravity Fed Lead Castings, in proceedings of a TMS Symposium on Concurrent Engineering Approach to Materials Processing, S. N. Dwivedi, A. J. Paul and F. R. Dax, eds., TMS-AIME Warrendale, p. 155 (1992)

12-92 M. A. K. Lewis, Near-Net-Shaiconpe Casting Simulation and Experimentation, MST 1992 Review, Los Alamos National Laboratory

2-92 M. R. Barkhudarov, H. You, J. Beech, S. B. Chin, D. H. Kirkwood, Validation and Development of FLOW-3D for Casting, School of Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, presented at the TMS/AIME Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992

1-92 D. R. Korzekwa and L. A. Jacobson, Los Alamos National Laboratory and C.W. Hirt, Flow Science Inc, Modeling Planar Flow Casting with FLOW-3D, presented at the TMS/AIME Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992

12-91 R. Shivpuri, M. Kuthirakulathu, and M. Mittal, Nonisothermal 3-D Finite Difference Simulation of Cavity Filling during the Die Casting Process, Dept. Industrial and Systems Engineering, Ohio State University, presented at the 1991 Winter Annual ASME Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Dec. 1-6, 1991

3-91 C. W. Hirt, A FLOW-3D Study of the Importance of Fluid Momentum in Mold Filling, presented at the 18th Annual Automotive Materials Symposium, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, May 1-2, 1991 (FSI-91-00-2)

11-90 N. Saluja, O.J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Melts, accepted in J. Appl. Physics, 1990

10-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Molds in Continuous Castings, presented at the 6th Iron and Steel Congress of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Nagoya, Japan, October 1990

9-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow in Phenomena in the Electromagnetic Stirring of Continuous Casting Systems, Part I. The Behavior of a Cylindrically Shaped, Laboratory Scale Installation, accepted for publication in Steel Research, 1990

8-89 C. W. Hirt, Gravity-Fed Casting, Flow Science Technical Note #20, July 1989 (FSI-89-TN20)

6-89 E. W. M. Hansen and F. Syvertsen, Numerical Simulation of Flow Behaviour in Moldfilling for Casting Analysis, SINTEF-Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Report No. STS20 A89001, June 1989

1-88 C. W. Hirt and R. P. Harper, Modeling Tests for Casting Processes, Flow Science report, Jan. 1988 (FSI-88-38-01)

2-87 C. W. Hirt, Addition of a Solidification/Melting Model to FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, April 1987 (FSI-87-33-1)

Gravity Die Casting Workspace, 중력주조

Gravity Die Casting Workspace Highlights, 중력주조

최첨단 다이 열 관리, 동적 냉각 채널, 분무 냉각 및 열 순환
Ladle 주입 조건에 따라 동적 Ladle 모션이 있는 Ladle 주입
첨단 유량 솔루션으로 정확한 가스 갇힘 및 가스 다공성 제공

Workspace Overview

Gravity Die Casting Workspace(중력주조)는 엔지니어가 FLOW-3D CAST를 사용하여 중력주조 제품을 성공적으로 모델링할 수 있도록 설계된 직관적인 모델링 환경입니다.

Ladle 모션, 벤트 및 배압이 충진해석에 포함되어 공기 갇힘 및 미세 응고수축공의 정확한 예측과 금형온도분포 및 상태 예측이 가능합니다.-첨단 응고 모델은 Workspace의 하위 프로세스 아키텍처를 통해 충준해석기능에 원활하게 연결됩니다. Gravity Die Casting Workspace는 다목적 모델링 환경에서 시뮬레이션의 모든 측면을 위한 완전하고 정확한 솔루션을 제공합니다.

PROCESSES MODELED

Gravity die casting
Vacuum die casting

FLEXIBLE MESHING

FAVOR™ simple mesh generation tool
Multi-block meshing
Nested meshing

MOLD MODELING

Localized die heating elements and cooling channels
Spray cooling of the die surface
Ceramic filters
Air vents

ADVANCED SOLIDIFICATION

Porosity
Shrinkage
Hot spots
Mechanical property
Microstructure

SAND CORES

Core gas evolution
Material definitions for core properties

DIE THERMAL MANAGEMENT

Thermal die cycling
Heat saturation
Full heat transfer

LADLE MOTION

6 degrees of freedom motion definition

DEFECT PREDICTION

Macro and micro porosity
Gas porosity
Early solidification
Oxide formation
Surface defect analysis

VACUUM AND VENTING

Interactive probe placement
Area and loss coefficient calculator

MACRO AND MICRO POROSITY

Gas porosity
Early solidification
Oxide formation
Surface defect analysis

FILLING ACCURACY

Gas and bubble entrapment
Surface oxide calculation
RNG and LES turbulence models
Backpressure

COMPLETE ANALYSIS PACKAGE

Animations with multi-viewports – 3D, 2D, history plots, volume rendering
Porosity analysis tool
Side-by-side simulation results comparison
Sensors for measuring melt temperature, solid fraction
Particle tracers
Batch post-processing
Report generation

Modeling fishway passages/수로통로 모델링

수로 통로(Fishway)

Technical fishway (인공 수로 통로)
Culvert barrier (암거 장벽)
Nature-like fishway (자연 수로 통로)
Exclusion screen (기타 수로 통로)

해석 모델 설정

물리 모델
– Gravity and Non-inertial Reference Frame : 중력가속도 설정
– Viscosity and Turbulence : 난류 모델(RANS, RNG etc.) 설정
– Air Entrainment(공기 혼입 모델) 고려
경계조건
– 대기압 조건 : Specific pressure (Fraction :0)
– 입구 조건 : Volume flow rate (수위조건 고려)
– 출구 조건 : Outflow, Continuative, Pressure 조건 고려(수위조건 고려)
입구 조건 및 출구 조건 설정에 따라 해석 결과가 합리적이지 못할 수도 있고, 또한 해석 결과가 달라질 수 있습니다.
아래 링크를 참고하시어 물리적으로 타당한 경계조건을 설정하시길 추천드립니다.

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Boundary Conditions – Outflow/Continuative

해석 결과

Ice Harbor Fishway 해석결과

Fish Passage 해석 결과

Baffle Fishway Passage 해석 결과

Fish ladder 해석 결과

Coastal applications using FLOW-3D/연안(해변) FLOW-3D해석사례

배수(Backwaters)이론

Air entrainment(공기 혼입 모델)
Turbulence(난류 모델)
Waves(파동 모델)
Sediment scour and deposition(세굴 모델)

하구 매커니즘(Estuarine mechanisms)

Air entrainment(공기 혼입 모델)
Turbulence(난류 모델)
Density Evaluation(밀도 유동 모델)
Wind

Wave generation

Solitary Wave
Linear Wave
JONSWAP
Pierson-Moskowitz
Stokes Wave

Wave 생성하는 모델은 크게 위의 5가지 모델이 있습니다. 아래는 위의 5가지 모델에 대한 해석 사례를 보여줍니다. 이를 참고하시면 해석에 도움이 됩니다.

부두에서 파도 부하 추정, 물리적 모델링 및 수치테스트, 새로운 Wave에 대한 고유 2차원 비선형 접근방식 등의 FLOW-3D결과는 실제 실험 데이터와 잘 일치함을 보여줍니다.

Eillott, T., and Fullarton, M., “Cyclone wave loads on wharf structure using the new wave approach”, FLOW-3D Americas User conference, 2014

세굴 모델(Sediment scour and deposition)

Critical Shields number definition(임계 Shields 수) : 0.05
Bed Load Transport Rate equation : Meyer-Peter & Muller equation
Richardson-Zaki coefficient multipller : 1
다음과 같이 Wave와 세굴(Sediment)를 같이 고려해서 해석하는 것을 추천합니다.
– 퇴적물 탱크의 파동(Solitary wave)
– 무연탄 및 모래
– 움직이는 물체 모델을 사용하여 생성된 파도

해석 결과

FlowSight로 유체의 특정 영역 부피 계산 방법

FlowSight로 유체의 특정 영역 부피를 계산하는 방법

FLOW-3D의 Postprocessor인 FlowSight를 이용하여, 해석 결과에서 유체의 특정 영역(turbulence intensity 30% 이상인 부분) 부피를 구하는 방법을 설명하고자 한다.

정의 방법

1. FlowSight에서 해석 결과 불러오기

2. Isosurface list에서 surface와 color by를 turbulent_intensity로 설정하기

3. Isosurface list에서 Isosurface를 클릭하고 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 Modify 선택

4. Isosurface value 30으로 설정하기

5. 결과 화면에서 나타난 특정 영역에서 마우스 오른쪽 버튼 메뉴의 Export to STL 선택하기

6. STL로 파일 저장후, 특정 영역의 부피 확인하기

FlowSight로 유체의 특정 영역 부피 계산 방법

FlowSight로 유체의 특정 영역 부피를 계산하는 방법

FLOW-3D의 Postprocessor인 FlowSight를 이용하여, 해석 결과에서 유체의 특정 영역(turbulence intensity 30% 이상인 부분) 부피를 구하는 방법을 설명하고자 한다.

정의 방법

1. FlowSight에서 해석 결과 불러오기

2. Isosurface list에서 surface와 color by를 turbulent_intensity로 설정하기

3. Isosurface list에서 Isosurface를 클릭하고 마우스 오른쪽 버튼으로 Modify 선택

4. Isosurface value 30으로 설정하기

5. 결과 화면에서 나타난 특정 영역에서 마우스 오른쪽 버튼 메뉴의 Export to STL 선택하기

6. STL로 파일 저장후, 특정 영역의 부피 확인하기

FLOW-3D CAST Suites

FLOW-3D CAST v5 comes in Suites of relevant casting processes:

HIGH PRESSURE DIE CASTING SUITE

Process Workspace

High Pressure Die Casting

Features

Thermal Die Cycling
– Cooling/heating channels
– Spray cooling
Filling
– Shot sleeve with Plunger
– Shot motion
– Ladles, stoppers
– Venting efficiency
– PQ^2 analysis
– HPDC machine database
Solidification
– Squeeze pins
Cooling

PERMANENT MOLD CASTING SUITE

Process Workspaces

Permanent Mold Casting
Low Pressure Die Casting
Tilt Pour Casting

Features

Thermal Die Cycling
– Cooling/heating channels
Filling
– Tilt pouring
Solidification
– Squeeze pins
Cooling

SAND CASTING SUITE

Process Workspaces

Sand Casting
Low Pressure Sand Casting

Features

Filling
– Permeable molds
– Moisture evaporation in molds
– Gas generation in cores
– Ladle model
Solidification
– Exothermic sleeves
– Chills
– Cast iron solidification
Cooling

LOST FOAM CASTING SUITE

Process Workspaces

Lost Foam
Sand Casting
Low Pressure Sand Casting

Features

Filling
– Permeable molds
– Moisture evaporation in molds
– Gas generation in cores
– Ladle model
– Lost foam pattern evaporation models (Fast model and Full model)
– Lost foam defect prediction
Solidification
– Exothermic sleeves
– Chills
– Cast iron solidification
Cooling

ALL SUITES INCLUDE THESE CORE FEATURES:

Solver Engine

TruVOF – The most accurate filling simulation tool in the industry
Heat transfer and solidification
Shrinkage – Rapid Shrinkage model and Shrinkage with flow model
Temperature dependent properties
Multi-block meshing including conforming meshes
Turbulence models
Non-Newtonian viscosity (shear thinning/thickening, thixotropic)
Flow tracers
Active Simulation Control with Global Conditions
Surface tension model
Thermal stress analysis with warpage
General moving geometry w/6 DOF

FlowSight

Multi-case analysis
Porosity analysis tool

Defect Prediction Tools

Gas entrainment model
Thermal Modulus output
Hot Spot identification
Micro and macro porosity prediction
Surface defect prediction
Shrinkage
Cavitation and Cavitation Potential
Particle models (Inclusion modeling, collapsed bubble tracking)

User Conveniences

Process-oriented workspaces
Configurable Simulation Monitor
Metal and solid material databases
Heat transfer database
Filter database
Remote solving queues
Quick Analyze/Display tool

난류 / Turbulence

FLOW-3D 는 완전 3 차원 유동, 2 차원 깊이 평균 (천수(shallow water)) 흐름 및 3 차원/2 차원 깊이 혼합 평균 흐름을 위한 포괄적인 난류 모델링 제품군을 제공합니다.

그림1. 부두 하류에서의 와류 검출을위한 Q- 기준의 3D지도

FLOW-3D 에는 8 가지 난기류 옵션이 있습니다.

Prandtl 혼합 길이 모델은 3 차원 난류 효과를 설명하기 위한 가장 초기의 시도 중 하나입니다. 가장 복잡한 모델이 아니며 더 이상 널리 사용되지 않습니다. FLOW-3D 는 주로 학술 연구에서의 유용성을 포함합니다.
소위 1 방정식 모델은 난기류를 나타내는 초기 노력이기도 합니다. 시간 평균 난류 운동 에너지 k를 계산하고 모든 위치에서 알려진 난류 혼합 길이 L_T 가 필요합니다. L_T 는 일반적으로 미리 알려지지 않기 때문에, one-equation 모델은 복잡한 유량을 모델링하는 데 적합하지 않습니다.
표준 k-ε 모델 (Harlow & Nakayama 1967)은 난류 운동 에너지 k와 소산 속도 ε를 계산하고 난류 혼합 길이 L_T를 동적으로 찾는 2 방정식 모델입니다. 이것은 업계 표준이며 광범위한 흐름을 표현하는데 유용하다는 것이 발견되었습니다 (Rodi 1980).
재 정규화 그룹 (RNG) k-ε 모델 (Yakhot & Orszag 1986, Yakhot & Smith 1992)은 2 방정식 k-ε 모델의 보다 견고한 버전이며, 대부분의 산업에서의 문제에 권장됩니다. 표준 k-ε 모델의 기능을 확장하여 과도기 난류, 곡선 흐름, 벽 열 전달 및 물질 전달의 더 나은 적용 범위를 제공합니다.
k-ω 2 방정식 모델 (Wilcox 1988, 1998, 2008)은 두 번째 변수를 난류 소산 ε이 아니라 ω ≡ ε / k로 정의한다 (Kolmogorov 1942). Wilcox는 1988 년부터 k-ω 2 방정식 모델을 개선했으며 1998 년에는 자유 전단 유동에 대한 모델의 정확성을 크게 개선 한 새로운 계수를 도입했습니다. FLOW-3D 의 k-ω 2 방정식 모델은 제트, 후류 및 플럼을 퍼 뜨리는 것과 같은 유선형 압력 구배를 갖는 자유 전단 흐름을 모델링하는 데 적합합니다.
LES 모델은 평균 난류 운동 에너지를 나타내기 위해 스칼라를 사용하지 않고 대부분의 난류 변동을 직접 해결합니다. 그것은 2 방정식 모델보다 훨씬 더 미세한 메쉬 해상도를 필요로하며 난기류에 대한 보다 광범위한 통계를 제공합니다.
2-D 심도 평균 얕은물 난류 모델은 대수적인 완전 난류 속도를 가정합니다. 첫 번째 옵션은 일정한 항력 계수 CD를 가정하며, 이는 공간적으로 변화 할 수 있습니다.
두 번째 2-D 심도 평균 천수(shallow water) 난류 모델은 항력 계수 CD 를 유체 깊이와 공간적으로 가변되는 표면 거칠기의 동적 함수로 만듭니다.

완전한 3-D 테스트를 통해 LES 모델 출력을 시간 평균화하면 2 방정식 Reynolds REN (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) 모델 (표준 k-ε, RNG k-ε 및 k- ω).

아래의 물고기 통로 비디오에 나와 있습니다.

난류 시뮬레이션 – 모델 비교 / Turbulence Simulations – A Model Comparison

첫 번째 비디오에서는 FLOW-3D 의 LES (Large-Eddy Simulation) 난류 모델을 사용하여 어류 통과를 시뮬레이션하여 속도 변동의 크기를 분석합니다. 두 번째 비디오는 동일한 시뮬레이션의 시간 평균 결과를 보여줍니다. 여기에서 간단한 사용자 정의는 시간 평균 LES가 레이놀즈 평균 Navier-Stokes (RANS) 난류 모델 결과와 매우 유사하다는 것을 보여줍니다. 세 번째 비디오는 RNG (Renormalized Group) k-ε 난류 모델을 사용하여 시연하기 위해 동일한 시뮬레이션을 사용합니다. RNG k-ε 모델은 대부분의 레이놀즈 평균 Navier-Stokes (RANS) 난류 모델과 마찬가지로 속도 변동을 등방성 스칼라 값으로 처리하여 시간에 따른 속도 변동을 감쇠시킵니다. 결과는 두 번째 비디오에서 볼 수 있듯이 직접 LES 결과를 시간 평균하여 찾은 결과와 유사합니다.

참고 문헌

Driver, DM and Seegmiller, HL, 1985, AIAA Journal (23), 163-171의 다양한 채널 유동에서 재 부착하는 난류 전단 층의 특징 .
Harlow, FH and Nakayama, PI, 1967, 난류 수송 방정식 , 유체 역학 (10), 2323-2332.
Harlow, FH 및 Nakayama, PI, 1968, 난기류 에너지 감쇠율의 전송 , Los Alamos Scienti fi c 실험실 보고서 LA-3854.
Kolmogorov, AN, 1942, 비압축성 유체에서의 난류 운동 방정식 , Izvestia Academy of Sciences, 소련; Physics (6), 56-58.
Pope, S. B, 2000, Turbulent Flows , Cambridge University Press.
Rodi, W., 1980, 난류 모델과 유압 장치의 적용 : 최첨단 검토 , 국제 유압 연구 협회 (IAHR), 델프트, 네덜란드.
Saffman, PG, 1970, Inhomogeneous Turbulent Flow의 모델 , Royal Society London A (317), 417-433의 절차.
Speziale, CG, Abid, R., and Anderson, EC, 1992, AIAA 저널 (30), 324-331, 벽 근처 난류에 대한 2 방정식 모델의 중요성 평가.
Wilcox, DC, 1988, AIAA Journal (26), 1299-1310의 진보 된 난류 모델에 대한 스케일 결정 방정식의 재평가.
Wilcox, DC, 1998, CFD의 난류 모델링 , DCW Industries, Inc., 제 2 판.
Wilcox, DC, 2008, k-omega 난류 모델의 공식화 , AIAA Journal (46), 2823-2838.
Yakhot, V. and Orszag, SA, 1986, 난류의 재 정규화 그룹 분석 I. 기본 이론 , Journal of Scientific Computing (1), 3-51.
Yakhot, V. 및 Smith, LM, 1992, 재 정규화 그룹, 난류 모델의 전자 확장 및 유도 , Journal of Scientific Computing (7), 35-61.

FSR_01-12_Air-Entrainment-Report [공기 혼입 모델 분석]

Overview
In free-surface flows the turbulence in the liquid may be sufficient to disturb the surface to the point of entraining air into the flow. This process is important, for example, in water treatment where air is needed to sustain microorganisms for water purification and in rivers and streams for sustaining a healthy fish population. Air entrainment is typically engineered into spillways downstream of hydropower plants to reduce the possibility of cavitation damage at the base of the spillway. Situations where air entrainment is undesirable are in the sprue and runner systems used by metal casters, and in the filling of liquid containers used for consumer products.
The importance of being able to predict the amount and distribution of entrained air at a free liquid surface has led to the development of a unique model in FLOW-3D®. The model has two options. One option, to be used when the volume fraction of entrained air is relatively low, uses a passive scalar variable to record and transport the air volume fraction. This model is passive in that it does not alter the dynamics of the flow.
The second air-entrainment model option is based on a variable density formulation. This model includes the “bulking” of fluid volume by the addition of air and the buoyancy effects associated with entrained air. This dynamically coupled model cannot, however, be used in conjunction with heat transport and natural (thermal) convection.
In addition, when using the variable density formulation, the model can include a relative drifting of air in water, the possible escape of air if it rises to the surface of the water and the removal or addition of air to trapped bubble regions represented as adiabatic bubbles.
The same basic entrainment process is used in both options. It is based on a competition between the stabilizing forces of gravity and surface tension and the destabilizing effects of surface turbulence.
Because turbulence is the main cause of entrainment, a turbulence-transport model must be used in connection with the air-entrainment model. It is recommended that the RNG version of the more traditional k-epsilon turbulence model be employed. All the validation tests reported in this Technical Note were performed using the RNG model.

[다운로드]

FSR_01-12_Air-Entrainment-Report

On the implementation of two-equation turbulence models in FLOW-3D

Abstract
Concerns have been raised as to the dependency of the solutions of turbulent flows in FLOW-3D® 1on the maximum ”turbulent mixing length,” 𝑇𝐿𝐸𝑁, which is set by the user when a two-equation turbulence model is used. This parameter acts as a limiter on the turbulent length scale which in turn limits the minimum turbulent dissipation. It has been observed that if the value is not chosen appropriately the results could become physically unrealistic. In order to resolve this issue, modifications have been made to the two-equation turbulence models to construct local bounds on turbulent length and time scales. This technical note shows that these changes effectively eliminate the sensitivity of the solution to the value of 𝑇𝐿𝐸𝑁.
Some valuable discoveries were made along the way which led to more modifications of the turbulence models in FLOW-3D that further improved the results. The test cases discussed here include both simple as well as complex flows. Starting with the simplest flow configurations and obtaining reasonably accurate results permits the consideration of more complex cases. The data and conclusions documented here should be used as a starting point for any other changes to the turbulence models in FLOW-3D.

Turbulent Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step Using the RNG Model

Abstract
Turbulent flow over a backward-facing step is one of the classical tests to validate turbulence models in CFD. In the present work, steady-state turbulent flow over a backward-facing step was simulated using FLOW-3D1 with the Renormalization-group (RNG) k-ε model to account for turbulent viscosity. The Reynolds number was computed using the step height h and the inlet free-stream velocity. The test case was run for two different Reynolds numbers: Reh=5100 and Reh=44,000.

The numerical predictions were compared with the experimental results with the same flow configuration. Streamwise velocity profiles at different locations in the flow direction were in good agreement both qualitatively and quantitatively with the experimental results.

One of the main objectives of this work is to study the sensitivity of the results to the turbulent mixing length parameter tlen in the RNG model. The steady-state velocity was used to compute the reattachment length behind the step for different values of tlen and compared with experimental data. A grid refinement study was performed to find the least mesh resolution needed to capture the essential flow physics of the problem.

Modeling Turbulent Entrainment of Air at a Free Surface

Overview
In free-surface flows the turbulence in the liquid may be sufficient to disturb the surface to the point of entraining air into the flow. This process is important, for example, in water treatment where air is needed to sustain microorganisms for water purification and in rivers and streams for sustaining a healthy fish population. Air entrainment is typically engineered into spillways downstream of hydropower plants to reduce the possibility of cavitation damage at the base of the spillway. Other situations where air entrainment is undesirable are in the sprue and runner systems used by metal casters, and in the filling of liquid containers used for consumer products.
The importance of being able to predict the amount and distribution of entrained air at a free liquid surface has led to the development of a unique model that can be easily inserted into FLOW-3D® as a user customization. The model has two options. One option, to be used when the volume fraction of entrained air is relatively low, uses a scalar variable to record the air volume fraction. This model is passive in that it does not alter the dynamics of the flow.
A second air-entrainment model, option two, is based on a variable density formulation. This model includes the “bulking” of fluid volume by the addition of air and the buoyancy effects associated with entrained air. However, this dynamically coupled model cannot be used in connection with heat transport and natural (thermal) convection.
In both model options the same basic entrainment process is used that is based on a competition between the stabilizing forces of gravity and surface tension and the destabilizing effects of surface turbulence. The model is described in the next section. Because turbulence is the main cause of entrainment, a turbulence-transport model must be used in connection with the air-entrainment model (i.e., ifvis=3 or 4). It is recommended that the RNG version of the more traditional k-epsilon turbulence model be employed. All the validation tests reported in this Technical Note were performed using the RNG turbulence model.

Coating Bibliography

아래는 코팅 참고 문헌의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D를 사용하여 코팅 공정을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Coating Bibliography

2024년 11월 20일 Update

98-24 Fabiano I. Indicatti, Bo Cheng, Michael Rädler, Elisabeth Stammen, Klaus Dilger, Experimental and numerical investigation of the squeegee process during stencil printing of thick adhesive sealings, The Journal of Adhesion, 2024. doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2024.2356105

130-22 Md Didarul Islam, Himendra Perera, Benjamin Black, Matthew Phillips, Muh-Jang Chen, Greyson Hodges, Allyce Jackman, Yuxuan Liu, Chang-Jin Kim, Mohammed Zikry, Saad Khan, Yong Zhu, Mark Pankow, Jong Eun Ryu, Template-free scalable fabrication of linearly periodic microstructures by controlling ribbing defects phenomenon in forward roll coating for multifunctional applications, Advanced Materials Interfaces, 9.27; 2201237, 2022. doi.org/10.1002/admi.202201237

03-21 Delong Jia, Peng Yi, Yancong Liu, Jiawei Sun, Shengbo Yue, Qi Zhao, Effect of laser textured groove wall interface on molybdenum coating diffusion and metallurgical bonding, Surface and Coatings Technology, 405; 126561, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126561

50-19 Peng Yi, Delong Jia, Xianghua Zhan, Pengun Xu, and Javad Mostaghimi, Coating solidification mechanism during plasma-sprayed filling the laser textured grooves, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 142, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118451

01-19 Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Computational analysis of self-similar capillary-driven thinning and pinch-off dynamics during dripping using the volume-of-fluid method, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 31, 2019. doi: 10.1063/1.5061715

85-18 Zia Jang, Oliver Litfin and Antonio Delgado, A semi-analytical approach for prediction of volume flow rate in nip-fed reverse roll coating process, Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol. 18, no. 1, Special Issue: 89^th Annual Meeting of the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 2018. doi: 10.1002/pamm.201800317

80-14 Hiroaki Koyama, Kazuhiro Fukada, Yoshitaka Murakami, Satoshi Inoue, and Tatsuya Shimoda, Investigation of Roll-to-Sheet Imprinting for the Fabrication of Thin-film Transistor Electrodes, IEICE TRAN, ELECTRON, VOL.E97-C, NO.11, November 2014

46-14 Isabell Vogeler, Andreas Olbers, Bettina Willinger and Antonio Delgado, Numerical investigation of the onset of air entrainment in forward roll coating, 17th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium September 7-10, 2014 San Diego, CA, USA

17-12 Chi-Feng Lin, Bo-Kai Wang, Carlos Tiu and Ta-Jo Liu, On the Pinning of Downstream Meniscus for Slot Die Coating, Advances in Polymer Technology, Vol. 00, No. 0, 1-9 (2012) © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Available online at Wiley.

01-11 Reid Chesterfield, Andrew Johnson, Charlie Lang, Matthew Stainer, and Jonathan Ziebarth, Solution-Coating Technology for AMOLED Displays, Information Display Magazine, 1/11 0362-0972/01/2011-024 © SID 2011.

61-09 Yi-Rong Chang, Chi-Feng Lin and Ta-Jo Liu, Start-up of slot die coating, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 49, pp. 1158-1167, 2009. doi:10.1002/pen.21360

26-06 James M. Brethour, 3-D transient simulation of viscoelastic coating flows, 13th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, September 2006, Denver, Colorado

19-06 Ivosevic, M., Cairncross, R. A., and Knight, R., 3D Predictions of Thermally Sprayed Polymer Splats Modeling Particle Acceleration, Heating and Deformation on Impact with a Flat Substrate, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49, pp. 3285 – 3297, 2006

9-06 M. Ivosevic, R. A. Cairncross, R. Knight, T. E. Twardowski, V. Gupta, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; J. A. Baldoni, Duke University, Durham, NC, Effect of Substrate Roughness on Splatting Behavior of HVOF Sprayed Polymer Particles Modeling and Experiments, International Thermal Spray Conference, Seattle, WA, May 2006.

26-05 Ivosevic, M., Cairncross, R. A., Knight, R., Impact Modeling of Thermally Sprayed Polymer Particles, Proc. International Thermal Spray Conference [ITSC-2005], Eds., DVS/IIW/ASM-TSS, Basel, Switzerland, May 2005.

11-05 Brethour, J., Simulation of Viscoelastic Coating Flows with a Volume-of-fluid Technique, in Proceedings of the 6th European Coating Symposium, Bradford, UK, 2005

1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying, Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70

38-04 K.H. Ho and Y.Y. Zhao, Modelling thermal development of liquid metal flow on rotating disc in centrifugal atomisation, Materials Science and Engineering, A365, pp. 336-340, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2003.09.044

30-04 M. Ivosevic, R.A. Cairncross, and R. Knight, Impact Modeling of HVOF Sprayed Polymer Particles, Presented at the 12th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Rochester, New York, September 23-25, 2004

29-04 J.M. Brethour and C.W. Hirt, Stains Arising from Dried Liquid Drops, Presented at the 12th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Rochester, New York, September 23-25, 2004

20-03 James Brethour, Filling and Emptying of Gravure Cells–A CFD Analysis, Convertech Pacific October 2002, Vol. 10, No 4, p 34-37

4-03 M. Toivakka, Numerical Investigation of Droplet Impact Spreading in Spray Coating of Paper, In Proceedings of 2003 TAPPI 8th Advanced Coating Fundamentals Symposium, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 2003

28-02 J.M. Brethour and H. Benkreira, Filling and Emptying of Gravure Cells—Experiment and CFD Comparison, 11th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, September 23-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota

22-02 Hirt, C.W., and Brethour, J.M., Contact Line on Rough Surfaces with Application to Air Entrainment, Presented at the 11th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, September 23-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Unpublished.

17-01 J. M. Brethour, C. W. Hirt, Moving Contact Lines on Rough Surfaces, 4th European Coating Symposium, 2001, Belgium

16-01 J. M. Brethour, Filling and Emptying of Gravure Cells–-A CFD Analysis, proceedings of the 4th European Coating Symposium 2001, October 1-4, 2001, Brussels, Belgium

26-00 Ronald H. Miller and Gary S. Strumolo, A Self-Consistent Transient Paint Simulation, Proceedings of IMEC2000: 2000 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 2000, Orlando, Florida

6-99 C. W. Hirt, Direct Computation of Dynamic Contact Angles and Contact Lines, ECC99 Coating Conference, Erlangen, Germany (FSI-99-00-2), Sept. 1999

7-98 J. E. Richardson and Y. Becker, Three-Dimensional Simulation of Slot Coating Edge Effects, Flow Science Inc, and Polaroid Corporation, presented at the 9th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Newark, DE, May 18-20, 1998

6-98 C. W. Hirt and E. Choinski, Simulation of the Wet-Start Process in Slot Coating, Flow Science Inc, and Polaroid Corporation, presented at the 9th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Newark, DE, May 18-20, 1998

3-97 C. W. Hirt and J. E. Richardson of Flow Science Inc, and K.S. Chen, Sandia National Laboratory, Simulation of Transient and Three-Dimensional Coating Flows Using a Volume-of-Fluid Technique, presented at the 50th Annual Conference of the Society for Imaging and Science Technology, Boston, MA 18-23 May 1997

2-96 C. W. Hirt, K. S. Chen, Simulation of Slide-Coating Flows Using a Fixed Grid and a Volume-of-Fluid Front-Tracking Technique, presented a the 8th International Coating Process Science & Technology Symposium, February 25-29, 1996, New Orleans, LA

General Applications Bibliography

다음은 일반 응용 분야의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 결과를 포함하고 있습니다. 복잡한 다중 물리와 관련된 문제를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하기 위해 FLOW-3D를 사용 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our General Applications Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate problems that involve complex multiphysics.

2024년 8월 12일 Upate

204-23 Togo Shinonaga, Hibiki Tajima, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Akira Okada, Application of large-area electron beam irradiation to micro-edge filleting, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 107; pp. 65-73, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.10.039

167-23 Xiaoyong Cheng, Zhixian Cao, Ji Li, Alistair Borthwick, A numerical study of the settling of non-spherical particles in quiescent water, Physics of Fluids, 35.9; 2023. doi.org/10.1063/5.0165555

109-23 Dileep Karnam, Yu-Lung Lo, Chia-Hua Yang, Simulation study and parameter optimization of laser TSV using artificial neural networks, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25; pp. 3712-3727, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.199

66-23 Erik Holmen Olofsson, Michael Roland, Jon Spangenberg, Ninna Halberg Jokil, Jesper Henri Hattel, A CFD model with free surface tracking: predicting fill level and residence time in a starve-fed single-screw extruder, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 126; pp. 3579-3591, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11329-w

20-23 Giampiero Sciortino, Valentina Lombardi, Pietro Prestininzi, Modelling of cantilever-based flow energy harvesters featuring C-shaped vibration inducers: The role of the fluid/beam interaction, Applied Sciences, 13.1; 416, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/app13010416

134-22 Guozheng Ma, Shuying Chen, Haidou Wang, Impact spread behavior of flying droplets and properties of splats, Micro Process and Quality Control of Plasma Spraying, pp. 87-202, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2742-3_3

111-22 Chia-Lin Chiu, Chia-Ming Fan, Chia-Ren Chu, Numerical analysis of two spheres falling side by side, Physics of Fluids, 34; 072112, 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0096534

58-21 Ruizhe Liu, Haidong Zhao, Experimental study and numerical simulation of infiltration of AlSi12 alloys into Si porous preforms with micro-computed tomography inspection characteristics, Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 129.6; pp. 315-322, 2021. doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.21018

56-20 Nils Steinau, CFD modeling of ascending Strombolian gas slugs through a constricted volcanic conduit considering a non-linear rheology, Thesis, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2020.

30-20 Bita Bayatsarmadi, Mike Horne, Theo Rodopoulos and Dayalan Gunasegaram, Intensifying diffusion-limited reactions by using static mixer electrodes in a novel electrochemical flow cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167.6, 2020. doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7e8f

75-19 Raphaël Comminal, Marcin Piotr Serdeczny, Navid Ranjbar, Mehdi Mehrali, David Bue Pedersen, Henrik Stang, Jon Spangenberg, Modelling of material deposition in big area additive manufacturing and 3D concrete printing, Proceedings, Advancing Precision in Additive Manufacturing, Nantes, France, September 16-18, 2019.

35-19 Sung-Won Ha, Tae-Won Kim, Joo-Hwan Choi, and Young-Jin Park, Study for flow phenomenon in the circulation water pump chamber using the Flow-3D model, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 580-589, 2019. doi: 10.5762/KAIS.2019.20.4.580

27-19 Rolands Cepuritis, Elisabeth L. Skare, Evgeny Ramenskiy, Ernst Mørtsell, Sverre Smeplass, Shizhao Li, Stefan Jacobsen, and Jon Spangeberg, Analysing limitations of the FlowCyl as a one-point viscometer test for cement paste, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 218, pp. 333-340, 2019. doi: 10.1016.j.conbuildmat.2019.05.127

26-19 Shanshan Hu, Lunliang Duan, Qianbing Wan, and Jian Wang, Evaluation of needle movement effect on root canal irrigation using a computational fluid dynamics model, BioMedical Engineering OnLine, Vol. 18, No. 52, 2019. doi: 10.1186/s12938-019-0679-5

83-18 Elisabeth Leite Skare, Stefan Jacobsen, Rolands Cepuritis, Sverre Smeplass and Jon Spangenberg, Decreasing the magnitude of shear rates in the FlowCyl, Proceedings of the 12^th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic, August 29-31, 2018.

71-18 Marc Bascompta, Jordi Vives, Lluís Sanmiqeul and José Juan de Felipe, CFD friction factors verification in an underground mine, Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering, August 16 – 18, 2018, Madrid, Spain, Paper No. MMME 105, 2018. doi.org/10.11159/mmme18.105

56-18 J. Spangenberg, A. Uzala, M.W. Nielsen and J.H. Hattel, A robustness analysis of the bonding process of joints in wind turbine blades, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, vol. 85, pp. 281-285, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.06.009

21-18 Zhang Weikang and Gong Hongwei, Numerical Simulation Study on Characteristics of Airtight Water Film with Flow Deflectors, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 032025, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/153/3/032025

59-17 Han Eol Park and In Cheol Bang, Design study on mixing performance of rotational vanes in subchannel with fuel rod bundles, Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Autumn Meeting, Gyeongju, Korea, October 26-27, 2017.

58-17 Jian Zhou, Claudia Cenedese, Tim Williams and Megan Ball, On the propagation of gravity currents over and through a submerged array of circular cylinders, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 831, pp. 394-417, 2017. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.604

24-17 Zhiyuan Ge, Wojciech Nemec, Rob L. Gawthorpe, Atle Rotevatn and Ernst W.M. Hansen, Response of unconfined turbidity current to relay-ramp topography: insights from process-based numerical modelling, doi: 10.1111/bre.12255 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

06-17 Masoud Hosseinpoor, Kamal H. Khayat, Ammar Yahia, Numerical simulation of self-consolidating concrete flow as a heterogeneous material in L-Box set-up: coupled effect of reinforcing bars and aggregate content on flow characteristics, A. Mater Struct (2017) 50: 163. doi:10.1617/s11527-017-1032-8

94-16 Mehran Seyed Ahmadi, Markus Bussmann and Stavros A. Argyropoulos, Mass transfer correlations for dissolution of cylindrical additions in liquid metals with gas agitation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 97, June 2016, Pages 767-778

83-16 Masoud Hosseinpoor, Numerical simulation of fresh SCC flow in wall and beam elements using flow dynamics models, Ph.D. Thesis: University of Sherbrooke, September 2016.

51-16 Aditi Verma, Application of computational transport analysis – Oil spill dynamics, Master Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 2016, 56 pages; 1012775

37-16 Hannah Dietterich, Einat Lev, and Jiangzhi Chen, Benchmarking computational fluid dynamics models for lava flow simulation, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU2016-2202, 2016, EGU General Assembly 2016, © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

19-16 A.J. Vellinga, M.J.B. Cartigny, E.W.M. Hansen, P.J. Tallinga, M.A. Clare, E.J. Sumner and J.T. Eggenhuisen, Process-based Modelling of Turbidity Currents – From Computational Fluid-dynamics to Depositional Signature, Second Conference on Forward Modelling of Sedimentary Systems, 25 April 2016, DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201600374

106-15 Hidetaka Oguma, Koji Tsukimoto, Saneyuki Goya, Yoshifumi Okajima, Kouichi Ishizaka, and Eisaku Ito, Development of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for High-efficiency Gas Turbines, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 52 No. 4, December 2015

93-15 James M. Brethour, Modelling of Cavitation within Highly Transient Flows with the Volume of Fluid Method, 1st Pan-American Congress on Computational Mechanics, April 27-29, 2015

90-15 Troy Shinbrot, Matthew Rutala, Andrea Montessori, Pietro Prestininzi and Sauro Succi, Paradoxical ratcheting in cornstarch, Phys. Fluids 27, 103101 (2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4934709

84-15 Nicolas Roussel, Annika Gram, Massimiliano Cremonesi, Liberato Ferrara, Knut Krenzer, Viktor Mechtcherine, Sergiy Shyshko, Jan Skocec, Jon Spangenberg, Oldrich Svec, Lars Nyholm Thrane and Ksenija Vasilic, Numerical simulations of concrete flow: A benchmark comparison, Cem. Concr. Res. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.09.022

02-15 David Souders, FLOW-3D Version 11 Enhances CFD Simulation, Desktop Engineering, January 2015

125-14 Herbert Obame Mve, Romuald Rullière, Rémi Goulet and Phillippe Haberschill, Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer of a Flow Confined by Wire Screen in Lithium Bromide Absorption Process, Defect and Diffusion Forum, ISSN: 1662-9507, Vol. 348, pp 40-50, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.348.40, © 2014 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

55-14 Agni Arumugam Selvi, Effect of Linear Direction Oscillation on Grain Refinement, Master’s Thesis: The Ohio State University, Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Copyright by Agni Arumugam Selvi, 2014

99-13 R. C. Givler and M. J. Martinez, Computational Model of Miniature Pulsating Heat Pipes, SANDIA REPORT, SAND2012-4750, Unlimited Release, Printed January 2013.

82-13 Shizhao Li, Jon Spangenberg, Jesper Hattel, A CFD Approach for Prediction of Unintended Porosities in Aluminum Syntactic Foam A Preliminary Study, 8th International Conference on Porous Metals and Metallic Foams (METFOAM 2013), Raleigh, NC, June 2013

81-13 S. Li, J. Spangenberg, J. H. Hattel, A CFD Model for Prediction of Unintended Porosities in Metal Matrix Composites A Preliminary Study, 19th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM 2013), Montreal, Canada, July 2013

78-13 Haitham A. Hussein, Rozi Abdullah, Sobri, Harun and Mohammed Abdulkhaleq, Numerical Model of Baffle Location Effect on Flow Pattern in Oil and Water Gravity Separator Tanks, World Applied Sciences Journal 26 (10): 1351-1356, 2013, ISSN 1818-4952, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.26.10.1239, © IDOSI Publications, 2013

74-13 Laetitia Martinie, Jean-Francois Lataste, and Nicolas Roussel, Fiber orientation during casting of UHPFRC: electrical resistivity measurements, image analysis and numerical simulations, Materials and Structures, DOI 10.1617/s11527-013-0205-3, November 2013. Available for purchase online at SpringerLink.

67-13 Stefan Jacobsen, Rolands Cepuritis, Ya Peng, Mette R. Geiker, and Jon Spangenberg, Visualizing and simulating flow conditions in concrete form filling using Pigments, Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 328–342, © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Available for purchase at ScienceDirect.

60-13 Huey-Jiuan Lin, Fu-Yuan Hsu, Chun-Yu Chiu, Chien-Kuo Liu, Ruey-Yi Lee, Simulation of Glass Molding Process for Planar Type SOFC Sealing Devices, Key Engineering Materials, 573, 131, September 2013. Available for purchase at Scientific.net.

32-13 M A Rashid, I Abustan and M O Hamzah, Numerical simulation of a 3-D flow within a storage area hexagonal modular pavement systems, 4th International Conference on Energy and Environment 2013 (ICEE 2013), IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 16 (2013) 012056 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012056. Full paper available at IOP.

105-12 Jon Spangenberg, Numerisk modellering af formfyldning ved støbning i selvkompakterende beton, Ph.D. Thesis: Technical University of Denmark, ID: 0eeede98-fb07-4800-86e2-0a6baeb1e7a3, 2012.

100-12 Nurul Hasan, Validation of CFD models using FLOW-3D for a Submerged Liquid Jet, Ninth International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 10-12 December 2012.

87-12 Abustan, Ismail, Hamzah, Meor Othman and Rashid, Mohd Aminur, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study of a Flow within a Permeable Pavement, OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 04, No. 02, pp. 37-44, April 2012.

86-12 Abustan, Ismail, Hamzah, Meor Othman and Rashid, Mohd Aminur, Review of Permeable Pavement Systems in Malaysia Conditions, OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 04, No. 02, pp. 27-36, April 2012.

85-12 Mohd Aminur Rashid, Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Infiltration Characteristic Modeling Using FLOW-3D within a Modular Pavement, Procedia Engineering, Volume 50, 2012, Pages 658-667, ISSN 1877-7058, 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.10.072.

73-12 Mohd Aminur Rashid, Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Infiltration Characteristic Modeling Using FLOW-3D within a Modular Pavement, Procedia Engineering, Volume 50, 2012, Pages 658-667, ISSN 1877-7058, 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.10.072.

56-12 Giancarlo Alfonsi, Agostino Lauria, Leonardo Primavera, Flow structures around large-diameter circular cylinder, Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing, DOI: 10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.2012005088, 2012. Available for purchase online at Begell Digital Library.

49-12 M. Janocko, M.B.J. Cartigny, W. Nemec, E.W.M. Hansen, Turbidity current hydraulics and sediment deposition in erodible sinuous channels: laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, Marine and Petroleum Geology, Available online 17 September 2012. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

32-12 Fatih Karadagli, Bruce E. Rittmann, Drew C. McAvoy, and John E. Richardson, Effect of Turbulence on the Disintegration Rate of Flushable Consumer Products, Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 5, May 2012

31-12 D. Valero Huerta and R. García-Bartual, Optimization of Air Conditioning Diffusers Location in Large Agricultural Warehouses Using CFD Techniques, International Conference of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR-AgEng2012) Valencia, Spain, July 8-12, 2012

16-12 Yi Fan Fu, Wei Dong, Ying Li, Yi Tan, Ming Hui Yi, Akira Kawasaki, Simulation of the Effects of the Physical Properties on Particle Formation of Pulsated Orifice Ejection Method (POEM), 2012, Advanced Materials Research, 509, 161. Available for purchase online at Scientific.Net.

92-11 Giancarlo Alfonsi, Agostino Lauria, Leonardo Primavera, The lower vertical structure past the Ahmed car model, International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2011. Available for purchase online at Begell Digital Library.

80-11 Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Mohd Aminur Rashid, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study of a Flow within a Permeable Pavement, OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development, ISSN 1923-6670, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 5-7th December 2011

66-11 H. Kondo, T. Furukawa, Y. Hirakawa, K. Nakamura, M. Ida, K.Watanabe, T. Kanemura, E. Wakai, H. Horiike, N. Yamaoka, H. Sugiura, T. Terai, A. Suzuki, J. Yagi, S. Fukada, H. Nakamura, I. Matsushita, F. Groeschel, K. Fujishiro, P. Garin and H. Kimura, IFMIF-EVEDA lithium test loop design and fabrication technology of target assembly as a key component, Nuclear Fusion Volume 51 Number 12, doi:10.1088/0029-5515/51/12/123008

49-11 N.I. Vatin, A.A. Girgidov, K.I. Strelets, Numerical modelling the three-dimensional velocity field in the cyclone, Inzhenerno-Stroitel’nyi Zhurnal, No. 4, 2011. In Russian.

41-11 Maiko Hosoda, Taichi Hirano, and Keiji Sakai, Low-Viscosity Measurement by Capillary Electromagnetically Spinning Technique, © 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, July 20, 2011.

18-11 Ortloff, C.R., Vogel, M., Spray cooling heat transfer — Test and CFD analysis, Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM), 2011 27th Annual IEEE, 20-24 March 2011, pp 245 – 252, San Jose, CA, 10.1109/STHERM.2011.5767208.

82-10 Dr. John Abbott, Two problems on the flow of viscous sheets of molten glass, 26th Annual Workshop on Mathematical Problems in Industry, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute, June 14-18, 2010

57-10 Chouet, B. A., Dawson, P. B., James, M. R. and Lane, S. J., Seismic source mechanism of degassing bursts at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Results from waveform inversion in the 10–50 s band, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B09311, doi:10.1029/2009JB006661, September 2010. Available online at JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH.

55-10 Pamela Waterman, FEA and CFD: Getting Better All the Time, Desktop Engineering, December 2010.

53-10 Nicolas Fries, Capillary transport processes in porous materials – experiment and model, Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen; 2010; ISBN 978-3-86955-507-2. Available at www.cuvillier.de and www.amazon.de.

45-10 Meiring Beyers, Thomas Harms, and Johan Stander, Mitigating snowdrift at the elevated SANAE IV research station in Antarctica CFD simulation and field application, The Fifth International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE2010), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, May 23-27, 2010.

31-10 J. Spangenberg, N. Roussel, J.H. Hattel, J. Thorborg, M.R. Geiker, H. Stang and J. Skocek, Prediction of the Impact of Flow-Induced Inhomogeneities in Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Ch. 25 of “Design, Production and Placement of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” RILEM Bookseries, 2010, Volume 1, Part 5, 209-215, DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9664-7_18. Available online at Springer Link.

28-10 Sirisha Burra, Daniel P. Nicolella, W. Loren Francis, Christopher J. Freitas, Nicholas J. Mueschke, Kristin Poole, and Jean X. Jiang, Dendritic processes of osteocytes are mechanotransducers that induce the opening of hemichannels, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print], Available for purchase at PNAS.

19-10 Michael T. Tolley, Michael Kalontarov, Jonas Neubert, David Erickson and Hod Lipson, Stochastic Modular Robotic Systems A Study of Fluidic Assembly Strategies, IEEE Transactions on Robotics, Vol. 26, NO. 3, June 2010

44-09 Micah Fuller, Fabian Bombardelli, Deb Niemeier, Particulate Matter Modeling in Near-Road Vegetation Environments, Contract AQ-04-01: Developing Effective and Quantifiable Air Quality Mitigation Measures, UC Davis, Caltrans, September 2009

28-09 D. C. Lo, Dong-Taur Su and Jan-Ming Chen (2009), Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations to the Analysis of Bank Effects in Restricted Waters, Journal of Navigation, 62, pp 477-491, doi:10.1017/S037346330900527X; Purchase the article online (clicking on this link will take you to the Cambridge Journals website).

24-09 Richard C. Givler and Mario J. Martinez, Modeling of Pulsating Heat Pipes, Sandia Report, SAND2009-4520, Sandia National Laboratories, August 2009.

45-08 J. Saeki, Seikei Kakou, Three-Dimensional Flow Analysis of a Thermosetting Compound in a Motor Stator, 20, 750-754 (2008) [in Japanese] (Zipped file contains paper and appendices)

38-08 Yoshifumi Kuriyama, Ken’ichi Yano and Masafumi Hamaguchi, Trajectory Planning for Meal Assist Robot Considering Spilling Avoidance, 17th IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, Part of 2008 1EEE Multi-conference on Systems and Control, San Antonio, Texas, September 3-5, 2008

29-08 Ernst W.M. Hansen, Wojciech Nemec and Snorre Heimsund, Numerical CFD simulations — a new tool for the modelling of turbidity currents and sand dispersal in deep-water basins, Production Geoscience 2008 in Stavanger, Norway, © 2008

17-08 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. & Corder, S. B., Modelling the rapid near-surface expansion of gas slugs in low-viscosity magmas, In Lane S. J., Gilbert J. S. (eds) Fluid Motion in Volcanic Conduits: A Source of Seismic and Acoustic Signals. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Pub., 307, 147-167, doi: 10.1144/SP307.9. 2008

16-08 Stefano Malavasi, Nicola Trabucchi, Numerical Investigation of the Flow Around a Rectangular Cylinder Near a Solid Wall, BBAA VI International Colloquium on: Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics & Applications, Milano, Italy, July 2008

41-07 Nicolas Roussel, Mette R. Geiker, Frederic Dufour, Lars N. Thrane and Peter Szabo, Computational modeling of concrete flow General Overview, Cement and Concrete Research 37 (2007) 1298-1307, © 2007 Elsevier Ltd.

40-07 Nemec, W., Heimsund, S., Xu, J. & Hansen, E.W.M., Numerical CFD simulation of turbidity currents, British Sedimentological Research Group (BSRG) Annual Meeting, Birmingham, 17-18 December 2007

39-07 Heimsund, S, Xu, J. & Nemec, W., Numerical Simulation of Recent Turbidity Currents in the Monterey Canyon System, Offshore California, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 10-14 December 2007

32-07 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. & Corder, S. B., Modeling the near-surface expansion of gas slugs in basaltic magma, Eos Trans. A.G.U., 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl.. Abs. V12B-03. 2007

31-07 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. and Corder, S. B., Degassing low-viscosity magma: Quantifying the transition between passive bubble-burst and explosive activity, E.G.U. Geophys. Res. Abstr., 9, 05336, SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2007-A-05336. 2007

35-06 S. Green and C. Manepally, Software Validation Report for FLOW-3D Version 9.0, Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses, August 2006

33-06 N. Roussel, Correlation between yield stress and slump: Comparison between numerical simulations and concrete rheometers results, © RILEM 2006, Materials and Structures (2006) 39:501-509, Purchase online at Springer Link.

32-06 Heimsund, S., Möller, N. and Guargena, C., FLOW-3D simulation of the Ormen Lange field, mid-Norway, In: Hoyanagi, K., Takano, O. and Kano, K. (Ed.), Abstracts, International Association of Sedimentologists 17th International Sedimentological Congress, Fukuoka, Vol. B, p. 107, 2006

10-06 Gengsheng Wei, An Implicit Method to Solve Problems of Rigid Body Motion Coupled with Fluid Flow, Flow Science Technical Note #76, FSI-05-TN76.

8-06 Gengsheng Wei, Three-Dimensional Collision Modeling for Rigid Bodies and its Coupling with Fluid Flow Computation, Flow Science Technical Note #75, FSI-06-TN75.

34-05 Young Bae Kim, Kyung Do Kim, Sang Eui Hong, Jong Goo Kim, Man Ho Park, and Ju Hyun Kim, and Jae Keun Kweon, 3D Simulation of PU Foaming Flow in a Refrigerator Cabinet, Appliance Magazine.com, January 2005.

33-05 N. Roussel, Fifty-cent rheo-meter for yield stress measurements From slump to spreading flow, @2005 by The Society of Rheolgoy, Inc., J. Rheol. 49(3), 705-718 May/June (2005)

32-05 Heimsund, S., Möller, N., Guargena, C. and Thompson, L., Field-scale modeling of turbidity currents by FLOW-3D simulations, In: Workshop Abstracts, Modeling of Turbidity Currents and Related Gravity Currents, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2 p., (2005)

15-05 Gengsheng Wei, A Fixed-Mesh Method for General Moving Objects, Flow Science Technical Note #73, FSI-05-TN73

14-05 James M. Brethour, Incremental Thermoelastic Stress Model, Flow Science Technical Note #72, FSI-05-TN72

9-05 Gengsheng Wei, A Fixed-Mesh Method for General Moving Objects in Fluid Flow, Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 19, Nos. 28-29 (2005) 1719-1722

1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70

35-04 J. Saeki, T. Kono and T. Teramae, Seikei Kakou, Formulation of Mathematical Models for Estimating Residual Stress and Strain Components Correlated with 3-D Flow of Thermosetting Compounds, 16, 5, 309-316 (2004) [in Japanese]. (Zipped file contains paper and appendices)

31-04 Heimsund, S., Möller, N., Guargena, C. and Thompson, L., The control of seafloor topography on turbidite sand dispersal in the Ormen Lange field: a large-scale application of FLOW-3D simulations, In: Martinsen, O.J. (Ed.), Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway (NGF), Deep Water Sedimentary Systems of Arctic and North Atlantic Margins, Stavanger, 3, p. 25, (2004)

26-04 Beyers, J.H.M., Harms, T.M. and Sundsbø, P.A., 2004, Numerical simulation of three dimensional, transient snow drifting around a cube, Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, vol. 92, pp. 725-747, ISSN 0167-6105

25-04 Beyers, J.H.M, Harms, T.M. and Sundsbø, P.A., 2004, Numerical simulation of snow drifting around an elevated obstacle, Proceedings of the 5th conference on snow engineering, Davos, Switzerland, pp.185-191

17-04 Michael Barkhudarov, Multi-Block Gridding Technique for FLOW-3D (Revised), Flow Science Technical Note #59-R2, FSI-00-TN59-R2

36-03 Heimsund, S., Hansen, E.W.M. and Nemec, W., Numerical CFD simulation of turbidity currents and comparison with laboratory data, In: Hodgetts, D., Hodgson, D. and Smith, R. (Ed.), Slope Modelling Workshop Abstracts, Experimental, Reservoir and Forward Modelling of Turbidity Currents and Deep-Water Sedimentary Systems, Liverpool Univ., p. 13., (2003b)

35-03 Heimsund, S., Hansen, E.W.M. and Nemec, W. Computational 3-D fluid-dynamics model for sediment transport, erosion and deposition by turbidity currents, In: Nakrem, H.A. (Ed.), Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway (NGF), Den 18. Vinterkonferansen, Oslo, 1, p. 39., (2003a)

33-03 Beyers, J.H.M., Sundsbø, P.A. and Harms, T.M., 2003, Numerical simulation and verification of drifting snow around a cube, Proceedings of the 11th international conference on wind engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA, pp. 1886-1893

27-03 Jun Zeng, Daniel Sobek and Tom Korsmeyer, Electro-Hydrodynamic Modeling of Electrospray Ionization CAD for a µFluidic Device-Mass Spectrometer Interface, Agilent Technologies Inc, paper presented at Transducers 2003, June 03 Boston (note: Reference #10 is to FLOW-3D)

25-03 J. M Brethour, Moving Boundaries an Eularian Approach, Moving Boundaries VII, Computational Modelling of Free and Moving Boundary Problems, A. A. Mammoli & C.A. Brebbia, WIT Press

19-03 James Brethour, Incremental Elastic Stress Model, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN64)

18-03 Michael Barkhudarov, Semi-Lagrangian VOF Advection Method for FLOW-3D, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN63)

11-02 Junichi Saeki and Tsutomu Kono, Three-Dimensional Flow Analysis of a Thermosetting Compound during Mold Filling, Polymer Processing Society 18th Annual Meeting, June 2002, Guimares, Portugal.

46-01 Yasunori Iwai, Takumi Hayashi, Toshihiko Yamanishi, Kazuhiro Kobayashi and Masataka Nishi, Simulation of Tritium Behavior after Intended Tritium Release in Ventilated Room, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 1, p. 63-75, January 2001

23-01 Borre Bang, Dag Lukkassen, Application of Homogenization Theory Related to Stokes Flow in Porous Media, Applications of Mathematics, Narvik, Norway, No 4, pp. 309-319.

15-01 Ernst Hansen, SINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, Norway, Computer Simulation Helps Increase Flow Rate in Three-Phase Separator, Drilling Marketplace, Vol 55, No 10, May 15, 2001, pp.14

10-01 Ernst Hansen, SINTEF Energy Research, Phenomeological Modeling and Simulation of Fluid Flow and Separation Behaviour in Offshore Gravity Separators, PVP-Col 431, Emerging Technologies for Fluids, Structures and Fluids, Structures and Fluid Structure Interaction — 2001, ASME 2001, pp. 23-29

7-01 C. Bohm, D. A. Weiss, and C. Tropea, Multi-droplet Impact onto Solid Walls Droplet-droplet Interaction and Collision of Kinemeatic Discontinuities, DaimlerChrysler Research and Technology, ILASS-Europe 2000, September 11-13, 2000

6-01 Ernst Hansen, Simulation Raises Separator Flow Rate, Engineering Talk, March 21, 2001

3-01 M. Sick, H. Keck, G. Vullioud, and E. Parkinson, New Challenges in Pelton Research

1-01 Y. Darsht, K. Kuvanov, A. Puzanov, I. Kholkin, FLOW-3D in Designing Hydraulic Systems for Heavy Machinery (in Russian), SAPR I Grafika (CAD and Graphics), August 2000, pp. 50-55.

22-00 A. K. Temu, O. K. Sønju and E. W. M. Hansen, Criteria for Minimum Particle Deposition onto a Cylinder in Crossflow, International Symposium on Multiphase Flow and Transport Phenomena, November 2000, Tekirova, Antalya, Turkey

21-00 Claus Maier, Stefan aus der Wiesche and Eberhard P. Hofer, Impact of Microdrops on Solid Surfaces for DNA-Synthesis, Department of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, University of Ulm, Technical Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, pp. 586-589

11-00 Thomas K. Thiis, A Comparison of Numerical Simulations and Full-scale Measurements of Snowdrifts around Buildings, Wind and Structures – ISSN: 1226-6116,Vol. 3, nr. 2 (2000), pp. 73-81

10-00 P.A. Sundsbo and B. Bang, Snow drift control in residential areas-Field measurements and numerical simulations, Fourth International Conference on Snow Engineering, pp. 377-382

9-00 Thomas K. Thiis and Christian Jaedicke, The Snowdrift Pattern Around Two Cubical Obstacles with Varying Distance—Measurement and Numerical Simulations, Snow Engineering, edited by Hjorth-Hansen, et al, Balkema, Rotterdam, 2000, pp.369-375.

8-00 Thomas K. Thiis and Christian Jaedicke, Changes in the Snowdrift Pattern Caused by a Building Extension—Investigations Through Scale Modeling and Numerical Simulations, Snow Engineering, edited by Hjorth-Hansen, et al, Balkema, Rotterdam, 2000, pp. 363-368

7-00 Bruce Letellier, Louis Restrepo, and Clinton Shaffer, Near-Field Dispersion of Fission Products in Complex Terrain Using a 3-D Turbulent Fluid-Flow Model, CCPS International Conference, San Francisco, CA, September 28-October 1, 1999

6-00 Bruce Letellier, Patrick McClure, and Louis Restrepo, Source-Term and Building-Wake Consequence Modeling for the GODIVA IV Reactor at Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1999 Safety Analysis Workshop, Portland, Oregon, June 13-18, 1999

11-99 Thomas K. Thiis and Yngvar Gjessing, Large-scale Measurements of Snowdrifts Around Flat-roofed and Single-pitch-roofed Buildings, Cold Regions Science and Technology 30, Narvik, Norway, May 17, 1999, pp. 175-181

3-99 A. A. Gubaidullin, Jr., T. N. Dinh, and B. R. Sehgal, Analysis of Natural Convection Heat Transfer and Flows in Internally Heated Stratified Liquid, accepted for publication 33rd Natl. Heat Transfer Conf. CD proceedings, Albuquerque, NM, August 15-17, 1999

20-98 Mark W. Silva, A Computational Study of Highly Viscous Impinging Jets, published by the Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium, ANRCP-1998-18, November 1998

17-98 P. A. Sundsbo and B. Bang, 1998, Calculation of Snowdrift Around Roadside Safety Barriers, Proc of the International Snow Science Workshop, Sept. 1998, Sunriver, Oregon, USA 279-283

11-98 P-A Sundsbo, Numerical simulations of wind deflection fins to control snow accumulation in building steps, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 74-76 (1998) 543-552

23-97 P.E. O’Donoghue, M.F. Kanninen, C.P. Leung, G. Demofonti, and S. Venzi, The development and validation of a dynamic propagation model for gas transmission pipelines, Intl J. Pres. Ves. & Piping 70 (1997) 11-25, P11 : S0308 – 0161 (96) 00012 – 9.

22-97 Christopher J. Matice, Simulation of High Speed Filling, Presented at High Speed Processing & Filling of Plastic Containers, SME, Chicago, Illinois, November 11, 1997.

12-97 B. Entezam and W. K. Van Moorhem, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT and J. Majdalani, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, Modeling of a Rijke-Tube Pulse Combustor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, presented at 33rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Seattle, WA, July 6-9, 1997.

11-97 B. Entezam, Computational and Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Flowfield Inside the Rijke Tube, doctoral thesis submitted to University of Utah, Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT, June 1997

2-97 K. Fujisaki, T. Ueyama, and K. Okazawa, Magnetohydrodynamic Calculation of In-Mold Electromagnetic Stirring, Nippon Steel Corp., IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 2, March 1997

1-97 P. A. Sundsbo, Four Layer Modelling and Numerical Simulations of Snow Drift, to be submitted to the Journal of Glaciology, 1997

23-96 Andy K Palmer, Computational Fluid Dynamic Software Comparison and Electrostatic Precipitator Modeling, Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Summer 1996

21-96 P. A. Sundsbo, Computer Simulation of Snow-Drift around Structures, Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Vol. 2, 533-539, Finland, 9-10 Sep. 1996

20-96 P. A. Sundsbo and E.W.M. Hansen, Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Snow-Drift around Snow Fences, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Snow Engineering, Sendai, Japan, 26-31 May 1996

19-96 P. A. Sundsbo, Numerical Modelling and Simulation of Snow Accumulations around Porous Fences, Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 6-10 Oct. 1996

18-96 T. Iverson, Editor, Applied Modelling and Simulation, Proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulation Conference, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

17-96 C. L. Parish, Modeling Compressible Flow Through an Orifice Stack Using Numerical Methods, thesis submitted for M.S. Mech. Engineering, NM State University, Las Cruces, NM, December 1996

15-96 T. Wiik and R. K. Calay, A Study of Balcony on Flow-Field and Wind Loads for Low-Rise Buildings, Fourth Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Dipoli, Espoo, Finland, September 1996

14-96 T. Wiik, E.W.M. Hansen, The Assessment of Wind Loads on Roof Overhang of Low-Rise Buildings, Second International Symposium Wind Engineering, Fort Collins, CO, September 1996

13-96 T. Wiik, R. K. Calay, and A. Holdo, A Study of Effects of Eaves on Flow-Field and Wind Loads for Low-Rise Houses, Third International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Applications, Blacksburg, Virginia, August 1996

11-96 Y. Miyamoto and M. Harada, A Flow Analysis accompanied by Formation of the Liquid Droplets shown with an Animation Display Technique, SEA Corporation, presented at Visualization Information Conference, Tokyo, Japan, July 17, 1996

8-96 J. Bakken, E. Naess, T. Engebretsen, and E. W. M. Hansen, Fluid Flow in Porous Media, proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulations Conference, Norwegian Univ. of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

7-96E. W. M. Hansen, Performance of Oil/Water Gravity Separators Imposed to Motion, proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulations Conference, Norwegian Univ. of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

8-95 J. J. Francis, Computational Hydrodynamic Study of Flow through a Vertical Slurry Heat Exchanger, NSF Summer Research Program, Dept. Mech. Engineering, Univ. of Nevada Las Vegas, August 9, 1995

4-94 J. L. Ditter and C. W. Hirt, A Scalable Model for Mixing Vessels, Flow Science report, FSI-94-00-1, presented at the 1994 ASME Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, Incline Village, NV, June 1994

3-94 A. Nielsen, B. Bang, P. A. Sundsbo and T. Wiik, Computer Simulation of Windspeed, Windpressure and Snow Accumulation around Buildings (SNOW-SIM), 1st International Conference on HVAC in Cold Climate, Rovaniemi, Finland, from Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, March 1994

2-94 J. M. Sicilian, Addition of an Extended Bubble Model to FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, FSI-94-58-1, March 1994

1-94 T. Hong, C. Zhu, P. Cal and L-S Fan, Numerical Modeling of Basic Modes of Formation and Interactions of Bubbles in Liquids, Dept. Chem. Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, March 1994

14-93 J. L. Ditter and C. W. Hirt, A Scalable Model for Stir Tanks, Flow Science Technical Note #38, December 1993 (FSI-93-TN38)

13-93 J. Partinen, N. Saluja and J. K. Kirtley, Jr., Experimental and Computational Investigation of Rotary Electromagnetic Stirring in a Woods Metal System, Dept. of Math, Science and Engr. and Dept. of Electrical Engr. and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

12-93 J. Partinen, N. Saluja and J. K. Kirtley, Jr., Modeling of Surface Deformation in an Electromagnetically Stirred Metallic Melt, Dept. of Math, Science, and Engr. and Dept. of Electrical Engr. and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

10-93 C. Philippe, Summary Report on Test Calculations with FLOW-3D/CAST93, (coupled-rigid-body dynamics model), ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, September 17, 1993

5-93 J. M. Sicilian, J. L. Ditter and C. L. Bronisz, FLOW-3D Analyses of CFD Triathlon Benchmark, Flow Science report, presented at the ASME Fluids Engineering Conference, Washington DC, June 20-24, 1993

4-93 T. Wiik, Ventilation of the Attic due to Wind Loads on Low-Rise Buildings, paper for 3rd Symposium of Building Physics in Nordic Countries, Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, summer 1993

3-93 E. W. M. Hansen, Modelling and Simulation of Separation Effects and Fluid Flow Behaviour in Process-Units, SIMS’93 – 35th Simulation Conference, Kongsberg, Norway, June 9-11, 1993

2-93 M. A. Briones, R. S. Brodsky and J. J. Chalmers, Computer Simulation of the Rupture of a Gas Bubble at a Gas-Liquid Interface and its Implications in Animal Cell Damage, Dept. Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University, Manuscript No. RB68, April 1993

11-92 G. Trapaga, E. F. Matthys, J. J. Valencia and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Solidification of Molten Metal Droplets Impinging on Substrates: Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Results, Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol. 23B, pp. 701-718, December 1992

10-92 J. B. Dalin, J. M. Le Guilly, P. Le Roy and E. Maas, Numerical Simulations Applied to the Production of Automotive Foundry Components, Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes, Wood & Zienkiewicz (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1992

5-92 C. W. Hirt, Volume-Fraction Techniques: Powerful Tools for Flow Modeling, Flow Science report (FSI-92-00-02), presented at the Computational Wind Engineering Conference, University of Tokyo, August 1992

3-92 C. L. Bronisz and C.W. Hirt, Lubricant Flow in a Rotary Lip Seal, Flow Science Technical Note #33, February 1992 (FSI-92-TN33)

16-91 A. Nielsen, SNOW-SIM – Computer Model for Simulation of Wind and Snow Loads on Buildings and Structures, Building Science, Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, (not dated)

15-91 E. W. M. Hansen, H. Heitmann, B. Laska, A. Ellingsen, O. Ostby, T. B. Morrow and F. T. Dodge, Fluid Flow Modelling of Gravity Separators, SINTEF, Norway and Southwest Research Institute, Texas, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991

14-91 E. W. M. Hansen, H. Heitmann, B. Laska and M. Loes, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow Behaviour Inside, and Redesign of a Field Separator, SINTEF, Norway and STATOIL, Norway (not dated)

13-91 G. Trapaga and J. Szekely, Mathematical Modeling of the Isothermal Impingement of Liquid Droplets in Spraying Processes, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 22B, pp. 901-914, December 1991

11-91 N. Saluja and J. Szekely, Velocity Fields and Free Surface Phenomena in an Inductively Stirred Mercury Pool, European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 563-572, Oct. 1991

4-90 J. M. Sicilian, A Note on Implementing Specified Velocities and Momentum Sources, Flow Science report, September 1990 (FSI-90-00-5)

13-90 P. Jonsson, N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow Phenomena in the Filling of Cylindrical Molds Using Newtonian (Turbulent) and Non-Newtonian (Power Law) Fluids, submitted to Trans. of the American Foundrymen’s Soc., June 1990

12-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Computation of the Velocity Fields and the Dynamic Free Surface Generated in a Liquid Metal Column by a Rotating Magnetic Field, submitted to J. Fluid Mech., July 1990

7-90 C. L. Bronisz and C. W. Hirt, Modeling Unsaturated Flow in Porous Media: A FLOW-3D Extension, Flow Science report, July 1990 (FSI-90-48-2)

5-90 C. L. Bronisz and C. W. Hirt, Hydrodynamic Ram Simulations Using FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, May 1990 (FSI-90-49-1)

3-90 C. W. Hirt, Turbojet Plume Flow Analysis, Flow Science report, February 1990 (FSI-90-45-1)

5-89 K. S. Eckhoff and E. W. M. Hansen, Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Investigation of Separation in Two-Phase Rotating Flow, SINTEF-Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Report No. OR 22 1907.00.01.89, 29 April 1989

2-89 J. M. Sicilian and J. R. Tegart, Comparisons of FLOW-3D Calculations with Very Large Amplitude Slosh Data, presented at the Symposium on Computational Experiments, PVP ASME Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 22-27, 1989

2-88 J. M. Sicilian and C. W. Hirt, AFT Field Joint: CFD Analysis Using the FLOW-3D Program, in Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor Circumferential Flow Technical Interchange Meeting Final Report, NASA-TWR-17788, February 1988

14-87 C. J. Freitas, S. T. Green, and T. B. Morrow, Fluid Dynamics Associated with Ductile Pipeline Fracture, Southwest Research Institute report presented at ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, December 1987

13-87 J. Sicilian, The FLOW-3D Model for Thermal Conduction in Solids, Flow Science report, Dec. 1987 (FSI-87-00-4)

7-87 C.W. Hirt, Vectored Nozzle Flow with Turbulence Modeling, Flow Science report, Sept. 1987 (FSI-87-29-1)

4-87 J.M. Sicilian, C.W. Hirt, and R. P. Harper, FLOW-3D: Computational Modeling Power for Scientists and Engineers, Flow Science report, 1987 (FSI-87-00-1)

3-86 J. M. Sicilian, Natural-Convection Heat-Transfer Analysis, Flow Science Technical Note #4, June 1986 (FSI-86-00-TN4)

2-86 J. Navickas and C. R. Cross, Air Circulation Characteristics and Convective Losses in a 5-MW Molten Salt Cavity Solar Receiver, ASME 8th Annual Conference on Solar Engineering, Anaheim, California, April 13-16, 1986

5-85 C. W. Hirt and R. P. Harper, Calculations of Vent Clearing in a Chemical Process Tank, Flow Science report, December 1985 (FSI-85-28-1)

2-84 Applications of SOLA-3D/FSI to Fluid Slosh, Flow Science report, May 1984

Metal Casting Bibliography

다음은 금속 주조 참고 문헌의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D CAST 결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D CAST 를 사용하여 금속 주조 산업의 어플리케이션을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

2024년 11월 20일 Update

93-24 Benedict Baumann, Andreas Kessler, Claudia Dommaschk, Gotthard Wolf , Influence of filter structure and casting system on filtration efficiency in aluminum mold casting, Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration, Eds. C.G. Aneziris, H. Biermann, Springer Series in Materials Science, 337; 2024. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_28

87-24 Rahul Jayakumar, T.P.D. Rajan, Sivaraman Savithri, A GPU based accelerated solver for simulation of heat transfer during metal casting process, Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 32.5; 055013, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/1361-651X/ad4406

46-24 Masyrukan, Irwan Mawarda, Sunardi Wiyono, Bibit Sugito, Ummi Kultsum, Dessy Ade Pratiwi, Desi Gustiani, Nur Annisa Istiqamah, The effect of differences in in-gate diameter size on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum (Al) castings in pipe products with a red sand mold, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2838.1; 2024. doi.org/10.1063/5.0185773

43-24 German Alberto Barragán De Los Rios, Silvio Andrés Salazar Martínez, Emigdio Mendoza Fandiño, Patricia Fernández-Morales, Numerical simulation of aluminum foams by space holder infiltration, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01287-8

40-24 Bin Zhang, Gary P. Grealy, Thermomechanical modeling on AirSlip® billet DC casting of high-strength crack-prone aluminum alloys, Light Metals 2024, Eds. S. Wagstaff, pp. 1015-1025, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50308-5_128

35-24 Balaji Chandrakanth, Ved Prakash, Adwaita Maiti, Diya Mukherjee, Development of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) inspired structured cast iron foams through casting route, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01247-8

19-24 Diya Mukherjee, Himadri Roy, Balaji Chandrakanth, Nilrudra Mandal, Sudip Kumar Samanta, Manidipto Mukherjee, Enhancing properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy through microalloying and heat treatment, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 314; 128881, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.128881

181-23 Daichi Minamide, Ken’ichi Yano, Masahiro Sano, Takahiro Aoki, Overflow design system to decrease gas defects considering the direction of molten metal flow, 3rd International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME), pp. 1-6, 2023. doi.org/10.1109/ICECCME57830.2023.10253413

102-23 Daichi Minamide, Ken’ichi Yano, Masahiro Sano, Takahiro Aoki, Automatic design of overflow system for preventing gas defects by considering the direction of molten metal flow, Computer-Aided Design, 163; 103586, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2023.103586

87-23 Prosenjit Das, Optimisation of melt pouring temperature and low superheat casting of Al-15Mg2Si-4.5Si composite, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 36.1-3; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2023.2211895

60-23 Yuanhao Gu, Feng Wang, Jian Jiao, Zhi Wang, Le Zhou, Pingli Mao, Zheng Liu, Study on semisolid rheo-diecasting process, microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Al-1Ca-0.5Sb alloy with high solid fraction, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01001-0

48-23 Patricia Fernández‑Morales, Lauramaría Echeverrí, Emigdio Mendoza Fandiño, Alejandro Alberto Zuleta Gil, Replication casting and additive manufacturing for fabrication of cellular aluminum with periodic topology: optimization by CFD simulation, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 26; pp. 1789-1797, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11124-7

45-23 Daniel Martinez, Philip King, Santosh Reddy Sama, Jay Sim, Hakan Toykoc, Guha Manogharan, Effect of freezing range on reducing casting defects through 3D sand-printed mold designs, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11112-x

38-23 Emanuele Pagone, Christopher Jones, John Forde, William Shaw, Mark Jolly, Konstantinos Salonitis, Defect minimization in vacuum-assisted plaster mould investment casting through simulation of high-value aluminium alloy components, TMS 2023: Light Metals, pp. 1078-1086, 2023.

33-23 Philip King, Guha Manogharan, Novel experimental method for metal flow analysis using open molds for sand casting, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-00966-2

32-23 Sujeet Kumar Gautam, Himadri Roy, Aditya Kumar Lohar, Sudip Kumar Samanta, Studies on mold filling behavior of Al–10.5Si–1.7Cu Al alloy during rheo pressure die casting system, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-00958-2

31-23 Anand Kumbhare, Prasenjit Biswas, Anil Bisen, Chandan Choudary, Investigation of effect of the rheological parameters on the flow behavior of ADC12 Al alloy in rheo-pressure die casting, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-00962-6

24-23 Natalia Raźny, Anna Dmitruk, Maria Serdechnova, Carsten Blawert, Joanna Ludwiczak, Krzysztof Naplocha, The performance of thermally conductive tree-like cast aluminum structures in PCM-based storage units, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 142; 106606, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106606

172-22 J. Yokesh Kumar, S. Gopi, K.S. Amirthagadeswaran, Redesigning and numerical simulation of gating system to reduce cold shut defect in submersible pump part castings, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1177/0954408922114218

125-22 Maximilian Erber, Tobias Rosnitschek, Christoph Hartmann, Bettina Alber-Laukant, Stephan Tremmel, Wolfram Volk, Geometry-based assurance of directional solidification for complex topology-optimized castings using the medial axis transform, Computer-Aided Design, 152; 103394, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2022.103394

74-22 Vasilios Fourlakidis, Ilia Belov, Attila Diószeg, Experimental model of the pearlite interlamellar spacing in lamellar graphite iron, Tecnologia em Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração, 19; e2634, 2022. doi.org/10.4322/2176-1523.20222634

71-22 M. G. Mahmoud, Amr Abdelghany, Serag Salem, Numerical simulation of door lock plates castings produced by high pressure die casting process, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-022-00797-7

70-22 Andreas Schilling, Daniel Schmidt, Jakob Glück, Niklas Schwenke, Husam Sharabi, Martin Fehlbier, About the impact on gravity cast salt cores in high pressure die casting and rheocasting, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 119; 102585, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2022.102585

52-22 Manthan Dhisale, Jitesh Vasavada, Asim Tewari, An approach to optimize cooling channel parameters of low pressure die casting process for reducing shrinkage porosity in aluminium alloy wheels, Materials Today: Proceedings, in print, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.478

44-22 Zihan Lang, Feng Wang, Wei Wang, Zhi Wang, Le Zhou, Pingli Mao, Zheng Liu, Numerical simulation and experimental study on semi-solid forming process of 319s aluminum alloy test bar, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-022-00788-8

32-22 Elisa Fracchia, Federico Simone Gobber, Claudio Mus, Raul Pirovino, Mario Russo, The local squeeze technology for challenging aluminium HPDC automotive components, Light Metals, pp. 772-778, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92529-1_102

141-21 O. Ayer, O. Kaya, Mould design optimisation by FEM, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2130; 012021, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2130/1/012021

117-21 I. Rajkumar, N. Rajini, T. Ram Prabhu, Sikiru O. Ismail, Suchart Siengchin, Faruq Mohammad, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan , Applicability of angular orientations of gating designs to quality of sand casting components using two-cavity mould set-up, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12666-021-02434-z

106-21 M. Ahmed, E. Riedel, M. Kovalko, A. Volochko, R. Bähr, A. Nofal, Ultrafine ductile and austempered ductile irons by solidification in ultrasonic field, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00683-8

97-21 J. Glueck, A. Schilling, N. Schwenke, A. Fros, M.Fehlbier, Efficiency and agility of a liquid CO2 cooling system for molten metal systems, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 28; 101485, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101485

82-21 Giulia Scampone, Raul Pirovano, Stefano Mascetti, Giulio Timelli, Experimental and numerical investigations of oxide-related defects in Al alloy gravity die castings, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 117; pp. 1765-1780, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07680-5

74-21 Shuyang Ren, Feng Wang, Jingying Sun, Zheng Liu, Pingli Mao, Gating system design based on numerical simulation and production experiment verification of aluminum alloy bracket fabricated by semi-solid rheo-die casting process, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00648-x

69-21 Ozen Gursoy, Murat Colak, Kazim Tur, Derya Dispinar, Characterization of properties of Vanadium, Boron and Strontium addition on HPDC of A360 alloy, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 271; 124931, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124931

54-21 K. Munpakdee, P. Ninpetch, S. Otarawanna, R. Canyook, P. Kowitwarangkul, Effect of feed sprue size on porosity defects in Platinum 950 centrifugal investment casting via numerical modelling, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 11th TSME-International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand, December 1-4, 2020, 1137; 012021, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1137/1/012021/

44-21 Yunxiang Zhang, Haidong Zhao, Fei Liu, Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties improvement of gravity cast Al-7Si-0.4Mg alloys with Zr additions, Materials Characterization, 176; 111117, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111117

05-21 Heqian Song, Lunyong Zhang, Fuyang Cao, Xu Gu, Jianfei Sun, Oxide bifilm defects in aluminum alloy castings, Materials Letters, 285; 129089, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.129089

127-20 Eric Riedel, Niklas Bergedieck, Stefan Scharf, CFD simulation based investigation of cavitation cynamics during high intensity ultrasonic treatment of A356, Metals, 10.11; 1529, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10111529

86-20 Malte Leonhard, Matthias Todte, Jörg Schäfer, Realistic simulation of the combustion of exothermic feeders, Modern Casting, August 2020; pp. 35-40, 2020. (See also 58-19)

52-20 Mingfan Qi, Yonglin Kang, Jingyuan Li, Zhumabieke Wulabieke, Yuzhao Xu, Yangde Li, Aisen Liu, Junchen Chen, Microstructures refinement and mechanical properties enhancement of aluminum and magnesium alloys by combining distributary-confluence channel process for semisolid slurry preparation with high pressure die-casting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 285; 116800, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116800

46-20 Yasushi Iwata, Shuxin Dong, Yoshio Sugiyama, Jun Yaokawa, Melt permeability changes during solidification of aluminum alloys and application to feeding simulation for die castings, Materials Transactions, 61.7; pp. 1381-1386, 2020. doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.F-M2020822

45-20 Daniel Bernal, Xabier Chamorro, Iñaki Hurtado, Iñaki Madariaga, Effect of boron content and cooling rate on the microstructure and boride formation of β-solidifying γ-TiAl TNM alloy, Metals, 10.5; 698, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10050698

72-19 Santosh Reddy Sama, Eric Macdonald, Robert Voigt, and Guha Manogharan, Measurement of metal velocity in sand casting during mold filling, Metals, 9:1079, 2019. doi:10.3390/met9101079

58-19 Von Malte Leonhard, Matthias Todte, and Jörg Schäffer, Realistic simulation of the combustion of exothermic feeders, Casting, No. 2, pp. 28-32, 2019. In English and German.

25-19 Stefano Mascetti, Raul Pirovano, and Giulio Timelli, Interazione metallo liquido/stampo: Il fenomeno della metallizzazione, La Metallurgia Italiana, No. 4, pp. 44-50, 2019. In Italian.

20-19 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Campbellology for runner system design, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 187-199, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_19

64-18 Vasilios Fourlakidis, Ilia Belov and Attila Diószegi, Strength prediction for pearlitic lamellar graphite iron: Model validation, Metals, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2018. doi: 10.3390/met8090684

100-16 Robert Watson, New numerical techniques to quantify and predict the effect of entrainment defects, applied to high pressure die casting, PhD Thesis: University of Birmingham, 2016.

59-16 R. Pirovano and S. Mascetti, Tracking of collapsed bubbles during a filling simulation, La Metallurgia Italiana – n. 6 2016

35-16 Konstantinos Salonitis, Mark Jolly, Binxu Zeng, and Hamid Mehrabi, Improvements in energy consumption and environmental impact by novel single shot melting process for casting, Journal of Cleaner Production, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.165, Open Access funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, June 29, 2016

20-16 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Bifilm Defect Formation in Hydraulic Jump of Liquid Aluminum, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016, Band: 47, Heft 3, 1634-1648.

112-15 José Miguel Gonçalves Ledo Belo da Costa, Optimization of filling systems for low pressure by FLOW-3D, Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica, http://hdl.handle.net/1822/40132, 2015

89-15 B.W. Zhu, L.X. Li, X. Liu, L.Q. Zhang and R. Xu, Effect of Viscosity Measurement Method to Simulate High Pressure Die Casting of Thin-Wall AlSi10MnMg Alloy Castings, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Published online, November 2015, DOI: 10.1007/s11665-015-1783-8, © ASM International.

83-15 Zu-Qi Hu, Xin-Jian Zhang and Shu-Sen Wu, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Die-Filling Behavior of High-Performance Die-Cast Al–Mg–Si–Mn Alloy, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), DOI 10.1007/s40195-015-0332-7, © The Chinese Society for Metals and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.

69-15 A. Viswanath, S. Sivaraman, U. T. S. Pillai, Computer Simulation of Low Pressure Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 45-48, September 2015

68-15 J. Aneesh Kumar, K. Krishnakumar and S. Savithri, Computer Simulation of Centrifugal Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 53-56, September 2015

59-15 F. Hosseini Yekta and S. A. Sadough Vanini, Simulation of the flow of semi-solid steel alloy using an enhanced model, Metals and Materials International, August 2015.

44-15 Ulrich E. Klotz, Tiziana Heiss and Dario Tiberto, Platinum investment casting material properties, casting simulation and optimum process parameters, Jewelry Technology Forum 2015

41-15 M. Barkhudarov and R. Pirovano, Minimizing Air Entrainment in High Pressure Die Casting Shot Sleeves, GIFA 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany

40-15 M. Todte, A. Fent, and H. Lang, Simulation in support of the development of innovative processes in the casting industry, GIFA 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany

19-15 Bruce Morey, Virtual casting improves powertrain design, Automotive Engineering, SAE International, March 2015.

15-15 K.S. Oh, J.D. Lee, S.J. Kim and J.Y. Choi, Development of a large ingot continuous caster, Metall. Res. Technol. 112, 203 (2015) © EDP Sciences, 2015, DOI: 10.1051/metal/2015006, www.metallurgical-research.org

99-14 R. Bhola and S. Chandra, Predicting Castability for Thin-Walled HPDC Parts, Foundry Management Technology, December 2014

69-14 L. Xue, M.C. Carter, A.V. Catalina, Z. Lin, C. Li, and C. Qiu, Predicting, Preventing Core Gas Defects in Steel Castings, Modern Casting, September 2014

20-14 Johannes Hartmann, Tobias Fiegl, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foams with tailored density profile by adapted blowing agents, Applied Physics A, 10.1007/s00339-014-8377-4, March 2014.

08-14 FY Hsu, SW Wang, and HJ Lin, The External and Internal Shrinkages in Aluminum Gravity Castings, Shape Casting: 5th International Symposium 2014. Available online at Google Books

90-13 A. Karwińskia, M. Małyszaa, A. Tchórza, A. Gila, B. Lipowska, Integration of Computer Tomography and Simulation Analysis in Evaluation of Quality of Ceramic-Carbon Bonded Foam Filter, Archives of Foundry Engineering, DOI: 10.2478/afe-2013-0084, Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ISSN, (2299-2944), Volume 13, Issue 4/2013

35-13 A. Pari, Real Life Problem Solving through Simulations in the Die Casting Industry – Case Studies, © Die Casting Engineer, July 2013.

34-13 Martin Lagler, Use of Simulation to Predict the Viability of Salt Cores in the HPDC Process – Shot Curve as a Decisive Criterion, © Die Casting Engineer, July 2013.

24-13 I.N.Volnov, Optimizatsia Liteynoi Tekhnologii, (Casting Technology Optimization), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), 3, 2013, 27-29. In Russian

91-12 Hong Yan, Jian Bin Zhu, Ping Shan, Numerical Simulation on Rheo-Diecasting of Magnesium Matrix Composites, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.192-193.287, Solid State Phenomena, 192-193, 287.

76-12 A. Reikher and H. Gerber, Analysis of Solidification Parameters During the Die Cast Process, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

75-12 R.A. Miller, Y. Wang and K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, Estimating Cavity Fill Time, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

44-12 Antoni Drys and Stefano Mascetti, Aluminum Casting Simulations, Desktop Engineering, September 2012

27-12 E Kaschnitz, Numerical simulation of centrifugal casting of pipes, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33 012031, Issue 1. Full paper available at IOP.

07-12 Amir H. G. Isfahani and James M. Brethour, Simulating Thermal Stresses and Cooling Deformations, Die Casting Engineer, March 2012

104-11 Fu-Yuan Hsu and Huey Jiuan Lin, Foam Filters Used in Gravity Casting, Metall and Materi Trans B (2011) 42: 1110. doi:10.1007/s11663-011-9548-8.

76-11 J. Hartmann, A. Trepper, and C. Körner, Aluminum Integral Foams with Near-Microcellular Structure, Advanced Engineering Materials 2011, Volume 13 (2011) No. 11, © Wiley-VCH

65-11 V.A. Chaikin, A.V. Chaikin, I.N.Volnov, A Study of the Process of Late Modification Using Simulation, in Zagotovitelnye Proizvodstva v Mashinostroenii, 10, 2011, 8-12. In Russian.

51-11 A. Reikher and H. Gerber, Calculation of the Die Cast parameters of the Thin Wall Aluminum Cast Part, 2011 Die Casting Congress & Tabletop, Columbus, OH, September 19-21, 2011

27-11 A. Pari, Optimization of HPDC Process using Flow Simulation Case Studies, Die Casting Engineer, July 2011

26-11 A. Reikher, H. Gerber, Calculation of the Die Cast Parameters of the Thin Wall Aluminum Die Casting Part, Die Casting Engineer, July 2011

08-11 Hai Peng Li, Chun Yong Liang, Li Hui Wang, Hong Shui Wang, Numerical Simulation of Casting Process for Gray Iron Butterfly Valve, Advanced Materials Research, 189-193, 260, February 2011.

04-11 C.W. Hirt, Predicting Core Shooting, Drying and Defect Development, Foundry Management & Technology, January 2011.

68-10 A. Reikher, H. Gerber, K.M. Pillai, T.-C. Jen, Natural Convection—An Overlooked Phenomenon of the Solidification Process, Die Casting Engineer, January 2010

47-10 A.V. Chaikin, I.N. Volnov, and V.A. Chaikin, Development of Dispersible Mixed Inoculant Compositions Using the FLOW-3D Program, Liteinoe Proizvodstvo, October, 2010, in Russian.

41-10 Pamela J. Waterman, Understanding Core-Gas Defects, Desktop Engineering, October 2010. Available online at Desktop Engineering. Also published in the Foundry Trade Journal, November 2010.

37-10 Morris Murray, Lars Feldager Hansen, and Carl Reinhardt, I Have Defects – Now What, Die Casting Engineer, September 2010

27-10 For an Aerospace Diecasting, Littler Uses Simulation to Reveal Defects, and Win a New Order, Foundry Management & Technology, July 2010

23-10 Michael R. Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment, The Canadian Die Caster, June 2010

09-10 Shannon Wetzel, Fullfilling Da Vinci’s Dream, Modern Casting, April 2010.

08-10 B.I. Semenov, K.M. Kushtarov, Semi-solid Manufacturing of Castings, New Industrial Technologies, Publication of Moscow State Technical University n.a. N.E. Bauman, 2009 (in Russian)

07-10 Carl Reilly, Development Of Quantitative Casting Quality Assessment Criteria Using Process Modelling, thesis: The University of Birmingham, March 2010 (Available upon request)

06-10 A. Pari, Optimization of HPDC Process using Flow Simulation – Case Studies, CastExpo ’10, NADCA, Orlando, Florida, March 2010

04-10 Pamela Waterman, Simulating Porosity Factors, Foundry Management Technology, March 2010, Article available at Foundry Management Technology

56-09 Jozef Kasala, Ondrej Híreš, Rudolf Pernis, Start-up Phase Modeling of Semi Continuous Casting Process of Brass Billets, Metal 2009, 19.-21.5.2009

21-09 A. Pari, Case Studies – Optimization of HPDC Process Using Flow Simulation, Die Casting Engineer, July 2009

20-09 M. Sirvio, M. Wos, Casting directly from a computer model by using advanced simulation software, FLOW-3D Cast, Archives of Foundry Engineering Volume 9, Issue 1/2009, 79-82

11-09 Michael Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment in a Shot Sleeve during Slow-Shot Stage, Die Casting Engineer (The North American Die Casting Association ISSN 0012-253X), May 2009

6-09 A.Pari, Optimization of HPDC PROCESS: Case Studies, North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

2-09 C. Reilly, N.R. Green and M.R. Jolly, Oxide Entrainment Structures in Horizontal Running Systems, TMS 2009, San Francisco, California, February 2009

22-08 Mark Littler, Simulation Eliminates Die Casting Scrap, Modern Casting/September 2008

20-08 Rolf Krack, Using Solidification Simulations for Optimising Die Cooling Systems, FTJ July/August 2008

19-08 Mark Littler, Simulation Software Eliminates Die Casting Scrap, ECS Casting Innovations, July/August 2008

08-08 Stephen Instone, Andreas Buchholz and Gerd-Ulrich Gruen, Inclusion Transport Phenomena in Casting Furnaces, Light Metals 2008, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2008

07-08 P. Scarber, Jr., H. Littleton, Simulating Macro-Porosity in Aluminum Lost Foam Casting, AFS Transactions 2008 © American Foundry Society, CastExpo ’08, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

06-08 A. Reikher, H. Gerber and A. Starobin, Multi-Stage Plunger Deceleration System, CastExpo ’08, NADCA, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

27-07 A.Y. Korotchenko, A.M. Zarubin, I.A.Korotchenko, Modeling of High Pressure Die Casting Filling, Russian Foundryman, December 2007, pp 15-19. (in Russian)

26-07 I.N. Volnov, Modeling of Casting Processes with Variable Geometry, Russian Foundryman, November 2007, pp 27-30. (in Russian)

11-07 Marco Actis Grande, Computer Simulation of the Investment Casting Process – Widening of the Filling Step, Santa Fe Symposium on Jewelry Manufacturing Technology, May 2007

09-07 Alexandre Reikher and Michael Barkhudarov, Casting: An Analytical Approach, Springer, 1st edition, August 2007, Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-84628-849-4. U.S. Order Form; Europe Order Form.

07-07 I.N. Volnov, Casting Modeling Systems – Current State, Problems and Perspectives, (in Russian), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), June 2007

7-06 M.Y.Smirnov, Y.V.Golenkov, Manufacturing of Cast Iron Bath Tubs Castings using Vacuum-Process in Russia, Russia’s Foundryman, July 2006. In Russian.

1-06 Michael Barkhudarov, Using Simulation to Control Microporosity Reduces Die Iterations, Die Casting Engineer, January 2006, pp. 52-54

30-05 H. Xue, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, R.A. Miller, Modeling Dynamic Cavity Pressure and Impact Spike in Die Casting, Cast Expo ’05, April 16-19, 2005

18-05 M.R. Jolly, Modelling the Investment Casting Process: Problems and Successes, Japanese Foundry Society, JFS, Tokyo, Sept. 2005

10-05 Carlos Evaristo Esparza, Martha P. Guerro-Mata, Roger Z. Ríos-Mercado, Optimal Design of Gating Systems by Gradient Search Methods, Computational Materials Science, October 2005

6-05 Birgit Hummler-Schaufler, Fritz Hirning, Jurgen Schaufler, A World First for Hatz Diesel and Schaufler Tooling, Die Casting Engineer, May 2005, pp. 18-21

4-05 Rolf Krack, The W35 Topic—A World First, Die Casting World, March 2005, pp. 16-17

3-05 Joerg Frei, Casting Simulations Speed Up Development, Die Casting World, March 2005, p. 14

32-04 D.H. Kirkwood and P.J Ward, Numerical Modelling of Semi-Solid Flow under Processing Conditions, steel research int. 75 (2004), No. 8/9

30-04 Haijing Mao, A Numerical Study of Externally Solidified Products in the Cold Chamber Die Casting Process, thesis: The Ohio State University, 2004 (Available upon request)

28-04 Z. Cao, Z. Yang, and X.L. Chen, Three-Dimensional Simulation of Transient GMA Weld Pool with Free Surface, Supplement to the Welding Journal, June 2004.

22-04 Jerry Fireman, Computer Simulation Helps Reduce Scrap, Die Casting Engineer, May 2004, pp. 46-49

21-04 Joerg Frei, Simulation—A Safe and Quick Way to Good Components, Aluminium World, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 42-43

13-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov and Ruel A. Overfelt, First V-Process Casting of Magnesium, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA

5-04 C. Schlumpberger & B. Hummler-Schaufler, Produktentwicklung auf hohem Niveau (Product Development on a High Level), Druckguss Praxis, January 2004, pp 39-42 (in German).

3-04 Charles Bates, Dealing with Defects, Foundry Management and Technology, February 2004, pp 23-25

29-03 C. W. Hirt, Modeling Shrinkage Induced Micro-porosity, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN66)

28-03 Thixoforming at the University of Sheffield, Diecasting World, September 2003, pp 11-12

26-03 William Walkington, Gas Porosity-A Guide to Correcting the Problems, NADCA Publication: 516

12-03 J-C Gebelin & M.R. Jolly, Modeling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes, Trans AFS, 2002, 110, pp. 109-120

11-03 M.R. Jolly, Casting Simulation – How Well Do Reality and Virtual Casting Match – A State of the Art Review, Intl. J. Cast Metals Research, 2002, 14, pp. 303-313

10-03 Gebelin., J-C and Jolly, M.R., Modeling of the Investment Casting Process, Journal of Materials Processing Tech., Vol. 135/2-3, pp. 291 – 300

9-03 Cox, M, Harding, R.A. and Campbell, J., Optimised Running System Design for Bottom Filled Aluminium Alloy 2L99 Investment Castings, J. Mat. Sci. Tech., May 2003, Vol. 19, pp. 613-625

8-03 Von Alexander Schrey and Regina Reek, Numerische Simulation der Kernherstellung, (Numerical Simulation of Core Blowing), Giesserei, June 2003, pp. 64-68 (in German)

21-02 Boris Lukezic, Case History: Process Modeling Solves Die Design Problems, Modern Casting, February 2003, P 59

20-02 C.W. Hirt and M.R. Barkhudarov, Predicting Defects in Lost Foam Castings, Modern Casting, December 2002, pp 31-33

19-02 Mark Jolly, Mike Cox, Ric Harding, Bill Griffiths and John Campbell, Quiescent Filling Applied to Investment Castings, Modern Casting, December 2002 pp. 36-38

18-02 Simulation Helps Overcome Challenges of Thin Wall Magnesium Diecasting, Foundry Management and Technology, October 2002, pp 13-15

17-02 G Messmer, Simulation of a Thixoforging Process of Aluminum Alloys with FLOW-3D, Institute for Metal Forming Technology, University of Stuttgart

16-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Lost Foam Process, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 319-324

15-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Inclusion Tracking, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 341-346

7-02 A Habibollah Zadeh, and J Campbell, Metal Flow Through a Filter System, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-020, Kansas City, MO

6-02 Phil Ward, and Helen Atkinson, Final Report for EPSRC Project: Modeling of Thixotropic Flow of Metal Alloys into a Die, GR/M17334/01, March 2002, University of Sheffield

4-02 J. C. Gebelin and M. R. Jolly, Modelling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society AFS Transactions 02-079, Kansas City, MO

26-01 C. W. Hirt., Predicting Defects in Lost Foam Castings, December 13, 2001

5-01 Michael Barkhudarov, Simulation Helps Overcome Challenges of Thin Wall Magnesium Diecasting, Diecasting World, March 2001, pp. 5-6

2-01 J. Grindling, Customized CFD Codes to Simulate Casting of Thermosets in Full 3D, Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding 2000 Conference, October 31-November 2, 20

15-00 M. Sirvio, Vainola, J. Vartianinen, M. Vuorinen, J. Orkas, and S. Devenyi, Fluid Flow Analysis for Designing Gating of Aluminum Castings, Proc. NADCA Conf., Rosemont, IL, Nov 6-8, 1999

13-00 H. S. H. Lo and J. Campbell, The Modeling of Ceramic Foam Filters, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000

10-99 Bongcheol Park and Jerald R. Brevick, Computer Flow Modeling of Cavity Pre-fill Effects in High Pressure Die Casting, NADCA Proceedings, Cleveland T99-011, November, 1999

8-99 Brad Guthrie, Simulation Reduces Aluminum Die Casting Cost by Reducing Volume, Die Casting Engineer Magazine, September/October 1999, pp. 78-81

7-99 Fred L. Church, Virtual Reality Predicts Cast Metal Flow, Modern Metals, September, 1999, pp. 67F-J

18-98 X. Yang & J. Campbell, Liquid Metal Flow in a Pouring Basin, Int. J. Cast Metals Res, 1998, 10, pp. 239-253

15-98 R. Van Tol, Mould Filling of Horizontal Thin-Wall Castings, Delft University Press, The Netherlands, 1998

9-98 M. R. Barkhudarov and C. W. Hirt, Tracking Defects, Flow Science Inc, presented at the 1st International Aluminum Casting Technology Symposium, 12-14 October 1998, Rosemont, IL

5-98 J. Righi, Computer Simulation Helps Eliminate Porosity, Die Casting Management Magazine, pp. 36-38, January 1998

8-97 Michael Barkhudarov, High Pressure Die Casting Simulation Using FLOW-3D, Die Casting Engineer, 1997

13-97 J. Koke, Modellierung und Simulation der Fließeigenschaften teilerstarrter Metallegierungen, Livt Information, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen, October 1997

6-97 M. R. Barkhudarov, Is Fluid Flow Important for Predicting Solidification, Flow Science report, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

22-96 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich & Schneider, Wolfgang, 3-D Modeling of the Start-up Phase of DC Casting of Sheet Ingots, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1996, pp. 971-981

4-96 C. W. Hirt, A Computational Model for the Lost Foam Process, Flow Science final report, February 1996 (FSI-96-57-R2)

10-95 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Optimal Design of a Distribution Pan for Level Pour Casting, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1995, pp. 1061-1070

2-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation and Comparison with Water Modeling Studies of the Inertia Dominated Cavity Filling in Die Casting, NUMIFORM, 1995

1-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Gate Velocity and Gate Size on the Quality of Die Casting Parts, NAMRC, 1995.

12-92 M. A. K. Lewis, Near-Net-Shaiconpe Casting Simulation and Experimentation, MST 1992 Review, Los Alamos National Laboratory

11-90 N. Saluja, O.J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Melts, accepted in J. Appl. Physics, 1990

8-89 C. W. Hirt, Gravity-Fed Casting, Flow Science Technical Note #20, July 1989 (FSI-89-TN20)

1-88 C. W. Hirt and R. P. Harper, Modeling Tests for Casting Processes, Flow Science report, Jan. 1988 (FSI-88-38-01)

2-87 C. W. Hirt, Addition of a Solidification/Melting Model to FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, April 1987 (FSI-87-33-1)

Coastal & Maritime Bibliography

다음은 연안 및 해양 분야의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D를 사용하여 연안 및 해양 시설물을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

2024년 11월 20일 Update

119-24 Faris Ali Hamood Al-Towayti, Hee-Min Teh, Zhe Ma, Idris Ahmed Jae, Agusril Syamsir, Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Hydrodynamic performance assessment of emerged, alternatively submerged and submerged semicircular breakwater: An experimental and computational study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12; 1105, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071105

117-24 Dong Zeng, Wuyang Bi, Yi Yu, Yun Yan, Weiqiu Chen, Yong Yao, Cheng Zhang, Tianyu Wu, Prediction of local scouring of offshore wind turbine foundations based on the amplification principle of local seabed shear stress, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-125, 2024.

116-24 Chen-Shan Kung, Ya-Cing You, Pei-Yu Lee, Siu-Yu Pan, The air entrainment effect of pump blades operation under different water depths, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-595, 2024.

114-24 Chen-Shan Kung, Siu-Yu Pan, Pei-Yu Lee, Ya-Cing You, Sediment flushing of different angle on density outflow, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-183, 2024.

102-24 Mary Kathryn Walker, Computational fluid dynamics study of perforated monopiles, Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology, 2024.

80-24 Deniz Velioglu Sogut, Erdinc Sogut, Ali Farhadzadeh, Tian-Jian Hsu, Non-equilibrium scour evolution around an emerged structure exposed to a transient wave, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12; 946, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060946

79-24 Sujantoko, D.R. Ahidah, W. Wardhana, E.B. Djatmiko, M. Mustain, Numerical modeling of wave reflection and transmission in I-shaped floating breakwater series, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1321; 012010, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1321/1/012010

75-24 Sahel Sohrabi, Mohamad Ali Lofollahi Yaghin, Alireza Mojtahedi, Mohamad Hosein Aminfar, Mehran Dadashzadeh, Experimental and numerical investigation of a hybrid floating breakwater-WEC system, Ocean Engineering, 303; 117613, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117613

73-24 Penghui Wang, Chunning Ji, Xiping Sun, Dong Xu, Chao Ying, Development and test of FDEM–FLOW-3D—A CFD–DEM model for the fluid–structure interaction of AccropodeTM blocks under wave loads, Ocean Engineering, 303; 117735, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117735

67-24 Alexander Schendel, Stefan Schimmels, Mario Welzel, Philippe April-LeQuéré, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Clemens Krautwald, Jacob Stolle, Ioan Nistor, Nils Goseberg, Spatiotemporal scouring processes around a square column on a sloped beach induced by tsunami bores, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 150.3; 2024. https://doi.org/10.1061/JWPED5.WWENG-2052

65-24 Kaiqi Yu, Elda Miramontes, Matthieu J.B. Cartigny, Yuping Yang, Jingping Xu, The impacts of profile concavity on turbidite deposits: Insights from the submarine canyons on global continental margins, Geomorphology, 454; 109157, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109157

61-24 M.T. Mansouri Kia, H.R. Sheibani, A. Hoback, Initial maintenance notes about the first river ship lock in Iran, Journal of Hydraulic and Water Engineering, 1.2; pp. 143-162, 2024.

47-24 Cheng Yee Ng, Nauman Riyaz Maldar, Muk Chen Ong, Numerical investigation on performance enhancement in a drag-based hydrokinetic turbine with a diffuser, Ocean Engineering, 298; 117179, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117179

26-24 Zegao Yin, Guoqing Li, Fei Wu, Zihan Ni, Feifan Li, Experimental and numerical study on hydrodynamic characteristics of a bottom-hinged pitching flap breakwater under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, 293; 116665, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.116665

21-24 Young-Ki Moon, Chang-Ill Yoo, Jong-Min Lee, Sang-Hyub Lee, Han-Sam Yoon, Evaluation of pedestrian safety for wave overtopping by ship-induced waves in waterfront revetment, Journal of Coastal Research, 116; pp.314-318, 2024. doi.org/10.2112/JCR-SI116-064.1

14-24 Hongliang Wang, Xuanwen Jia, Chuan Wang, Bo Hu, Weidong Cao, Shanshan Li, Hui Wang, Study on the sand-scouring characteristics of pulsed submerged jets based on experiments and numerical models, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12.1; 57, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010057

239-23 Sara Tuozzo, Angela Di Leo, Mariano Buccino, Fabio Dentale, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Mario Calabrese, The effect of wind stress on wave overtopping on vertical seawall, Coastal Engineering Proceedings, 37; 2023. doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.papers.49

224-23 Helia Molaei Nodeh, Reza Dezvareh, Mahdi Yousefifard, Numerical analysis of the effects of rubble mound breakwater geometry under the effect of nonlinear wave force, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08520-2

212-23 Feifei Cao, Mingqi Yu, Meng Han, Bing Liu, Zhiwen Wei, Juan Jiang, Huiyuan Tian, Hongda Shi, Yanni Li, WECs microarray effect on the coupled dynamic response and power performance of a floating combined wind and wave energy system, Renewable Energy, 219.2; 119476, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119476

210-23 H. Omara, Sherif M. Elsayed, Karim Adel Nassar, Reda Diab, Ahmed Tawfik, Hydrodynamic and morphologic investigating of the discrepancy in flow performance between inclined rectangular and oblong piers, Ocean Engineering, 288.2; 116132, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116132

190-23 M.F. Ahmad, M.I. Ramli, M.A. Musa, S.E.G. Goh, C.W.M.N Che Wan Othman, E.H. Ariffin, N.A. Mokhtar, Numerical simulation for overtopping discharge on tetrapod breakwater, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2746.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1063/5.0153371

183-23 Youkou Dong, Enjin Zhao, Lan Cui, Yizhe Li, Yang Wang, Dynamic performance of suspended pipelines with permeable wrappers under solitary waves, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.10; 1872, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101872

176-23 Guoxu Niu, Yaoyong Chen, Jiao Lu, Jing Zhang, Ning Fan, Determination of formulae for the hydrodynamic performance of a fixed box-type free surface breakwater in the intermediate water, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.9; 1812, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091812

168-23 Yupeng Ren, Huiguang Zhou, Houjie Wang, Xiao Wu, Guohui Xu, Qingsheng Meng, Study on the critical sediment concentration determining the optimal transport capability of submarine sediment flows with different particle size composition, Marine Geology, 464; 107142, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107142

163-23 Ahmad Fitriadhy, Sheikh Fakruradzi, Alamsyah Kurniawan, Nita Yuanita, Anuar Abu Bakar, 3D computational fluid dynamic investigation on wave transmission behind low-crested submerged geo-bag breakwater, CFD Letters, 15.10; 2023. doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.15.10.1222

162-23 Ramtin Sabeti, Landslide-generated tsunami waves-physical and numerical modelling, International Seminar on Tsunami Research, University of Bath, 2023.

161-23 Duy Linh Du, Study on the optimal location for pile-rock breakwater in reducing wave height in Dong Hai District, Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam, Thesis, Can Tho University, 2023.

160-23 Duy Linh Du, Dai Bang Pham, Van Duy Dinh, Tan Ngoc Cao, Van Ty Tran, Gia Bao Tran, Hieu Duc Tran, Modelling the wave reduction effectiveness of pile-rock breakwater using FLOW-3D, (in Vietnamese) Journal of Materials and Construction, 13.04; 2023. doi.org/10.54772/jomc.04.2023.537

151-23 Zhiguo Zhang, Jinpeng Chen, Tong Ye, Zhengguo Zhu, Mengxi Zhang, Yutao Pan, Wave-induced response of seepage pressure around shield tunnel in sand seabed slope, International Journal of Geomechanics, 23.10; 2023. doi.org/10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8072

147-23 Jiale Li, Jijian Lian, Haijun Wang, Yaohua Guo, Sha Liu, Yutong Zhang, FengWu Zhang, Numerical study of the local scour characteristics of bottom-supported installation platforms during the installation of a monopile, Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2023.2243700

144-23 Weixang Liang, Min Lou, Changhong Fan, Deguang Zhao, Xiang Li, Coupling effect of vortex-induced vibration and local scour of double tandem pipelines in steady current, Ocean Engineering, 286.1; 115495, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.11549

136-23 Zegao Yin, Jiahao Li, Yanxu Wang, Haojian Wang, Tianxu Yin, Solitary wave attenuation characteristics of mangroves and multi-parameter prediction model, Ocean Engineering, 285.2; 115372, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115372

130-23 Sheng Wang, Chaozhe Yuan, Yuchi Hao, Xiaowei Yan, Feasibility analysis of laying and construction of deep-water dredging sinking pipeline, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-1-23-030, 2023.

127-23 Chen-Shan Kung, Ya-Cing You, Pei-Yu Lee, Siu-Yu Pan, Yu-Chun Chen, The air entrainment effect stability on the marine pipeline, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-23-242, 2023.

126-23 Yuting Wang, Zhaode Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Numerical simulationa and measurement of artificial flow creation in reclamation projects, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-1-23-168, 2023.

125-23 Chen-Shan Kung, Siu-Yu Pan, Pei-Yu Lee, Ya-Cing You, Yu-Chun Chen, Numerical simulation of wave motion on the submarine HDPE pipe system, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-23-327, 2023.

115-23 Qishun Li, Yanpeng Hao, Peng Zhang, Haotian Tan, Wanxing Tian, Linhao Chen, Lin Yang, Numerical study of the local scouring process and influencing factors of semi-exposed submarine cables, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.7; 1349, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071349

113-23 Minxi Zhang, Hanyan Zhao, Dongliang Zhao, Shaolin Yue, Huan Zhou, Xudong Zhao, Carlo Gualtieri, Guoliang Yu, Numerical study of the flow at a vertical pile with net-like scour protection mat, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2023.06.002

108-23 Seyed A. Ghaherinezhad, M. Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating effect of changing vegetation height with irregular layout on reduction of waves using FLOW-3D numerical model, Journal of Hydraulic and Water Engineering, 1.1; pp.55-64, 2023. doi.org/10.22044/JHWE.2023.12844.1004

92-23 Tongshun Yu, Xingyu Chen, Yuying Tang, Junrong Wang, Yuqiao Wang, Shuting Huang, Numerical modelling of wave run-up heights and loads on multi-degree-of-freedom buoy wave energy converters, Applied Energy, 344; 121255, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121255

85-23 Emilee A. Wissmach, Biomimicry of natural reef hydrodynamics in an artificial spur and groove reef formation, Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology, 2023.

81-23 Zhi Fan, Feifei Cao, Hongda Shi, Numerical simulation on the energy capture spectrum of heaving buoy wave energy converter, Ocean Engineering, 280; 114475, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114475

72-23 Zegao Yin, Fei Wu, Yingni Luan, Xuecong Zhang, Xiutao Jiang, Jie Xiong, Hydrodynamic and aeration characteristics of an aerator of a surging water tank with a vertical baffle under a horizontal sinusoidal motion, Ocean Engineering, 287; 114396, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114396

71-23 Erfan Amini, Mahdieh Nasiri, Navid Salami Pargoo, Zahra Mozhgani, Danial Golbaz, Mehrdad Baniesmaeil, Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Mehdi Neshat, Davide Astiaso Garcia, Georgios Sylaios, Design optimization of ocean renewable energy converter using a combined Bi-level metaheuristic approach, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 19; 100371, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.100371

70-23 Ali Ghasemi, Rouholla Amirabadi, Ulrich Reza Kamalian, Numerical investigation of hydrodynamic responses and statistical analysis of imposed forces for various geometries of the crown structure of caisson breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 278; 114358, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114358

67-23 Aisyah Dwi Puspasari, Jyh-Haw Tang, Numerical simulation of scouring around groups of six cylinders with different flow directions, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 46.4; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2023.2194919

62-23 Rob Nairn, Qimiao Lu, Rebecca Quan, Matthew Hoy, Dain Gillen, Data collection and modeling in support of the Mid-Breton Sediment Diversion Project, Coastal Sediments, 2023. doi.org/10.1142/9789811275135_0246

55-23 Yupeng Ren, Hao Tian, Zhiyuan Chen, Guohui Xu, Lejun Liu, Yibing Li, Two kinds of waves causing the resuspension of deep-sea sediments: excitation and internal solitary waves, Journal of Ocean University of China, 22; pp. 429-440, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11802-023-5293-2

42-23 Antonija Harasti, Gordon Gilja, Simulation of equilibrium scour hole development around riprap sloping structure using the numerical model, EGU General Assembly, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6811

25-23 Ke Hu, Xinglan Bai, Murilo A. Vaz, Numerical simulation on the local scour processing and influencing factors of submarine pipeline, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.1; 234, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010234

12-23 Fan Zhang, Zhipeng Zang, Ming Zhao, Jinfeng Zhang, Numerical investigations on scour and flow around two crossing pipelines on a sandy seabed, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10.12; 2019, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10122019

10-23 Wenshe Zhou, Yongzhou Cheng, Zhiyuan Lin, Numerical simulation of long-wave wave dissipation in near-water flat-plate array breakwaters, Ocean Engineering, 268; 113377, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113377

181-22 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of water waves generated by subaerial granular and solid-block landslides: Validation, comparison, and predictive equations, Ocean Engineering, 266.3; 112853, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112853

167-22 Zhiyong Zhang, Cunhong Pan, Jian Zeng, Fuyuan Chen, Hao Qin, Kun He, Kui Zhu, Enjin Zhao, Hydrodynamics of tidal bore overflow on the spur dike and its infuence on the local scour, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 113140, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113140

166-22 Nguyet-Minh Nguyen, Duong Do Van, Duy Tu Le, Quyen Nguyen, Bang Tran, Thanh Cong Nguyen, David Wright, Ahad Hasan Tanim, Phong Nguyen Thanh, Duong Tran Anh, Physical and numerical modeling of four different shapes of breakwaters to test the suspended sediment trapping capacity in the Mekong Delta, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 279; 108141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2022.108141

163-22 Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani, Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio, Felice D’Alessandro, Antonio Francone, Formula for wave transmission at submerged homogeneous porous breakwaters, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 113053, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113053

162-22 Kai Wei, Xueshuang Yin, Numerical study into configuration of horizontal flanges on hydrodynamic performance of moored box-type floating breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 112991, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112991

161-22 Sung-Chul Jang, Jin-Yong Jeong, Seung-Woo Lee, Dongha Kim, Identifying hydraulic characteristics related to fishery activities using numerical analysis and an automatic identification system of a fishing vessel, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1619, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111619

156-22 Keith Adams, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Extratropical cyclone damage to the seawall in Dawlish, UK: Eyewitness accounts, sea level analysis and numerical modelling, Natural Hazards, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05692-2

155-22 Youxiang Lu, Zhenlu Wang, Zegao Yin, Guoxiang Wu, Bingchen Liang, Experimental and numerical studies on local scour around closely spaced circular piles under the action of steady current, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1569, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111569

152-22 Nauman Riyaz Maldar, Ng Cheng Yee, Elif Oguz, Shwetank Krishna, Performance investigation of a drag-based hydrokinetic turbine considering the effect of deflector, flow velocity, and blade shape, Ocean Engineering, 266.2; 112765, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112765

148-22 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of water waves generated by subaerial granular and solid-block landslides: Validation, comparison, and predictive equations, Ocean Engineering, 266.3; 112853, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112853

145-22 I-Fan Tseng, Chih-Hung Hsu, Po-Hung Yeh, Ting-Chieh Lin, Physical mechanism for seabed scouring around a breakwater—a case study in Mailiao Port, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1386, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101386

144-22 Jiarui Yu, Baozeng Yue, Bole Ma, Isogeometric analysis with level set method for large-amplitude liquid sloshing, Ocean Engineering, 265; 112613, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112613

141-22 Qi Yang, Peng Yu, Hongjun Liu, Computational investigation of scour characteristics of USAF in multi-specie sand under steady current, Ocean Engineering, 262; 112141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112141

128-22 Atish Deoraj, Calvin Wells, Justin Pringle, Derek Stretch, On the reef scale hydrodynamics at Sodwana Bay, South Africa, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-022-09896-9

108-22 Angela Di Leo, Mariano Buccino, Fabio Dentale, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, CFD analysis of wind effect on wave overtopping, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-22-428, 2022.

105-22 Pin-Tzu Su, Chen-shan Kung, Effects of currents and sediment flushing on marine pipes, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-22-153, 2022.

89-22 Kai Wei, Cong Zhou, Bo Xu, Spatial distribution models of horizontal and vertical wave impact pressure on the elevated box structure, Applied Ocean Research, 125; 103245, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103245

87-22 Tran Thuy Linh, Numerical modelling (3D) of wave interaction with porous structures in the Mekong Delta coastal zone, Thesis, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 2022.

82-22 Seyyed-Mahmood Ghassemizadeh, Mohammad Javad Ketabdari, Modeling of solitary wave interaction with curved-facing seawalls using numerical method, Advances in Civil Engineering, 5649637, 2022. doi.org/10.1155/2022/5649637

81-22 Raphael Alwan, Boyin Ding, David M. Skene, Zhaobin Li, Luke G. Bennetts, On the structure of waves radiated by a submerged cylinder undergoing large-amplitude heave motions, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Shanghai, China, June 5-10, 2022. doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12828

77-22 Weiyun Chen, Linchong Huang, Dan Wang, Chao Liu, Lingyu Xu, Zhi Ding, Effects of siltation and desiltation on the wave-induced stability of foundation trench of immersed tunnel, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 160; 107360, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107360

63-22 Yongzhou Cheng, Zhiyuan Lin, Gan Hu, Xing Lyu, Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the porous I-type composite breakwater, Journal of Marine Science and Application, 21; pp. 140-150, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11804-022-00251-4

37-22 Ray-Yeng Yang, Chuan-Wen Wang, Chin-Cheng Huang, Cheng-Hsien Chung, Chung-Pang, Chen, Chih-Jung Huang, The 1:20 scaled hydraulic model test and field experiment of barge-type floating offshore wind turbine system, Ocean Engineering, 247.1; 110486, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110486

35-22 Mingchao Cui, Zhisong Li, Chenglin Zhang, Xiaoyu Guo, Statistical investigation into the flow field of closed aquaculture tanks aboard a platform under periodic oscillation, Ocean Engineering, 248; 110677, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110677

30-22 Jijian Lian, Jiale Li, Yaohua Guo, Haijun Wang, Xu Yang, Numerical study on local scour characteristics of multi-bucket jacket foundation considering exposed height, Applied Ocean Research, 121; 103092. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103092

19-22 J.J. Wiegerink, T.E. Baldock, D.P. Callaghan, C.M. Wang, Slosh suppression blocks – A concept for mitigating fluid motions in floating closed containment fish pen in high energy environments, Applied Ocean Research, 120; 103068, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103068

9-22 Amir Bordbar, Soroosh Sharifi, Hassan Hemida, Investigation of scour around two side-by-side piles with different spacing ratios in live-bed, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 208; pp. 302-309, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7735-9_33

7-22 Jinzhao Li, Xuan Kong, Yilin Yang, Lu Deng, Wen Xiong, CFD investigations of tsunami-induced scour around bridge piers, Ocean Engineering, 244; 110373, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110373

3-22 Ana Gomes, José Pinho, Wave loads assessment on coastal structures at inundation risk using CFD modelling, Climate Change and Water Security, 178; pp. 207-218, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_17

2-22 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of tsunami wave generation by submarine landslides: Validation and sensitivity analysis to landslide parameters, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148.2; 05021016, 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000694

146-21 Ming-ming Liu, Hao-cheng Wang, Guo-qiang Tang, Fei-fei Shao, Xin Jin, Investigation of local scour around two vertical piles by using numerical method, Ocean Engineering, 244; 110405, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110405

135-21 Jian Guo, Jiyi Wu, Tao Wang, Prediction of local scour depth of sea-crossing bridges based on the energy balance theory, Ships and Offshore Structures, 16.10, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2021.2005362

133-21 Sahel Sohrabi, Mohamad Ali Lofollahi Yaghin, Mohamad Hosein Aminfar, Alireza Mojtahedi, Experimental and numerical investigation of hydrodynamic performance of a sloping floating breakwater with and without chain-net, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, , 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00780-y

131-21 Seyed Morteza Marashian, Mehdi Adjami, Ahmad Rezaee Mazyak, Numerical modelling investigation of wave interaction on composite berm breakwater, China Ocean Engineering, 35; pp. 631-645, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13344-021-0060-x

124-21 Ramin Safari Ghaleh, Omid Aminoroayaie Yamini, S. Hooman Mousavi, Mohammad Reza Kavianpour, Numerical modeling of failure mechanisms in articulated concrete block mattress as a sustainable coastal protection structure, Sustainability, 13.22; pp. 1-19, 2021.

118-21 A. Keshavarz, M. Vaghefi, G. Ahmadi, Investigation of flow patterns around rectangular and oblong peirs with collar located in a 180-degree sharp bend, Scientia Iranica A, 28.5; pp. 2479-2492, 2021.

109-21 Jacek Jachowski, Edyta Książkiewicz, Izabela Szwoch, Determination of the aerodynamic drag of pneumatic life rafts as a factor for increasing the reliability of rescue operations, Polish Maritime Research, 28.3; p. 128-136, 2021. doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2021-0040

107-21 Jiay Han, Bing Zhu, Baojie Lu, Hao Ding, Ke Li, Liang Cheng, Bo Huang, The influence of incident angles and length-diameter ratios on the round-ended cylinder under regular wave action, Ocean Engineering, 240; 109980, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109980

96-21 Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, Triggers and consequences of landslide-induced impulse waves – 3D dynamic reconstruction of the Taan Fiord 2015 tsunami event, Engineering Geology, 294; 106384, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106384

95-21 Ahmed A. Romya, Hossam M. Moghazy, M.M. Iskander, Ahmed M. Abdelrazek, Performance assessment of corrugated semi-circular breakwaters for coastal protection, Alexandria Engineering Journal, in press, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.08.086

87-21 Ruigeng Hu, Hongjun Liu, Hao Leng, Peng Yu, Xiuhai Wang, Scour characteristics and equilibrium scour depth prediction around umbrella suction anchor foundation under random waves, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9; 886, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080886

78-21 Sahir Asrari, Habib Hakimzadeh, Nazila Kardan, Investigation on the local scour beneath piggyback pipelines under clear-water conditions, China Ocean Engineering, 35; pp. 422-431, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13344-021-0039-7

64-21 Pin-Tzu Su, Chen-shan Kung, Effects of diffusers on discharging jet, 31st International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Rhodes, Greece, June 20-25, 2021.

62-21 Fei Wu, Wei Li, Shuzhao Li, Xiaopeng Shen, Delong Dong, Numerical simulation of scour of backfill soil by jetting flows on the top of buried caisson, 31st International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Rhodes, Greece, June 20-25, 2021.

56-21 Murat Aksel, Oral Yagci, V.S. Ozgur Kirca, Eryilmaz Erdog, Naghmeh Heidari, A comparitive analysis of coherent structures around a pile over rigid-bed and scoured-bottom, Ocean Engineering, 226; 108759, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108759

52-21 Byeong Wook Lee, Changhoon Lee, Equation for ship wave crests in a uniform current in the entire range of water depths, Coastal Engineering, 167; 103900, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103900

43-21 Agnieszka Faulkner, Claire E. Bulgin, Christopher J. Merchant, Characterising industrial thermal plumes in coastal regions using 3-D numerical simulations, Environmental Research Communications, 3; 045003, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abf62e

39-21 Fan Yang, Yiqi Zhang, Chao Liu, Tieli Wang, Dongin Jiang, Yan Jin, Numerical and experimental investigations of flow pattern and anti-vortex measures of forebay in a multi-unit pumping station, Water, 13.7; 935, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13070935

30-21 Norfadhlina Khalid, Aqil Azraie Che Shamshudin, Megat Khalid Puteri Zarina, Analysis on wave generation and hull: Modification for fishing vessels, Advanced Engineering for Processes and Technologies II: Advanced Structured Materials, 147; pp. 77-89, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67307-9_9

28-21 Jae-Sang Jung, Jae-Seon Yoon, Seokkoo Kang, Seokil Jeong, Seung Oh Lee, Yong-Sung Park, Discharge characteristics of drainage gates on Saemangeum tidal dyke, South Korea, KSCE Journal of Engineering, 25; pp. 1308-1325, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0590-z

24-21 Ali Temel, Mustafa Dogan, Time dependent investigation of the wave induced scour at the trunk section of a rubble mound breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 221; 108564, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108564

13-21 P.X. Zou, L.Z. Chen, The coupled tube-mooring system SFT hydrodynamic characteristics under wave excitations, Proceedings, 14th International Conference on Vibration Problems, Crete, Greece, September 1 – 4, 2019, pp. 907-923, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8049-9_55

122-20 M.A. Musa, M.F. Roslan, M.F. Ahmad, A.M. Muzathik, M.A. Mustapa, A. Fitriadhy, M.H. Mohd, M.A.A. Rahman, The influence of ramp shape parameters on performance of overtopping breakwater for energy conversion, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.11; 875, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110875

120-20 Lee Hooi Chie, Ahmad Khairi Abd Wahab, Derivation of engineering design criteria for flow field around intake structure: A numerical simulation study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.10; 827, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100827

109-20 Mario Maiolo, Riccardo Alvise Mel, Salvatore Sinopoli, A stepwise approach to beach restoration at Calabaia Beach, Water, 12.10; 2677, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12102677

107-20 S. Deshpande, P. Sundsbø, S. Das, Ship resistance analysis using CFD simulations in Flow-3D, International Journal of Multiphysics, 14.3; pp. 227-236, 2020. doi.org/10.21152/1750-9548.14.3.227

103-20 Mahmood Nematollahi, Mohammad Navim Moghid, Numerical simulation of spatial distribution of wave overtopping on non-reshaping berm breakwaters, Journal of Marine Science and Application, 19; pp. 301-316, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s11804-020-00147-1

98-20 Lin Zhao, Ning Wang, Qian Li, Analysis of flow characteristics and wave dissipation performances of a new structure, Proceedings, 30th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Online, October 11-16, ISOPE-I-20-3289, 2020.

96-20 Xiaoyu Guo, Zhisong Li, Mingchao Cui, Benlong Wang, Numerical investigation on flow characteristics of water in the fish tank on a force-rolling aquaculture platform, Ocean Engineering, 217; 107936, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107936

92-20 Yong-Jun Cho, Scour controlling effect of hybrid mono-pile as a substructure of offshore wind turbine: A numerical study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.9; 637, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090637

89-20 Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, The
1958 Lituya Bay tsunami – pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software
Flow-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 20; pp. 2255–2279, 2020. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2255-2020

81-20 Eliseo Marchesi, Marco Negri, Stefano Malavasi, Development and analysis of a numerical model for a two-oscillating-body wave energy converter in shallow water, Ocean Engineering, 214; 107765, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107765

79-20 Zegao Yin, Yanxu Wang, Yong Liu, Wei Zou, Wave attenuation by rigid emergent vegetation under combined wave and current flows, Ocean Engineering, 213; 107632, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107632

71-20 B. Pan, N. Belyaev, FLOW-3D software for substantiation the layout of the port water area, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Construction Mechanics, Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering (CONMECHYDRO), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 23-25 April, 883; 012020, 2020. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/883/1/012020

51-20 Yupeng Ren, Xingbei Xu, Guohui Xu, Zhiqin Liu, Measurement and calculation of particle trajectory of liquefied soil under wave action, Applied Ocean Research, 101; 102202, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102202

50-20 C.C. Battiston, F.A. Bombardelli, E.B.C. Schettini, M.G. Marques, Mean flow and turbulence statistics through a sluice gate in a navigation lock system: A numerical study, European Journal of Mechanics – B/Fluids, 84; pp.155-163, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2020.06.003

49-20 Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nur Amira Adam, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, Mohammad Fadhli Ahmad, Ahmad Jusoh, Noraieni Hj. Mokhtar, Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman, CFD investigation into the effect of heave plate on vertical motion responses of a floating jetty, CFD Letters, 12.5; pp. 24-35, 2020. doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.12.5.2435

40-20 P. April Le Quéré, I. Nistor, A. Mohammadian, Numerical modeling of tsunami-induced scouring around a square column: Performance assessment of FLOW-3D and Delft3D, Journal of Coastal Research (preprint), 2020. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00181

38-20 Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani, Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio, Daniele Conte, Stefano Mascetti, Sensitivity analysis of existing exponential empirical formulas for pore pressure distribution inside breakwater core using numerical modeling, Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1; pp. 65-71, 2020. doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2020-01.S-08

36-20 Mohammadamin Torabi, Bruce Savage, Efficiency improvement of a novel submerged oscillating water column (SOWC) energy harvester, Proceedings, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress (Cancelled), Henderson, Nevada, May 17–21, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/9780784482940.003

32-20 Adriano Henrique Tognato, Modelagem CFD da interação entre hidrodinâmica costeira e quebra-mar submerso: estudo de caso da Ponta da Praia em Santos, SP (CFD modeling of interaction between sea waves and submerged breakwater at Ponta de Praia – Santos, SP: a case study, Thesis, Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, 2020.

29-20 Ana Gomes, José L. S. Pinho, Tiago Valente, José S. Antunes do Carmo and Arkal V. Hegde, Performance assessment of a semi-circular breakwater through CFD modelling, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.3, art. no. 226, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8030226

23-20 Qi Yang, Peng Yu, Yifan Liu, Hongjun Liu, Peng Zhang and Quandi Wang, Scour characteristics of an offshore umbrella suction anchor foundation under the combined actions of waves and currents, Ocean Engineering, 202, art. no. 106701, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106701

04-20 Bingchen Liang, Shengtao Du, Xinying Pan and Libang Zhang, Local scour for vertical piles in steady currents: review of mechanisms, influencing factors and empirical equations, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.1, art. no. 4, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010004

104-19 A. Fitriadhy, S.F. Abdullah, M. Hairil, M.F. Ahmad and A. Jusoh, Optimized modelling on lateral separation of twin pontoon-net floating breakwater, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 13.4, pp. 5764-5779, 2019. doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.4.2019.04.0460

103-19 Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, Nur Adlina Aldin and Adi Maimun, CFD analysis on course stability of an asymmetrical bridle towline model of a towed ship, CFD Letters, 11.12, pp. 43-52, 2019.

90-19 Eric P. Lemont and Karthik Ramaswamy, Computational fluid dynamics in coastal engineering: Verification of a breakwater design in the Torres Strait, Proceedings, pp. 762-768, Australian Coasts and Ports 2019 Conference, Hobart, Australia, September 10-13, 2019.

86-19 Mohammed Arab Fatiha, Benoît Augier, François Deniset, Pascal Casari, and Jacques André Astolfi, Morphing hydrofoil model driven by compliant composite structure and internal pressure, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7:423, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120423

83-19 Cong-Uy Nguyen, So-Young Lee, Thanh-Canh Huynh, Heon-Tae Kim, and Jeong-Tae Kim, Vibration characteristics of offshore wind turbine tower with gravity-based foundation under wave excitation, Smart Structures and Systems, 23:5, pp. 405-420, 2019. doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.23.5.405

68-19 B.W. Lee and C. Lee, Development of an equation for ship wave crests in a current in whole water depths, Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019; pp. 207-212, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_29

62-19 Byeong Wook Lee and Changhoon Lee, Equation for ship wave crests in the entire range of water depths, Coastal Engineering, 153:103542, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.103542

23-19 Mariano Buccino, Mohammad Daliri, Fabio Dentale, Angela Di Leo, and Mario Calabrese, CFD experiments on a low crested sloping top caisson breakwater, Part 1: Nature of loadings and global stability, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 182, pp. 259-282, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.04.017

21-19 Mahsa Ghazian Arabi, Deniz Velioglu Sogut, Ali Khosronejad, Ahmet C. Yalciner, and Ali Farhadzadeh, A numerical and experimental study of local hydrodynamics due to interactions between a solitary wave and an impervious structure, Coastal Engineering, Vol. 147, pp. 43-62, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.02.004

15-19 Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen, and Yizhou Zhang, Accumulation of pore water pressure in a homogeneous sandy seabed around a rocking mono-pile subjected to wave loads, Vol. 173, pp. 810-822, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.12.072

09-19 Yaoyong Chen, Guoxu Niu, and Yuliang Ma, Study on hydrodynamics of a new comb-type floating breakwater fixed on the water surface, 2018 International Symposium on Architecture Research Frontiers and Ecological Environment (ARFEE 2018), Wuhan, China, December 14-16, 2018, E3S Web of Conferences Vol. 79, Art. No. 02003, 2019. doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197902003

08-19 Hongda Shi, Zhi Han, and Chenyu Zhao, Numerical study on the optimization design of the conical bottom heaving buoy convertor, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 173, pp. 235-243, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.12.061

06-19 S. Hemavathi, R. Manjula and N. Ponmani, Numerical modelling and experimental investigation on the effect of wave attenuation due to coastal vegetation, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018), Vol. 2, pp. 99-110, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3134-3_9

87-18 Muhammad Syazwan Bazli, Omar Yaakob and Kang Hooi Siang, Validation study of u-oscillating water column device using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation, 11^thInternational Conference on Marine Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 13-14, 2018.

86-18 Nur Adlina Aldin, Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, and Adi Maimun, CFD analysis on unsteady yaw motion characteristic of a towed ship, 11^th International Conference on Marine Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 13-14, 2018.

78-18 A.A. Abo Zaid, W.E. Mahmod, A.S. Koraim, E.M. Heikal and H.E. Fath, Wave interaction of partially immersed semicircular breakwater suspended on piles using FLOW-3D, CSME Conference Proceedings, Toronto, Canada, May 27-30, 2018.

73-18 Jian Zhou and Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Near-field mean flow dynamics of a cylindrical canopy patch suspended in deep water, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 858, pp. 634-655, 2018. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.775

69-18 Keisuke Yoshida, Shiro Maeno, Tomihiro Iiboshi and Daisuke Araki, Estimation of hydrodynamic forces acting on concrete blocks of toe protection works for coastal dikes by tsunami overflows, Applied Ocean Research, Vol. 80, pp. 181-196, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.09.001

68-18 Zegao Yin, Yanxu Wang and Xiaoyu Yang, Regular wave run-up attenuation on a slope by emergent rigid vegetation, Journal of Coastal Research (in-press), 2018. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-17-00200.1

65-18 Dagui Tong, Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen and Qi Zhang, Numerical simulation of a sandy seabed response to water surface waves propagating on current, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2018. doi.org/10.3390/jmse6030088

61-18 Manuel Gerardo Verduzco-Zapata, Aramis Olivos-Ortiz, Marco Liñán-Cabello, Christian Ortega-Ortiz, Marco Galicia-Pérez, Chris Matthews, and Omar Cervantes-Rosas, Development of a Desalination System Driven by Low Energy Ocean Surface Waves, Journal of Coastal Research: Special Issue 85 – Proceedings of the 15th International Coastal Symposium, pp. 1321 – 1325, 2018. doi.org/10.2112/SI85-265.1

37-18 Songsen Xu, Chunshuo Jiao, Meng Ning and Sheng Dong, Analysis of Buoyancy Module Auxiliary Installation Technology Based on Numerical Simulation, Journal of Ocean University of China, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 267-280, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3305-4

36-18 Deniz Velioglu Sogut and Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner, Performance comparison of NAMI DANCE and FLOW-3D® models in tsunami propagation, inundation and currents using NTHMP benchmark problems, Pure and Applied Geophysics, pp. 1-39, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1907-9

26-18 Mohammad Sarfaraz and Ali Pak, Numerical investigation of the stability of armour units in low-crested breakwaters using combined SPH–Polyhedral DEM method, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 81, pp. 14-35, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.04.016

25-18 Yen-Lung Chen and Shih-Chun Hsiao, Numerical modeling of a buoyant round jet under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, vol. 161, pp. 154-167, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.093

13-18 Yizhou Zhang, Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen, Dagui Tong, and Jianhua Wang, Numerical analysis of interaction between seabed and mono-pile subjected to dynamic wave loadings considering the pile rocking effect, Ocean Engineering, Volume 155, 1 May 2018, Pages 173-188, doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.02.041

11-18 Ching-Piao Tsai, Chun-Han Ko and Ying-Chi Chen, Investigation on Performance of a Modified Breakwater-Integrated OWC Wave Energy Converter, Open Access Sustainability 2018, 10(3), 643; doi:10.3390/su10030643, © Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018.

56-17 Yu-Shu Kuo, Chih-Yin Chung, Shih-Chun Hsiao and Yu-Kai Wang, Hydrodynamic characteristics of Oscillating Water Column caisson breakwaters, Renewable Energy, vol. 103, pp. 439-447, 2017. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.11.028

47-17 Jae-Nam Cho, Chang-Geun Song, Kyu-Nam Hwang and Seung-Oh Lee, Experimental assessment of suspended sediment concentration changed by solitary wave, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 649-655 (2017) 649 DOI: 10.6119/JMST-017-1226-04

45-17 Muhammad Aldhiansyah Rifqi Fauzi, Haryo Dwito Armono, Mahmud Mustain and Aniendhita Rizki Amalia, Comparison Study of Various Type Artificial Reef Performance in Reducing Wave Height, Regional Conference in Civil Engineering (RCCE) 430 The Third International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER) August 1st-2nd 2017, Surabaya – Indonesia.

44-17 Fabio Dentale, Ferdinando Reale, Angela Di Leo, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A CFD approach to rubble mound breakwater design, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Available online 30 December 2017.

39-17 Milad Rashidinasab and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Modeling the Pressure Distribution and the Changes of Water Level around the Offshore Platforms Exposed to Waves, Using the Numerical Model of FLOW-3D, Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 2017, 6, 97-106, http://www.scirp.org/journal/cweee, ISSN Online: 2168-1570, ISSN Print: 2168-1562

30-17 Omid Nourani and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Comparison of the Effect of Tetrapod Block and Armor X block on Reducing Wave Overtopping in Breakwaters, Open Journal of Marine Science, 2017, 7, 472-484 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojms ISSN Online: 2161-7392.

29-17 J.A. Vasquez, Modelling the generation and propagation of landslide generated waves, Leadership in Sustainable Infrastructure, Annual Conference – Vancouver, May 31 – June 3, 2017

28-17 Manuel G. Verduzco-Zapata, Francisco J. Ocampo-Torres, Chris Matthews, Aramis Olivos-Ortiz, Diego E. and Galván-Pozos, Development of a Wave Powered Desalination Device Numerical Modelling, Proceedings of the 12th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference 27th Aug -1st Sept 2017, Cork, Ireland

20-17 Chu-Kuan Lin, Jaw-Guei Lin, Ya-Lan Chen, Chin-Shen Chang, Seabed Change and Soil Resistance Assessment of Jack up Foundation, Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh (2017) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 25-30, 2017, Copyright © 2017 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-97-5; ISSN 1098-6189.

19-17 Velioğlu Deniz, Advanced Two- and Three-Dimensional Tsunami – Models Benchmarking and Validation, Ph.D Thesis:, Middle East Technical University, June 2017

18-17 Farrokh Mahnamfar and Abdüsselam Altunkaynak, Comparison of numerical and experimental analyses for optimizing the geometry of OWC systems, Ocean Engineering 130 (2017) 10–24.

07-17 Jonas Čerka, Rima Mickevičienė, Žydrūnas Ašmontas, Lukas Norkevičius, Tomas Žapnickas, Vasilij Djačkov and Peilin Zhou, Optimization of the research vessel hull form by using numerical simulation, Ocean Engineering 139 (2017) 33–38

05-17 Liang, B.; Ma, S.; Pan, X., and Lee, D.Y., Numerical modelling of wave run-up with interaction between wave and dolosse breakwater, In: Lee, J.L.; Griffiths, T.; Lotan, A.; Suh, K.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), 2017, The 2nd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 79, pp. 294-298. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

02-17 A. Yazid Maliki, M. Azlan Musa, Ahmad M.F., Zamri I., Omar Y., Comparison of numerical and experimental results for overtopping discharge of the OBREC wave energy converter, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, In Press, © School of Engineering, Taylor’s University

01-17 Tanvir Sayeed, Bruce Colbourne, David Molyneux, Ayhan Akinturk, Experimental and numerical investigation of wave forces on partially submerged bodies in close proximity to a fixed structure, Ocean Engineering, Volume 132, Pages 70–91, March 2017

101-16 Xin Li, Liang-yu Xu, Jian-Min Yang, Study of fluid resonance between two side-by-side floating barges, Journal of Hydrodynamics, vol. B-28, no. 5, pp. 767-777, 2016. doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(16)60679-0

81-16 Loretta Gnavi, Deep water challenges: development of depositional models to support geohazard assessment for submarine facilities, Ph.D. Thesis: Politecnico di Torino, May 2016

80-16 Mohammed Ibrahim, Hany Ahmed, Mostafa Abd Alall and A.S. Koraim, Proposing and investigating the efficiency of vertical perforated breakwater, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2016, ISSN 2229-5518

72-16 Yen-Lung Chen and Shih-Chun Hsiao, Generation of 3D water waves using mass source wavemaker applied to Navier–Stokes model, Coastal Engineering 109 (2016) 76–95.

64-16 Jae Nam Cho, Dong Hyun Kim and Seung Oh Lee, Experimental Study of Shape and Pressure Characteristics of Solitary Wave generated by Sluice Gate for Various Conditions, Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 70-75, April 2016, Copyright @ 2016 by The Korean Society of Safety (pISSN 1738-3803, eISSN 2383-9953) All right reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.14346/JKOSOS.2016.31.2.70

56-16 Ali A. Babajani, Mohammad Jafari and Parinaz Hafezi Sefat, Numerical investigation of distance effect between two Searasers for hydrodynamic performance, Alexandria Engineering Journal, June 2016.

53-16 Hwang-Ki Lee, Byeong-Kuk Kim, Jongkyu Kim and Hyeon-Ju Kim, OTEC thermal dispersion in coastal waters of Tarawa, Kiribati, OCEANS 2016 – Shanghai, April 2016, 10.1109/OCEANSAP.2016.7485548, © IEEE.

50-16 Mohsin A. R. Irkal, S. Nallayarasu and S. K. Bhattacharyya, CFD simulation of roll damping characteristics of a ship midsection with bilge keel, Proceedings of the ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2016, June 19-24, 2016, Busan, South Korea

49-16 Bill Baird, Seth Logan, Wim Van Der Molen, Trevor Elliot and Don Zimmer, Thoughts on the future of physical models in coastal engineering, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Application of Physical Modelling in Coastal and Port Engineering and Science (Coastlab16) Ottawa, Canada, May 10-13, 2016 Copyright ©: Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

47-16 KH Kim et. al, Numerical analysis on the effects of shoal on the ship wave, Applied Engineering, Materials and Mechanics: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Applied Engineering, Materials and Mechanics (ICAEMM 2016)

17-16 Nan-Jing Wu, Shih-Chun Hsiao, Hsin-Hung Chen, and Ray-Yeng Yang, The study on solitary waves generated by a piston-type wave maker, Ocean Engineering, 117(2016)114–129

13-16 Maryam Deilami-Tarifi, Mehdi Behdarvandi-Askar, Vahid Chegini, and Sadegh Haghighi-Pou, Modeling of the Changes in Flow Velocity on Seawalls under Different Conditions Using FLOW-3DSoftware, Open Journal of Marine Science, 2016, 6, 317-322, Published Online April 2016 in SciRes.

01-16 Mohsin A.R. Irkal, S. Nallayarasu, and S.K. Bhattacharyya, CFD approach to roll damping of ship with bilge keel with experimental validation, Applied Ocean Research, Volume 55, February 2016, Pages 1–17

121-15 Josh Carter, Scott Fenical, Craig Hunter and Joshua Todd, CFD modeling for the analysis of living shoreline structure performance, Coastal Structures and Solutions to Coastal Disasters Joint Conference, Boston, MA, Sept. 9-11, 2015. © 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. doi.org/10.1061/9780784480304.047

114-15 Jisheng Zhang, Peng Gao, Jinhai Zheng, Xiuguang Wu, Yuxuan Peng and Tiantian Zhang, Current-induced seabed scour around a pile-supported horizontal-axis tidal stream turbine, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 929-936 (2015) 929, DOI: 10.6119/JMST-015-0610-11

108-15 Tiecheng Wang, Tao Meng, and Hailong Zha, Analysis of Tsunami Effect and Structural Response, ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online), DOI: 10.17559/TV-20150122115308

107-15 Jie Chen, Changbo Jiang, Wu Yang, Guizhen Xiao, Laboratory study on protection of tsunami-induced scour by offshore breakwaters, Natural Hazards, 2015, 1-19

85-15 Majid A. Bhinder, M.T. Rahmati, C.G. Mingham and G.A. Aggidis, Numerical hydrodynamic modelling of a pitching wave energy converter, European Journal of Computational Mechanics, Volume 24, Issue 4, 2015, DOI: 10.1080/17797179.2015.1096228

65-15 Giancarlo Alfonsi, Numerical Simulations of Wave-Induced Flow Fields around Large-Diameter Surface-Piercing Vertical Circular Cylinder, Computation 2015, 3(3), 386-426; doi:10.3390/computation3030386

61-15 Bingchen Liang, Duo Li, Xinying Pan and Guangxin Jiang, Numerical Study of Local Scour of Pipeline under Combined Wave and Current Conditions, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189.

60-15 Chun-Han Ko, Ching-Piao Tsai, Ying-Chi Chen, and Tri-Octaviani Sihombing, Numerical Simulations of Wave and Flow Variations between Submerged Breakwaters and Slope Seawall, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189.

57-15 Giacomo Viccione and Settimio Ferlisi, A numerical investigation of the interaction between debris flows and defense barriers, Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering, ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6, 2015

56-15 Vittorio Bovolin, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli and Giacomo Viccione, A numerical study of liquid impact on inclined surfaces, Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering, ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6, 2015

49-15 Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, and Ferdinando Reale, A numerical method to analyze the interaction between sea waves and rubble mound emerged breakwaters, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on FLUID MECHANICS, E-ISSN: 2224-347X, Volume 10, 2015

45-15 Diego Vicinanza, Daniela Salerno, Fabio Dentale and Mariano Buccino, Structural Response of Seawave Slot-cone Generator (SSG) from Random Wave CFD Simulations, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015, Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189

38-15 Yen-Lung Chen, Shih-Chun Hsiao, Yu-Cheng Hou, Han-Lun Wu and Yuan Chieh Wu, Numerical Simulation of a Neutrally Buoyant Round Jet in a Wave Environment, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

34-15 Dieter Vanneste and Peter Troch, 2D numerical simulation of large-scale physical model tests of wave interaction with a rubble-mound breakwater, Coastal Engineering, Volume 103, September 2015, Pages 22–41.

29-15 Masanobu Toyoda, Hiroki Kusumoto, and Kazuo Watanabe, Intrinsically Safe Cryogenic Cargo Containment System of IHI-SPB LNG Tank, IHI Engineering Review, Vol. 47, No. 2, 2015.

24-15 Xixi Pan, Shiming Wang, and Yongcheng Liang, Three-dimensional simulation of floating wave power device, International Power, Electronics and Materials Engineering Conference (IPEMEC 2015)

05-15 M. A. Bhinder, A. Babarit, L. Gentaz, and P. Ferrant, Potential Time Domain Model with Viscous Correction and CFD Analysis of a Generic Surging Floating Wave Energy Converter, (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijome.2015.01.005

137-14 A. Najafi-Jilani, M. Zakiri Niri and Nader Naderi, Simulating three dimensional wave run-up over breakwaters covered by antifer units, Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:297~306

128-14 Dong Chule Kim, Byung Ho Choi, Kyeong Ok Kim and Efim Pelinovsky, Extreme tsunami runup simulation at Babi Island due to 1992 Flores tsunami and Okushiri due to 1993 Hokkido tsunami, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 16, EGU2014-1341, 2014, EGU General Assembly 2014, © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

123-14 Irkal Mohsin A.R., S. Nallayarasu and S.K. Bhattacharyya, Experimental and CFD Simulation of Roll Motion of Ship with Bilge Keel, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics MARHY 2014 3-4 December 2014, Chennai, India.

101-14 Dieter Vanneste, Corrado Altomare, Tomohiro Suzuki, Peter Troch and Toon Verwaest, Comparison of Numerical Models for Wave Overtopping and Impact on a Sea Wall, Coastal Engineering 2014

91-14 Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Numerical wave interaction with tetrapods breakwater, Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:0~0, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0214, ⓒSNAK, 2014, pISSN: 2092-6782, eISSN: 2092-6790

87-14 Philipp Behruzi, Simulation of breaking wave impacts on a flat wall, The 15th International Workshop on Trends In Numerical and Physical Modeling for Industrial Multiphase Flows, Cargèse, Corsica, October 13th–17th, 2014

86-14 Chuan Sim and Sung-uk Choi, Three-Dimensional Scour at Submarine Pipelines under Indefinite Boundary Conditions, 2014

83-14 Hongda Shi, Dong Wang, Jinghui Song, and Zhe Ma, Systematic Design of a Heaving Buoy Wave Energy Device, 5th International Conference on Ocean Energy, 4th November, Halifax, 2014

71-14 Hadi Sabziyan, Hassan Ghassemi, Farhood Azarsina, and Saeid Kazemi, Effect of Mooring Lines Pattern in a Semi-submersible Platform at Surge and Sway Movements, Journal of Ocean Research, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, 17-22 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jor/2/1/4 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jor-2-1-4

56-14 Fernandez-Montblanc, T., Izquierdo, A., and Bethencourt, M., Modelling the oceanographic conditions during storm following the Battle of Trafalgar, Encuentro de la Oceanografıa Fısica Espanola 2014

52-14 Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A new numerical approach to the study of the interaction between wave motion and roubble mound breakwaters, Latest Trends in Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology, ISBN: 978-960-474-376-6

49-14 H. Ahmed and A. Schlenkhoff, Numerical Investigation of Wave Interaction with Double Vertical Slotted Walls, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Ecological, Geological and Mining Engineering Vol:8 No:8, 2014

32-14 Richard Keough, Victoria Mullaley, Hilary Sinclair, and Greg Walsh, Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Water Current Energy Device, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Mechanical Design Project II – ENGI 8926, April 2014

25-14 Paulius Rapalis, Vytautas Smailys, Vygintas Daukšys, Nadežda Zamiatina, and Vasilij Djačkov, Vandens – Duju Silumos Mainai Gaz-Lifto Tipo Skruberyje,Technologijos mokslo darbai Vakarų Lietuvoje, Vol 9 > Rapalis. Available for download at http://journals.ku.lt/index.php/TMD/article/view/259.

92-13 Matteo Tirindelli, Scott Fenical and Vladimir Shepsis, State-of-the-Art Methods for Extreme Wave Loading on Bridges and Coastal Highways, Seventh National Seismic Conference on Bridges and Highways (7NSC), May 20-22, 2013, Oakland, CA

89-13 Worakanok Thanyamanta, Don Bass and David Molyneux, Prediction of sloshing effects using a coupled non-linear seakeeping and CFD code, Proceedings of the ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2013, June 9-14, 2013, Nantes, France. Available for purchase online at ASME.

83-13 B.W. Lee and C. Lee, Development of Wave Power Generation Device with Resonance Channels, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2013) Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26, 2013

68-13 Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Rubble Mound Breakwater Run-Up, Reflection and Overtopping by Numerical 3D Simulation, ICE Conference, September 2013, Edinburgh (UK).

66-13 Peter Arnold, Validation of FLOW-3D against Experimental Data for an Axi-Symmetric Point Absorber WEC, © wavebob™, 2013

62-13 Yanan Li, Junwei Zhou, Dazheng Wang and Yonggang Cui, Resistance and Strength Analysis of Three Hulls with ifferent Knuckles, Advanced Materials Research Vols. 779-780 (2013) pp 615-618, © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.779-780.615.

61-13 M.R. Soliman, Satoru Ushijima, Nobu Miyagi and Tetsuay Sumi, Density Current Simulation Using Two-Dimensional High Resolution Model, Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No 56 B, 2013.

59-13 Guang Wei Liu, Qing He Zhang, and Jin Feng Zhang, Wave Forces on the Composite Bucket Foundation of Offshore Wind Turbines, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 405-408, 1420, September 2013. Available for purchase online at Scientific.net.

50-13 Joel Darnell and Vladimir Shepsis, Pontoon Launch Analysis, Design and Performance, Ports 2013, © ASCE 2013. Available for purchase online at ASCE.

45-13 Min-chi Li, Numerical Simulation of Wave Overtopping Rate at Sloping Seawalls with Different Configurations of Wave Dissipators, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University. Abstract only available here: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0701113-144919.

22-13 Nahidul Khan, Jonathan Smith, and Michael Hinchey, Models with all the right curves, © Journal of Ocean Technology, The Journal of Ocean Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013.

20-13 Efim Pelinovsky, Dong-Chul Kim, Kyeong-Ok Kim and Byung-Ho Choi, Three-dimensional simulation of extreme runup heights during the 2004 Indonesian and 2011 Japanese tsunamis, EGU General Assembly 2013, held 7-12 April, 2013 in Vienna, Austria, id. EGU2013-1760. Online at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.1760P.

18-13 Dazheng Wang, Fei Ma, and Lei Mei, Optimization of a 17m Catamaran based on the Resistance Performance, Advanced Materials Research Vols. 690-693, pp 3414-3418, © Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.690-693.3414, May 2013.

16-13 Dong Chule Kim, Kyeong Ok Kim, Efim Pelinovsky, Ira Didenkulova, and Byung Ho Choi, Three-dimensional tsunami runup simulation for the port of Koborinai on the Sanriku coast of Japan, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

15-13 Dong Chule Kim, Kyeong Ok Kim, Byung Ho Choi, Kyung Hwan Kim, and Efin Pelinovsky, Three –dimensional runup simulation of the 2004 Ocean tsunami at the Lhok Nga twin peaks, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

14-13 Jae-Seol Shim, Jinah Kim, Dong-Shul Kim, Kiyoung Heo, Kideok Do, and Sun-Jung Park, Storm surge inundation simulations comparing three-dimensional with two-dimensional models based on Typhoon Maemi over Masan Bay of South Korea, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

115-12 Worakanok Thanyamanta and David Molyneux, Prediction of Stabilizing Moments and Effects of U-Tube Anti-Roll Tank Geometry Using CFD, ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Volume 5: Ocean Engineering; CFD and VIV, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 1–6, 2012, ISBN: 978-0-7918-4492-2, Copyright © 2012 by ASME

114-12 Dane Kristopher Behrens, The Russian River Estuary: Inlet Morphology, Management, and Estuarine Scalar Field Response, Ph.D. Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Davis, © 2012 by Dane Kristopher Behrens. All Rights Reserved.

111-12 James E. Beget, Zygmunt Kowalik, Juan Horrillo, Fahad Mohammed, Brian C. McFall, and Gyeong-Bo Kim, NEeSR-CR Tsunami Generation by Landslides Integrating Laboratory Scale Experiments, Numerical Models and Natural Scale Applications, George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Research, July 2012, Boston, MA.

109-12 D. Vanneste, Experimental and Numerical study of Wave-Induced Porous Flow in Rubble-Mound Breakwaters, Ph.D. thesis (Chapters 5 and 6), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent (Belgium), 2012.

104-12 Junwoo Choi, Kab Keun Kwon, and Sung Bum Yoon, Tsunami Inundation Simulation of a Built-up Area using Equivalent Resistance Coefficient, Coastal Engineering Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2 (2012) 1250015 (25 pages), © World Scientific Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers, DOI: 10.1142/S0578563412500155

94-12 Parviz Ghadimi, Abbas Dashtimanesh, Mohammad Farsi, and Saeed Najafi, Investigation of free surface flow generated by a planing flat plate using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method and FLOW-3D simulations, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, December 7, 2012 1475090212465235. Available for purchase online at sage journals.

92-12 Panayotis Prinos, Maria Tsakiri, and Dimitris Souliotis, A Numerical Simulation of the WOS and the Wave Propagation along a Coastal Dike, Coastal Engineering 2012.

88-12 Nahidul Khan and Michael Hinchey, Adaptive Backstepping Control of Marine Current Energy Conversion System, PKP Open Conference Systems, IEEE Newfoundland and Labrador Section, 2012.

72-12 F. Dentale, G. Donnarumma, and E. Pugliese Carratelli, Wave Run Up and Reflection on Tridimensional Virtual, Journal of Hydrogeology & Hydrologic Engineering, 2012, 1:1, http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jhhe.1000102.

64-12 Anders Wedel Nielsen, Xiaofeng Liu, B. Mutlu Sumer, Jørgen Fredsøe, Flow and bed shear stresses in scour protections around a pile in a current, Coastal Engineering, Volume 72, February 2013, Pages 20–38.

51-12 Chun-Ho Chen, Study on the Application of FLOW-3D for Wave Energy Dissipation by a Porous Structure, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, July 2012. In Chinese.

37-12 Yu-Ren Chen, Numerical Modeling on Internal Solitary Wave propagation over an obstacle using FLOW-3D, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University June 2012. In Chinese.

26-12 D.C. Lo Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic interaction produced during the overtaking and the head-on encounter process of two ships, Engineering Computations: International Journal for Computer-Aided Engineering and Software, Vol. 29 No. 1, 2012. pp. 83-10, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, www.emeraldinsight.com/0264-4401.htm.

14-12 Bahaa Elsharnouby, Akram Soliman, Mohamed Elnaggar, and Mohamed Elshahat, Study of environment friendly porous suspended breakwater for the Egyptian Northwestern Coast, Ocean Engineering 48 (2012) 47-58. Available for purchase online at Science Direct.

11-12 Sang-Ho Oh, Young Min Oh, Ji-Young Kim, Keum-Seok Kang, A case study on the design of condenser effluent outlet of thermal power plant to reduce foam emitted to surrounding seacoast, Ocean Engineering, Volume 47, June 2012, Pages 58–64. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

101-11 Tsunami – A Growing Disaster, edited by Mohammad Mokhtari, ISBN 978-953-307-431-3, 232 pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published December 16, 2011 under CC BY 3.0 license, DOI: 10.5772/922. Available for download at Intech.

100-11 Kwang-Oh Ko, Jun-Woo Choi, Sung-Bum Yoon, and Chang-Beom Park, Internal Wave Generation in FLOW-3D Model, Proceedings of the Twenty-first (2011) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Maui, Hawaii, USA, June 19-24, 2011, Copyright © 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-96-8 (Set); ISSN 1098-6189 (Set); www.isope.org

95-11 S. Brizzolara, L. Savio, M. Viviani, Y. Chen, P. Temarel, N. Couty, S. Hoflack, L. Diebold, N. Moirod and A. Souto Iglesias, Comparison of experimental and numerical sloshing loads in partially filled tanks, Ships and Offshore Structures, Vol. 6, Nos. 1–2, 2011, 15–43. Available for purchase online at Francis & Taylor.

85-11 Andrew Eoghan Maguire, Hydrodynamics, control and numerical modelling of absorbing wavemakers, thesis: The University of Edinburgh, 2011.

74-11 Jonathan Smith, Nahidul Khan and Michael Hinchey, CFD Simulation of AUV Depth Control, Paper presented at NECEC 2011, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Abstract available online.

70-11 G. Kim, S.-H. Oh, K.S. Lee, I.S. Han, J.W. Chae, and S.-J Ahn, Numerical Investigation on Water Discharge Capability of Sluice Caisson of Tidal Power Plant, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

69-11 G. Alfonsi, A. Lauria, and L. Primavera, Wave-Field Flow Structures Developing Around Large-Diameter Vertical Circular Cylinder, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

68-11 C. Lee, B.W. Lee, Y.J. Kim, and K.O. Ko, Ship Wave Crests in Intermediate-Depth Water, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

63-11 Worakanok Thanyamanta, Paul Herrington, and David Molyneux, Wave patterns, wave induced forces and moments for a gravity based structure predicted using CFD, Proceedings of the ASME 2011, 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2011, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, June 19-24, 2011.

61-11 Jun Jin and Bo Meng, Computation of wave loads on the superstructures of coastal highway bridges, Ocean Engineering, available online October 19, 2011, ISSN 0029-8018, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2011.09.029. Available for purchase at Science Direct.

36-11 Nadir Yilmaz, Geoffrey E. Trapp, Scott M. Gagan, Timothy R. Emmerich, CFD Supported Examination of Buoy Design for Wave Energy Conversion, IGEC-VI-2011-173, pp: 537-541

28-11 Rodolfo Bolaños, Laurent O. Amoudry and Ken Doyle, Effects of Instrumented Bottom Tripods on Process Measurements, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, June 2011, Vol. 28, No. 6: pp. 827-837. Available online at: AMS Journals Online.

80-10 Juan J. Horrillo, Amanda L. Wood, Charles Williams, Ashwin Parambath, and Gyeong-Bo Kim, Construction of Tsunami Inundation Maps in the Gulf of Mexico, Report to the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, December 2010.

69-10 George A Aggidis and Clive Mingham, A Joint Numerical and Experimental Study of a Surging Point Absorbing Wave Energy Converter (WRASPA), Joule Centre Research Grant Joint Final Report (Lancaster University and Macnhester Metropolitan University), Joule Grant No: JIRP306/02, 2010

67-10 Kazuhiko Terashima, Ryuji Ito, Yoshiyuki Noda, Yoji Masui and Takahiro Iwasa, Innovative Integrated Simulator for Agile Control Design on Shipboard Crane Considering Ship and Load Sway, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, Part of 2010 IEEE Multi-Conference on Systems and Control, Yokohama, Japan, September 8-10, 2010

66-10 Shan-Hwei Ou, Tai-Wen Hsu, Jian-Feng Lin, Jian-Wu Lai, Shih-Hsiang Lin, Chen-Chen Chang, Yuan-Jyh Lan, Experimental and Numerical Studies on Wave Transformation over Artificial Reefs, Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Engineering, No 32 (2010), Shanghai, China, 2010.

65-10 Tai-Wen Hsu, Jian-Wu Lai, Yuan-Jyh Lan, Experimental and Numerical Studies on Wave Propagation over Coarse Grained Sloping Beach, Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Engineering, No 32 (2010), Shanghai, China, 2010.

26-10 R. Marcer, C. Berhault, C. de Jouëtte, N. Moirod and L. Shen, Validation of CFD Codes for Slamming, V European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, ECCOMAS CFD 2010, J.C.F. Pereira and A. Sequeira (Eds), Lisbon, Portugal, 14-17 June 2010

25-10 J.M. Zhan, Z. Dong, W. Jiang, and Y.S. Li, Numerical Simulation of wave transformation and runup incorporating porous media wave absorber and turbulence models, Ocean Engineering (2010), doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.06.005. Available for purchase at Science Direct.

17-10 F. Dentale, S.D. Russo, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S. Mascetti, A New Numerical Approach to Study the Wave Motion with Breakwaters and the Armor Stability, Marine Technology Reporter, May 2010

01-10 F. Dentale, S.D. Russo, E. Pugliese Carratelli, Innovative Numerical Simulation to Study the Fluid withing Rubble Mound Breakwaters and the Armour Stability, 17th Armourstone Wallingford Armourstone Meeting, Wallingford, UK, February 2010.

52-09 Mark Reed, Øistein Johansen, Frode Leirvik, and Bård Brørs, Numerical Algorithm to Compute the Effects of Breaking Waves on Surface Oil Spilled at Sea, Final Report, Second revision, SINTEF, October 2009.

49-09 Anna Pellicioli, Indagine Numerica Sulla Resistenza Idrodinamica Di Uno Scafo In Presenza Di Superficie Libera, thesis: Univerista Degli Studi Di Bergamo, 2008/2009. In Italian. Available upon request.

46-09 Carlos Guedes Soares, P.K. Das, Analysis and Design of Marine Structures, CRC Press; 1 Har/Cdr edition (March 2, 2009), 0415549345

32-09 M.A. Binder, C.G. Mingham, D.M. Causon, M.T. Rahmati, G.A. Aggidis, R.V. Chaplin, Numerical Modelling of a Surging Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter, 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference EWTEC 2009, Uppsala, Sweden, 7-10 September 2009

26-09 Fabio Dentale, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S.D. Russo, and Stefano Mascetti, Advanced Numerical Simulations on the Interaction between Waves and Rubble Mound Breakwaters, Journal of the Engineering Association for Offshore and Marine in Italy, (translation from the Italian)

25-09 F. Dentale, B. Messina, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S. Mascetti, Studio numerico avanzato sul moto di filtrazione in ambito marittimo, A & C, Analisi e Calcolo, Giugno 2009 (in Italian)

22-09 M.A. Bhinder, C.G. Mingham, D.M. Causon, M.T. Rahmati, G.A. Aggidis and R.V. Chaplin, A Joint Numerical And Experimental Study Of a Surging Point Absorbing Wave Energy Converter (WRASPA)2, Proceedings of the ASME 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2009-79392, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 31-June 5, 2009

8-09 Basu, D., S. Green, K. Das, R. Janetzke, and J. Stamatakos, Numerical Simulation of Surface Waves Generated by a Subaerial Landslide at Lituya Bay, 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, May 31–June 5, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii

17-09 Das, K., R. Janetzke, D. Basu, S. Green, and J. Stamatakos, Numerical Simulations of Tsunami Wave Generation by Submarine and Aerial Landslides Using RANS and SPH Models, 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, May 31–June 5, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii

16-09 Basu, D., S. Green, K. Das, R. Janetzke, and J. Stamatakos, Navier-Stokes Simulations of Surface Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides Effect of Slide Geometry and Turbulence, 2009 Society of Petroleum Engineering Americas E&P Environmental & Safety Conference, March 23–25, 2009, San Antonio, Texas.

48-08 Osamu Kiyomiya1 and Kazuya Kuroki, Flap Gate to Prevent Urban Area from Tsunami, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

43-08 Eldina Fatimah, Ahmad Khairi Abd. Wahab, and Hadibah Ismail, Numerical modeling approach of an artificial mangrove root system (ArMs) submerged breakwater as wetland habitat protector, COPEDEC VII, Dubai UAE, 2008.

40-08 Giacomo Viccione, Fabio Dentale, and Vittorio Bovolin, Simulation of Wave Impact Pressure on Vertical Structures with the SPH Method, 3rd ERCOFTAC SPHERIC workshop on SPH applications, Laussanne, Switzerland, June 4-6, 2008.

39-08 Kang, Young-Seung, Kim, Pyeong-Joong, Hyun, Sang-Kwon and Sung, Ha-Keun, Numerical Simulation of Ship-induced Wave Using FLOW-3D, Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers / v.20, no.3, 2008, pp.255-267, ISSN: 1976-8192, http://ksci.kisti.re.kr/search/article/articleView.ksci?articleBean.artSeq=HOHODK_2008_v20n3_255

35-08 B.W. Nam, S.H. Shin, K.Y. Hong, S.W. Hong, Numerical Simulation of Wave Flow over the Spiral-Reef Overtopping Device, Proceedings of the Eighth (2008) ISOPE Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, November 10-14, 2008, © 2008 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, ISBN 978-1-880653-52-4

34-08 B. H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, D.C. Kim, I. Didenkulova and S.-B. Woo, Two and three-dimensional computation of solitary wave runup on non-plane beach, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 15, 489-502, 2008, www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/15/489/2008 (c) Author(s) 2008.

23-08 Barb Schmitz, Tecplot, Nastran & FLOW-3D Win the Race, Desktop Engineering’s Elements of Analysis, September 2008

38-07 Choi, B.-H., Kim, D. C., Pelinovsky, E., and Woo, S. B., Three-dimensional simulation of tsunami run-up around conical island, Coast. Eng., Vol. 54, Issue 8, 618-629, 2007.

33-07 Mirela Zalar, Sime Malenica, Zoran Mravak, Nicolas Moirod, Some Aspects of Direct Calculation Methods for the Assessment of LNG Tank Structure Under Sloshing Impacts, La Asociación Española del Gas (sedigas) Spain 2007

20-07 Oceanic Consulting Corporation, Berthing Studies for LNG Carriers in the Calcasieu River Waterway, Making Waves: Newsletter of Oceanic Consulting Corporation, Winter 2007

10-07 Gildas Colleter, Breaking wave uplift and overtopping on a horizontal deck using physical and numerical modeling, Coasts and Ports 2007 Conference in Melbourne, Australia

18-06 Brizzolara, Stefano and Rizzuto, Enrico, Wind Heeling Moments on Very Large Ships. Some Insights through CFD Results, Proceedings on the 9th International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Rio de Janeiro, September 25, 2006

16-06 Ransau, Samuel R, and Hansen, Ernst W.M., Numerical Simulations of Sloshing in Rectangular Tanks, Proceedings of OMAE2006, 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Hamburg, Germany, June 4-9, 2006

15-06 Ema Muk-Pavic, Shin Chin and Don Spencer, Validation of the CFD code FLOW-3D for the free surface flow around the ships’; hulls, 14th Annual Conference of the CFD Society of Canada, Kingston, Canada, July 16-18, 2006

3-06 Hansen, E.W.M. and Geir J. Rørtveit, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Mechanisms and Separation Behaviour in Offshore Gravity Separators, Chapter 16 in Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, 2nd Edition, edited by Johan Sjøblom, Taylor & Francis, 2006

24-05 Hansen E.W., Separation Offshore Survey – Design-Redesign of Gravity Separators, Exploration & Production: The Oil & Gas Review 2005 – Issue 2

8-05 T. Kristiansen, R. Baarholm, C.T. Stansberg, G. Rortveit and E.W.M. Hansen, Kinematics in a Diffracted Wave Field Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Numerical Models, Presented at the 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 67176, Halkidiki, Greece, June 12-17, 2005

7-05 C.T. Stansberg, R. Baarholm, T. Kristiansen, E.W.M. Hansen and G. Rortveit, Extreme Wave Amplification and Impact Loads on Offshore Structures, presented at the 2005 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, May 2-5, 2005

16-04 Carl Trygve Stansberg, Kjetil Berget, Oyvind Hellan, Ole A. Hermundstad, Jan R. Hoff and Trygve Kristiansen and Ernst Hansen, Prediction of Green Sea Loads on FPSO in Random Seas, presented at the 14th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2004), Toulon, France, May 2004

15-04 Š. Malenica, M. Zalar, J.M. Orozco, B. LeGallo & X.B. Chen, Linear and Non-Linear Effects of Sloshing on Ship Motions, 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering, OMAE 2004, Vancouver, June 2004

11-04 Don Bass, David Molyneux, Kevin McTaggart, Simulating Wave Action in the Well Deck of Landing Platform Dock Ships Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

37-03 Sreenivasa C Chopakatla, A CFD Model for Wave Transformations and Breaking in the Surf Zone, thesis: Master of Science, The Ohio State Univeristy, 2003.

29-02 O. Bayle, V. L’Hullier, M. Ganet, P. Delpy, J.L. Francart and D. Paris, Influence of the ATV Propellant Sloshing on the GNC Performance, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, Monterey, California, 5-8 August 2002, © 2002 by EADS Launch Vehicles

25-02 Y. Kim, Numerical Analysis of Sloshing Problem, American Bureau of Shipping, Research Dept, Houston, TX

10-02 Peter Chang III & Xiongjun Wu, Entrainment Correlations Based on a Fuel-Water Stratified Shear Flow, Proceedings of FEDSM2002, 2002 ASME Fluids Engineering Decision Summer Meeting, July 14-18, 2002, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

37-01 Ismail B. Celik, Allen E. Badeau Jr., Andrew Burt and Sherif Kandil, A Single Fluid Transport Model For Computation of Stratified Immiscible Liquid-Liquid Flows, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, West Virginia University, Proceedings of the XXIX IAHR Congress, September 2001. Beijing, China

14-01 Charles Ortloff, CTC/United Defense, Computer Simulation Analyzed Typhoon Damage to FPSOs, Marine News, April 30, 2001, pp. 22-23

8-01 Charles Ortloff, Computer Simulations Analyze Wave Damage to Offloading Vessels, Marine News, April 30, 2001, pp. 22-23

25-00 Faltinsen, O.A. and Rognebakke, O.F., Sloshing in Rectangular Tanks and Interaction with Ship Motions-Sloshing, Int. Conf. on Ship and Shipping Research NAV, Venice, Italy, 2000.

20-97 C.R. Ortloff, Numerical Test Tank Simulation of Ocean Engineering Problems by Computational Fluid Dynamics, Offshore Technology Conference Paper 8269B, Houston, TX, 1997

19-97 C.R. Ortloff and M. Krafft, Numerical Test Tanks-Computer Simulation-Test Verification of Major Ocean Engineering Problems for the Off-Shore Oil Industry, OTC 8269A, Offshore Technology Conference, Copyright 1997, Houston, Texas, May 1997

9-94 P. A. Chang, C-W Lin, CD-NSWC, Hydrodynamic Analysis of Oil Outflow from Double Hull Tankers, The Advanced Double-Hull Technical Symposium, Gaithersburg, MD, October 25-26, 1994.

8-90 C. W. Hirt, Computational Modeling of Cavitation, Flow Science report, July 1990, presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Performance Enhancement for Marine Applications, Newport, RI, October 14-16, 1990

10-87 H. W. Meldner, USA’s Revolutionary Appendages and CFD, CORDTRAN Corp. Report presented at AIAA and SNAME 17th Annual International Symposium on Sailing, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 1987

3-85 C. W. Hirt and J. M. Sicilian, A Porosity Technique for the Definition of Obstacles in Rectangular Cell Meshes, Fourth International Conference on Ship Hydrodynamics, Washington, DC, September 1985

Water & Environmental Bibliography

다음은 수자원 및 환경 분야에 대한 참고 문 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D 해석 결과를 사용하였습니다. FLOW-3D 를 사용하여 수처리 및 환경 산업을 위한 응용 프로그램을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Water and Environmental Bibliography

2024년 11월 20일 Update

118-24 Lei Liao, Jia Li, Min Chen, Ruidong An, Effects of hydraulic cues in barrier environments on fish navigation downstream of dams, Journal of Environmental Management, 365; 121495, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121495

115-24 H. Liu, Y.G. Cheng, Z.Y. Yang, J. Zhang, J.Y. Fan, W.X. Li, Effect of uneven inflow on hydrodynamic performance of bulb turbine, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2752; 012032, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2752/1/012032

112-24 Jian Guo, Bowen Weng, Jiyi Wu, Investigation of the energy loss in cylindrical bridge piers scour depth prediction on sand-bed, Ocean Engineering, 309.1; 118513, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118513

110-24 Siyu Chen, Xiyen Liu, Junyao Tang, Ying Gao, Tianyou Zhang, Linhao Gu, Tao Ma, Can Chen, Study on the influence of design parameters of porous asphalt pavement on drainage performance, Journal of Hydrology, 638; 131514, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131514

108-24 Abubaker Sami Dheyab, Mustafa Günal, Experimental and numerical study for local scour around cylindrical bridge pier in non-cohesive sediment bed, 4th International Congress of Engineering and Natural Sciences (ICENSS), 2024.

106-24 P. Asabian, C.D. Rennie, N. Egsgard, Experimental and numerical investigation of the flow-structure of river surf waves, River Flow 2022, eds. Ana Maria Ferreira da Silva, Colin Rennie, Susan Gaskin, Jay Lacey, Bruce MacVicar, 2024.

105-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işık, Nizamettin Hamidi, An experimental and numerical investigation of hydraulic performance of in-channel triangular labyrinth weir for free overflow, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, pp. 1-10, 2024. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2024.2363224

103-24 Yazhou Wang, Jinrong Da, Yuchen Luo, Sirui He, Zuocong Tian, Ziyi Xue, Zehao Li, Xianyu Zhao, Desheng Yin, Hui Peng, Xiang Liu, Xiaoning Liu , Minimization of heavy metal adsorption in struvite through effective separation and manipulation of flow field, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 474; 134820, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134820

101-24 Davut Yilmaz, Tugce Basar, Arzu Ozkaya, Assessing the pressure variation in the plunge pool of Yusufeli dam, Dams and Reservoirs, 2024. doi.org/10.1680/jdare.2024.1

99-24 Azim Turan, High resolution flash flood forecasting by combining a hydrometeorological modeling system with a computational fluid dynamics model, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2024.

97-24 Umut Aykan, Numerical investigation of vortex formation at single and multiple symmetric horizontal intakes, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2024.

91-24 Di Wang, Xiaoyong Cheng, Zhixuan Cao, Jinyun Deng, Three-dimensional flow structure in a confluence-bifurcation unit, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 18.1; 2024. doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2024.2349076

86-24 M.Z. Qamar, M.K. Verma, A.P. Meshram, Physical and numerical modelling for settling efficiency of desilting chamber, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 30.3; 2024. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2024.2345338

85-24 Ruichen Xu, Duane C. Chapman, Caroline M. Elliott, Bruce C. Call, Robert B. Jacobson, Binbin Wang, Ecological inferences on invasive carp survival using hydrodynamics and egg drift models, Scientific Reports, 14; 9556, 2024. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60189-1

84-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işik, Experimental and numerical investigation of rectangular labyrinth weirs in an open channel, Water Management , 2024. doi.org/10.1680/jwama.22.00112

76-24 Chyan-Deng Jan, Litan Dey, Slump-flow channel test for evaluating the relations between spreading and rheological parameters of sediment mixtures, European Journal of Mechanics – B/Fluids, 106; pp. 137-147, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2024.04.005

74-24 Abhishek K. Pandey, Pranab K. Mohapatra, 3D numerical simulations of the bed evolution at an open-channel junction in flood conditions, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 150.3; 2024. doi.org/10.1061/JIDEDH.IRENG-10321

70-24 Jianing Rao, Qi Wei, Lian Tang, Yuanming Wang, Ruifeng Liang, Kefeng Li, A design of a nature-like fishway to solve the fractured river connectivity caused by small hydropower based on hydrodynamics and fish behaviors, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31; pp. 27883-27896, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33034-1

69-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işık, Determination of effective flow behaviors on discharge performance of trapezoidal labyrinth weirs using numerical and physical models, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 10; pp. 3763-3776, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-01996-3

62-24 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Estimating maximum initial wave amplitude of subaerial landslide tsunamis: A three-dimensional modelling approach, Ocean Modelling, 189; 102360, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102360

60-24 Mahdi Ebrahimi, Mirali Mohammadi, Sayed Mohammad Hadi Meshkati, Farhad Imanshoar, Embankment dams overtopping breach: A numerical investigation of hydraulic results, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01387-9

59-24 Behshad Mardasi, Rasoul Ilkhanipour Zeynali, Majid Heydari, Conducting experimental and numerical studies to analyze the impact of the base nose shape on flow hydraulics in PKW weir using FLOW-3D, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 9.4; pp. 88-113, 2024. doi.org/10.22055/JHS.2024.45888.1284

58-24 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Alessandro Romano, Gabriel Barajas Ojeda, Javier L. Lara, Three-dimensional simulations of subaerial landslide-generated waves: Comparing OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D HYDRO models, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 181; pp. 1075-1093, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03443-x

56-24 Ali Poorkarimi, Khaled Mafakheri, Shahrzad Maleki, Effect of inlet and baffle position on the removal efficiency of sedimentation tank using FLOW-3D software, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 9.4; pp. 76-87, 2024. doi.org/10.22055/jhs.2024.44817.1265

55-24 P Sujith Nair, Aniruddha D. Ghare, Ankur Kapoor, An approach to hydraulic design of conical central baffle flumes, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 97; 102573, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102573

54-24 Isabelle Cheff, Julie Taylor, Andrew Mitchell, Kathleen Horita, Darren Shepherd, Steven Rintoul, Rob Millar, Evaluating uncertainty in debris flood modelling for the design of a steep built channel, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-20781, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-20781

53-24 Antonija Harasti, Gordon Gilja, Josip Vuco, Jelena Boban, Manousos Valyrakis, Temporal development of the scour hole next to the riprap sloping structure, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-10349, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-10349

52-24 Gordon Gilja, Antonija Harasti, Dea Delija, Iva Mejašić, Manousos Valyrakis, Change in flow field next to riprap sloping structure caused by variability of scoured bathymetry, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-10417, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-10417

49-24 Mehdi Hamidi, Mehran Sadeqlu, Ali Mahdian Khalili, Investigating the design and arrangement of dual submerged vanes as mitigation countermeasure of bridge pier scour depth using a numerical approach, Ocean Engineering, 299; 117270, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117270

48-24 Yingying Wang, Mouchao Lv, Wen’e Wang, Ming Meng, Discharge formula and hydraulics of rectangular side weirs in the small channel and field inlet, Water, 16.5; 713, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16050713

45-24 José Saldanha Matos, Filipa Ferreira, Lisbon Master Plans and nature-based solutions, Urban Green Spaces – New Perspectives for Urban Resilience, Eds. Cristina M. Monteiro, Cristina Santos, Cristina Matos, Ana Briga Sá. doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113870

44-24 Muhanad Al-Jubouri, Richard P. Ray, Enhancing pier local scour prediction in the presence of floating debris, Pollack Periodica, 2024. doi.org/10.1556/606.2023.00952

42-24 Huanquan Yang, Jiabao Ma, Xueying Liu, Numerical simulation research on energy dissipation characteristics of fish scale weir, ES3 Web of Conferences, 490; 03005, 2024. doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449003005

39-24 Henry-John Wright, Investigation of novel deflector shapes for uncontrolled spillways, Thesis, Stellenbosch University, 2024.

37-24 Filipe Romão, Ana L. Quaresma, Joana Simão, Francisco J. Bravo-Córdoba, Teresa Viseu, José M. Santos, Francisco J. Sanz-Ronda, António N. Pi, Debating the rules: an experimental approach to assess cyprinid passage performance thresholds in vertical slot fishways, Water, 16.3; 439, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16030439

36-24 Berkay Erat, Efe Barbaros, Kerem Taştan, Experimental and numerical investigation on flow and scour upstream of pipe intake structures, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49; pp. 5973-5987, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08539-5

31-24 Mahmoud T. Ghonim, Ashraf Jatwary, Magdy H. Mowafy, Martina Zelenakova, Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, H. Omara, Hazem M. Eldeeb, Estimating the peak outflow and maximum erosion rate during the breach of embankment dam, Water, 16.3; 399, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16030399

30-24 Deli Qiu, Jiangdong Xu, Hai Lin, Numerical analysis of the overtopping failure of the tailings dam model based on inception similarity optimization, Applied Sciences, 14.3; 990, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/app14030990

29-24 Tino Kostić, Yuanjie Ren, Stephan Theobald, 3D-CFD analysis of bedload transport in channel bifurcations, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 26.2; 480, 2024. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2024.175

28-24 Chenhao Zhang, Xin Li, Renyu Zhou, Bernard A. Engel, Yubao Wang, Hydraulic characteristics and flow measurement performance of portable primary and subsidiary fish-shaped flumes in U-shaped channels, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 96; 102539, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102539

23-24 Arash Ahmadi, Amir H. Azimi, Effects of ramp slope and discharge on hydraulic performance of submerged hump weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 96; 102520, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102520

20-24 Parisa Mirkhorli, Amir Ghaderi, Forough Alizadeh Sanami, Mirali Mohammadi, Alban Kuriqi, An investigation on hydraulic aspects of rectangular labyrinth pool and weir fishway using FLOW-3D, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08537-7

17-24 Veysi Kartal, M. Emin Emiroglu, Numerical simulation of the flow passing through the side weir-gate, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 95; 102519, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102519

16-24 Junqi Chen, Wen Zhang, Chen Cao, Han Yin, Jia Wang, Wankun Li, Yanhao Zheng, The effect of the check dam on the sediment transport and control in debris flow events, Engineering Geology, 329; 107397, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107397

15-24 Jingxin Mao, Yijun Wang, Hao Zhang, Xiaofei Jing, Study on the influence of urban water supply pipeline leakage on the scouring failure law of cohesive soil subgrade, Water, 16.1; 93, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010093

13-24 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Alessandro Romano, Gabriel Barajas Ojeda, Javier L. Lara, Three-dimensional simulations of subaerial landslide-generated wave: comparing OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D HYDRO models, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03443-x

12-24 Damoon Mohammad Ali Nezhadian, Hossein Hamidifar, Effects of floating debris on flow characteristics around slotted bridge piers: a numerical simulation, Water, 16.1; 90, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010090

10-24 Zhong Gao, Jinpeng Liu, Wen He, Bokai Lu, Manman Wang, Zikai Tang, Study of a tailings dam failure pattern and post-failure effects under flooding conditions, Water, 16.1; 68, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010068

9-24 Yilin Yang, Jinzhao Li, Waner Zou, Benshuang Chen, Numerical investigation of flow and scour around complex bridge piers in wind-wave-current conditions, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12.1; 23, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010023

7-24 Penfeng Li, Haixiao Jing, Guodong Li, Generation and prediction of water waves induced by rigid piston-like landslide, Natural Hazards, 120; pp. 2683-2704, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06300-7

6-24 Jie-yuan Zhang, Xing-Guo Yang, Gang Fan, Hai-bo Li, Jia-wen Zhou, Physical and numerical modeling of a landslide dam breach and flood routing process, Journal of Hydrology, 628; 130552, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130552

241-23 Kamyab Habibi, Farinaz Erfani Fard, Seyed Amin Asghari Pari, Investigation of the flow field around bridge piers on a non-eroding bed using FLOW-3D, 22nd Iranian Conference on Hydraulics, 2023.

240-23 Dong Hyun Kim, Su-Hyun Yang, Sung Sik Joo, Seung Oh Lee, Analysis of flow velocity in the channel according to the type of revetments blocks using 3D numerical model, Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security, 16.4; pp. 9-18, 2023.

238-23 Mohamed Elberry, Abdelazim Ali, Fahmy Abdelhaleem, Amir Ibrahim, Numerical investigations of stilling basin efficiency downstream radial gates – A case study of New Assuit Barrage, Egypt, Journal of Water and Land Development, 59 (X-XII); pp. 126-134, 2023. doi.org/10.24425/jwld.2023.147237

237-23 Oğuzhan Uluyurt, Numerical investigation of energy dissipation using macro roughness elements in a stilling basin, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2023.

236-23 Mohamed Galal Eltarabily, Mohamed Kamel Elshaarawy, Mohamed Elkiki, Tarek Selim, Computational fluid dynamics and artificial neural networks for modelling lined irrigation canals with low-density polyethylene and cement concrete liners, Irrigation and Drainage, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/ird.2911

234-23 Saman Baharvand, Babak Lashkar-Ara, Hydrodynamic and biological assessment of modified meander C-type fishway to pass rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish species, Scientia Iranica, 2023.

232-23 Chung R. Song, Richard L. Wood, Basil Abualshar, Bashar Al-Nimri, Mark O’Brien, Mitra Nasimi, Erosion resistant rock shoulder, Nebraska Department of Transportation, Final Report SPR-P1(20), 2023.

230-23 Rongzhao Zhang, Wen Xiong, Xiaolong Ma, C.S. Cai, A forensic investigation of progressive bridge collapse under floods and asymmetric scour validated by incident video footages, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2023.2290701

229-23 Vivek Sharma Jai, Hydraulic simulation and numerical investigation of the flow in the stepped spillway with the help of FLOW-3D software, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 8; 2023. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8076943

228-23 Hao Chen, Yang Tang, Jinyuan Li, Faxin Zhu, Xianbin Teng, The influence of impinging distance variable on the effect of submerged jet scour, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2660; 012004, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2660/1/012004

225-23 Kyle Thomson, Towards safer bridges: Overcoming 2D model limitations and reducing flood risks through computational fluid dynamics, IPWEA Annual Conference Gold Coast, 2023.

223-23 Chong-xun Wang, Jia-wen Zhou, Chang-bing Zhang, Yu-xiang Hu, Hao Chen, Hai-bo Li, Failure mechanism analysis and mass movement assessment of a post‑earthquake high slope, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16; 683, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11737-y

222-23 Alaa Ghzayel, Anthony Beaudoin, Sébastien Jarny, Three-dimensional numerical study of a local scour downstream of a submerged sluice gate using two hydro-morphodynamic models, SedFoam and FLOW-3D, Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, 351.G2; pp. 525-550, 2023. doi.org/10.5802/crmeca.223

221-23 Othon José Rocha, Luiz Renato Martini Filho, Caio Gripp Benevente, Letícia Imbuzeiro, Modelagem CFD-3D aplicada ao setor de mineração (3D CFD modeling applied to the mining sector), 34th Seminario Nacional de Grandes Barragens, 2023.

220-23 Gaetano Crispino, David Dorthe, Corrado Gisonni, Michael Pfister, Optimal hydraulic design of supercritical bend manholes, Proceedings of the 40th IAHR World Congress, Eds. Helmut Habersack, Michael Tritthart, Lisa Waldenberger, 2023. doi.org/10.3850/978-90-833476-1-5_iahr40wc-p0090-cd

218-23 Arun Goel, Aditya Thakare, M.K. Verma, M.Z. Qamar, Evaluation of design approaches of desilting basins for hydroelectric projects in Himalayan region, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 30.1; pp. 122-131, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2023.2283593

215-23 Ahmed Ashour, Emam Salah, Numerical study of energy dissipation in baffled stepped spillway using FLOW-3D, International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 6.11; 2023.

214-23 Farshid Mosaddeghi, Mete Koken, Ismail Aydin, Finite volume analysis of dam breaking subjected to earthquake accelerations, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 61.6; pp. 845-865, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2023.2259858

213-23 Habib Ahmari, Ashish Bhurtyal, Srinivas Prabakar, Qazi Ashique Mowla, Saman Baharvand, Hassan Alsaud, Laboratory testing of engineered media for biofiltration swales, University of Texas Arlington, Project No. TRN6835 Final Report, 2023.

209-23 Cong Trieu Tran, Cong Ty Trinh, Prediction of the vortex evolution and influence analysis of rough bed in a hydraulic jump with the Omega-Liutex method, Tehnički Vjesnik, 30.6; 2023. doi.org/10.17559/TV-20230206000327

203-23 Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali, Kaleem Sarwar, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad Taimoor Mustafa, Faizan Ahmed Waris, Numerical investigation of hydraulic jumps with USBR and wedge-shaped baffle block basins for lower tailwater, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.11; 2081, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.261

201-23 E.F.R. Bollaert, Digital cloud-based platform to predict rock scour at high-head dams, Role of Dams and Reservoirs in a Successful Energy Transition, Eds. Robert Boes, Patrice Droz, Raphael Leroy, 2023. doi.org/10.1201/9781003440420

200-23 Iacopo Vona, Oysters’ integration on submerged breakwaters as nature-based solution for coastal protection within estuarine environments, Thesis, University of Maryland, 2023.

198-23 Hao Chen, Xianbin Teng, Zhibin Zhang, Faxin Zhu, Jie Wang, Zhaohao Zhang, Numerical analysis of the influence of the impinging distance on the scouring efficiency of submerged jets, Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, 20.2; pp. 429-445, 2023. doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2023.030585

193-23 Chen Peng, Liuweikai Gu, Qiming Zhong, Numerical simulation of dam failure process based on FLOW-3D, Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, pp. 545-550, 2023. doi.org/10.3233/ATDE230245

189-23 Rebecca G. Englert, Age J. Vellinga, Matthieu J.B. Cartigny, Michael A. Clare, Joris T. Eggenhuisen, Stephen M. Hubbard, Controls on upstream-migrating bed forms in sandy submarine channels, Geology, 51.12; PP. 1137-1142, 2023. doi.org/10.1130/G51385.1

187-23 J.W. Kim, S.B. Woo, A numerical approach to the treatment of submerged water exchange processes through the sluice gates of a tidal power plant, Renewable Energy, 219.1; 119408, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119408

186-23 Chan Jin Jeong, Hyung Jun Park, Hyung Suk Kim, Seung Oh Lee, Study on fish-friendly flow characteristic in stepped fishway, Proceedings of the Korean Water Resources Association Conference, 2023. (In Korean)

185-23 Jaehwan Yoo, Sedong Jang, Byunghyun Kim, Analysis of coastal city flooding in 2D and 3D considering extreme conditions and climate change, Proceedings of the Korean Water Resources Association Conference, 2023. (In Korean)

180-23 Prathyush Nallamothu, Jonathan Gregory, Jordan Leh, Daniel P. Zielinski, Jesse L. Eickholt, Semi-automated inquiry of fish launch angle and speed for hazard analysis, Fishes, 8.10; 476, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100476

179-23 Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Veli Sume, Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Upstream vortices of a sluice gate: an experimental and numerical study, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.10; 1906, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.269

178-23 Bai Hao Li, How Tion Puay, Muhammad Azfar Bin Hamidi, Influence of spur dike’s angle on sand bar formation in a rectangular channel, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1238; 012027, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012027

177-23 Hao Zhe Khor, How Tion Puay, Influence of gate lip angle on downpull forces for vertical lift gates, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1238; 012019, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012019

175-23 Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Rafael García-Bartual, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, Francisco José Vallés-Morán, Numerical modeling of hydraulic jumps at negative steps to improve energy dissipation in stilling basins, Applied Water Science, 13.203; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01985-4

174-23 Ahintha Kandamby, Dusty Myers, Narrows bypass chute CFD analysis, Dam Safety, 2023.

173-23 H. Jalili, R.C. Mahon, M.F. Martinez, J.W. Nicklow, Sediment sluicing from the reservoirs with high efficiency, SEDHYD, 2023.

170-23 Ramith Fernando, Gangfu Zhang, Beyond 2D: Unravelling bridge hydraulics with CFD modelling, 24th Queensland Water Symposium, 2023.

169-23 K. Licht, G. Lončar, H. Posavčić, I. Halkijević, Short-time numerical simulation of ultrasonically assisted electrochemical removal of strontium from water, 18th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (CEST), 2023.

166-23 Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Wawan Septiawan Damanik, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Understanding the stability of passenger vehicles exposed to water flows through 3D CFD modelling, Sustainability, 15.17; 13262, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su151713262

165-23 Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Wawan Septiawan Damanik, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, 3-dimensional numerical study on the critical orientation of the flooded passenger vehicles, Engineering Letters, 31.3; 2023.

159-23 Ruosi Zha, Weiwen Zhao, Decheng Wan, Numerical study of wave-ice floe interactions and overwash by a meshfree particle method, Ocean Engineering, 286.2; 115681, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115681

157-23 Hamidreza Abbaszadeh, Kiyoumars Roushangar, Zahra Salahpour, Theoretical and numerical investigation of the sluice and radial gates discharge coefficient in the conditions of sill application, Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2023.

155-23 Ting Zhang, Qunwei Dai, Dejun An, R. Agustin Mors, Qiongfang Li, Ricardo A. Astini, Jingwen He, Jie Cui, Ruiyang Jiang, Faqin Dong, Zheng Dang, Effective mechanisms in the formation of pool-rimstone dams in continental carbonate systems: The case study of Huanglong, China, Sedimentary Geology, 455; 106486, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2023.106486

153-23 Jyh-Haw Tang, Aisyah Puspasari, Numerical simulation of scouring around four cylindrical piles with different inclination angles arrangements, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICATECH), 1; pp. 139-145, 2023. doi.org/10.5220/0012115500003680

152-23 Yasser El-Saie, Osama Saleh, Marihan El-Sayed, Abdelazim Ali, Eslam El-Tohamy, Yasser Mohamed Sadek, Dissipation of water energy by using a special stilling basin via three-dimensional numerical model, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 17; 2023.

150-23 Shelby J. Koldewyn, Using computational fluid dynamics for predicting hydraulic performance of arced labyrinth weirs, Thesis, Utah State University, 2023.

146-23 Lav Kumar Gupta, Manish Pandey, P. Anand Raj, Numerical modeling of scour and erosion processes around spur dike, CLEAN Soil Air Water, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/clen.202300135

145-23 Nariman Mehranfar, Morteza Kolahdoozan, Shervin Faghihirad, Development of multiphase solver for the modeling of turbidity currents (the case study of Dez Dam), International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 168; 104586, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104586

143-23 Fei Ma, Lei You, Jin Liu, Estimation in jet deflection angle of deflector on the chutes, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2023.2241416

142-23 Ali Emre Ulu, M. Cihan Aydin, Fevzi Önen, Energy dissipation potentials of grouped spur dikes in an open channel, Water Resources Management, 37; pp. 4491-4506, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03571-4

141-23 Haofei Feng, Shengtao Du, David Z. Zhu, Numerical study of effects of flushing gate height and sediment bed properties on cleaning efficiency in a simplified self-cleaning device, Water Science & Technology, 88.3; pp. 542-555, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/wst.2023.245

140-23 Brian Fox, 3D CFD modeling with FLOW-3D HYDRO, Proceedings, SEDHYD, 2023.

139-23 Masoumeh (Negar) Ghahramani, Improved empirical and numerical predictive modelling of potential tailings dam breaches and their downstream impacts, Thesis, The University of British Columbia, 2023.

138-23 Rui-Tao Yin, Bing Zhu, Shuai-Wei Yuan, Jun-Nan Li, Zhen-Yu Yang, Zhi-Ying Yang, Dynamic analyses of long-span cable-stayed and suspension cooperative system bridge under combined actions of wind and regular wave loads, Applied Ocean Research, 138; 103683, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2023.103683

137-23 Xuefeng Chen, Shikang Liu, Yuanming Wang, Yuetong Hao, Kefeng Li, Hongtao Wang, Ruifeng Liang, Restoration of a fish-attracting flow field downstream of a dam based on the swimming ability of endemic fishes: A case study in the upper Yangtze River basin, Journal of Environmental Management, 345; 118694, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118694

135-23 Nelson Cely Calixto, Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano, Alberto Galvis Castaño, Gustavo Carrillo Soto, Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers, EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 4; 2023. doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002682

134-23 Tarek Selim, Abdelrahman Kamal Hamed, Mohamed Elkiki, Mohamed Galal Eltarabily, Numerical investigation of flow characteristics and energy dissipation over piano key and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs under free-flow conditions, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01844-w

132-23 Gang Lei, Hongbao Huang, Xiongan Fan, Junan Su, Qingxiang Wang, Xiaoliang Wang, Kai Peng, Jianmin Zhang, Influence of the transition section shape on the cavitation characteristics of the bottom outlet, Water Supply, 23.8; pp. 3061-3077, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.181

129-23 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, John Patrick Abraham, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Behnaz Akhondi, Maryam Abar, Determination of flow characteristics over sharp-crested triangular plan form weirs using numerical simulation, Water Science, 37.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2023.2236384

124-23 Imad Habeeb Obead, Ahmed Rahim Sahib, Mathematical models for simulating the hydraulic behavior of flow deflectors: laboratory and CFD-based study, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8; 213, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01170-1

120-23 Kwang-Su Kim, Jong-Song Jo, Improving the power output estimation for a tidal power plant: a case study, Energy, 2023. doi.org/10.1680/jener.23.00007

119-23 Hanif Pourshahbaz, Tadros Ghobrial, Ahmad Shakibaeinia, Evaluating a CFD model for three-dimensional simulation of ice structure interaction, CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE), 22nd Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers, 2023.

118-23 Sruthi T. Kalathil, Venu Chandra, Experimental and numerical investigation on the hydraulic design criteria for a step-pool nature-like fishway, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1177/03091333231187619

117-23 Lav Kumar Gupta, Manish Pandey, P. Anand Raj, Numerical simulation of local scour around the pier with and without airfoil collar (AFC) using FLOW-3D, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-023-09932-2

116-23 Paolo Peruzzo, Matteo Cappozzo, Nicola Durighetto, Gianluca Botter, Local processes with a global impact: unraveling the dynamics of gas evasion in a step-and-pool configuration, Biogeosciences, 20; pp. 3261-3271, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3261-2023

114-23 Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Numerical investigation of hydraulic jump for different stilling basins using FLOW-3D, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.7; pp. 1320-1343, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.290

112-23 J. Chandrashekhar Iyer, E.J. James, Indispensability of model studies in the design of settling basins of hydropower projects in river basins with high sediment yield, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, pp. 367-381, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9151-6_30

110-23 Ehsan Afaridegan, Nosratollah Amanian, Abbas Parsaie, Amin Gharehbaghi, Hydraulic investigation of modified semi-cylindrical weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 93; 102405, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102405

103-23 Jin Yang, Weqiang Su, Binhua Li, Calculation of natural alluvial separation of sandy tailings slurry based on FLOW-3D, Mechanics in Engineering, 45.3; pp. 559-564, 2023.

101-23 Tutku Ezgi Yönter, Modeling of river flow and flow dynamics near junctions, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2023.

99-23 Mohammad Sadeghpour, Mohammad Vaghefi, Seyed Hamed Meraji, Artificial roughness dimensions and their influence on bed topography variations downstream of a culvert: An experimental study, Water Resources Management, 37; pp. 4143-4157, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03543-8

98-23 M. Aksel, Numerical analysis of the flow structure around inclined solid cylinder and its effect on bed shear stress distribution, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 16.8; pp. 1627-1639, 2023. doi.org/10.47176/jafm.16.08.1697

96-23 Waqed H. Hassan, Nidaa Ali Shabat, Numerical investigation of the optimum angle for open channel junction, Civil Engineering Journal, 9.5; 2023. doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-07

94-23 Emad Khanahmadi, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Seyed Nasrollah Alenabi, Navid Dehghani, Edward Barry, Hydraulic of curved type-B piano key weirs characteristics under free flow conditions, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01790-7

93-23 Laura-Louise Alicke, Improved priming of a siphon spillway with the use of a flexible membrane researched through numerical modeling, Thesis, Idaho State University, 2023.

91-23 Wahidullah Hakim Safi, Pranab K. Mohapatra, Flow past: An artificial channel confluence with mobile bed, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, 2023. doi.org/10.1061/9780784484852.023

86-23 Ghasem Aghashirmohammadi, Mohammad Heidarnejad, Mohammad Hossein Purmohammadi, Alireza Masjedi, Experimental and numerical study the effect of flow splitters on trapezoidal and triangular labyrinth weirs, Water Science, 37.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2023.2210391

84-23 Nikolaos Xafoulis, Evangelia Farsirotou, Spyridon Kotsopoulos, Three-dimensional computational flow dynamics analysis of free-surface flow in a converging channel, Energy Systems, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s12667-023-00575-2

83-23 Navid Zarrabi, Mohammad Navid Moghim, Mohammad Reza Eftakhar, A semi-analytical study of fiber reinforced concrete abrasion-erosion through water-borne sand-jet flow in hydraulic structures, Tribology International, 185; 108568, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108568

82-23 Somayyeh Saffar, Abbas Safaei, Farnoush Aghaee Daneshvar, Mohsen Solimani Babarsad, FLOW-3D numerical modeling of converged side weir, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-023-01077-y

79-23 Wangshu Wei, Optimization of the mixing in a produced water storage tank using CFD, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Eds. Sajjad Ahmad, Regan Murray, 2023. doi.org/10.1061/9780784484852

77-23 Paolo Peruzzo, Matteo Cappozzo, Nicola Durighetto, Gianluca Botter, Local processes with global impact: unraveling the dynamics of gas evasion in a step-and-pool configuration, Biogeosciences, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-68

74-23 Kaywan Othman Ahmed, Nazim Nariman, Dara Muhammad Hawez, Ozgur Kisi, Ata Amini, Predicting and optimizing the influenced parameters for culvert outlet scouring utilizing coupled FLOW 3D-surrogate modeling, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 47; pp. 1763-1776, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-023-01096-9

73-23 Ashkan Pilbala, Mahmood Shafai Bejestan, Seyed Mohsen Sajjadi, Luigi Fraccarollo, Investigation of the different models of elliptical-Lopac gate performance under submerged flow conditions, Water Resources Management, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03512-1

69-23 Chonoor Abdi Chooplou, Masoud Ghodsian, Davoud Abediakbar, Aram Ghafouri, An experimental and numerical study on the flow field and scour downstream of rectangular piano key weirs with crest indentations, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8; 140, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01108-7

68-23 Mahmood Shafai Bajestan, Mostafa Adineh, Hesam Ghodousi, Numerical modeling of sediment washing (flushing) in dams (Case study of Sefidrood dam), Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 2023.

65-23 Charles R. Ortloff, CFD investigations of water supply and distribution systems of ancient old and new world archaeological sites to recover ancient water engineering technologies, Water, 15.7; 1363, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/w15071363

63-23 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Alban Kuriqi, Effect of geometric shapes of chimney weir on discharge coefficient, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2023.2192977

59-23 Hongbo Mi, Chuan Wang, Xuanwen Jia, Bo Hu, Hongliang Wang, Hui Wang, Yong Zhu, Hydraulic characteristics of continuous submerged jet impinging on a wall by using numerical simulation and PIV experiment, Sustainability, 15.6; 5159, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15065159

58-23 O.P. Maurya, K.K. Nandi, S. Modalavalasa, S. Dutta, Flow hydrodynamics influences due to flood plain sand mining in a meandering channel, Sustainable Environment (NERC 2022), Eds. D. Deka, S.K. Majumder, M.K., Purkait, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8464-8_16

57-23 Harshvardhan Harshvardhan, Deo Raj Kaushal, CFD modelling of local scour and flow field around isolated and in-line bridge piers using FLOW-3D, EGU General Assembly, EGU23-3820, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3820

54-23 Reza Nematzadeh, Gholam-Abbas Barani, Ehsan Fadaei-Kermani, Numerical investigation of bed-load changes on sediment flushing cavity, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 4; 2023. doi.org/10.22055/jhs.2023.42542.1237

53-23 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Alban Kuriqi, Influence of sill integration in labyrinth sluice gate hydraulic performance, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8.118; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01083-z

52-23 Shu Jiang, Yutong Hua, Mengxing He, Ying-Tien Lin, Biyun Sheng, Effect of a circular cylinder on hydrodynamic characteristics over a strongly curved channel, Sustainability, 15.6; 4890, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15064890

51-23 Ehsan Aminvash, Kiyoumars Roushangar, Numerical investigation of the effect of the frontal slope of simple and blocky stepped spillway with sem-circular crest on its hydraulic parameters, Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 17.1; pp. 102-116, 2023.

50-23 Shizhuang Chen, Anchi Shi, Weiya Xu, Long Yan, Huanling Wang, Lei Tian, Wei-Chau Xie, Numerical investigation of landslide-induced waves: a case study of Wangjiashan landslide in Baihetan Reservoir, China, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 82.110; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03148-w

49-23 Jiří Procházka, Modelling flow distribution in inlet galleries, VTEI, 1; 2023. doi.org/10.46555/VTEI.2022.11.002

47-23 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Numerical investigation of labyrinth‑shaft spillway, Applied Water Science, 13.89; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01896-4

46-23 Guangwei Lu, Jinxin Liu, Zhixian Cao, Youwei Li, Xueting Lei, Ying Li, A computational study of 3D flow structure in two consecutive bends subject to the influence of tributary inflow in the middle Yangtze River, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 17.1; 2183901, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2023.2183901

44-23 Xun Huang, Zhijian Zhang, Guoping Xiang, Sensitivity analysis of a built environment exposed to the synthetic monophasic viscous debris flow impacts with 3-D numerical simulations, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 23; pp. 871-889, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-871-2023

43-23 Yisheng Zhang, Jiangfei Wang, Qi Zhou, Haisong Li, Wei Tang, Investigation of the reduction of sediment deposition and river flow resistance around dimpled surface piers, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26034-0

41-23 Nejib Hassen Abdullahi, Zulfequar Ahmad, Experimental and CFD studies on the flow field and bed morphology in the vicinity of a sediment mining pit, EGU General Assembly, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-446

40-23 Seonghyeon Ju, Jongchan Yi, Junho Lee, Jiyoon Kim, Chaehwi Lim, Jihoon Lee, Kyungtae Kim, Yeojoon Yoon, High-efficiency microplastic sampling device improved using CFD analysis, Sustainability, 15.5; 3907, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15053907

37-23 Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Hydraulic investigation of stilling basins of the barrage before and after remodelling using FLOW-3D, Water Supply, 23.2; pp. 796-820, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.032

35-23 Mehmet Cihan, Ali Emre Ulu, Developing and testing a novel pressure-controlled hydraulic profile for siphon-shaft spillways, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 90; 102332, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102332

28-23 Yuhan Li, Deshen Chen, Yan Zhang, Hongliang Qian, Jiangyang Pan, Yinghan Huang, Boo Cheong Khoo, Thermal structure and hydrodynamic analysis for a new type of flexible temperature-control curtain, Journal of Hydrology, 618; 129170, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129170

22-23 Rong Lu, Wei Jiang, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan, Yupeng Li, Yukai Hou, Congcong Liu, Evaluation of moisture migration characteristics of permeable asphalt pavement: Field research, Journal of Environmental Management, 330; 117176, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117176

18-23 Thu Hien-T. Le, Van Chien Nguyen, Cong Phuc Dang, Thanh Thin-T. Nguyen, Bach Quynh-T. Pham, Ngoc Thoa Le, Numerical assessment on hydraulic safety of existing conveyance structures, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01685-z

17-23 Meysam Nouri, Parveen Sihag, Ozgur Kisi, Mohammad Hemmati, Shamsuddin Shahid, Rana Muhammad Adnan, Prediction of the discharge coefficient in compound broad-crested weir gate by supervised data mining techniques, Sustainability, 15.1; 433, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15010433

16-23 Mohammad Bananmah, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Mehrdad Ghorbani Mooselu, Amir H. Gandomi, Optimum design of the chute-flip bucket system using evolutionary algorithms considering conflicts between decision-makers, Expert Systems with Applications, 216; 119480, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.119480

13-23 Xiaoyu Yi, Wenkai Feng, Botao Li, Baoguo Yin, Xiujun Dong, Chunlei Xin, Mingtang Wu, Deformation characteristics, mechanisms, and potential impulse wave assessment of the Wulipo landslide in the Baihetan reservoir region, China, Landslides, 20; pp. 615-628, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-02010-6

11-23 Şebnem Elçi, Oğuz Hazar, Nisa Bahadıroğlu, Derya Karakaya, Aslı Bor, Destratification of thermally stratified water columns by air diffusers, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 46; pp. 44-59, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.12.001

7-23 Shikang Liu, Yuxiang Jian, Pengcheng Li, Ruifeng Liang, Xuefeng Chen, Yunong Qin, Yuanming Wang, Kefeng Li, Optimization schemes to significantly improve the upstream migration of fish: A case study in the lower Yangtze River basin, Ecological Engineering, 186; 106838, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106838

6-23 Maryam Shahabi, Javad Ahadiyan, Mehdi Ghomeshi, Marjan Narimousa, Christos Katopodis, Numerical study of the effect of a V-shaped weir on turbulence characteristics and velocity in V-weir fishways, River Research and Applications, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/rra.4064

5-23 Muhammad Nur Aiman Bin Roslan, Hee Min Teh, Faris Ali Hamood Al-Towayti, Numerical simulations of wave diffraction around a low-crested semicircular breakwater, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 421-433, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_34

4-23 V.K. Krishnasamy, M.H. Jamal, M.R. Haniffah, Modelling of wave runup and overtopping over Accropode II breakwater, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 435-444, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_35

3-23 Anas S. Ghamam, Mohammed A. Abohatem, Mohd Ridza Bin Mohd Haniffah, Ilya K. Othman, The relationship between flow and pressure head of partially submerged orifice through CFD modelling using Flow-3D, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 235-250, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_20

2-23 M.Y. Zainab, A.L.S. Zebedee, A.W. Ahmad Khairi, I. Zulhilmi, A. Shahabuddin, Modelling of an embankment failure using Flow-3D, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 273-282, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_23

1-23 Gaetano Crispino, David Dorthe, Corrado Gisonni, Michael Pfister, Hydraulic capacity of bend manholes for supercritical flow, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 149.2; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/JIDEDH.IRENG-10014

178-22 Greg Collecutt, Urs Baeumer, Shuang Gao, Bill Syme, Bridge deck afflux modelling — benchmarking of CFD and SWE codes to real-world data, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

177-22 Kyle Thomson, Mitchell Redenbach, Understanding cone fishway flow regimes with CFD, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

176-22 Kyle Thomson, Practical application of CFD for fish passage design, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

173-22 Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano, Helmer Edgardo Monroy González, Wilson Enrique Amaya Tequia, Three-dimensional numerical evaluation of hydraulic efficiency and discharge coefficient in grate inlets, Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 78.4; 2022. doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.4.31243

168-22 Mohammad Javadi Rad, Pedram Eshaghieh Firoozbadi, Fatemeh Rostami, Numerical investigation of the effect dimensions of rectangular sedimentation tanks on its hydraulic efficiency using Flow-3D Software, Acta Technica Jaurinensis, 15.4; 2022. doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00672

165-22 Saman Mostafazadeh-Fard, Zohrab Samani, Dissipating culvert end design for erosion control using CFD platform FLOW-3D numerical simulation modeling, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 14.1; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/JPSEA2.PSENG-1373

164-22 Mohammad Ahmadi, Alban Kuriqi, Hossein Mohammad Nezhad, Amir Ghaderi, Mirali Mohammadi, Innovative configuration of vertical slot fishway to enhance fish swimming conditions, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 34; pp. 917-933, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-022-0071-y

160-22 Serife Yurdagul Kumcu, Kamil Ispir, Experimental and numerical modeling of various energy dissipator designs in chute channels, Applied Water Science, 12; 266, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01792-3

154-22 Usama Majeed, Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Numerical analysis of energy dissipator options using computational fluid dynamics modeling — a case study of Mirani Dam, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 1614, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10888-8

151-22 Meibao Chen, Xiaofei Jing, Xiaohua Liu, Xuewei Huang, Wen Nie, Multiscale investigations of overtopping erosion in reinforced tailings dam induced by mud-water mixture overflow, Geofluids, 7209176, 2022. doi.org/10.1155/2022/7209176

150-22 Daniel Damov, Francis Lepage, Michel Tremblay, Arian Cueto Bergner, Marc Villaneuve, Frank Scarcelli, Gord McPhail, Calabogie GS redevelopment—Capacity upgrade and hydraulic design, CDA Annual Conference, Proceedings, 2022.

147-22 Hien T.T. Le, Chien Van Nguyen, Duc-Hau Le, Numerical study of sediment scour at meander flume outlet of boxed culvert diversion work, PLoS One, 17.9; e0275347, 2022. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275347

140-22 Jackson Tellez-Alvarez, Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Numerical simulation of the hydraulic behavior of stepped stairs in a metro station, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Eds. P. Gourbesville, G. Caignaert, pp. 1001-1009, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1600-7_62

139-22 Juan Yu, Keyao Liu, Anbin Li, Mingfei Yang, Xiaodong Gao, Xining Zhao, Yaohui Cai, The effect of plug height and inflow rate on water flow characteristics in furrow irrigation, Agronomy, 12; 2225, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092225

138-22 Nejib Hassen Abdullahi, Zulfequar Ahmad, Flow and morphological characteristics in mining pits of a river through numerical and experimental modeling, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01530-3

137-22 Romain N.H.M. Van Mol, Christian Mörtl, Azin Amini, Sofia Siachou, Anton Schleiss, Giovanni De Cesare, Plunge pool scour and bank erosion: assessment of protection measures for Ilarion dam by physical and numerical modelling, HYDRO 2022, Proceedings, 27.02, 2022.

136-22 Yong Cheng, Yude Song, Chunye Liu, Wene Wang, Xiaotao Hu, Numerical simulation research on the diversion characteristics of a trapezoidal channel, Water, 14.17; 2706, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14172706

135-22 Zegao Yin, Yao Li, Jiahao Li, Zihan Zheng, Zihan Ni, Fuxiang Zheng, Experimental and numerical study on hydrodynamic characteristics of a breakwater with inclined perforated slots under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, 264; 112190, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112190

133-22 Azin Amini, Martin Wickenhauser, Azad Koliji, Three-dimensional numerical modelling of Al-Salam storm water pumping station in Saudi Arabia, 39th IAHR World Congress, 2022. doi.org/10.3850/IAHR-39WC2521716X20221013

131-22 Alireza Koshkonesh, Mohammad Daliri, Khuram Riaz, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Silvia Di Francesco, Dam-break flow dynamics over a stepped channel with vegetation, Journal of Hydrology, 613.A; 128395, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128395

129-22 Leona Repnik, Samuel Vorlet, Mona Seyfeddine, Asin Amini, Romain Dubuis, Giovanni De Cesare, Pierre Bourqui, Pierre-Adil Abdelmoula, Underground flow section modification below the new M3 Flon Metro station in Lausanne, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Eds. P. Gourbesville, G. Caignaert, pp. 979-999, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1600-7_61

127-22 Qin Panpan, Huang Bolin, Li Bin, Chen Xiaoting, Jiang Xiannian, Hazard analysis of landslide blocking a river in Guang’an Village, Wuxi County, Chongqing, China, Landslides, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01943-2

124-22 Vaishali P. Gadhe, S.R. Patnaik, M.R. Bhajantri, V.V. Bhosekar, Physical and numerical modeling of flow pattern near upstream guide wall of Jigaon Dam spillway, Maharashtra, River and Coastal Engineering, Water Science and Technology Library 117; pp. 237-247, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05057-2_21

123-22 M.Z. Qamar, M.K. Verma, A.P. Meshram, Neena Isaac, Numerical simulation of desilting chamber using Flow 3D, River and Coastal Engineering, Water Science and Technology Library 117; pp. 177-186, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05057-2_16

122-22 Abbas Parsaie, Saleh Jaafer Suleiman Shareef, Amir Hamzeh Haghiabi, Raad Hoobi Irzooki, Rasul M. Khalaf, Numerical simulation of flow on circular crested stepped spillway, Applied Water Science, 12; 215, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01737-w

121-22 Kazuki Kikuchi, Hajime Naruse, Morphological function of trace fossil Paleodictyon: An approach from fluid simulation, Paleontological Research, 26.4; pp. 378-389, 2022. doi.org/10.2517/PR210001

120-22 Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Huali Pan, Guoqiang Ou, Numerical investigation of pressure profiles and energy dissipation across the stepped spillway having curved treads using FLOW 3D, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 1363, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10505-8

116-22 Ayşegül Özgenç Aksoy, Mustafa Doğan, Semire Oğuzhan Güven, Görkem Tanır, Mehmet Şükrü Güney, Experimental and numerical investigation of the flood waves due to partial dam break, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00919-5

115-22 Abdol Mahdi Behroozi, Mohammad Vaghefi, Experimental and numerical study of the effect of zigzag crests with various geometries on the performance of A-type piano key weirs, Water Resources Management, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03261-7

114-22 Xun Huang, Zhijian Zhang, Guoping Xiang, Sensitivity analysis of a built environment exposed to debris flow impacts with 3-D numerical simulations, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-173

113-22 Ahmad Ferdowsi, Mahdi Valikhan-Anaraki, Saeed Farzin, Sayed-Farhad Mousavi, A new combination approach for optimal design of sedimentation tanks based on hydrodynamic simulation model and machine learning algorithms, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 103201, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103201

103-22 Wangshu Wei, Optimization of the mixing in produced water (PW) retention tank with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, Produced Water Society Permian Basin, 2022.

100-22 Michael Rasmussen, Using computational fluid dynamics to predict flow through the West Crack Breach of the Great Salt Lake railroad causeway, Thesis, Utah State University, 2022.

99-22 Emad Khanahmadi, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Mehdi Meftah Halaghi, Esmaeil Kordi, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Investigating the characteristic of hydraulic T-jump on rough bed based on experimental and numerical modeling, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01434-2

97-22 Andrea Franco, A multidisciplinary approach for landslide-generated impulse wave assessment in natural mountain basins from a cascade analysis perspective, Thesis, University of Innsbruck, 2022.

96-22 Geng Li, Binbin Wang, Simulation of the flow field and scour evolution by turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 43; pp. 22-32, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.06.002

95-22 Philippe April LeQuéré, Ioan Nistor, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Stefan Schimmels, Hydrodynamics and associated scour around a free-standing structure due to turbulent bores, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148.5; 2022.

94-22 Ramtin Sobhkhiz Foumani, Alireza Mardookhpour, Numerical simulation of geotechnical effects on local scour in inclined pier group with Flow-3D software, Water Resources Engineering Journal, 15.52; 2022. doi.org/10.30495/wej.2021.20404.2114

92-22 Geng Li, Binbin Wang, Caroline M. Elliott, Bruce C.Call, Duane C. Chapman, Robert B. Jacobson, A three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking model for predicting transport of eggs of rheophilic-spawning carps in turbulent rivers, Ecological Modelling, 470; 110035, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110035

91-22 Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Yasser El-Husseini, A numerical approach to understand the responses of passenger vehicles moving through floodwaters, Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2022. doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12828

90-22 Jafar Chabokpour, Hazi Md Azamathulla, Numerical simulation of pollution transport and hydrodynamic characteristics through the river confluence using FLOW 3D, Water Supply, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.237

88-22 Michael Rasmussen, Som Dutta, Bethany T. Neilson, Brian Mark Crookston, CFD model of the density-driven bidirectional flows through the West Crack Breach in the Great Salt Lake causeway, Water, 13.17; 2423, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w13172423

84-22 M. Sobhi Alasta, Ahmed Shakir Ali Ali, Saman Ebrahimi, Muhammad Masood Ashiq, Abubaker Sami Dheyab, Adnan AlMasri, Anass Alqatanani, Mahdis Khorram, Modeling of local scour depth around bridge pier using FLOW 3D, CPRASE: Transactions of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8.2; 2781, 2022.

83-22 Mostafa Taherian, Seyed Ahmad Reza Saeidi Hosseini, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Overview of outfall discharge modeling with a focus on turbulence modeling approaches, Advances in Fluid Mechanics: Modelling and Simulations, Eds. Dia Zeidan, Eric Goncalves Da Silva, Jochen Merker, Lucy T. Zhang, 2022.

80-22 Soraya Naderi, Mehdi Daryaee, Seyed Mahmood Kashefipour, Mohammadreza Zayeri, Numerical and experimental study of flow pattern due to a plate installed upstream of orifice in pressurized flushing of dam reservoirs, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00896-9

79-22 Mahmood Nemati Qalee Maskan, Khosrow Hosseini, Effects of the simultaneous presence of bridge pier and abutment on the change of erodible bed using FLOW-3D, Journal of Iranian Water Engineering Research, 1.1; pp. 57-69, 2022. doi.org/10.22034/IJWER.2022.312074.1012

75-22 Steven Matthew Klawitter, L-shaped spillway crest leg interface geometry impacts, Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2022.

72-22 Md. Mukdiul Islam, Md. Samiun Basir, Badal Mahalder, Local scour analysis around single pier and group of piers in tandem arrangement using FLOW 3D, 6th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICCESD 2022), Khulna, Bangladesh, February 10-12, 2022.

69-22 Kuo-Wei Liao, Zhen-Zhi Wang, Investigation of air-bubble screen on reducing scour in river facility, EGU General Assembly, EGU22-1137, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1137

68-22 Cüneyt Yavuz, Energy dissipation scale for dam prototypes, ADYU Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi (Adıyaman University Journal of Engineering Sciences), 16; pp. 105-116, 2022.

66-22 Ji-jian Lian, Shu-guang Zhang, Jun-ling He, An improved numerical model of ski-jump flood discharge atomization, Journal of Mountain Science, 19; pp. 1263-1273, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7158-8

62-22 Ali Montazeri, Amirabbas Abedini, Milad Aminzadeh, Numerical investigation of pollution transport around a single non-submerged spur dike, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 248; 104018, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104018

61-22 Junhao Zhang, Yining Sun, Zhixian Cao, Ji Li, Flow structure at reservoir-tributary confluence with high sediment load, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 23-27, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1419

60-22 S. Modalavalasa, V. Chembolu, V. Kulkarni, S. Dutta, Numerical and experimental investigation of effect of green river corridor on main channel hydraulics, Recent Trends in River Corridor Management, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 229, pp. 165-176, 2022.

59-22 Philippe April LeQuéré, Scouring around multiple structures in extreme flow conditions, Thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2022.

51-22 Xianzheng Zhang, Chenxiao Tang, Yajie Yu, Chuan Tang, Ning Li, Jiang Xiong, Ming Chen, Some considerations for using numerical methods to simulate possible debris flows: The case of the 2013 and 2020 Wayao debris flows (Sichuan, China), Water, 14.7; 1050, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14071050

50-22 Daniel Valero, Daniel B. Bung, Sebastien Erpicum, Yann Peltier, Benjamin Dewals, Unsteady shallow meandering flows in rectangular reservoirs: A modal analysis of URANS modelling, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 42; pp. 12-20, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.03.002

49-22 Behzad Noroozi, Jalal Bazargan, Comparing the behavior of ogee and piano key weirs under unsteady flows, Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, 12.3; pp. 97-120. doi.org/10.22125/iwe.2022.146390

47-22 Chen Xiaoting, Huang Bolin, Li Bin, Jiang Xiannian, Risk assessment study on landslide-generated impulse waves: case study from Zhongliang Reservoir in Chongqing, China, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81; 158, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02629-8

45-22 Mehmet Cihan Aydin, Havva Seda Aytemur, Ali Emre Ulu, Experimental and numerical investigation on hydraulic performance of slit-check dams in subcritical flow condition, Water Resources Management, 36; pp. 1693-1710, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03103-6

43-22 Suresh Modalavalasa, Vinay Chembolu, Subashisa Dutta, Vinayak Kulkarni, Combined effect of bridge piers and floodplain vegetation on main channel hydraulics, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 136; 110669, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110669

40-22 Mohammad Bagherzadeh, Farhad Mousavi, Mohammad Manafpour, Reza Mirzaee, Khosrow Hoseini, Numerical simulation and application of soft computing in estimating vertical drop energy dissipation with horizontal serrated edge, Water Supply, 127, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.127

39-22 Masumeh Rostam Abadi, Saeed Kazemi Mohsenabadi, Numerical study of the weir angle on the flow pattern and scour around the submerged weirs, International Journal of Modern Physics C, 2022. doi.org/10.1142/S0129183122501108

38-22 Vahid Hassanzadeh Vayghan, Mirali Mohammadi, Behzad Shakouri, Experimental and numerical examination of flow resistance in plane bed streams, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 483, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09691-2

36-22 Kyong Oh Baek, Byong Jo Min, Investigation for flow characteristics of ice-harbor type fishway installed at mid-sized streams in Korea, Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, 55.1; pp. 33-42, 2022.

34-22 Kyong Oh Baek, Jeong-Min Lee, Eun-Jin Han, Young-Do Kim, Evaluating attraction and passage efficiencies of pool-weir type fishways based on hydraulic analysis, Applied Sciences, 12.4; 1880, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/app12041880

33-22 Christopher Paschmann, David F. Vetsch, Robert M. Boes, Design of desanding facilities for hydropower schemes based on trapping efficiency, Water, 14.4; 520, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14040520

29-22 Mehdi Heyrani, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Ioan Nistor, Omerul Faruk Dursun, Application of numerical and experimental modeling to improve the efficiency of Parshall flumes: A review of the state-of-the-art, Hydrology, 9.2; 26 2022. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9020026

28-22 Kiyoumars Roushangar, Samira Akhgar, Saman Shanazi, The effect of triangular prismatic elements on the hydraulic performance of stepped spillways in the skimming flow regime: An experimental study and numerical modeling, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2022.031

26-22 Jorge Augusto Toapaxi Alvarez, Roberto Silva, Cristina Torres, Modelación numérica tridimensional del medidor de caudal Palmer-Bowlus aplicando el programa FLOW-3D (Three-dimensional numerical modeling of the Palmer-Bowlus measuring flume applying the FLOW-3D program), Revista Politécnica, 49.1; 2022. doi.org/10.33333/rp.vol49n1.04

25-22 Shubing Dai, Sheng Jin, Numerical investigations of unsteady critical flow conditions over an obstacle using three models, Physics of Fluids, 34.2; 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0077585

23-22 Negar Ghahramani, H. Joanna Chen, Daley Clohan, Shielan Liu, Marcelo Llano-Serna, Nahyan M. Rana, Scott McDougall, Stephen G. Evans, W. Andy Take, A benchmarking study of four numerical runout models for the simulation of tailings flows, Science of the Total Environment, 827; 154245, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154245

22-22 Bahador Fatehi-Nobarian, Razieh Panahi, Vahid Nourani, Investigation of the Effect of Velocity on Secondary Currents in Semicircular Channels on Hydraulic Jump Parameters, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00800-x

21-22 G. Viccione, C. Izzo, Three-dimensional CFD modelling of urban flood forces on buildings: A case study, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2162; 012020, 2022. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2162/1/012020

20-22 Tohid Jamali Rovesht, Mohammad Manafpour, Mehdi Lotfi, Effects of flow condition and chute geometry on the shockwaves formed on chute spillway, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 71.2; pp. 312-329, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.139

17-22 Yansong Zhang, Jianping Chen, Fujun Zhou, Yiding Bao, Jianhua Yan, Yiwei Zhang, Yongchao Li, Feifan Gu, Qing Wang, Combined numerical investigation of the Gangda paleolandslide runout and associated dam breach flood propagation in the upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau, Landslides, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01768-5

16-22 I.A. Hernández-Rodríguez, J. López-Ortega, G. González-Blanco, R. Beristain-Cardoso, Performance of the UASB reactor during wastewater treatment and the effect of the biogas bubbles on its hydrodynamics, Environmental Technology, pp. 1-21, 2022. doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2022.2028015

15-22 Xu Deng, Sizhong He, Zhouhong Cao, Numerical investigation of the local scour around a coconut tree root foundation under wave-current joint actions, Ocean Engineering, 245; 110563, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110563

14-22 Rasool Kosaj, Rafid S. Alboresha, Sadeq O. Sulaiman, Comparison between numerical Flow3d software and laboratory data, for sediment incipient motion, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 961; 012031, 2022. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012031

13-22 Joseph M. Sinclair, S. Karan Venayagamoorthy, Timothy K. Gates, Some insights on flow over sharp-crested weirs using computational fluid dynamics: Implications for enhanced flow measurement, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 148.6; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001652

12-22 Mete Koken, Ismail Aydin, Serhan Ademoglu, An iterative hydraulic design methodology based on numerical modeling for piano key weirs, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 40; pp. 131-141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.01.002

11-22 Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Huali Pan, Guoqiang Ou, Muhammad Mohsin, Assad Ali, Azka Amin, Numerical analysis of pressure profiles and energy dissipation across stepped spillways having curved risers, Applied Sciences, 12.1; 448, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/app12010448

8-22 Jian-cheng Li, Wei Wang, Yan-ming Zheng, Xiao-hao Wen, Jing Feng, Li Sheng, Chen Wang, Ming-kun Qiu, Using computational fluid dynamic simulation with Flow-3D to reveal the origin of the mushroom stone in the Xiqiao Mountain of Guangdong, China, Journal of Mountain Science, 19; pp. 1-15, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7019-5

4-22 Ankur Kapoor, Aniruddha D. Ghare, Avinash M. Badar, CFD simulations of conical central baffle flumes, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 148.2, 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001653

1-22 Juan Francisco Fuentes-Pérez, Ana L. Quaresma, Antonio Pinheiro, Francisco Javier Sanz-Ronda, OpenFOAM vs FLOW-3D: A comparative study of vertical slot fishway modelling, Ecological Engineering, 174, 2022.

145-21 Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Abdurrasheed S. Abdurrasheed, Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah, Numerical simulation to assess floating instability of small passenger vehicle under sub-critical flow, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 132; pp. 258-265, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6311-3_30

140-21 J. Zulfan, B.M.Ginting, Investigation of spillway rating curve via theoretical formula, laboratory experiment, and 3D numerical modeling: A case study of the Riam Kiwa Dam, Indonesia, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 930; 012030, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012030

130-21 A.S.N. Amirah, F.Y. Boon, K.A. Nihla, Z.M. Salwa, A.W. Mahyun, N. Yaacof, Numerical simulation of flow within a storage area of HDPE modular pavement, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 920; 012044, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012044

129-21 Z.M. Yusof, Z.A.L. Shirling, A.K.A. Wahab, Z. Ismail, S. Amerudin, A hydrodynamic model of an embankment breaching due to overtopping flow using FLOW-3D, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 920; 012036, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012036

125-21 Ketaki H. Kulkarni, Ganesh A. Hinge, Comparative study of experimental and CFD analysis for predicting discharge coefficient of compound broad crested weir, Water Supply, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.403

119-21 Yan Liang, Yiqun Hou, Wangbin Hu, David Johnson, Junxing Wang, Flow velocity preference of Schizothorax oconnori Lloyd swimming upstream, Global Ecology and Conservation, 32; e01902, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01902

116-21 Atabak Feizi, Aysan Ezati, Shadi Alizadeh Marallo, Investigation of hydrodynamic characteristics of flow caused by dam break around a downstream obstacle considering different reservoir shapes, Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 6.2; pp. 36-48, 2021.

114-21 Jackson Tellez-Alvarez, Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Marko Amezaga-Kutija, Numerical and experimental approaches toestimate discharge coefficients and energy loss coefficients in pressurized grated inlets, Hydrology, 8.4; 162, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040162

113-21 Alireza Khoshkonesh, Blaise Nsom, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Payam Heidarian, Khuram Riaz, Comparison of the SWE and 3D models in simulation of the dam-break flow over the mobile bed, 5th Scientific Conference of Applied Research in Science and Technology of Iran, 2021.

103-21 Farshid Mosaddeghi, Numerical modeling of dam breach in concrete gravity dams, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 2021.

102-21 Xu Deng, Sizhong He, Zhouhong Cao, Tao Wu, Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic response of an impermeable sea-wall subjected to artificial submarine landslide-induced tsunamis, Landslides, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01773-8

100-21 Jinmeng Yang, Zhenzhong Shen, Jing Zhang, Xiaomin Teng, Wenbing Zhang, Jie Dai, Experimental and numerical investigation of flow over a spillway bend with different combinations of permeable spur dikes, Water Supply, ws2021335, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.335

99-21 Nigel A. Temple, Josh Adams, Evan Blythe, Zidane Twersky, Steve Blair, Rick Harter, Investigating the performance of novel oyster reef materials in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, ASBPA National Coastal Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, September 28-October 1, 2021.

94-21 Xiaoyang Shen, Mario Oertel, Comparitive study of nonsymmetrical trapezoidal and rectangular piano key weirs with varying key width ratios, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.11, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001942

93-21 Aysar Tuama Al-Awadi, Mahmoud Saleh Al-Khafaji, CFD-based model for estimating the river bed morphological characteristics near cylindrical bridge piers due to debris accumulation, Water Resources, 48; pp. 763-773, 2021. doi.org/10.1134/S0097807821050031

92-21 Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Francisco José Vallés-Morán, Rafael García-Bartual, Assessment of the performance of a modified USBR Type II stilling basin by a validated CFD model, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering , 147.11, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001623

91-21 Ali Yıldız, Ali İhsan Martı, Mustafa Göğüş, Numerical and experimental modelling of flow at Tyrolean weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 81; 102040, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.102040

90-21 Yasamin Aghaei, Fouad Kilanehei, Shervin Faghihirad, Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Dynamic pressure at flip buckets of chute spillways: A numerical study, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00670-4

88-21 Shang-tuo Qian, Yan Zhang, Hui Xu, Xiao-sheng Wang, Jian-gang Feng, Zhi-xiang Li, Effects of surface roughness on overflow discharge of embankment weirs, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 33; pp. 773-781, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-021-0068-y

86-21 Alkistis Stergiopoulou, Vassilios Stergiopoulos, CFD simulations of tubular Archimedean screw turbines harnessing the small hydropotential of Greek watercourses, International Journal of Energy and Environment, 12.1; pp. 19-30, 2021.

85-21 Jun-tao Ren, Xue-fei Wu, Ting Zhang, A 3-D numerical simulation of the characteristics of open channel flows with submerged rigid vegetation, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 33; pp. 833-843, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-021-0063-3

84-21 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Amir Ghaderi, Maryam Sattariyan, Babak Alinejad, Mahdi Majedi Asl, Silvia Di Francesco, Investigation of local scouring around hydrodynamic and circular pile groups under the influence of river material harvesting pits, Water, 13.6; 2192, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13162192

83-21 Mahdi Feizbahr, Navid Tonekaboni, Guang-Jun Jiang, Hong-Xia Chen, Optimized vegetation density to dissipate energy of flood flow in open canals, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021; 9048808, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/9048808

80-21 Wenjun Liu, Bo Wang, Yakun Guo, Numerical study of the dam-break waves and Favre waves down sloped wet rigid-bed at laboratory scale, Journal of Hydrology, 602; 126752, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126752

79-21 Zhen-Dong Shen, Yang Zhang, The three-dimensional simulation of granular mixtures weir, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 820; 012024, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/820/1/012024

75-21 Mehrdad Ghorbani Mooselu, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Parnian Hashempour Bakhtiari, Nooshin Bakhtiari Rayani, Azizallah Izady, Conflict resolution in the multi-stakeholder stepped spillway design under uncertainty by machine learning techniques, Applied Soft Computing, 110; 107721, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107721

73-21 Romain Van Mol, Plunge pool rehabilitation with prismatic concrete elements – Case study and physical model of Ilarion dam in Greece, Infoscience (EPFL Scientific Publications), 2021.

70-21 Khosro Morovati, Christopher Homer, Fuqiang Tian, Hongchang Hu, Opening configuration design effects on pooled stepped chutes, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.9, 2021. doi.org/10.1061%2F(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001897

68-21 R. Daneshfaraz, E. Aminvash, S. Di Francesco, A. Najibi, J. Abraham, Three-dimensional study of the effect of block roughness geometry on inclined drop, Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 6.1; pp. 1-9, 2021.

66-21 Benjamin Hohermuth, Lukas Schmoker, Robert M. Boes, David Vetsch, Numerical simulation of air entrainment in uniform chute flow, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 59.3; pp. 378-391, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2020.1780492

65-21 Junjun Tan, Honglin Tan, Elsa Goerig, Senfan Ke, Haizhen Huang, Zhixiong Liu, Xiaotao Shi, Optimization of fishway attraction flow based on endemic fish swimming performance and hydraulics, Ecological Engineering, 170; 106332, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106332

63-21 Erdinc Ikinciogullari, Muhammet Emin Emiroglu, Mehmet Cihan Aydin, Comparison of scour properties of classical and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05832-z

59-21 Elias Wehrmeister, José J. Ota, Separation in overflow spillways: A computational analysis, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 59, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2021.1908438

53-21 Zongxian Liang, John Ditter, Riadh Atta, Brian Fox, Karthik Ramaswamy, Numerical modeling of tailings dam break using a Herschel-Bulkley rheological model, USSD Annual Conference, online, May 11-21, 2021.

51-21 Yansong Zhang, Jianping Chen, Chun Tan, Yiding Bao, Xudong Han, Jianhua Yan, Qaiser Mehmood, A novel approach to simulating debris flow runout via a three-dimensional CFD code: A case study of Xiaojia Gully, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80.5, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02270-x

49-21 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Preliminary results of numerical simulation of submarine landslide-generated waves, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, April 19-30, 2021. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-284

48-21 Anh Tuan Le, Ken Hiramatsu, Tatsuro Nishiyama, Hydraulic comparison between piano key weir and rectangular labyrinth weir, International Journal of GEOMATE, 20.82; pp. 153-160, 2021. doi.org/10.21660/2021.82.j2106

46-21 Maoyi Luo, Faxing Zhang, Zhaoming Song, Liyuan Zhang, Characteristics of flow movement in complex canal system and its influence on sudden pollution accidents, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 6617385, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/6617385

42-21 Jakub Major, Martin Orfánus, Zbyněk Zachoval, Flow over broad-crested weir with inflow by approach shaft – Numerical model, Civil Engineering Journal, 30.1; 19, 2021. doi.org/10.14311/CEJ.2021.01.0019

41-21 Amir Ghaderi, Saeed Abbasi, Experimental and numerical study of the effects of geometric appendance elements on energy dissipation over stepped spillway, Water, 13.7; 957, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13070957

38-21 Ana L. Quaresma, António N. Pinheiro, Modelling of pool-type fishways flows: Efficiency and scale effects assessment, Water, 13.6; 851, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13060851

37-21 Alireza Khoshkonesh, Blaise Nsom, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Atefah Adeli, Numerical study of the dynamics and structure of a partial dam-break flow using the VOF Method, Water Resources Management, 35; pp. 1513-1528, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02799-2

36-21 Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Francesco Aristodemo, Constanza Aricò, Numerical simulations of the flow field of a submerged hydraulic jump over triangular macroroughnesses, Water, 13.5; 674, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13050674

35-21 Hongliang Qi, Junxing Zheng, Chenguang Zhang, Modeling excess shear stress around tandem piers of the longitudinal bridge by computational fluid dynamics, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2021.1884614

31-21 Seth Siefken, Robert Ettema, Ari Posner, Drew Baird, Optimal configuration of rock vanes and bendway weirs for river bends: Numerical-model insights, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.5, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001871

29-21 Débora Magalhães Chácara, Waldyr Lopes Oliveira Filho, Rheology of mine tailings deposits for dam break analyses, REM – International Engineering Journal, 74.2; pp. 235-243, 2021. doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672020740098

27-21 Ling Peng, Ting Zhang, Youtong Rong, Chunqi Hu, Ping Feng, Numerical investigation of the impact of a dam-break induced flood on a structure, Ocean Engineering, 223; 108669, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108669

26-21 Qi-dong Hou, Hai-bo Li, Yu-Xiang Hu, Shun-chao Qi, Jian-wen Zhou, Overtopping process and structural safety analyses of the earth-rock fill dam with a concrete core wall by using numerical simulations, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14; 234, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06639-w

25-21 Filipe Romão, Ana L. Quaresma, José M. Santos, Susana D. Amaral, Paulo Branco, António N. Pinheiro, Performance and fish transit time over vertical slots, Water, 13.3; 275, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13030275

23-21 Jiahou Hu, Chengwei Na, Yi Wang, Study on discharge velocity of tailings mortar in dam break based on FLOW-3D, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 6th International Conference on Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xi’an, China, December 11-13, 2020, 643; 012052, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/643/1/012052

21-21 Asad H. Aldefae, Rusul A. Alkhafaji, Experimental and numerical modeling to investigate the riverbank’s stability, SN Applied Sciences, 3; 164, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04168-5

20-21 Yangliang Lu, Jinbu Yin, Zhou Yang, Kebang Wei, Zhiming Liu, Numerical study of fluctuating pressure on stilling basin slabwith sudden lateral enlargement and bottom drop, Water, 13.2; 238, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13020238

18-21 Prashant Prakash Huddar, Vishwanath Govind Bhave, Hydraulic structure design with 3D CFD model, Proceedings, 25th International Conference on Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering (HYDRO 2020), Odisha, India, March 26-28, 2021.

17-21 Morteza Sadat Helbar, Atefah Parvaresh Rizi, Javad Farhoudi, Amir Mohammadi, 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14; 90, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06378-4

15-21 Charles R. Ortloff, Roman hydraulic engineering: The Pont du Gard Aqueduct and Nemausus (Nîmes) Castellum, Water, 13.1; 54, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13010054

12-21 Mehdi Karami Moghadam, Ata Amini, Ehsan Karami Moghadam, Numerical study of energy dissipation and block barriers in stepped spillways, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 23.2; pp. 284-297, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.245

08-21 Prajakta P. Gadge, M. R. Bhajantri, V. V. Bhosekar, Numerical simulations of air entraining characteristics over high head chute spillway aerator, Proceedings, ICOLD Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins, New Dehli, India, February 24 – 27, 2021.

07-21 Pankaj Lawande, Computational fluid dynamics simulation methodologies for stilling basins, Proceedings, ICOLD Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins, New Dehli, India, February 24 – 27, 2021.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Water & Environmental Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Water & Environmental Industry.

02-21 Aytaç Güven, Ahmed Hussein Mahmood, Numerical investigation of flow characteristics over stepped spillways, Water Supply, in press, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.283

01-21 Le Thi Thu Hien, Nguyen Van Chien, Investigate impact force of dam-break flow against structures by both 2D and 3D numerical simulations, Water, 13.3; 344, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13030344

125-20 Farhad Bahmanpouri, Mohammad Daliri, Alireza Khoshkonesh, Masoud Montazeri Namin, Mariano Buccino, Bed compaction effect on dam break flow over erodible bed; experimental and numerical modeling, Journal of Hydrology, in press, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125645

200-23 Iacopo Vona, Oysters’ integration on submerged breakwaters as nature-based solution for coastal protection within estuarine environments, Thesis, University of Maryland, 2023.

174-23 Ahintha Kandamby, Dusty Myers, Narrows bypass chute CFD analysis, Dam Safety, 2023.

173-23 H. Jalili, R.C. Mahon, M.F. Martinez, J.W. Nicklow, Sediment sluicing from the reservoirs with high efficiency, SEDHYD, 2023.

170-23 Ramith Fernando, Gangfu Zhang, Beyond 2D: Unravelling bridge hydraulics with CFD modelling, 24th Queensland Water Symposium, 2023.

124-20 John Petrie, Yan Qi, Mark Cornwell, Md Al Adib Sarker, Pranesh Biswas, Sen Du, Xianming Shi, Design of living barriers to reduce the impacts of snowdrifts on Illinois freeways, Illinois Center for Transportation Series No. 20-019, Research Report No. FHWA-ICT-20-012, 2020. doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-019

123-20 Mohammad Reza Namaee, Jueyi Sui, Yongsheng Wu, Natalie Linklater, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of local scour in the vicinity of circular side-by-side bridge piers with ice cover, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2020. doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0360

119-20 Tuğçe Yıldırım, Experimental and numerical investigation of vortex formation at multiple horizontal intakes, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, , 2020.

118-20 Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Francesco Aristodemo, Ali Ghahramanzadeh, Characteristics of free and submerged hydraulic jumps over different macroroughnesses, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 22.6; pp. 1554-1572, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.298

117-20 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Amir Ghaderi, Aliakbar Akhtari, Silvia Di Francesco, On the effect of block roughness in ogee spillways with flip buckets, Fluids, 5.4; 182, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040182

115-20 Chi Yao, Ligong Wu, Jianhua Yang, Influences of tailings particle size on overtopping tailings dam failures, Mine Water and the Environment, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00725-3

114-20 Rizgar Ahmed Karim, Jowhar Rasheed Mohammed, A comparison study between CFD analysis and PIV technique for velocity distribution over the Standard Ogee crested spillways, Heliyon, 6.10; e05165, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05165

113-20 Théo St. Pierre Ostrander, Analyzing hydraulics of broad crested lateral weirs, Thesis, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, 2020.

111-20 Mahla Tajari, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Mehdi Meftah Halaghi, Hazi Azamathulla, Use of bottom slots and submerged vanes for controlling sediment upstream of duckbill weirs, Water Supply, 20.8; pp. 3393-3403, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.238

110-20 Jian Zhou, Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, How does three-dimensional canopy geometry affect the front propagation of a gravity current?, Physics of Fluids, 32.9; 096605, 2020. doi.org/10.1063/5.0019760

106-20 Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Arnau Bayón, Rafael García-Bartual, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, Characterization of structural properties in high reynolds hydraulic jump based on CFD and physical modeling approaches, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146.12, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001820

105-20 Bin Deng, He Tao, Changbo Jian, Ke Qu, Numerical investigation on hydrodynamic characteristics of landslide-induced impulse waves in narrow river-valley reservoirs, IEEE Access, 8; pp. 165285-165297, 2020. doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3022651

102-20 Mojtaba Mehraein, Mohammadamin Torabi, Yousef Sangsefidi, Bruce MacVicar, Numerical simulation of free flow through side orifice in a circular open-channel using response surface method, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 76; 101825, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101825

101-20 Juan Francisco Macián Pérez, Numerical and physical modelling approaches to the study of the hydraulic jump and its application in large-dam stilling basins, Thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, 2020.

99-20 Chen-Shan Kung, Pin-Tzu Su, Chin-Pin Ko, Pei-Yu Lee, Application of multiple intake heads in engineering field, Proceedings, 30th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Online, October 11-17, ISOPE-I-20-3116, 2020.

91-20 Selahattin Kocaman, Stefania Evangelista, Giacomo Viccione, Hasan Güzel, Experimental and numerical analysis of 3D dam-break waves in an enclosed domain with a single oriented obstacle, Environmental Science Proceedings, 2; 35, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002035

89-20 Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, The 1958 Lituya Bay tsunami – pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software Flow-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 20; pp. 2255–2279, 2020. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2255-2020

88-20 Cesar Simon, Eddy J. Langendoen, Jorge D. Abad, Alejandro Mendoza, On the governing equations for horizontal and vertical coupling of one- and two-dimensional open channel flow models, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 58.5; pp. 709-724, 2020. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1671507

87-20 Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Moses Karakouzian, Donald Hayes, Flow topology in the confluence of an open channel with lateral drainage pipe, Hydrology, 7.3; 57, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030057

84-20 Naohiro Takeichi, Takeshi Katagiri, Harumi Yoneda, Shusaku Inoue, Yusuke Shintani, Virtual Reality approaches for evacuation simulation of various disasters, Collective Dynamics (originally presented in Proceedings from the 9th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2018), Lund, Sweden, August 21-23, 2018), 5, 2020. doi.org/10.17815/CD.2020.93

83-20 Eric Lemont, Jonathan Hill, Ryan Edison, A problematic installation: CFD modelling of waste stabilisation pond mixing alternatives, Ozwater’20, Australian Water Association, Online, June 2, 2020, 2020.

77-20 Peng Yu, Ruigeng Hu, Jinmu Yang, Hongjun Liu, Numerical investigation of local scour around USAF with different hydraulic conditions under currents and waves, Ocean Engineering, 213; 107696, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107696

76-20 Alireza Mojtahedi, Nasim Soori, Majid Mohammadian, Energy dissipation evaluation for stepped spillway using a fuzzy inference system, SN Applied Sciences, 2; 1466, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03258-0

74-20 Jackson D., Tellez Alvarez E., Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Modelling of surcharge flow through grated inlet, Advances in Hydroinformatics: SimHydro 2019 – Models for Extreme Situations and Crisis Management, Nice, France, June 12-14, 2019, pp. 839-847, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5436-0_65

73-20 Saurav Dulal, Bhola NS Ghimire, Santosh Bhattarai, Ram Krishna Regmi, Numerical simulation of flow through settling basin: A case study of Budhi-Ganga Hydropower Project (BHP), International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 9.7; pp. 992-998, 2020.

70-20 B. Nandi, S. Das, A. Mazumdar, Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of hydraulic jump, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020 6th International Conference on Environment and Renewable Energy, Hanoi, Vietnam, February 24-26, 505; 012024, 2020. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/505/1/012024

69-20 Amir Ghaderi, Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Mehdi Dasineh, Silvia Di Francesco, Energy dissipation and hydraulics of flow over trapezoidal–triangular labyrinth weirs, Water (Special Issue: Combined Numerical and Experimental Methodology for Fluid–Structure Interactions in Free Surface Flows), 12.7; 1992, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12071992

68-20 Jia Ni, Linwei Wang, Xixian Chen, Luan Luan Xue, Isam Shahrour, Effect of the fish-bone dam angle on the flow mechanisms of a fish-bone type dividing dyke, Marine Technology Society Journal, 54.3; pp. 58-67, 2020. doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.54.3.9

67-20 Yu Zhuang, Yueping Yin, Aiguo Xing, Kaiping Jin, Combined numerical investigation of the Yigong rock slide-debris avalanche and subsequent dam-break flood propagation in Tibet, China, Landslides, 17; pp. 2217-2229, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01449-9

66-20 A. Ghaderi, R. Daneshfaraz, S. Abbasi, J. Abraham, Numerical analysis of the hydraulic characteristics of modified labyrinth weirs, International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 4.2, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00082-5

65-20 D.P. Zielinski, S. Miehls, G. Burns, C. Coutant, Adult sea lamprey espond to induced turbulence in a low current system, Journal of Ecohydraulics, 5, 2020. doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2020.1775504

63-20 Raffaella Pellegrino, Miguel Ángel Toledo, Víctor Aragoncillo, Discharge flow rate for the initiation of jet flow in sky-jump spillways, Water, Special Issue: Planning and Management of Hydraulic Infrastructure, 12.6; 1814, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061814

59-20 Nesreen Taha, Maged M. El-Feky, Atef A. El-Saiad, Ismail Fathy, Numerical investigation of scour characteristics downstream of blocked culverts, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 59.5; pp. 3503-3513, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.05.032

57-20 Charles Ortloff, The Hydraulic State: Science and Society in the Ancient World, Routledge, London, UK, eBook ISBN: 9781003015192, 2020. doi.org/10.4324/9781003015192

54-20 Navid Aghajani, Hojat Karami, Hamed Sarkardeh, Sayed‐Farhad Mousavi, Experimental and numerical investigation on effect of trash rack on flow properties at power intakes, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (ZAMM), online pre-issue, 2020. doi.org/10.1002/zamm.202000017

53-20 Tian Zhou, Theodore Endreny, The straightening of a river meander leads to extensive losses in flow complexity and ecosystem services, Water (Special Issue: A Systems Approach of River and River Basin Restoration), 12.6; 1680, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061680

47-20 Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Aliasghar Nazari-Sharabian, Moses Karakouzian, Mehrdad Karami, Sacrificial piles as scour countermeasures in river bridges: A numerical study using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal, 6.6; pp. 1091-1103, 2020. doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091531

44-20 Leena Jaydeep Shevade, L. James Lo, Franco A. Montalto, Numerical 3D model development and validation of curb-cut inlet for efficiency prediction, Water, 12; 1791, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061791

43-20 Vitor Hugo Pereira de Morais, Tiago Zenker Gireli, Paulo Vatavuk, Numerical and experimental models applied to an ogee crest spillway and roller bucket stilling basin, Brazilian Journal of Water Resources, 2020. doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.252020190005

42-20 Chen Xie, Qin Chen, Gang Fan, Chen Chen, Numerical simulation of the natural erosion and breaching process of the “10.11” Baige Landslide Dam on the Jinsha River, Dam Breach Modelling and Risk Disposal, pp. 376-377, International Conference on Embankment Dams (ICED), Beijing, China, June 5 – 7, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46351-9_40

41-20 Niloofar Aghili Mahabadi, Hamed Reza Zarif Sanayei, Performance evaluation of bilateral side slopes in piano key weirs by numerical simulation, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 6; pp. 1477-1486, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00764-3

39-20 Jian Zhou, Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Impact of ambient stable stratification on gravity currents propagating over a submerged canopy, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 898; A15, 2020. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.418

37-20 Aliasghar Azma, Yongxiang Zhang, The effect of variations of flow from tributary channel on the flow behavior in a T-shape confluence, Processes, 8; 614, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/pr8050614

35-20 Selahattin Kocaman, Hasan Güzel, Stefania Evangelista, Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Giacomo Viccione, Experimental and numerical analysis of a dam-break flow through different contraction geometries of the channel, Water, 12; 1124, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12041124

31-20 Hamidreza Samma, Amir Khosrojerdi, Masoumeh Rostam-Abadi, Mojtaba Mehraein and Yovanni Cataño-Lopera, Numerical simulation of scour and flow field over movable bed induced by a submerged wall jet, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 22.2, pp. 385-401, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.091

28-20 Halah Kais Jalal and Waqed H. Hassan, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of local scour around circular bridge pier using FLOW-3D software, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012150, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019745. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012150

25-20 Faizal Yusuf and Zoran Micovic, Prototype-scale investigation of spillway cavitation damage and numerical modeling of mitigation options, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146.2, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001671

24-20 Huan Zhang, Zegao Yin, Yipei Miao, Minghui Xia and Yingnan Feng, Hydrodynamic performance investigation on an upper and lower water exchange device, Aquacultural Engineering, 90, art. no. 102072, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2020.102072

22-20 Yu-xiang Hu, Zhi-you Yu and Jian-wen Zhou, Numerical simulation of landslide-generated waves during the 11 October 2018 Baige landslide at the Jinsha River, Landslides, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01382-x

19-20 Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Saeed Abbasi and John Abraham, Investigation of trapezoidal sharp-crested side weir discharge coefficients under subcritical flow regimes using CFD, Applied Water Science, 10, art. no. 31, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1112-8

18-20 Amir Ghaderi, Saeed Abbasi, John Abraham and Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla, Efficiency of trapezoidal labyrinth shaped stepped spillways, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 72, art. no. 101711, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101711

16-20 Majid Omidi Arjenaki and Hamed Reza Zarif Sanayei, Numerical investigation of energy dissipation rate in stepped spillways with lateral slopes using experimental model development approach, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00714-z

15-20 Bo Wang, Wenjun Liu, Wei Wang, Jianmin Zhang, Yunliang Chen, Yong Peng, Xin Liu and Sha Yang, Experimental and numerical investigations of similarity for dam-break flows on wet bed, Journal of Hydrology, 583, art. no. 124598, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124598

14-20 Halah Kais Jalal and Waqed H. Hassan, Effect of bridge pier shape on depth of scour, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012001, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019671. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012001

13-20 Shahad R. Mohammed, Basim K. Nile and Waqed H. Hassan, Modelling stilling basins for sewage networks, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012111, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019671. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012111

11-20 Xin Li, Liping Jin, Bernie A. Engel, Zeng Wang, Wene Wang, Wuquan He and Yubao Wang, Influence of the structure of cylindrical mobile flumes on hydraulic performance characteristics in U-shaped channels, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 72, art. no. 101708, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101708

10-20 Nima Aein, Mohsen Najarchi, Seyyed Mohammad Mirhosseini Hezaveh, Mohammad Mehdi Najafizadeh and Ehsanollah Zeigham, Simulation and prediction of discharge coefficient of combined weir–gate structure, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Water Management (ahead of print), 2020. doi.org/10.1680/jwama.19.00047

03-20 Agostino Lauria, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi, and Antonino D’Ippolito, Discharge coefficients for sluice gates set in weirs at different upstream wall inclinations, Water, 12, art. no. 245, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12010245

113-19 Ruidong An, Jia Li, Typical biological behavior of migration and flow pattern creating for fish schooling, E-Proceedings, 38th IAHR World Congress, Panama City, Panama, September 1-6, 2019.

112-19 Wenjun Liu, Bo Wang, Hang Wang, Jianmin Zhang, Yunliang Chen, Yong Peng, Xin Liu, Sha Yang, Experimental and numerical modeling of dam-break flows in wet downstream conditions, E-Proceedings, 38th IAHR World Congress, Panama City, Panama, September 1-6, 2019.

111-19 Zhang Chendi, Liu Yingjun, Xu Mengzhen, Wang Zhaoyin, The 3D numerical study on flow properties of individual step-pool, Proceedings: 14th International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Chengdu, China, September 16-19, 2019.

110-19 Mason Garfield, The effects of scour on the flow field at a bendway weir, Thesis: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

109-19 Seth Siefken, Computational fluid dynamics models of Rio Grande bends fitted with rock vanes or bendway weirs, Thesis: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

108-19 Benjamin Israel Devadason and Paul Schweiger, Decoding the drowning machines: Using CFD modeling to predict and design solutions to remediate the dangerous hydraulic roller at low head dams, The Journal of Dam Safety, 17.1, pp. 20-31, 2019.

106-19 Amir Ghaderi and Saeed Abbasi, CFD simulations of local scouring around airfoil-shaped bridge piers with and without collar, Sādhanā, art. no. 216, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s12046-019-1196-8

105-19 Jacob van Alwon, Numerical and physical modelling of aerated skimming flows over stepped spillways, Thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, 2019.

100-19 E.H. Hussein Al-Qadami, A.S. Abdurrasheed, Z. Mustaffa, K.W. Yusof, M.A. Malek and A. Ab Ghani, Numerical modelling of flow characteristics over sharp crested triangular hump, Results in Engineering, 4, art. no. 100052, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100052

99-19 Agostino Lauria, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi, and Antonino D’Ippolito, Discharge coefficients for sluice gates set in weirs at different upstream wall inclinations, Water, 12.1, art. no. 245, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w12010245

98-19 Redvan Ghasemlounia and M. Sedat Kabdasli, Surface suspended sediment distribution pattern for an unexpected flood event at Lake Koycegiz, Turkey, Proceedings, 14th National Conference on Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Urmia, Iran, July 16-17, 2019.

97-19 Brian Fox, Best practices for simulating hydraulic structures with CFD, Proceedings, Dam Safety 2019, Orlando, Florida, USA, September 8-12, 2019.

96-19 John Wendelbo, Verification of CFD predictions of self-aeration onset on stepped chute spillways, Proceedings, Dam Safety 2019, Orlando, Florida, USA, September 8-12, 2019.

95-19 Pankaj Lawande, Anurag Chandorkar and Adhirath Mane, Predicting discharge rating curves for tainter gate controlled spillway using CFD simulations, Proceedings, 24th HYDRO 2019, International Conference, Hyderabad, India, December 18-20, 2019.

91-19 Gyeong-Bo Kim, Wei Cheng, Richards C. Sunny, Juan J. Horrillo, Brian C. McFall, Fahad Mohammed, Hermann M. Fritz, James Beget, and Zygmunt Kowalik , Three Dimensional Landslide Generated Tsunamis: Numerical and Physical Model Comparisons, Landslides, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01308-2

85-19 Susana D. Amaral, Ana L. Quaresma, Paulo Branco, Filipe Romão, Christos Katopodis, Maria T. Ferreira, António N. Pinheiro, and José M. Santos, Assessment of retrofitted ramped weirs to improve passage of potamodromous fish, Water, 11, art. no. 2441, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11122441

82-19 Shubing Dai, Yong He, Jijian Yang, Yulei ma, Sheng Jin, and Chao Liang, Numerical study of cascading dam-break characteristics using SWEs and RANS, Water Supply, 2019. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.168

81-19 Kyong Oh Baek, Evaluation technique for efficiency of fishway based on hydraulic analysis, Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, 52.spc2, pp. 855-863, 2019. doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2019.52.S-2.855

80-19 Yongye Li, Yuan Gao, Xiaomeng Jia, Xihuan Sun, and Xuelan Zhang, Numerical simulations of hydraulic characteristics of a flow discharge measurement process with a plate flowmeter in a U-channel, Water, art. no. 2392, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11112382

76-19 Youtong Rong, Ting Zhang, Yanchen Zheng, Chunqi Hu, Ling Peng, and Ping Feng, Three-dimensional urban flood inundation simulation based on digital aerial photogrammetry, Journal of Hydrology, in press, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124308

74-19 Youtong Rong, Ting Zhang, Ling Peng, and Ping Feng, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of dam discharge and flood routing in Wudu Reservoir, Water, 11, art. no. 2157, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11102157

70-19 Le Thi Thu Hien, Study the flow over chute spillway by both numerical and physical models, Proceedings, pp. 845-851, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_116

69-19 T. Vinh Cuong, N. Thanh Hung, V. Thanh Te, P. Anh Tuan, Analysis of spur dikes spatial layout to river bed degradation under reversing tidal flow, Proceedings, pp. 737-744, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_101

67-19 Zongshi Dong, Junxing Wang, David Florian Vetsch, Robert Michael Boes, and Guangming Tan, Numerical simulation of air–water two-phase flow on stepped spillways behind X-shaped flaring gate piers under very high unit discharge, Water, 11, art. no. 1956, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11101956

66-19 Tony L. Wahl, Effect of boundary layer conditions on uplift pressures at open offset spillway joints, Sustainable and Safe Dams Around the World: Proceedings, 2019. doi.org/10.1201/9780429319778-182

65-19 John Petrie, Kun Zhang, and Mahmoud Shehata, Numerical simulation of snow deposition around living snow fences, Community Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates (CESTiCC), Project Report, 2019.

64-19 Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Markus Aufleger, Michael Strasser, and Bernhard Gems, Lituya Bay 1958 Tsunami – detailed pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D-numerical modelling utilizing the CFD software FLOW-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, under review, 2019. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-285

63-19 J. Patarroyo, D. Damov, D. Shepherd, G. Snyder, M. Tremblay, and M. Villeneuve, Hydraulic design of stepped spillway using CFD supported by physical modelling: Muskrat Falls hydroelectric generating facility, Sustainable and Safe Dams Around the World: Proceedings, , pp. 205-219, 2019. doi.org/10.1201/9780429319778-19

61-19 A.S. Abdurrasheed, K.W. Yusof, E.H. Hussein Alqadami, H. Takaijudin, A.A. Ghani, M.M. Muhammad, A.T. Sholagberu, M.K. Zainalfikry, M. Osman, and M.S. Patel, Modelling of flow parameters through subsurface drainage modules for application in BIOECODS, Water, 11, art. no. 1823, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11091823

59-19 Brian Fox and Robert Feurich, CFD analysis of local scour at bridge piers, Proceedings of the Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydraulic Modeling Conference (SEDHYD), Reno, Nevada, June 24-28, 2019.

56-19 Pankaj Lawande, Brian Fox, and Anurag Chandorkar, Three dimensional CFD modeling of flow over a tainter gate spillway, International Dam Safety Conference, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, February 13-14, 2019.

49-19 Yousef Sangsefidi, Bruce MacVicar, Masoud Ghodsian, Mojtaba Mehraein, Mohammadamin Torabi, and Bruce M. Savage, Evaluation of flow characteristics in labyrinth weirs using response surface methodology, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, Vol. 69, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.101617

43-19 Gongyun Liao, Zancheng Tang, and Fei Zhu, Self-cleaning performance of double-layer porous asphalt pavements with different granular diameters and layer combinations, 19th COTA International Conference of Transportation, Nanjing, China, July 6-8, 2019.

42-19 Tsung-Chun Ho, Gwo-Jang Hwang, Kao-Shu Hwang, Kuo-Cheng Hsieh, and Lung-Wei Chen, Experimental and numerical study on desilting efficiency of the bypassing tunnel for Nan-Hua reservoir, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

41-19 Chang-Ting Hsieh, Sheng-Yung Hsu, and Chin-Pin Ko, Planning of sluicing tunnel in front of the Wushe dam – retrofit the existing water diversion tunnel as an example, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

40-19 Chi-Lin Yang, Pang-ku Yang, Fu-June Wang, and Kuo-Cheng Hsieh, Study on the transportation of high-concentration sediment flow and the operation of sediment de-silting in Deji Reservoir, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

39-19 Sam Glovik and John Wendelbo, Advanced CFD air entrainment capabilities for baffle drop structure design, NYWEA 91st Annual Meeting, New York, NY, February 3-6, 2019.

36-19 Ahmed M. Helmi, Heba T. Essawy, and Ahmed Wagdy, Three-dimensional numerical study of stacked drop manholes, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 145, No. 9, 2019. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001414

33-19 M. Cihan Aydin, A. Emre Ulu, and Çimen Karaduman, Investigation of aeration performance of Ilısu Dam outlet using two-phase flow model, Applied Water Science, Vol. 9, No. 111, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s13201-019-0982-0

16-19 Bernard Twaróg, The analysis of the reactive work of the Alden Turbine, Technical Transactions I, Environmental Engineering, 2019. doi: 10.4467/2353737XCT.19.010.10050

14-19 Guodong Li, Xingnan Li, Jian Ning, and Yabing Deng, Numerical simulation and engineering application of a dovetail-shaped bucket, Water, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2019. doi: 10.3390/w11020242

13-19 Ilaria Rendina, Giacomo Viccione, and Leonardo Cascini, Kinematics of flow mass movements on inclined surfaces, Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 107-123, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s00162-019-00486-y

10-19 O.K. Saleh, E.A. Elnikhely, and Fathy Ismail, Minimizing the hydraulic side effects of weirs construction by using labyrinth weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, Vol. 66, pp. 1-11, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.01.016

05-19 Hakan Ersoy, Murat Karahan, Kenan Gelişli, Aykut Akgün, Tuğçe Anılan, M. Oğuz Sünnetci, Bilgehan Kul Yahşi, Modelling of the landslide-induced impulse waves in the Artvin Dam reservoir by empirical approach and 3D numerical simulation, Engineering Geology, Vol. 249, pp. 112-128, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.12.025

96-18 Kyung-Seop Sin, Robert Ettema, Christopher I. Thornton, Numerical modeling to assess the influence of bendway weirs on flow distribution in river beds, Task 4 of Study: Native Channel Topography and Rock-Weir Structure Channel-Maintenance Techniques, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. CSU-HYD Report No. 2018-1, 2018.

95-18 Thulfikar Razzak Al-Husseini, Hayder A. Al-Yousify and Munaf A. Al-Ramahee, Experimental and numerical study of the effect of the downstream spillway face’s angle on the stilling basin’s energy dissipation, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9.8, pp. 1327-1337, 2018.

94-18 J. Michalski and J. Wendelbo, Utilizing CFD methods as a forensic tool in pipeline systems to assess air/water transient issues, Proceedings, 7, pp. 5519-5527, 91st Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition & Conference (WEFTEC), New Orleans, LA, United States, September 29 – October 3, 2018. doi.org/10.2175/193864718825138817

79-18 Harold Alvarez and John Wendelbo, Estudio de 3 modelos matemáticos para similar olas producidas por derrumbes en embalses y esfuerzos en compuertas, XXVIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Hidráulica, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 2018. (In Spanish)

70-18 Michael Pfister, Gaetano Crispino, Thierry Fuchsmann, Jean-Marc Ribi and Corrado Gisonni, Multiple inflow branches at supercritical-type vortex drop shaft, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 144, No. 11, 2018. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001530

67-18 F. Nunes, J. Matos and I. Meireles, Numerical modelling of skimming flow over small converging spillways, 3^rd International Conference on Protection against Overtopping, June 6-8, 2018, Grange-over-Sands, UK, 2018.

66-18 Maria João Costa, Maria Teresa Ferreira, António N. Pinheiro and Isabel Boavida, The potential of lateral refuges for Iberian barbel under simulated hydropeaking conditions, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 124, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.07.029

63-18 Michael J. Seluga, Frederick Vincent, Samuel Glovick and Brad Murray, A new approach to hydraulics in baffle drop shafts to address dry and wet weather flow in combined sewer tunnels, North American Tunneling Conference Proceedings, June 24-27, 2018, Washington, D.C. pp. 448-461, 2018. © Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration

62-18 Ana Quaresma, Filipe Romão, Paulo Branco, Maria Teresa Ferreira and António N. Pinheiro, Multi slot versus single slot pool-type fishways: A modelling approach to compare hydrodynamics, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 122, pp. 197-206, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.08.006

57-18 Amir Isfahani, CFD modeling of piano key weirs using FLOW-3D, International Dam Safety Conference, January 23-24, 2018, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Technical Session 1A, Uncertainties and Risk Management in Dams, 2018.

49-18 Jessica M. Thompson, Jon M. Hathaway and John S. Schwartz, Three-dimensional modeling of the hydraulic function and channel stability of regenerative stormwater conveyances, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, vol. 4, no.3, 2018. doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000861

46-18 A.B. Veksler and S.Z. Safin, Hydraulic regimes and downstream scour at the Kama Hydropower Plant, Power Technology and Engineering, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2-13, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s10749-018-0862-z

45-18 H. Omara and A. Tawfik, Numerical study of local scour around bridge piers, 9^th Annual Conference on Environmental Science and Development, Paris, France, Feb. 7-9, 2018; IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol. 151, 2018. doi.org:10.1088/1755-1315/151/1/012013

40-18 Vincent Libaud, Christophe Daux and Yanis Oukid, Practical Capacities and Challenges of 3D CFD Modelling: Feedback Experience in Engineering Projects, Advances in Hydroinformatics, pp. 767-780, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7218-5_55

39-18 Khosro Morovati and Afshin Eghbalzadeh, Study of inception point, void fraction and pressure over pooled stepped spillways using FLOW-3D, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 28, no. 4, pp.982-998, 2018. doi.org/10.1108/HFF-03-2017-0112

34-18 Tomasz Siuta, The impact of deepening the stilling basin on the characteristics of hydraulic jump, Technical Transactions, vol. 3, pp. 173-186, 2018.

32-18 Azin Movahedi, M.R. Kavianpour, M. R and Omid Aminoroayaie Yamini, Evaluation and modeling scouring and sedimentation around downstream of large dams, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 320, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7487-2

31-18 Yang Song, Ling-Lei Zhang, Jia Li, Min Chen and Yao-Wen Zhang, Mechanism of the influence of hydrodynamics on Microcystis aeruginosa, a dominant bloom species in reservoirs, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 636, pp. 230-239, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.257

30-18 Shaolin Yang, Wanli Yang, Shunquan Qin, Qiao Li and Bing Yang, Numerical study on characteristics of dam-break wave, Ocean Engineering, vol. 159, pp.358-371, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.011

27-18 Rachel E. Chisolm and Daene C. McKinney, Dynamics of avalanche-generated impulse waves: three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations and sensitivity analysis, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, vol. 18, pp. 1373-1393, 2018. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1373-2018.

24-18 Han Hu, Zhongdong Qian, Wei Yang, Dongmei Hou and Lan Du, Numerical study of characteristics and discharge capacity of piano key weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol. 62, pp. 27-32, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.05.004

23-18 Manoochehr Fathi-Moghaddam, Mohammad Tavakol Sadrabadi and Mostafa Rahmanshahi, Numerical simulation of the hydraulic performance of triangular and trapezoidal gabion weirs in free flow condition, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol. 62, pp. 93-104, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.05.005

22-18 Anastasios I.Stamou, Georgios Mitsopoulos, Peter Rutschmann and Minh Duc Bui, Verification of a 3D CFD model for vertical slot fish-passes, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, June 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-018-9602-z

17-18 Nikou Jalayeri, John Wendelbo, Joe Groeneveld, Andrew John Bearlin, and John Gulliver, Boundary dam total dissolved gas analysis using a CFD model, Proceedings from the U.S. Society on Dams Annual Conference, April 30 – May 4, 2018, © 2018 U.S. Society on Dams.

12-18 Bernard Twaróg, Interaction between hydraulic conditions and structures – fluid structure interaction problem solving. A case study of a hydraulic structure, Technical Transactions 2/2018, Environmental Engineering, DOI: 10.4467/2353737XCT.18.029.8002

06-18 Oscar Herrera-Granados, Turbulence Flow Modeling of One-Sharp-Groyne Field, © Springer International Publishing AG 2018, M. B. Kalinowska et al. (eds.), Free Surface Flows and Transport Processes, GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70914-7_12

05-18 Shangtuo Qian, Jianhua Wu, Yu Zhou and Fei Ma, Discussion of “Hydraulic Performance of an Embankment Weir with Rough Crest” by Stefan Felder and Nushan Islam, J. Hydraul. Eng., 2018, 144(4): 07018003, © ASCE.

04-18 Faezeh Tajabadi, Ehsan Jabbari and Hamed Sarkardeh, Effect of the end sill angle on the hydrodynamic parameters of a stilling basin, DOI 10.1140/epjp/i2018-11837-y, Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2018) 133: 10

03-18 Dhemi Harlan, Dantje K. Natakusumah, Mohammad Bagus Adityawan, Hernawan Mahfudz and Fitra Adinata, 3D Numerical Modeling of Flow in Sedimentation Basin, MATEC Web of Conferences 147, 03012 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814703012 SIBE 2017

02-18 ARKAN IBRAHIM, AZHEEN KARIM and Mustafa GÜNAL, Simulation of local scour development downstream of broad-crested weir with inclined apron, European Journal of Science and Technology Special Issue, pp. 57-61, January 2018, Copyright © 2017 EJOSAT.

62-17 Abbas Mansoori, Shadi Erfanian and Farhad Khamchin Moghadam, A study of the conditions of energy dissipation in stepped spillways with A-shaped step using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal, 3.10, 2017.

57-17 Ben Modra, Brett Miller, Nigel Moon and Andrew Berghuis, Physical model testing of a bespoke articulated concrete block (ACB) fishway, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney, Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 301-309, 2017.

53-17 C. Gonzalez, U. Baeumer and C. Russell, Natural disaster relief and recovery arrangements Fitzroy project, bridge scour remediation, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney. Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 274-281, 2017.

52-17 Nigel Moon, Russell Merz, Sarah Luu and Daley Clohan, Utilising CFD modelling to conceptualise a novel rock ramp fishway design, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney, Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 382-389, 2017.

50-17 B.M. Crookston, R.M. Anderson and B.P. Tullis, Free-flow discharge estimation method for Piano Key weir geometries, Journal of Hydro-environment Research (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2017.10.003.

46-17 Michael Sturn, Bernhard Gems, Markus Aufleger, Bruno Mazzorana, Maria Papathoma-Köhle and Sven Fuchs, Scale Model Measurements of Impact Forces on Obstacles Induced by Bed-load Transport Processes, Proceedings of the 37th IAHR World Congress August 13 – 18, 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

43-17 Paula Beceiro, Maria do Céu Almeida and Jorge Matos, Numerical modelling of air-water flows in sewer drops, Available Online 28 April 2017, wst2017246; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.246

42-17 Arnau Bayon, Juan Pablo Toro, Fabián A.Bombardelli, Jorge Matose and Petra Amparo López-Jiménez, Influence of VOF technique, turbulence model and discretization scheme on the numerical simulation of the non-aerated, skimming flow in stepped spillways, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Available online 26 October 2017

40-17 Sturm M, Gems B, Mazzorana B, Gabl R and Aufleger M, Validation of physical and 3D numerical modelling of hydrodynamic flow impacts on objects (Validierung experimenteller und 3-D-numerischer Untersuchungen zur Einwirkung hydrodynamischer Fließprozesse auf Objekte), Bozen-Bolzano Institutional Archive (BIA), ISSN: 0043-0978, https://bia.unibz.it/handle/10863/3893, 2017

38-17 Tsung-Hsien Huang, Chyan-Deng Jan, and Yu-Chao Hsu, Numerical Simulations of Water Surface Profiles and Vortex Structure in a Vortex Settling Basin by using FLOW-3D, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 531-542 (2017) 531, DOI: 10.6119/JMST-017-0509-1

36-17 Jacob van Alwon, Duncan Borman and Andrew Sleigh, Numerical Modelling of Aerated Flows Over Stepped Spillways, 37th IAHR World Congress, 2017.

35-17 Abolfazl Nazari Giglou, John Alex Mccorquodale and Luca Solari, Numerical study on the effect of the spur dikes on sedimentation pattern, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Available online 8 March 2017.

33-17 Giovanni De Cesare, Khalid Essyad, Paloma Furlan, Vu Nam Khuong, Sean Mulligan, Experimental study at prototype scale of a self-priming free surface siphon, Congrès SHF : SIMHYDRO 2017, Nice, 14-16 June

32-17 Kathryn Plymesser and Joel Cahoon, Pressure gradients in a steeppass fishway using a computational fluid dynamics model, Ecological Engineering 108 (2017) 277–283.

31-17 M. Ghasemi, S. Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi, The Scour Bridge Simulation around a Cylindrical Pier Using FLOW-3D, Journal of Hydrosciences and Environment 1(2): 2017 46-54

27-17 John Wendelbo and Brian Fox, CFD modeling of Piano Key weirs: validation and numerical parameter space analysis, 2017 Dam Safety, San Antonio, September 10-14, 2017, Copyright © 2017 Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26-17 Brian Fox and John Wendelbo, Numerical modeling of Piano Key Weirs using FLOW-3D, USSD Annual Conference, Anaheim, CA, April 3- 7, 2017

25-17 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Sina Sadeghfam and Ali Ghahramanzadeh, Three-dimensional Numerical Investigation of Flow through Screens as Energy Dissipators, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0273

23-17 J.M, Duguay, R.W.J. Lacey and J. Gaucher, A case study of a pool and weir fishway modeled with OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D, Ecological Engineering, Volume 103, Part A, June 2017, Pages 31-42

22-17 Hanif Pourshahbaz, Saeed Abbasi and Poorya Taghvaei, Numerical scour modeling around parallel spur dikes in FLOW-3D, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-2017-21, Drinking Water Engineering and Science, © Author(s) 2017

21-17 Hamid Mirzaei, Zohreh Heydari and Majid Fazli, The effect of meshing and comparing different models of turbulence in topographic prediction of bed and amplitude of flow around the groin in 90-degree arc with movable bed, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, pp 1–16, July 2017

13-17 Lan Qi, Hui Chen, Xiao Wang, Wencai Fei and Donghai Liu, Establishment and application of three-dimensional realistic river terrain in the numerical modeling of flow over spillways, Water Science & Technology: Water Supply | in press | 2017.

11-17 Allison, M.A., Yuill, B.T., Meselhe, E.A., Marsh, J.K., Kolker, A.S., Ameen, A.D., Observational and numerical particle tracking to examine sediment dynamics in a Mississippi River delta diversion, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2017.06.004.

09-17 Hamid Mirzaei, Zohreh Heydari and Majid Fazli, The effect of meshing and comparing different turbulence models in predicting the topography of bed and flow field in the 90 degree bend with moving bed, M. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. (2017). doi:10.1007/s40808-017-0336-6

03-17 Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Comparison of methods to estimate the scour downstream of a ski jump, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, UPCT Paseo Alfonso XIII, 52 – 30203 Cartagena, Spain, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 92 (2017) 171–180.

103-16 Daniel Valero and Rafael Garcia-Bartual, Calibration of an Air Entrainment Model for CFD Spillway Applications, Advances in Hydroinformatics, P. Gourbesville et al. (eds), pp. 571-582, 2016. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-615-7_38

97-16 M. Taghavi and H. Ghodousi, A Comparison on Discharge Coefficients of Side and Normal Weirs with Suspended Flow Load using FLOW-3D, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(3), doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i3/78537, January 2016.

96-16 Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Scour, Velocities and Pressures Evaluations Produced by Spillway and Outlets of Dam, Water 2016, 8(3), 68; doi.org/10.3390/w8030068.

95-16 Majid Heydari and Alireza KhoshKonesh, The Comparison of the Performance of Prandtl Mixing Length, Turbulence Kinetic Energy, K-e, RNG and LES Turbulence Models in Simulation of the Positive Wave Motion Caused by Dam Break on the Erodible Bed, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(7), 2016. doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i7/87856

93-16 Saleh I. Khassaf, Ali N. Attiyah and Hayder A. Al-Yousify, Experimental investigation of compound side weir with modeling using computational fluid dynamic, International Journal of Energy and Environment, Volume 7, Issue 2, 2016 pp.169-178

92-16 Jason Duguay and Jay Lacey, Modeling: OpenFOAM CFD Modeling Case Study of a Pool and Weir Fishway with Implications for Free-Surface Flows, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage 2016

90-16 Giacomo Viccione, Vittorio Bovolin and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A numerical investigation of liquid impact on planar surfaces, ECCOMAS Congress 2016 VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Greece, June 2016.

89-16 Giacomo Viccione, A numerical investigation of flow dynamics over a trapezoidal smooth open channel, ECCOMAS Congress 2016 VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Greece, June 2016.

87-16 Jian Zhou and Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Numerical simulations of intrusive gravity currents interacting with a bottom-mounted obstacle in a continuously stratified ambient, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 17; 191–209, 2016. doi: 10.1007/s10652-016-9454-3

86-16 Charles R. Ortloff, Similitude in Archaeology: Examining Agricultural System Science in PreColumbian Civilizations of Ancient Peru and Bolivia, Hydrol Current Res 7:259. doi: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000259, October 2016.

85-16 Charles R. Ortloff, New Discoveries and Perspectives on Water Management at 300 Bc – Ad 1100 Tiwanaku’s Urban Center (Bolivia), MOJ Civil Eng 1(3): 00014. DOI: 10.15406/mojce.2016.01.00014.

82-16 S. Paudel and N. Saenger, Grid refinement study for three dimensional CFD model involving incompressible free surface flow and rotating object, Computers & Fluids, Volume 143, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.10.025, 17 January 2017, Pages 134–140

77-16 José A. Vásquez, Daniel M. Robb, MODELACIÓN CFD DE ROTURA DE PRESAS EN PRESENCIA DE OBSTÁCULOS, XXVII CONGRESO LATINOAMERICANO DE HIDRÁULICA, LIMA, PERÚ, 28 AL 30 DE SETIEMBRE DE 2016.

76-16 José A. Vásquez and Guilherme de Lima, MODELACIÓN CFD DE ONDAS TSUNAMI EN RESERVORIOS, LAGOS Y MINAS CAUSADAS POR DESLIZAMIENTOS DE LADERAS, XXVII CONGRESO LATINOAMERICANO DE HIDRÁULICA, LIMA, PERÚ, 28 AL 30 DE SETIEMBRE DE 2016.

75-16 Bernhard Gems, Bruno Mazzorana, Thomas Hofer, Michael Sturm, Roman Gabl and Markus Aufleger, 3-D hydrodynamic modelling of flood impacts on a building and indoor flooding processes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1351-1368, 2016, http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/16/1351/2016/, doi:10.5194/nhess-16-1351-2016 © Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

74-16 Roman Gabl, Jakob Seibl, Manfred Pfeifer, Bernhard Gems and Markus Aufleger, 3D-numerische Modellansätze für die Berechnung von Lawineneinstößen in Speicher (Concepts to simulate avalanche impacts into a reservoir based on 3D-numerics), Österr Wasser- und Abfallw (2016). doi:10.1007/s00506-016-0346-z.

73-16 Sebastian Krzyzagorski, Roman Gabl, Jakob Seibl, Heidi Böttcher and Markus Aufleger, Implementierung eines schräg angeströmten Rechens in die 3D-numerische Berechnung mit FLOW-3D (Implementation of an angled trash rack in the 3D-numerical simulation with FLOW-3D), Österr Wasser- und Abfallw (2016) 68: 146. doi:10.1007/s00506-016-0299-2.

71-16 Khosro Morovati, Afshin Eghbalzadeh and Saba Soori, Numerical Study of Energy Dissipation of Pooled Stepped Spillways, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 2, No. 5, May, 2016.

66-16 Sooyoung Kim, Seo-hye Choi and Seung Oh Lee, Analysis of Influence for Breach Flow According to Asymmetry of Breach Cross-section, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol. 17, No. 5 pp. 557-565, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2016.17.5.557, ISSN 1975-4701 / eISSN 2288-4688.

65-16 Dae-Geun Kim, Analysis of Overflow Characteristics around a Circular-Crested Weir by Using Numerical Model, Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater Vol. 30, No. 2, April 2016.

63-16 Farzad Ferdos and Bijan Dargahi, A study of turbulent flow in largescale porous media at high Reynolds numbers. Part II: flow physics, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2016, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2016.1211185.

62-16 Farzad Ferdos and Bijan Dargahi, A study of turbulent flow in largescale porous media at high Reynolds numbers. Part I: numerical validation, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2016, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2016.1211184.

60-16 Chia-Lin Chiu, Chia-Ming Fan and Shun-Chung Tsung, Numerical modeling for periodic oscillation of free overfall in a vertical drop pool, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001236. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.

54-16 Serife Yurdagul Kumcu, Investigation of Flow Over Spillway Modeling and Comparison between Experimental Data and CFD Analysis, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, (0000) 00(0):1-10, Copyright 2016 Korean Society of Civil Engineers, DOI 10.1007/s12205-016-1257-z.

52-16 Gharehbaghi, A., Kaya, B. and Saadatnejadgharahassanlou, Two-Dimensional Bed Variation Models Under Non-equilibrium Conditions in Turbulent Streams, H. Arab J Sci Eng (2016). doi:10.1007/s13369-016-2258-4

48-16 M. Mohsin Munir, Taimoor Ahmed, Javed Munir and Usman Rasheed, Application of Computational Flow Dynamics Analysis for Surge Inception and Propagation for Low Head Hydropower Projects, Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Pakistan Academy of Sciences, A. Physical and Computational Sciences 53 (2): 177–185 (2016), Copyright © Pakistan Academy of Sciences

46-16 Manuel Gómez, Joan Recasens, Beniamino Russo and Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz, Assessment of inlet efficiency through a 3D simulation: numerical and experimental comparison, wst2016326; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.326, August 2016

45-16 Chia-Ying Chang, Frederick N.-F. Chou, Yang-Yih Chen, Yi-Chern Hsieh, Chia-Tzu Chang, Analytical and experimental investigation of hydrodynamic performance and chamber optimization of oscillating water column system, Energy 113 (2016) 597-614

42-16 Bung, D. and Valero, D., Application of the Optical Flow Method to Velocity Determination, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T3150628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

41-16 Valero, D., Bung, D., Crookston, B. and Matos, J., Numerical investigation of USBR type III stilling basin performance downstream of smooth and stepped spillways, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management. 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T340628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

40-16 Bruce M. Savage, Brian M. Crookston and Greg S. Paxson, Physical and Numerical Modeling of Large Headwater Ratios for a 15° Labyrinth Spillway, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001186, 04016046.

36-16 Kai-Wen Hsiao, Yu-Chao Hsu, Chyan-Deng Jan, and Yu-Wen Su, Characteristics of Hydraulic Shock Waves in an Inclined Chute Contraction by Using Three Dimensional Numerical Model, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU 2016-11505, 2016, EGU General Assembly 2016, © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

34-16 Dunlop, S., Willig, I., Paul, G., Cabinet Gorge Dam Spillway Modifications for TDG Abatement – Design Evolution and Field Performance, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management. 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3650628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

33-16 Crispino, G., Dorthe, D., Fuchsmann, T., Gisonni, C., Pfister, M., Junction chamber at vortex drop shaft: case study of Cossonay, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T350628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

32-16 Brown, K., Crookston, B., Investigating Supercritical Flows in Curved Open Channels with Three Dimensional Numerical Modeling, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3580628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

31-16 Cicero, G, Influence of some geometrical parameters on Piano Key Weir discharge efficiency,In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3320628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

28-16 Anthoula Gkesouli, Maria Nitsa, Anastasios I. Stamou, Peter Rutschmann and Minh Duc Bui, Modeling the effect of wind in rectangular settling tanks for water supply, DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2016.1195290, Desalination and Water Treatment, June 22, 2016.

27-16 Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Giacomo Viccione and Vittorio Bovolin, Free surface flow impact on a vertical wall: a numerical assessment, Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn., DOI 10.1007/s00162-016-0386-9, February 2016.

25-16 Daniel Valero and Daniel B. Bung, Sensitivity of turbulent Schmidt number and turbulence model to simulations of jets in crossflow, Environmental Modelling & Software 82 (2016) 218e228.

24-16 Il Won Seo, Young Do Kim, Yong Sung Park and Chang Geun Song, Spillway discharges by modification of weir shapes and overflow surroundings, Environmental Earth Sciences, March 2016, 75:496, 14 March 2016

23-16 Du Han Lee, Myounghwan Kim and Dong Sop Rhee, Evacuation Safety Evaluation of Inundated Stairs Using 3D Numerical Simulation, International Journal of Smart Home Vol. 10, No. 3, (2016), pp.149-158 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.3.15

22-16 Arnau Bayon, Daniel Valero, Rafael García-Bartual, Francisco Jose Valles-Moran and Amparo Lopez-Jimenez, Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump, Environmental Modelling & Software 80 (2016) 322e335.

21-16 Shima Bahadori and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating the Effect of Relative Width on Momentum Transfer between Main Channel and Floodplain in Rough Rectangular Compound Channel Sunder Varius Relative Depth Condition, Open Journal of Geology, 2016, 6, 225-231, Published Online April 2016 in SciRes.

18-16 Ali Ahrari, Hong Lei, Montassar Aidi Sharif, Kalyanmoy Deb and Xiaobo Tan, Optimum Design of Artificial Lateral Line Systems for Object Tracking under Uncertain Conditions, COIN Report Number: 2016006

16-16 Elena Battisacco, Giovanni De Cesare and Anton J. Schleiss, Re-establishment of a uniform discharge on the Olympic fountain in Lausanne, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, (2016) DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2016.1163648.

14-16 Shima Bahadori, Mehdi and Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating the Simultaneous Effect of Relative Width and Relative Roughness on Apparent Shear Stress in Symmetric Compound Rectangular Channels, JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENCE, ISSN 2322-5009 CODEN (USA): JCRSDJ, S (1), 2016: 654-660

12-16 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering Innovations at 100 BC- AD 300 Nabataean Petra (Jordan), In conference proceedings: De Aquaeductu atque Aqua Urbium Lyciae Pamphyliae Pisidiae. The Legacy of Sextus Julius Frontinus, Antalya, Turkey, G. Wiplinger, ed. ISBN: 978-90-429-3361-3, 2016 Peeters Publisher, Leuven, Belgium.

11-16 G. Robblee, S. Kees and B.M. Crookston, Schnabel Engineering; and K. Keel, Town of Hillsborough, Ensuring Water Supply Reliability with Innovative PK Weir Spillway Design, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

10-16 Tina Stanard and Victor Vasquez, Freese and Nichols, Inc.; Ruth Haberman, Upper Brushy Creek Water Control and Improvement District; Blake Tullis, Utah State University; and Bruce Savage, Idaho State University, Importance of Site Considerations for Labyrinth Spillway Hydraulic Design — Upper Brushy Creek Dam 7 Modernization, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

09-16 James R. Crowder, Brian M. Crookston, Bradley T. Boyer and J. Tyler Coats, Schnabel Engineering, Cultivating Ingenuity and Safety in Alabama: The Taming of Lake Ogletree Reservoir, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

08-16 Frank Lan, Robert Waddell and Michael Zusi, AECOM; and Brian Grant, Montana DNRC, Replacing Ruby Dam Outlet Uses Computational Fluid Dynamics to Model Energy Dissipation, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

07-16 Elise N. Dombeck, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Applications of FLOW-3D for Stability Analyses of Concrete Spillways at FERC Projects, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

06-16 Farhad Ghazizadeh and M. Azhdary Moghaddam, An Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Flow Hydraulic Parameters in Circular Crested Weir Using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 2, No. 1, January, 2016

05-16 Sadegh Dehdar-behbahani and Abbas Parsaie, Numerical modeling of flow pattern in dam spillway’s guide wall. Case study: Balaroud dam, Iran, doi:10.1016/j.aej.2016.01.006, February 2016.

04-16 Oscar Herrera-Granados and Stanisław W. Kostecki, Numerical and physical modeling of water flow over the ogee weir of the new Niedów barrage, DOI: 10.1515/johh-2016-0013, J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 64, 2016, 1, 67–74

03-16 B. Gems, B. Mazzorana, T. Hofer, M. Sturm, R. Gabl, M. Aufleger, 3D-hydrodynamic modelling of flood impacts on a building and indoor flooding processes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2015-326, 2016, Manuscript under review for journal Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., Published: 19 January 2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License.

124-15 Yousef Sangsefidi, Mojtaba Mehraein, and Masoud Ghodsian, Numerical simulation of flow over labyrinth spillways, Scientia Iranica, Transaction A, 22(5), 1779–1787, 2015.

120-15 Du Han Lee, Myounghwan Kim and Dong Sop Rhee, Analysis of Critical Evacuation Condition on Inundated Stairs Using Numerical Simulation, Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.120 (GST 2015), pp.522-525 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.120.104

119-15 Shiqiang Ye and Paul Toth, Bank Erosion Control at Frederickhouse Dam, Ontario, CDA 2015 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2015 de l’ACB, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2015 Oct 5-8

118-15 D.M. Robb and J.A. Vasquez, Numerical simulation of dam-break flows using depth-averaged hydrodynamic and three-dimensional CFD models, 22nd Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, Montreal, Quebec, April 29 – May 2, 2015

117-15 Ashkan. Reisi, Parastoo. Salah, and Mohamad Reza. Kavianpour, Impact of Chute Walls Convergence Angle on Flow Characteristics of Spillways using Numerical Modeling, International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), Volume 3, Issue 3 (2015) ISSN 2320–4087 (Online)

115-15 Ivana Vouk, Field and Numerical Investigation of Mixing and Transport of Ammonia in the Ottawa River, Master’s Thesis: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, August 2015, © Ivana Vouk, Canada 2016.

113-15 J. Amblard, C. Pams Capoccioni, D. Nivon, L. Mellal, G. De Cesare, T. Ghilardi, M. Jafarnejad and E. Battisacco, Analysis of Ballast Transport in the Event of Overflowing of the Drainage System on High Speed Lines, International Journal of Railway Technology, Volume 4, 2015. doi:10.4203/ijr, t.4.xx.xx , ©Saxe-Coburg Publications, 2015

111-15 Y. Oukid, V. Libaud and C. Daux, 3D CFD modelling of spillways -Practical feedback on capabilities and challenges, Hydropower & Dams Issue Six, 2015

110-15 Zhiyong Zhang and Yuanping Yang, Numerical Study on Onset Condition of Scour Below Offshore Pipeline Under Reversing Tidal Flow, © EJGE, Vol. 20 [2015], Bund. 25

109-15 He Baohua, Numerical Simulation Analysis of Karst Tunnel Water Bursting Movement, © EJGE, Vol. 20 [2015], Bund. 25

105-15 Ali Yıldız and A. İhsan Martı, Comparison of Experimental Study and CFD Analysis of the Flow Under a Sluice Gate, Proceedings of International Conference on Structural Architectural and Civil Engineering Held on 21-22, Nov, 2015, in Dubai, ISBN:9788193137321

104-15 Yehui Zhu and Liquan Xie, Numerical Analysis of Flow Effects on Water Interface over a Submarine Pipeline, Resources, Environment and Engineering II: Proceedings of the 2nd Technical Congress on Resources, Environment and Engineering (CREE 2015, Hong Kong, 25-26 September 2015), Edited by Liquan Xie, CRC Press 2015, Pages 99–104, DOI: 10.1201/b19136-16.

100-15 Yizhou Xiao, Wene Wang, Xiaotao Hu, and Yan Zhou, Experimental and numerical research on portable short-throat flume in the field, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, doi:10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2015.11.003, Available online December 8, 2015

99-15 Mehdi Taghavi and Hesam Ghodousi, Simulation of Flow Suspended Load in Weirs by Using FLOW-3D Model, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, November 2015

98-15 Azin Movahedi, Ali Delavari and Massoud Farahi, Designing Manhole in Water Transmission Lines Using FLOW-3D Numerical Model, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, November 2015

97-15 R. Gabl, J. Seibl, B. Gems, and M. Aufleger, 3-D numerical approach to simulate the overtopping volume caused by an impulse wave comparable to avalanche impact in a reservoir, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2617-2630, doi:10.5194/nhess-15-2617-2015, 2015.

94-15 Jason Matthew Duguay and Jay Lacey, Numerical Study of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design for Perched Culverts, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1139/cjce-2014-0436, November 2015

92-15 H. A. Hussein, R. Abdulla and M. A. Md Said, Computational Investigation of Inlet Baffle Height on the Flow in a Rectangular Oil/Water Separator Tanks, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 802, pp. 587-592, Oct. 2015

91-15 Mahmoud Mohammad Rezapour Tabari and Shiva Tavakoli, Effects of Stepped Spillway Geometry on Flow Pattern and Energy Dissipation, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, October 2015

87-15 Erin R. Ryan, Effects of Hydraulic Structures on Fish Passage – An Evaluation of 2D vs 3D Hydraulic Analysis Methods, Master’s Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Summer 2015, Copyright by Erin Rose Ryan 2015

79-15 Ana L. Quaresma, Is CFD an efficient tool to develop pool type fishways? International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage. Paper 20, June 24, 2015

78-15 Amir Alavi, Don Murray, Claude Chartrand and Derek McCoy, CFD Modeling Provides Value Engineering, Hydro Review, October 2015

75-15 Rebekka Czerny, Classification of flow patterns in a nature-oriented fishway based on 3D hydraulic simulation results, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage. Paper 39, June 22, 2015

73-15 Frank Seidel, Hybrid model approach for designing fish ways – example fish lift system at Baldeney/Ruhr and fishway at Geesthacht /Elbet, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage 2015

72-15 G. Guyot, B. Huber, and A. Pittion-Rossillon, Assessment of a numerical method to forecast vortices with a scaled model, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

71-15 Abbas Parsaie, Amir Hamzeh Haghiabi and Amir Moradinejad, CFD modeling of flow pattern in spillway’s approach channel, Sustainable Water Resources Management, September 2015, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp 245-251

70-15 T. Liepert, A. Kuhlmann, G. Haimer, M.D. Bui and P. Rutschmann, Optimization of Fish Pass Entrance Location at a Hydropower Plant Considering Site-Specific Constraints, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes, Greece, 3-5 September 2015

67-15 Alkistis Stergiopoulou and Efrossini Kalkani, Towards a first CFD study of modern horizontal axis Archimedean water current turbines, Volume: 02 Issue: 04, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal © 2015, IRJET, July 2015

66-15 Won Choi, Jeongbae Jeon, Jinseon Park, Jeong Jae Lee and Seongsoo Yoon, System reliability analysis of downstream spillways based on collapse of upstream spillways, Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2015; 8(4): 140－150.

64-15 Szu-Hsien Peng and Chuan Tang, Development and Application of Two-Dimensional Numerical Model on Shallow Water Flows Using Finite Volume Method, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2015, 3, 989-996, Published Online August 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp, http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2015.38121

62-15 Cuneyt Yavuz, Ali Ersin Dincer, Kutay Yilmaz and Samet Dursun, Head Loss Estimation of Water Jets from Flip Bucket of Cakmak-1 Diversion Weir and HEPP, RESEARCH GATE, August 2015 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3650.5440

54-15 Guo-bin Xu, Li-na Zhao, and Chih Ted Yang, Derivation and verification of minimum energy dissipation rate principle of fluid based on minimum entropy production rate principle, International Journal of Sediment Research, August 2015

50-15 Vafa Khoolosi, Sedat Kabdaşli, and Sevda Farrokhpour, Modeling and Comparison of Water Waves Caused by Landslides into Reservoirs, Watershed Management 2015 © ASCE 2015.

48-15 Mohammad Rostami and Maaroof Siosemarde, Human Life Saving by Simulation of Dam Break using FLOW-3D (A Case Study: Upper Gotvand Dam), www.sciencejournal.in, Volume- 4 Issue- 3 (2015) ISSN: 2319–4731 (p); 2319–5037 (e) © 2015 DAMA International. All rights reserved.

47-15 E. Kolden, B. D. Fox, B. P. Bledsoe and M. C. Kondratieff, Modelling Whitewater Park Hydraulics and Fish Habitat in Colorado, River Res. Applic., doi: 10.1002/rra.2931, 2015

43-15 Firouz Ghasemzadeh, Behzad Parsa, and Mojtaba Noury, Numerical Study of Overflow Capacity of Spillways, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

42-15 Mario Oertel, Numerical Modeling of Free-Surface Flows in Practical Applications, Chapter 8 in Rivers – Physical, Fluvial and Environmental Processes (GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences), by Pawel Rowiński and Artur Radecki-Pawlik, July 2, 2015

39-15 R. Gabl, J. Seibl, B. Gems, and M. Aufleger, 3-D-numerical approach to simulate an avalanche impact into a reservoir, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 3, 4121–4157, 2015, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/4121/2015/, doi:10.5194/nhessd-3-4121-2015, © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

37-15 Mario Oertel, Discharge Coefficients of Piano Key Weirs from Experimental and Numerical Models, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

36-15 Jessica Klein and Mario Oertel, Comparison between Crossbar Block Ramp and Vertical Slot Fish Pass via Numerical 3D CFD Simulation, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

35-15 Mario Oertel, Jan P. Balmes and Daniel B. Bung, Numerical Simulation of Erosion Processes on Crossbar Block Ramps, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

33-15 Daniel Valero and Daniel B. Bung, Hybrid Investigation of Air Transport Processes in Moderately Sloped Stepped Spillway Flows, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

32-15 Deniz Velioglu, Nuray Denli Tokyay, and Ali Ersin Dincer, A Numerical and Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Hydraulic Jumps on Rough Beds, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

31-15 J.C.C. Amorim, R.C.R. Amante, and V.D. Barbosa, Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Flow in a Stilling Basin, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

30-15 Luna B.J. César, Salas V. Christian, Gracia S. Jesús, and Ortiz M. Victor, Comparative Analysis of the Modification of Turbulence and Its Effects on a Trapezoidal Section Stilling Basin, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

27-15 L. Castillo, J. Carrillo, and M. Álvarez, Complementary Methods for Determining the Sedimentation and Flushing in a Reservoir, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001050 , 05015004, 2015.

22-15 Mohammad Vaghefi, Mohammad Shakerdargah and Maryam Akbari, Numerical investigation of the effect of Froude number on flow pattern around a submerged T-shaped spur dike in a 90º bend, © Turkish Journal of Engineering & Environmental Sciences, 03.04.2015, doi:10.3906/muh-1405-2

18-15 S. Michael Scurlock, Amanda L. Cox, Drew C. Baird, Christopher I. Thornton and Steven R. Abt, Hybrid Modeling of River Training Structures in Sinuous Channels, SEDHYD 2015, Joint 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, April 19-23, 2015, Reno, Nevada

13-15 Selahattin Kocaman and Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Investigation of dam-break induced shock waves impact on a vertical wall, Journal of Hydrology (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.040.

12-15 Nguyen Cong Thanh and Wang Ling-Ling, Physical and Numerical Model of Flow through the Spillways with a Breast Wall, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (0000) 00(0):1-8, Copyright 2015 Korean Society of Civil Engineers, DOI 10.1007/s12205-015-0742-0, April 10, 2015.

10-15 Yueping Yin, Bolin Huang, Guangning Liu and Shichang Wang, Potential risk analysis on a Jianchuandong dangerous rockmass-generated impulse wave in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, Environ Earth Sci, DOI 10.1007/s12665-015-4278-x, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

08-15 Yue-ping Yin, Bolin Huang, Xiaoting Chen, Guangning Liu and Shichang Wang, Numerical analysis on wave generated by the Qianjiangping landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir, China, 10.1007/s10346-015-0564-7, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

07-15 M. Vaghefi, A. Ahmadi and B. Faraji, The Effect of Support Structure on Flow Patterns Around T-Shape Spur Dike in 90° Bend Channel, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, February 2015,

06-15 Sajjad Mohammadpour Zalaki, Hosein Fathian, Ebrahim Zalaghi and Farhad Kalantar Hormozi, Investigation of hydraulic parameters and cavitation in Kheir Abad flood release structure, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, February 2015

04-15 Der-Chang Lo, Jin-Shuen Liou, and Shyy Woei Chang, Hydrodynamic Performances of Air-Water Flows in Gullies with and without Swirl Generation Vanes for Drainage Systems of Buildings, Water 2015, 7(2), 679-696; doi:10.3390/w7020679

01-15 William Daley Clohan, Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Subaerial Landslide Generated Waves, Master’s Thesis: Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia (Vancouver), January 2015 © William Daley Clohan, 2015. Available upon request.

136-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in 300 BCE- CE 300 Petra (Jordan), Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

135-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Land, Labor, Water and Technology in Precolumbian South America, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

134-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydrologic Engineering of the 300 BCE- CE 1100 Precolumbian Tiwanaku State (Bolivia), Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

133-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Water engineering at Petra (Jordan): Recreating the decision process underlying hydraulic engineering of the Wadi Mataha pipeline system, Journal of Archaeological Science, April 2014. 44. 91–97. 10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.015.

132-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Ancient Peru and Bolivia, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

131-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Management in Ancient Peru, Living Reference Work Entry, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

130-14 Kordula Schwarzwälder and Peter Rutschmann, Sampling bacteria with a laser, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-15144, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

129-14 Kordula Schwarzwälder, Eve Walters and Peter Rutschmann, Bacteria fate and transport in a river, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-14022, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

127-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Petra, Living Reference Work Entry, Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, pp 1-13, 03 July 2014

124-14 G. Wei. M. Grünzner and F. Semler, Combination of 2D shallow water and full 3D numerical modeling for sediment transport in reservoirs and basins, Reservoir Sedimentation – Schleiss et al. (Eds) © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02675-9.

121-14 A. Bayón-Barrachina, D. Valero, F. Vallès-Morán, and P.A. López-Jiménez, Comparison of CFD Models for Multiphase Flow Evolution in Bridge Scour Processes, 5th International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Spa, Belgium, 28-30 August 2014

120-14 D. Valero, R. García-Bartual and J. Marco, Optimisation of Stilling Basin Chute Blocks Using a Calibrated Multiphase RANS Model, 5th International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Spa, Belgium, 28-30 August 2014

119-14 R. Gabl, B. Gems, M. Plörer, R. Klar, T. Gschnitzer, S. Achleitner, and M. Aufleger, Numerical Simulations in Hydraulic Engineering, Computational Engineering, 2014, pp 195-224, April 2014

118-14 Kerilyn Ambrosini, Analysis of Flap Gate Design and Implementations for Water Delivery Systems in California and Nevada, BioResource and Agricultural Engineering, BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, 2014

117-14 Amir Moradinejad, Abas Parssai, Mohamad Noriemamzade, Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern In Kamal Saleh Dam Spillway Approach Channel, App. Sci. Report.10 (2), 2014: 82-89, © PSCI Publications

116-14 Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Characterization of the Dynamic Actions and Scour Estimation Downstream of a Dam, 1st International Seminar on Dam Protection against Overtopping and Accidental Leakage, M.Á. Toledo, R. Morán, E. Oñate (Eds), Madrid, 24-25 November 2014

115-14 Luis G. Castillo, José M. Carrillo, Juan T. García, Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez, Numerical Simulations and Laboratory Measurements in Hydraulic Jumps, 11th International Conference on Hydroinformatics, HIC 2014, New York City, USA

114-14 Du Han Lee, Young Joo Kim, and Samhee Lee, Numerical modeling of bed form induced hyporheic exchange, Paddy and Water Environment, August 2014, Volume 12, Issue 1 Supplement, pp 89-97

112-14 Ed Zapel, Hank Nelson, Brian Hughes, Steve Fry, Options for Reducing Total Dissolved Gas at the Long Lake Hydroelectric Facility, Hydrovision International, July 22-24, 2014, Nashville, TN

111-14 Jason Duguay, Jay Lace, Dave Penny and Ken Hannaford, Evolution of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design to Address Issues of Perched Culverts, 2014 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Montreal, Quebec

106-14 Manuel Gomez and Eduardo Martinez, 1D, 2D and 3D Modeling of a PAC-UPC Laboratory Canal Bend, SimHydro 2014: Modelling of rapid transitory flows, 11-13 June 2014, Sophia Antipolis

105-14 Jason Duguay and Jay Lacey, Numerical Validation of an Innovative Fish Baffle Design in Response to Fish Passage Issues at Perched Culverts, CSPI Technical Bulletin, January 14, 2014

104-14 Di Ning, Di, A Computational Study on Hydraulic Jumps, including Air Entrainment, Master’s Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 2014, 1569799, Copyright ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing 2014

103-14 S. M. Sayah, S. Bonanni, Ph. Heller, and M. Volpato, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Cerro del Águila Dam -Hydraulic and Sedimentation, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.5042.1122 Conference: Hydro 2014

102-14 Khosrow Hosseini, Shahab Rikhtegar, Hojat Karami, Keivan Bina, Application of Numerical Modeling to Assess Geometry Effect of Racks on Performance of Bottom Intakes, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, December 2014

98-14 Aysel Duru, Numerical Modelling of Contracted Sharp Crested Weirs, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, November 2014

97-14 M Angulo, S Liscia, A Lopez and C Lucino, Experimental validation of a low-head turbine intake designed by CFD following Fisher and Franke guidelines, 27th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems (IAHR 2014), IOP Publishing, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 22 (2013) 042014 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/22/4/042014

94-14 Hamidreza Babaali, Abolfazl Shamsai, and Hamidreza Vosoughifar, Computational Modeling of the Hydraulic Jump in the Stilling Basin with ConvergenceWalls Using CFD Codes, Arab J Sci Eng, DOI 10.1007/s13369-014-1466-z, October 2014

93-14 A.J. Vellinga, M.J.B. Cartigny, J.T. Eggenhuisen, E.W.M. Hansen, and R. Rouzairol, Morphodynamics of supercritical-flow bedforms using depth-resolved computational fluid dynamics model, International Association of Sedimentologists, Geneva, 2014.

88-14 Marcelo A. Somos-Valenzuela, Rachel E. Chisolm, Daene C. McKinney, and Denny Rivas, Inundation Modeling of a Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Huaraz, Peru, CRWR Online Report 14-01, March 2014

84-14 Hossein Shahheydari, Ehsan Jafari Nodoshan, Reza Barati, and Mehdi Azhdary Moghadam, Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation over stepped spillway under skimming flow regime, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1007/s12205-013-0749-3, November 2014

81-14 Gaël Epely-Chauvin, Giovanni De Cesare and Sebastian Schwindt, Numerical Modelling of Plunge Pool Scour Evolution in Non-Cohesive Sediments, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 477–487 (2014).

79-14 Liquan Xie, Yanhui Xu, and Wenrui Huang, Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Sediment Trapping by Geotextile Mattress with Sloping Curtain (GMSC), Proceedings of the Eleventh (2014) Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium Shanghai, China, October 12-16, 2014 Copyright © 2014 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, ISBN 978–1 880653 90-6: ISSN 1946-004X.

78-14 D. N. Powell and A. A. Khan, Flow Field Upstream of an Orifice under Fixed Bed and Equilibrium Scour Conditions, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000960, 04014076, 2014.

76-14 Berk Sezenöz, Numerical Modelling of Continuous Transverse Grates for Hydraulic Efficiency, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, October 2014

75-14 Francesco Calomino and Agostino Lauria, 3-D Underflow of a Sluice Gate at a Channel Inlet; Experimental Results and CFD Simulations, Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, Volume 4, Issue 5: 501-508 (2014)

73-14 Som Dutta, Talia E. Tokyay, Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera, Sergio Serafinod and Marcelo H. Garcia, Application of computational fluid dynamic modeling to improve flow and grit transport in Terence J. O’Brien Water Reclamation Plant, Chicago, Illinois, Journal of Hydraulic Research, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2014.949883, October 2014

72-14 Ali Heidari, Poria Ghassemi, Evaluation of step’s slope on energy dissipation in stepped spillway, International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 3 (4) (2014) 501-505, ©Science Publishing Corporation, www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET, doi: 10.14419/ijet.v3i4.3561

70-14 M. Tabatabai, M. Heidarnejad, A. Bordbar, Numerical Study of Flow Patterns in Stilling Basin with Sinusoidal Bed using FLOW-3D Model, Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(13) August 2014, Pages: 787-792

66-14 John S. Schwartz, Keil J. Neff, Frank E. Dworak, Robert R. Woockman, Restoring riffle-pool structure in an incised, straightened urban stream channel using an ecohydraulic modeling approach, Ecol. Eng. (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.002

65-14 Laura Rozumalski and Michael Fullarton, CFD Modeling to Design a Fish Lift Entrance, Hydro Review, July 2014

64-14 Pam Waterman, Scaled for Success: Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Prompts Swift Stormwater System Improvements in Indianapolis, WaterWorld, August 2014.

63-14 Markus Grünzner and Peter Rutschmann, Large Eddy Simulation – Ein Beitrag zur Auflösung turbulenter Strömungsstrukturen in technischen Fischaufstiegshilfen; (LES – resolving turbulent flow in technical fish bypasses), Tagungsband Internationales Symposium in Zurich, Wasser- und Flussbau im Alpenraum, Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zurich. In German.

62-14 Jason Duguay, Jay Lace, Dave Penny, and Ken Hannaford, Evolution of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design to Address Issues of Perched Culverts, 2014 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Montreal, Quebec

60-14 Kordula Schwarzwälder, Minh Duc Bui, and Peter Rutschmann, Simulation of bacteria transport processes in a river with FLOW-3D, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 16, EGU2014-12993, 2014, EGU General Assembly 2014, © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

58-14 Eray Usta, Numercial Investigation of Hydraulic Characteristics of Laleili Dam Spillway and Comparison with Physical Model Study, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, May 2014

57-14 Selahattin Kocaman, Prediction of Backwater Profiles due to Bridges in a Compound Channel Using CFD, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Volume 2014, Article ID 905217, 9 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/905217

54-14 Ines C. Meireles, Fabian A. Bombardelli, and Jorge Matos, Air entrainment onset in skimming flows on steep stepped spillways: an analysis, (2014) Journal of Hydraulic Research, 52:3, 375-385, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2013.878401

53-14 Charles R Ortloff, Groundwater Management in the 300 bce-1100ce Pre-Columbian City of Tiwanaku (Bolivia), Hydrol Current Res 5: 168. doi:10.4172/2157-7587.1000168, 2014

50-14 Mohanad A. Kholdier, Weir-Baffled Culvert Hydrodynamics Evaluation for Fish Passage using Particle Image Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques, Ph.D. Thesis: Utah State University (2014). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3078. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3078

48-14 Yu-Heng Lin, Study on raceway pond for microalgae culturing system, Master Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, August 2014. In Chinese

38-14 David Ingram, Robin Wallacey, Adam Robinsonz and Ian Bryden, The design and commissioning of the first, circular, combined current and wave test basin, Proceedings of Oceans 2014 MTS/IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, IEEE, April 2014

36-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Precolumbian Peru and Bolivia, The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

35-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in BC 100- AD 300 Petra (Jordan), The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

34-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Precolumbian Peru and Bolivia, The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

33-14 Roman Gabl, Bernhard Gems, Giovanni De Cesare, and Markus Aufleger, Contribution to Quality Standards for 3D-Numerical Simulations with FLOW-3D, Wasserwirtschaft (ISSN: 0043-0978), vol. 104, num. 3, p. 15-20, Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg-Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Gmbh, 2014. Available for download at the University of Innsbruck. In German.

31-14 E. Fadaei-Kermani and G.A. Barani, Numerical simulation of flow over spillway based on the CFD method, Scientia Iranica A, 21(1), 91-97, 2014

30-14 Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Scour Analysis Downstream of Paute-Cardenillo Dam, © 3rd IAHR Europe Congress, Book of Proceedings, 2014, Porto, Portugal.

29-14 L. G. Castillo, M. A. Álvarez, and J. M. Carrillo, Numerical modeling of sedimentation and flushing at the Paute-Cardenillo Reservoir, ASCE-EWRI. International Perspective on Water Resources and Environment Quito, January 8-10, 2014

28-14 L. G. Castillo and J. M. Carrillo, Scour estimation of the Paute-Cardenillo Dam, ASCE-EWRI. International Perspective on Water Resources and Environment Quito, January 8-10, 2014.

27-14 Luis G. Castillo, Manual A. Álvarez and José M. Carrillo, Analysis of Sedimentation and Flushing into the Reservoir Paute-Cardenillo, © 3rd IAHR Europe Congress, Book of Proceedings, 2014, Porto, Portugal.

24-14 Carter R. Newell and John Richardson, The Effects of Ambient and Aquaculture Structure Hydrodynamics on the Food Supply and Demand of Mussel Rafts, Journal of Shellfish Research, 33(1):257-272, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.033.0125, 0125, 2014.

16-14 Han Hu, Jiesheng Huang, Zhongdong Qian, Wenxin Huai, and Genjian Yu, Hydraulic Analysis of Parabolic Flume for Flow Measurement, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.03.002, 2014.

14-14 Seung Oh Lee, Sooyoung Kim, Moonil Kim, Kyoung Jae Lim and Younghun Jung, The Effect of Hydraulic Characteristics on Algal Bloom in an Artificial Seawater Canal: A Case Study in Songdo City, South Korea, Water 2014, 6, 399-413; doi:10.3390/w6020399, ISSN 2073-4441, www.mdpi.com/journal/water

13-14 Kathryn Elizabeth Plymesser, Modeling Fish Passage and Energy Expenditure for American Shad in a Steeppass Fishway using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Ph.D. Thesis: Montana State University, January 2014, © Kathryn Elizabeth Plymesser, 2014, All Rights Reserved.

12-14 Sangdo An and Pierre Y. Julien, Three-Dimensional Modeling of Turbid Density Currents in Imha Reservoir, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000851, 05014004, 2014.

09-14 B. Gems, M. Wörndl, R. Gabl, C. Weber, and M. Aufleger, Experimental and numerical study on the design of a deposition basin outlet structure at a mountain debris cone, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 175–187, 2014, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/175/2014/, doi:10.5194/nhess-14-175-2014, © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

07-14 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering at Petra (Jordan): Recreating the Decision Process underlying Hydraulic Engineering of the Wadi Mataha Pipeline System, Journal of Archaeological Science, Available online January 2014.

06-14 Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Selahattin Kocaman, Hasan Guzel, Investigation of dam-break flood waves in a dry channel with a hump, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Available online January 2014.

05-14 Shawn P. Clark, Jonathan Scott Toews, and Rob Tkach, Beyond average velocity: Modeling velocity distributions in partially-filled culverts to support fish passage guidelines, International Journal of River Basin Management, DOI: 10.1080/15715124.2013.879591, January 2014.

04-14 Giovanni De Cesare, Martin Bieri, Stéphane Terrier, Sylvain Candolfi, Martin Wickenhäuser and Gaël Micoulet, Optimization of a Shared Tailrace Channel of Two Pumped-Storage Plants by Physical and Numerical Modeling, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 291-305.

03-14 Grégory Guyot, Hela Maaloul and Antoine Archer, A Vortex Modeling with 3D CFD, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 433-444.

02-14 Géraldine Milési and Stéphane Causse, 3D Numerical Modeling of a Side-Channel Spillway, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 487-498.

01-14 Mohammad R. Namaee, Mohammad Rostami, S. Jalaledini and Mahdi Habibi, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Flow Over a Broad-Crested Side Weir, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 511-523.

104-13 Alireza Nowroozpour, H. Musavi Jahromi and A. Dastgheib, Studying different cases of wedge shape deflectors on energy dissipation in flip bucket using CFD model, Proceedings, 6th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment Conference (IPWE), Izmir, Turkey, January 7-9, 2013.

102-13 Shari Dunlop, Isaac Willig and Roger L. Kay, Emergency Response to Erosion at Fort Peck Spillway: Hydraulic Analysis and Design, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

101-13 Taeho Kang and Heebeom Shin, Dam Emergency Action Plans in Korea, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

100-13 John Hess, Jeffrey Wisniewski, David Neff and Mike Forrest, A New Auxiliary Spillway for Folsom Dam, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

98-13 Neda Sharif and Amin Rostami Ravori, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effect of Flow Separation on Dissipating Energy in Compound Bucket, 2013 5th International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (ICBEE 2013); 2013 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering (ICCEN 2013)

97-13 A. Stergiopoulou, V. Stergiopoulos, and E. Kalkani, Contributions to the Study of Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Innovative Archimedean Screw Turbines Recovering the Hydropotential of Watercourses and of Coastal Currents, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Athens, Greece, 5-7 September 2013

96-13 Shokry Abdelaziz, Minh Duc Bui, Namihira Atsushi, and Peter Rutschmann, Numerical Simulation of Flow and Upstream Fish Movement inside a Pool-and-Weir Fishway, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR World Congress, Chengdu, China

95-13 Guodong Li, Lan Lang, and Jian Ning, 3D Numerical Simulation of Flow and Local Scour around a Spur Dike, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR World Congress, Chengdu, China

93-13 Matthew C. Kondratieff and Eric E. Richer, Stream Habitat Investigations and Assistance, Federal Aid Project F-161-R19, Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration, Job Progress Report, Colorado Parks & Wildlife, Aquatic Wildlife Research Section, Fort Collins, Colorado, August 2013. Available upon request

91-13 Cecia Millán Barrera, Víctor Manuel Arroyo Correa, Jorge Armando Laurel Castillo, Modeling contaminant transport with aerobic biodegradation in a shallow water body, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR Congress © 2013 Tsinghua University Press, Beijing

80-13 Brian Fox, Matthew Kondratieff, Brian Bledsoe, Christopher Myrick, Eco-Hydraulic Evaluation of Whitewater Parks as Fish Passage Barriers, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage, June 25-27, 2013, Oregon State University. Presentation available for download on the Scholarworks site.

79-13 Changsung Kim, Jongtae Kim, Joongu Kang, Analysis of the Cause for the Collapse of a Temporary Bridge Using Numerical Simulation, Engineering, 2013, 5, 997-1005, (http://www.scirp.org/journal/eng), Copyright © 2013 Changsung Kim et al. Published Online December 2013

76-13 Riley J. Olsen, Michael C. Johnson, and Steven L. Barfuss, Low-Head Dam Reverse Roller Remediation Options, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, November 2013; doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000848.

72-13 M. Pfister, E. Battisacco, G. De Cesare, and A.J. Schleiss, Scale effects related to the rating curve of cylindrically crested Piano Key weirs, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

71-13 F. Laugier, J. Vermeulen, and V. Lefebvre, Overview of Piano KeyWeirs experience developed at EDF during the past few years, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

70-13 G.M. Cicero, J.R. Delisle, V. Lefebvre, and J. Vermeulen, Experimental and numerical study of the hydraulic performance of a trapezoidal Piano Key weir, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds, © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

69-13 V. Lefebvre, J. Vermeulen, and B. Blancher, Influence of geometrical parameters on PK-Weirs discharge with 3D numerical analysis, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

65-13 Alkistis Stergiopoulou and Efrossini Kalkani, Towards a First CFD Study of Innovative Archimedean Inclined Axis Hydropower Turbines, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2013.

58-13 Timothy Sassaman, Andrew Johansson, Ryan Jones, and Marianne Walter, Hydraulic Analysis of a Pumped Storage Pond Using Complementary Methods, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, July 2013.

57-13 Jose Vasquez, Kara Hurtig, and Brian Hughes, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling of Run-of-River Intakes, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO July 2013.

56-13 David Souders, Jayesh Kariya, and Jeff Burnham, Validation of a Hybrid 3-Dimensional and 2-Dimensional Flow Modeling Technique for an Instanenous Dam-Break, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO July 2013.

55-13 Keith Moen, Dan Kirschbaum, Joe Groeneveld, Steve Smith and Kimberly Pate, Sluiceway Deflector Design as part of the Boundary TDG Abatement Program, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, July 2013.

54-13 S. Temeepattanapongsa, G. P. Merkley, S. L. Barfuss and B. Smith, Generic unified rating for Cutthroat flumes, Irrig Sci, DOI 10.1007/s00271-013-0411-3, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013, August 2013.

53-13 Hossein Afshar and Seyed Hooman Hoseini, Experimental and 3-D Numerical Simulation of Flow over a Rectangular Broad-Crested Weir, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume 2, Issue 6, August 2013

52-13 Abdulmajid Matinfard (Kabi), Mohammad Heidarnejad, Javad Ahadian, Effect of Changes in the Hydraulic Conditions on the Velocity Distribution around a L-Shaped Spur Dike at the River Bend, Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Available online at www.tjeas.com ©2013 TJEAS Journal-2013-3-16/1862-1868 ISSN 2051-0853 ©2013 TJEAS

51-13 Elham Radaei, Sahar Nikbin, and Mahdi Shahrokhi, Numerical Investigation of Angled Baffle on the Flow Pattern in a Rectangular Primary Sedimentation Tank, RCEE, Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering 1 (2013) 79-91.

48-13 Mohammad Kayser, Mohammed A. Gabr, Assessment of Scour on Bridge Foundations by Means of In Situ Erosion Evaluation Probe, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 0361-1981 (Print), Volume 2335 / 2013, pp 72-78. 10.3141/2335-08, August 2013.

47-13 Wei Ping Yin et al., 2013, Three-Dimensional Water Temperature and Hydrodynamic Simulation of Xiangxi River Estuary, Advanced Materials Research, 726-731, 3212, August, 2013.

41-13 N. Nekoue, R. Mahajan, J. Hamrick, and H. Rodriguez, Selective Withdrawal Hydraulic Study Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013: pp. 1808-1813. doi: 10.1061/9780784412947.177.

40-13 Eleanor Kolden, Modeling in a three-dimensional world: whitewater park hydraulics and their impact on aquatic habitat in Colorado, Thesis: Master of Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University. Full thesis available online at Colorado State University.

38-13 Prashant Huddar P.E. and Yashodhan Dhopavkar, CFD Use in Water – Insight, Foresight, and Efficiency, CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013.

37-13 B. Gems, M. Wörndl, R. Gabl, C. Weber, and M. Aufleger, Experimental and numerical study on the design of a deposition basin outlet structure at a mountain debris cone, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1, 3169–3200, 2013, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/1/3169/2013/, doi:10.5194/nhessd-1-3169-2013, © Author(s) 2013. Full paper online at: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences.

33-13 Tian Zhou and Theodore A. Endreny, Reshaping of the hyporheic zone beneath river restoration structures: Flume and hydrodynamic experiments, Water Resources Research, DOI: 10.1002/wrcr.20384, ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

31-13 Francesco Calomino and Agostino Lauria, MOTO ALL’IMBOCCO DI UN CANALE RETTANGOLARE CONTROLLATO DA PARATOIA PIANA. Analisi sperimentale e modellazione numerica 3D; FLOW AT THE INTAKE OF THE RECTANGULAR CHANNEL ;CONTROLLED BY A FLAT SLUICE GATE. Experimental and Numerical 3D Model, L’acqua, pp. 29-36, © Idrotecnica Italiana, 2013. In Italian and English.

30-13 Vinod V. Nair and S.K. Bhattacharyya, Numerical Study of Water Impact of Rigid Sphere under the Action of Gravity CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013. Abstract only.

29-13 Amar Pal Singh, Faisal Bhat, Ekta Gupta, 3-D Spillway Simulations of Ratle HEP (J&K) for the Assessment of Design Alternatives to be Tested in Model Studies, CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013.

28-13 Shun-Chung Tsung, Jihn-Sung Lai, and Der-Liang Young, Velocity distribution and discharge calculation at a sharp-crested weir, Paddy Water Environ, DOI 10.1007/s10333-013-0378-y, © Springer Japan 2013, May 2013.

27-13 Karen Riddette and David Ho, Assessment of Spillway Modeling Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, ANCOLD Proceedings of Technical Groups, 2013.

21-13 Tsung-Hsien Huang and Chyan-Deng Jan, Simulation of Velocity Distribution for Water Flow in a Vortex-Chamber-Type Sediment Extractor, EGU General Assembly 2013, held 7-12 April, 2013 in Vienna, Austria, id. EGU2013-7061. Online at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7061H

19-13 Riley J. Olsen, Hazard Classification and Hydraulic Remediation Options for Flat-Topped and Ogee-Crested Low- Head Dams, Thesis: Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1538. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1538, 2013.

17-13 Mohammad-Hossein Erfanain-Azmoudeh and Amir Abbas Kamanbedast, Determine the Appropriate Location of Aerator System on Gotvandolia Dam’s Spillway Using FLOW-3D, American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (3): 378-383, 2013, ISSN 1818-6769, © IDOSI Publications, 2013.

13-13 Chia-Cheng Tsai, Yueh-Ting Lin, and Tai-Wen Hsu, On the weak viscous effect of the reflection and transmission over an arbitrary topography, Phys. Fluids 25, 043103 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4799099 (21 pages).

07-13 M. Kayser and M. A. Gabr, Scour Assessment of Bridge Foundations Using an In Situ Erosion Evaluation Probe (ISEEP), 92nd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, January 13-17, 2013, Washington, D.C.

06-13 Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera, Blake J. Landry, Jorge D. Abad, and Marcelo H. García, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Flow Structure around Two Partially Buried Objects on a Deformed Bed, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE /March 2013, 269-283.

04-13 Safinaz El-Solh, SPH Modeling of Solitary Waves and Resulting Hydrodynamic Forces on Vertical and Sloping Walls, Thesis: Master of Applied Science in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, October 2012, © Safinaz El-Solh, Ottawa, Canada, 2013. Full paper available online at uOttawa.

108-12 Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Investigation of Dam-Break Flow Over Abruptly Contracting Channel With Trapezoidal-Shaped Lateral Obstacles, Journal of Fluids Engineering © 2012 by ASME August 2012, Vol. 134 / 081204-1

102-12 B.M. Crookston, G.S. Paxson, and B.M. Savage, Hydraulic Performance of Labryinth Weirs for High Headwater Ratios, 4th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, 9-11 February 2012, Porto, Portugal, ISBN: 978-989-8509-01-7.

101-12 Jungseok Ho and Wonil Kim, Discrete Phase Modeling Study for Particle Motion in Storm Water Retention, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (2012) 16(6):1071-1078, DOI 10.1007/s12205-012-1304-3.

99-12 Charles R. Ortloff and Michael E. Mosely, Environmental change at a Late Archaic period site in north central coast Perú, Ñawpa Pacha, Journal of Andean Archaeology, Volume 32, Number 2 / December 2012, ISSN: 0077-6297 (Print); 2051-6207 (Online), Left Coast Press, Inc.

98-12 Tao Wang and Vincent H. Chu, Manning Friction in Steep Open-channel Flow, Seventh International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICCFD7), Big Island, Hawaii, July 9-13, 2012.

96-12 Zhi Yong Dong, Qi Qi Chen, Yong Gang, and Bin Shi, Experimental and Numerical Study of Hydrodynamic Cavitation of Orifice Plates with Multiple Triangular Holes, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Volumes 256-259, Advances in Civil Engineering, December 2012.

95-12 Arjmandi H., Ghomeshi M., Ahadiayn J., and Goleij G., Prediction of Plunge Point in the Density Current using RNG Turbulence Modeling, Water and Soil Science (Agricultural Science) Spring 2012; 22(1):171-185. Abstract available online at the Scientific Online Database.

84-12 Li Ping Zhao, Jian Qiu Zhang, Lei Chen, Xuan Xie, Jun Qiang Cheng, Study of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the Sloping Breakwater of Circular Protective Facing, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 588 – 589), Advances in Mechanics Engineering, 1781-1785, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.588-589.1781.

83-12 Parviz Ghadimi, Abbas Dashtimanesh, and Seyed Reza Djeddi, Study of water entry of circular cylinder by using analytical and numerical solutions, J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. & Eng. 2012, vol.34, n.3, pp. 225-232 . ISSN 1678-5878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782012000300001.

81-12 R. Gabl, S. Achleitner, A. Sendlhofer, T. Höckner, M. Schmitter and M. Aufleger, Side-channel spillway – Hybrid modeling, Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2012, EWRI/ASCE, August 12-15, 2012, Snowbird, Utah.

80-12 Akin Aybar, Computational Modelling of Free Surface Flow in Intake Structures using FLOW-3D Software, Thesis: MS in Civil Engineering, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, June 2012.

74-12 Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Saeed Reza Sabbagh Yazdi, and Syafalni Syafalni, Computational investigations of baffle configuration effects on the performance of primary sedimentation tanks, Water and Environment Journal, 22 October 2012, © 2012 CIWEM.

68-12 Jalal Attari and Mohammad Sarfaraz, Transitional Steps Zone in Steeply Stepped Spillways, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

67-12 Mohammad Sarfaraz, Jalal Attari and Michael Pfister, Numerical Computation of Inception Point Location for Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillways, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

62-12 Ehab A. Meselhe, Ioannis Georgiou, Mead A. Allison, John A McCorquodale, Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport in Lower Mississippi at a Proposed Delta Building Diversion, Journal of Hydrology, October 2012.

60-12 Markus Grünzner and Gerhard Haimerl, Numerical Simulation Downstream Attraction Flow at Danube Weir Donauwörth, 9th ISE 2012, Vienna, Austria.

59-12 M. Grünzner, A 3 Dimensional Numerical (LES) and Physical ‘Golf Ball’ Model in Comparison to 1 Dimensional Approach, Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2012, EWRI/ASCE, August 12-15, 2012, Snowbird, Utah

58-12 Shawn P. Clark, Jonathan S. Toews, Martin Hunt and Rob Tkach, Physical and Numerical Modeling in Support of Fish Passage Regulations, 9th ISE 2012, Vienna, Austria.

57-12 Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Syafalni, Numerical Modeling of Baffle Location Effects on the Flow Pattern of Primary Sedimentation Tanks, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Available online October 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.09.060.

50-12 Gricelda Ramirez, A Virtual Flow Meter to Develop Velocity-Index Ratings and Evaluate the Effect of Flow Disturbances on these Ratings, Master’s Thesis: Department of Civil Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012.

43-12 A. A. Girgidov, A. D. Girgidov and M. P. Fedorov, Use of dispersing springboards to reduce near-bottom velocity in a toe basin, Power Technology and Engineering (formerly Hydrotechnical Construction), Volume 46, Number 2 (2012), 113-115, DOI: 10.1007/s10749-012-0316-y.

40-12 Jong Pil Park, Kyung Sik Choi, Ji Hwan Jeong, Gyung Min Choi, Ju Yeop Park, and Man Woong Kim, Experimental and numerical evaluation of debris transport augmentation by turbulence during the recirculation-cooling phase, Nuclear Engineering and Design 250 (2012) 520-537

39-12 Hossein Basser, Abdollah Ardeshir, Hojat Karami, Numerical simulation of flow pattern around spur dikes series in rigid bed, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012 Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

38-12 Sathaporn Temeepattanapongsa, Unified Equations for Cutthroat Flumes Derived from a Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Model, (2012). Thesis: Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1308. Available online at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1308

36-12 Robert Feurich, Jacques Boubée, Nils Reidar B. Olsen, Improvement of fish passage in culverts using CFD, Ecological Engineering, Volume 47, October 2012, Pages 1–8.

35-12 Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera and Jorge D. Abad, Flow Structure around a Partially Buried Object in a Simulated River Bed, World Environmental And Water Resources Congress 2012, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, May 20-24, 2012.

33-12 Fatemeh Rostami, Saeed Reza Sabbagh Yazdi, Md Azlin Md Said and Mahdi Shahrokhi, Numerical simulation of undular jumps on graveled bed using volume of fluid method, Water Science & Technology Vol 66 No 5 pp 909–917 © IWA Publishing 2012 doi:10.2166/wst.2012.213.

30-12 Saman Abbasi and Amir Abbas Kamanbedast, Investigation of Effect of Changes in Dimension and Hydraulic of Stepped Spillways for Maximization Energy Dissipation, World Applied Sciences Journal 18 (2): 261-267, 2012, ISSN 1818-4952, © IDOSI Publications, 2012, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.02.492

24-12 Mario Oertel, Jan Mönkemöller and Andreas Schlenkhoff, Artificial stationary breaking surf waves in a physical and numerical model, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 50:3, 338-343, 2012.

23-12 Mario Oertel, Cross-bar block ramps:Flow regimes – flow resistance – energy dissipation – stability, thesis, Bericht Nr. 20, 2012, © 2011/12 Dr. Mario Oertel, Hydraulic Engineering Section, Bergische University of Wuppertal. Duplication only with author’s permission.

20-12 M. Oertel and A. Schlenkhoff, Crossbar Block Ramps: Flow Regimes, Energy Dissipation, Friction Factors, and Drag Forces, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, May 2012, pp. 440-448.

19-12 Mohsen Maghrebi, Saeed Alizadeh, and Rahim Lotfi, Numerical Simulation of Flow Over Rectangular Broad Crested Weir, 1st International and 3rd National Conference on Dams and Hydropower in Iran, Tehran, Iran, February 8 – February 9, 2012

18-12 Alireza Daneshkhah and Hamidreza Vosoughifar, Solution of Flow Field Equations to Investigate the Best Turbulent Model of Flow over a Standard Ogee Spillway, 1st International and 3rd National Conference on Dams and Hydropower in Iran, Tehran, Iran, February 8 – February 9, 2012

03-12 Hamed Taghizadeh, Seyed Ali Akbar Salehi Neyshabour and Firouz Ghasemzadeh, Dynamic Pressure Fluctuations in Stepped Three-Side Spillway, Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 3 (1): 95-104, 2012, ISSN 2079-2115

02-12 Kim, Seojun, Yu, Kwonkyu, Yoon, Byungman, and Lim, Yoonsung, A numerical study on hydraulic characteristics in the ice Harbor-type fishway, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012-02-01, Issn: 1226-7988, pp 265- 272, Volume: 16, Issue: 2, Doi: 10.1007/s12205-012-0010-5.

105-11 Hatice Ozmen Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Dam-break Flow in the Presence of Obstacle: Experiment and CFD Simulation, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechancis, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 541-552, 2011

102-11 Sang Do An, Interflow Dynamics and Three-Dimensional Modeling of Turbid Density Currents in IMHA Reservoir, South Korea, thesis: Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Colorado State University, 2011.

98-11 Selahattin Kocaman and Hasan Guzel, Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Dam-Break Wave on a Single Building Situated Downstream, Epoka Conference Systems, 1st International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering, 19-21 May 2011, EPOKA University, Tirana, Albania.

97-11 T. Endreny, L. Lautz, and D. I. Siegel, Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps: Flume and hydrodynamic models, WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 47, W02517, doi:10.1029/2009WR008631, 2011.

96-11 Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said and Syafalni, Numerical Simulation of Influence of Inlet Configuration on Flow Pattern in Primary Rectangular Sedimentation Tanks, World Applied Sciences Journal 15 (7): 1024-1031, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952, © IDOSI Publications, 2011. Full article available online at IODSI.

94-11 Kathleen H. Frizell, Summary of Hydraulic Studies for Ladder and Flume Fishway Design- Nimbus Hatchery Fish Passage Project, Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2010-04, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group, December 2011

88-11 Abdelaziz, S, Bui, MD, Rutschmann, P, Numerical Investigation of Flow and Sediment Transport around a Circular Bridge Pier, Proceedings of the 34th World Congress of the International Association for Hydro- Environment Research and Engineering: 33rd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium and 10th Conference on Hydraulics in Water Engineering, ACT: Engineers Australia, 2011: 2624-2630.

86-11 M. Heidarnejad, D. Halvai and M. Bina, The Proper Option for Discharge the Turbidity Current and Hydraulic Analysis of Dez Dam Reservoir, World Applied Sciences Journal 13 (9): 2052-2056, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2011

84-11 Martina Reichstetter and Hubert Chanson, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Negative Surges in Open Channels, School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland, Report CH84/11, ISBN No. 9781742720388, © Reichstetter and Chanson, 2011.

83-11 Reda M. Abd El-Hady Rady, 2D-3D Modeling of Flow Over Sharp-Crested Weirs, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(12): 2495-2505, ISSN 1819-544X, 2011.

78-11 S. Abbasi, A. Kamanbedast and J. Ahadian, Numerical Investigation of Angle and Geometric of L-Shape Groin on the Flow and Erosion Regime at River Bends, World Applied Sciences Journal 15 (2): 279-284, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2011.

75-11 Mario Oertel and Daniel B. Bung, Initial stage of two-dimensional dam-break waves: laboratory versus VOF, Journal of Hydraulic Research, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2011.639981, Available online: 08 Dec 2011.

73-11 T.N. Aziz and A.A. Khan, Simulation of Vertical Plane Turbulent Jet in Shallow Water, Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2011, Article ID 292904, 10 pages, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/292904.

67-11 Chung R. Song, ASCE, Jinwon Kim, Ge Wang, and Alexander H.-D. Cheng, Reducing Erosion of Earthen Levees Using Engineered Flood Wall Surface, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 137, No. 10, October 2011, pp. 874-881, http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000500.

64-11 Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Syafalni, The Effect of Number of Baffles on the Improvement Efficiency of Primary Sedimentation Tanks, Available online 11 November 2011, ISSN 0307-904X, 10.1016/j.apm.2011.11.001.

62-11 Jana Hadler, Klaus Broekel, Low head hydropower – its design and economic potential, World Renewable Energy Congress 2011, Sweden, May 8-13, 2011.

60-11 Md. Imtiaj Hassan and Nahidul Khan, Performance of a Quarter-Pitch Twisted Savonius Turbine, The International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2011, Pattaya City, Thailand, 28-30 September 2011.

59-11 Erin K. Gleason, Ashraful Islam, Liaqat Khan, Darrne Brinker and Mike Miller, Spillway Analysis Techniques Using Traditional and 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

58-11 William Rahmeyer, Steve Barfuss, and Bruce Savage, Composite Modeling of Hydraulic Structures, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

57-11 B. Dasgupta, K. Das, D. Basu, and R. Green, Computational Methodology to Predict Rock Block Erosion in Plunge Pools, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

56-11 Jeff Burnham, Modeling Dams with Computational Fluid Dynamics- Past Success and New Directions, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

52-11 Madhi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, and Syafalni, The Computational Modeling of Baffle Configuration in the Primary Sedimentation Tanks, 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology IPCBEE vol 6. (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore.

47-11 Stefan Haun, Nils Reidar B. Olsen and Robert Feurich, Numerical Modeling of Flow over Trapezoidal Broad-Crested Weir, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol 5., No. 3, pp. 397-405, 2011.

42-11 Anu Acharya, Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Flow and Sediment Transport around a Series of Spur Dikes, thesis: The University of Arizona Graduate College, Copyright © Anu Acharya 2011, July 2011.

38-11 Mehdi Shahosseini, Amirabbas Kamanbedast and Roozbeh Aghamajidi, Investigation of Hydraulic Conditions around Bridge Piers and Determination of Shear Stress using Numerical Methods, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011, © ASCE 2011.

35-11 L. Toombes and H. Chanson, Numerical Limitations of Hydraulic Models, 34th IAHR World Congress, 33rd Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 10th Hydraulics Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 26 June – 1 July 2011.

34-11 Mohammad Sarfaraz, and Jalal Attari, Numerical Simulation of Uniform Flow Region over a Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillway, 6th National Congress on Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran, April 26-27, 2011.

30-11 John Richardson and Pamela Waterman, Stemming the Flood, Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 133/No.7 July 2011

29-11 G. Möller & R. Boes, D. Theiner & A. Fankhauser, G. De Cesare & A. Schleiss, Hybrid modeling of sediment management during drawdown of Räterichsboden reservoir, Dams and Reservoirs under Changing Challenges – Schleiss & Boes (Eds), © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-68267-1.

24-11 Liaqat A. Khan, Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Emergency Overflows through an Energy Dissipation Structure of a Water Treatment Plant, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)155, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

23-11 Anu Acharya and Jennifer G. Duan, Three Dimensional Simulation of Flow Field around Series of Spur Dikes, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)218, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

22-11 Mehdi Shahosseini, Amirabbas Kamanbedast, and Roozbeh Aghamajidi, Investigation of Hydraulic Conditions around Bridge Piers and Determination of Shear Stress Using Numerical Method, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)435, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

20-11 Jong Pil Park, Ji Hwan Jeong, Won Tae Kim, Man Woong Kim and Ju Yeop Park, Debris transport evaluation during the blow-down phase of a LOCA using computational fluid dynamics, Nuclear Engineering and Design, June 2011, ISSN 0029-5493, DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.05.017.

13-11 Ehab A. Meselhe, Myrtle Grove Delta Building Diversion Project, The Geological Society of America, South-Central Section – 45th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 2011.

12-11 Bryan Heiner and Steven L. Barfuss, Parshall Flume and Discharge Corrections Wall Staff Gauge and Centerline Measurements, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, posted ahead of print February 1, 2011, DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000355, © 2011 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

06-11 T. Endreny, L. Lautz, and D. Siegel, Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps- Hydrostatic model simulations, Water Resources Research, Vol. 47, W02518, doi: 10.1029/2010WR010014, 2011, © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union, 0043-1397/11/2010WR010014

03-11 Jinwon Kim, Chung R. Song, Ge Wang and Alexander H.-D. Cheng Reducing Erosion of Earthen Levees Using Engineered Flood Wall Surface, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, © ASCE, January 2011.

02-11 F. Montagna, G. Bellotti and M. Di Risio, 3D numerical modeling of landslide-generated tsunamis around a conical island, Springer Link, Earth and Environmental Science, Natural Hazards, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-010-9689-0, Online First™, 7 January 2011.

83-10 S. Abdelaziz, M.D. Bui and P. Rutschmann, Numerical simulation of scour development due to submerged horizontal jet, River Flow 2010, eds. Dittrich, Koll, Aberle & Geisenhainer, © 2010 Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau, ISBN 978-3-939230-00-7.

79-10 Daniel J. Howes, Charles M. Burt, and Brett F. Sanders, Subcritical Contraction for Improved Open-Channel Flow Measurement Accuracy with an Upward-Looking ADVM, J. Irrig. Drain Eng. 2010.136:617-626.

78-10 M. Kaheh, S. M. Kashefipour, and A. Dehghani, Comparison of k-ε and RNG k-ε Turbulent Models for Estimation of Velocity Profiles along the Hydraulic Jump, presented at the 6th International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics, Athens, Greece, June 2010.

75-10 Shahrokh Amiraslani, Jafar Fahimi, Hossein Mehdinezhad, The Numerical Investigation of Free Falling Jet’s Effect on the Scour of Plunge Pool, XVIII International Conference on Water Resources CMWR 2010 J. Carrera (Ed) CIMNE, Barcelona 2010

74-10 M. Ho Ta Khanh, Truong Chi Hien, and Dinh Sy Quat, Study and construction of PK Weirs in Vietnam (2004 to 2011), 78th Annual Meeting of the International Commission on Large Dams, VNCOLD, Hanoi, Vietnam, May 23-26, 2010.

72-10 DKH Ho and KM Riddette, Application of computational fluid dynamics to evaluate hydraulic performance of spillways in Australia, © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2010, Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol 6 No 1, 2010.

71-10 Cecilia Lucino, Sergio Liscia y Gonzalo Duro, Vortex Detection in Pump Sumps by Means of CFD, XXIV Latin American Congress on Hydraulics, Punta Del Este, Uruguay, November 2010; Deteccion de Vortices en Darsenas de Bombeo Mediante Modelacion Matematica. Available in English and Spanish.

64-10 Jose (Pepe) Vasquez, Assessing Sediment Movement by CFD Particle Tracking, 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1, 2010.

63-10 Sung-Min Cho, Foundation Design of the Incheon Bridge, Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA Vol 41 No.4, ISSN0046-5828, December 2010.

61-10 I. Meireles, F.A. Bombardelli and J. Matos, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Non-Aerated Skimming Flow on Stepped Spillways Over Embankment Dams, Presented at the 2010 IAHR European Congress, Edinburgh, UK, May 4-6, 2010.

60-10 Mario Oertel, G. Heinz and A. Schlenkhoff, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Rough Ramps and Slides, Presented at the 2010 IAHR European Congress, Edinburgh, UK, May 4-6, 2010.

59-10 Fatemeh Rostami, Mahdi Shahrokhi, Md Azlin Md Said, Rozi Abdullah and Syafalni, Numerical modeling on inlet aperture effects on flow pattern in primary settling tanks, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc., DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2010.12.007, December 2010.

56-10 G. B. Sahoo, F Bombardelli, D. Behrens and J.L. Largier, Estimation of Stratification and Mixing of a Closed River System Using FLOW-3D, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #H31G-1091

50-10 Sung-Duk Kim, Ho-Jin Lee and Sang-Do An, Improvement of hydraulic stability for spillway using CFD model, International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(6), pp. 774-780, June 2010. Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS, ISSN 1992

49-10 Md. Imtiaj Hassan, Tariq Iqbal, Nahidul Khan, Michael Hinchey, Vlastimil Masek, CFD Analysis of a Twisted Savonius Turbine, PKP Open Conference Systems, IEEE Newfoundland and Labrador Section, October 2010

46-10 Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Dam-break flows during initial stage using SWE and RANS approaches, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol 48, No. 5 (2010), pp. 603-611, doi: 10.108/00221686.2010.507342, © 2010 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research.

44-10 Marie-Hélène Briand, Catherine Tremblay, Yannick Bossé, Julian Gacek, Carola Alfaro, and Richard Blanchet, Ashlu Creek hydroelectric project- Design and optimization of hydraulic structures under construction, CDA 2010 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2010 de l’A CB, Niagra Falls, ON, Canada, 2010 Oct 2-7.

43-10 Gordon McPhail, Justin Lacelle, Bert Smith, and Dave MacMillan, Upgrading of Boundary Dam Spillway, CDA 2010 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2010 de l’A CB, Niagra Falls, ON, Canada, 2010 Oct 2-7.

40-10 Selahattin Kocamana; Galip Seckinb; Kutsi S. Erduran, 3D model for prediction of flow profiles around bridges, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.507340, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Volume 48, Issue 4 August 2010, pages 521 – 525. Available online at: informaworld

38-10 Kevin M. Sydor and Pamela J. Waterman, Engineering and Design: The Value of CFD Modeling in Designing a Hydro Plant, Hydro Review, Volume 29, Issue 6, September 2010 Available online at HydroWorld.com

33-10 Fabián A. Bombardelli, Inês Meireles and Jorge Matos, Laboratory measurements and multi-block numerical simulations of the mean flow and turbulence, SpringerLink, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Online First™, 26 August 2010

30-10 Bijan Dargahi, Flow characteristics of bottom outlets with moving gates, IAHR, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2010), pp. 476-482, doi: 10.1080/00221686.20101.507001, © 2010 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research

24-10 Shuang Ming Wang and Kevin Sydor, Power Intake Velocity Modeling Using FLOW-3D at Kelsey Generating Station, Canadian Dam Association Bulletin, Vol. 21. No. 2, Spring 2010, pp: 16-21

20-10 Jungseok Ho, Todd Marti and Julie Coonrod, Flood debris filtering structure for urban storm water treatment, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.481834, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Volume 48, Issue 3, pages 320 – 328, June 2010.

16-10 J. Jacobsen and N. R. B. Olsen, Three-dimensional numerical modeling of the capacity for a complex spillway, Proceedings of the ICE – Water Management, Volume 163, Issue 6, pages 283 –288, ISSN: 1741-7589, E-ISSN: 1751-7729.

13-10 J. Ho, J. Coonrod, L. J. Hanna, B. W. Mefford, Hydrodynamic modelling study of a fish exclusion system for a river diversion, River Research and Applications Volume 9999, mIssue 9999, Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

12-10 Nils Rüther, Jens Jacobsen, Nils Reidar B. Olsen and Geir Vatne, Prediction of the three-dimensional flow field and bed shear stresses in a regulated river in mid-Norway, Hydrology Research Vol 41 No 2 pp 145–152 © IWA Publishing 2010, doi:10.2166/nh.2010.064.

11-10 Xing Fang, Shoudong Jiang, and Shoeb R. Alam, Numerical Simulations of Efficiency of Curb-Opening Inlets, J. Hydr. Engrg. Volume 136, Issue 1, pp. 62-66 (January 2010).

54-09 K.W. Frizell, J.P. Kubitschek, and R.F. Einhellig, Folsom Dam Joint Federal Project Existing Spillway Modeling – Discharge Capacity Studies, American River Division Central Valley Project Mid-Pacific Region, Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2009-02, US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, September 2009

50-09 Mark Fabian, Variation in Hyporheic Exchange with Discharge and Slope in a Tropical Mountain Stream, thesis: State University of New York, College of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2009. Available online: http://gradworks.umi.com/14/82/1482174.html.

48-09 Junwoo Choi, Kwang Oh Ko, and Sung Bum Yoon, 3D Numerical Simulation for Equivalent Resistance Coefficient for Flooded Built-Up Areas, Asian and Pacific Coasts 2009 (pp 245-251), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on APAC 2009, Singapore, 13 – 16 October 2009

47-09 Young-Il Kim, Chang-Jin Ahn, Chae-Young Lee, Byung-Uk Bae, Computational Fluid Dynamics for Optimal Design of Horizontal-Flow Baffled-Channel Powdered Activated Carbon Contactors, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. publishers, Volume: 26 Issue 1: January 15, 2009.

43-09 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering in the Ancient World: Archaeological and Climate Perspectives on Societies of Ancient South America, Meso-America, the Middle East and South East Asia, Oxford University Press, ISBN13: 978-0-19-923909-2ISBN10: 0-19-923909-6, December 2009 Available at Oxford University Press (clicking on this link will take you to OUP’s website).

40-09 Ge Wang, Chung R. Song, Jinwon Kim and Alexander, H.-D Cheng, Numerical Study of Erosion-proof of Loose Sand in an Overtopped Plunging Scour Process — FLOW-3D, The 2009 Joint ASCE-ASME-SES Conference on Mechanics and Materials, Blacksburg, Virginia, June 24-27, 2009

39-09 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering in the Ancient World: Archaeological and Climate Perspectives on Societies of Ancient South America, the Middle East, and South-East Asia(Hardcover), Oxford University Press, USA (October 15, 2009), ISBN-10: 0199239096; ISBN-13: 978-0199239092 Buy Water Engineering in the Ancient World on Amazon.com.

38-09 David S. Brown, Don MacDonell, Kevin Sydor, and Nicolas Barnes, An Integrated Computational Fluid Dynamics and Fish Habitat Suitability Model for the Pointe Du Bois Generating Station, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 53-66

37-09 Warren Gendzelevich, Andrew Baryla, Joe Groenveld, and Doug McNeil, Red River Floodway Expansion Project-Design and Construction of the Outlet Structure, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 13-26

36-09 Jose A. Vasquez and Jose J. Roncal, Testing River2D and FLOW-3D for Sudden Dam-Break Flow Simulations, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 44-55

33-09 Pamela J. Waterman, Modeling Commercial Aquaculture Systems Employing FLOW-3D, (clicking on this link will take you to Desktop Engineering’s website) Desktop Engineering, November 2009

29-09 Bruce M. Savage, Michael C. Johnson, Brett Towler, Hydrodynamic Forces on a Spillway- Can we calculate them?, Dam Safety 2009, Hollywood, FL, USA, October 2009

27-09 Charles “Chick” Sweeney, Keith Moen, and Daniel Kirschbaum, Hydraulic Design of Total Dissolved Gas Mitigation Measures for Boundary Dam, Waterpower XVI, © PennWell Corporation, Spokane, WA, USA, July 2009

23-09 J.A. Vasquez and B.W. Walsh, CFD simulation of local scour in complex piers under tidal flow, 33rd IAHR Congress: Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment, © 2009 by International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research (IAHR), ISBN: 978-94-90365-01-1

15-09 Kaushik Das, Steve Green, Debashis Basu, Ron Janetzke, and John Stamatakos, Effect of Slide Deformation and Geometry on Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides- A Numerical Investigation, Copyright 2009, Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, May 4-7, 2009

5-09 Remi Robbe, Douglas Sparks, Calculation of the Rating Curves for the Matawin Dam’s Bottom Sluice Gates using FLOW-3D, Conference of the Société Hydrotechnique de France (SHF), 20-21 January 2009, Paris, France. (in French)

4-09 Frederic Laugier, Gregory Guyot, Eric Valette, Benoit Blancher, Arnaud Oguic, Lily Lincker, Engineering Use of Hydrodynamic 3D Simulation to Assess Spillway Discharge Capacity, Conference of the Société Hydrotechnique de France (SHF), 20-21 January 2009, Paris, France. (in French)

50-08 H. Avila and R.Pitt, The Calibration and use of CFD Models to Examine Scour from Stormwater Treatment Devices – Hydrodynamic Analysis, 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008

47-08 Greg Paxson, Brian Crookston, Bruce Savage, Blake Tullis, and Frederick Lux III, The Hydraulic Design Toolbox- Theory and Modeling for the Lake Townsend Spillway Replacement Project, Assoc. of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO), Indian Wells, CA, September 2008.

46-08 Sh. Amirslani, M. Pirestani and A.A.S. Neyshabouri, The 3D numerical simulation of scour by free falling jet and compare geometric parameters of scour hole with DOT, River flow 2008-Altinakar, Kokipar, Gogus, Tayfur, Kumcu & Yildirim (eds) © 2008 Kubaba Congress Department and Travel Services ISBN 978-605-601360201

41-08 Jinwei Qiu, Gravel transport estimation and flow simulation over low-water stream crossings, thesis: Lamar University – Beaumont, 2008, 255 pages; AAT 3415945

37-08 Dae-Geun Kim, Numerical analysis of free flow past a sluice gate, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, Number 2 / March, 2007, 127-132.

36-08 Shuang Ming Wang and Kevin Sydor, Power Intake Velocity Modeling using FLOW-3D at Kelsey Generating Station, CDA 2008 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2008 de l’ACB, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, September 27-October 2, 2008, du 27 septembre au 2 octobre 2008

33-08 Daniel B. Bung, Arndt Hildebrandt, Mario Oertel, Andreas Schlenkhoff and Torsten Schlurmann, Bore Propagation Over a Submerged Horizontal Plate by Physical and Numerical Simulation, ICCE 2008, Hamburg, Germany

32-08 Paul G. Chanel and John C. Doering, Assessment of Spillway Modeling Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 35: 1481-1485 (2008), doi: 10.1139/L08-094 © NRC Canada

31-08 M. Oertel & A. Schlenkhoff, Flood wave propagation and flooding of underground facilities, River Flow 2008, © 2008, International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Izmir, Turkey, September, 2008

18-08 Efrem Teklemariam, Bernie Shumilak, Don Murray, and Graham K. Holder, Combining Computational and Physical Modeling to Design the Keeyask Station, Hydro Review, © HCI Publications, July 2008

15-08 Jorge D. Abad; Bruce L. Rhoads; İnci Güneralp; and Marcelo H. García, Flow Structure at Different Stages in a Meander-Bend with Bendway Weirs, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, August 2008

11-08 Sreenivasa C. Chopakatla, Thomas C. Lippmann and John E. Richardson, Field Verification of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Wave Transformation and Breaking in the Surf Zone, J. Wtrwy., Port, Coast., and Oc. Engrg., Volume 134, Issue 2, pp. 71-80 (March/April 2008) Abstract Only

51-07 Richmond MC, TJ Carlson, JA Serkowski, CB Cook, JP Duncan, and WA Perkins, Characterizing the Fish Passage Environment at The Dalles Dam Spillway: 2001-2004, PNNL-16521, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 2007. Available upon request

46-07 Uplift and Crack Flow Resulting from High Velocity Discharges Over Open Offset Joints, Reclamation, Managing Water in the West, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Report DSO-07-07, December 2007

45-07 Selahattin Kocaman, thesis: Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Çukurova, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Dam Break Problem, 2007. In Turkish. Available on request.

44-07 Saeed-reza Sabbagh-yazdi, Fatemeh Rostami, Habib Rezaei-manizani, and Nikos E. Mastorakis, Comparison of the Results of 2D and 3D Numerical Modeling of Flow over Spillway chutes with Vertical Curvatures, International Journal of Computers, Issue 4, Volume 1, 2007.

43-07 Staša Vošnjak and Jure Mlacnik, Verification of a FLOW-3D mathematical model by a physical hydraulic model of a turbine intake structure, International Conference and exhibition Hydro 2007, 15- 17 October 2007, Granada, Spain. New approaches for a new era: proceedings. [S.l.]: Aqua-Media International Ltd., 2007, 7 str. [COBISS.SI-ID 4991329]

42-07 Merlynn D. Bender, Joseph P. Kubitschek, Tracy B. Vermeyen, Temperature Modeling of Folsom Lake, Lake Natoma, and the Lower American River, Special Report, Sacramento County, California, April 2007

37-07 Heather D. Smith, Flow and Sediment Dynamics Around Three-Dimensional Structures in Coastal Environments, thesis: The Ohio State Unviersity, 2007 (available upon request)

34-07 P.G. Chanel and J.C. Doering, An Evaluation of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Spillway Modeling, 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, December 2007

29-07 J. Groeneveld, C. Sweeney, C. Mannheim, C. Simonsen, S. Fry, K. Moen, Comparison of Intake Pressures in Physical and Numerical Models of the Cabinet Gorge Dam Tunnel, Waterpower XV, Copyright HCI Publications, July 2007

25-07 Jungseok Ho, Hong Koo Yeo, Julie Coonrod, Won-Sik Ahn, Numerical Modeling Study for Flow Pattern Changes Induced by Single Groyne, IAHR Conference Proc., Harmonizing the Demands of Art and Nature in Hydraulics, IAHR, July 2007, Venice, Italy.

24-07 Jungseok Ho, Julie Coonrod, Todd Marti, Storm Water Best Management Practice- Development of Debris Filtering Structure for Supercritical Flow, EWRI Conference Proc. of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, May 2007, Tampa, Florida.

21-07 David S. Mueller, and Chad R. Wagner, Correcting Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Discharge Measurements Biased by Sediment Transport, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume 133, Issue 12, pp. 1329-1336 (December 2007), Copyright © 2007, ASCE. All rights reserved.

19-07 A. Richard Griffith, James H. Rutherford, A. Alavi, David D. Moore, J. Groeneveld, Stability Review of the Wanapum Spillway Using CFD Analysis, Canadian Dam Association Bulletin, Fall 2007

06-07 John E. Richardson, CFD Saves the Alewife- Computer simulation helps the Alewife return to its Mt. Desert Island spawning grounds, Desktop Engineering, July 2007; Hatchery International, July/August 2007

39-06 Dae Geun Kim and Hong Yeun Cho, Modeling the buoyant flow of heated water discharged from surface and submerged side outfalls in shallow and deep water with a cross flow, Environ Fluid Mech (2006) 6: 501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-006-9006-3

38-06 Cook, C., B. Dibrani, M. Richmond, M. Bleich, P. Titzler, T. Fu, Hydraulic Characteristics of the Lower Snake River during Periods of Juvenile Fall Chinook Salmon Migration, 2002-2006 Final Report, Project No. 200202700, 176 electronic pages, (BPA Report DOE/BP-00000652-29)

37-06 Cook CB, MC Richmond, and JA Serkowski, The Dalles Dam, Columbia River: Spillway Improvement CFD Study, PNNL-14768, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 2006. Available upon request

31-06 John P. Raiford and Abdul A. Khan, Numerical Modeling of Internal Flow Structure in Submerged Hydraulic Jumps, ASCE Conf. Proc. 200, 49 (2006), DOI:10.1061/40856(200)49

29-06 Michael C. Johnson and Bruce Savage, Physical and Numerical Comparison of Flow over Ogee Spillway in the Presence of Tailwater, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, December 2006

28-06 Greg Paxson and Bruce Savage, Labyrinth Spillways- Comparison of Two Popular U.S.A. Design Methods and Consideration of Non-standard Approach Conditions and Geometries, International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Report CH61/06, Div. of Civil Eng., The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia-ISBN 1864998687

22-06 Brent Mefford and Jim Higgs, Link River Falls Passage Investigation – Flow Velocity Simulation, Water Resources Research Laboratory, February 2006

27-06 Jungseok Ho, Leslie Hanna, Brent Mefford, and Julie Coonrod, Numerical Modeling Study for Fish Screen at River Intake Channel, EWRI Conference Proc. of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, May 2006, Omaha, Nebraska.

17-06 Woolgar, Robert and Eddy, Wilmore, Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to Address Fish Passage Concerns at the Grand Falls-Windsor Hydroelectric Development, Canadian Dam Association meeting, Quebec City, Canada October 2006

14-06 Fuamba, M., Role and behavior of surge chamber in hydropower- Case of the Robert Bourassa hydroelectric power plant in Quebec, Canada, Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century- Berga et al (eds) @ 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 0 415 40423 1

13-06 D.K.H. Ho, B.W. Cooper, K.M. Riddette, S.M. Donohoo, Application of numerical modelling to spillways in Australia, Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century—Berga et al (eds) © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 0 415 40423 1

4-06 James Dexter, William Faisst, Mike Duer and Jerry Flanagan, Computer Simulation Helps Prevent Nitrification of Storage Reservoir, Waterworld, March 2006, pp 18-24

36-05 P. Coussot, N. Rousell, Jarny and H. Chanson, (2005), Continuous or Catastrophic Solid-Liquid Transition in Jammed Systems, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 17, No. 1, Article 011703, 4 pages (ISSN 0031-9171).

35-05 Dae Geun Kim and Jae Hyun Park, Analysis of Flow Structure over Ogee-Spillway in Consideration of Scale and Roughness Effects by Using CFD Model, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. Volume 9, Number 2, March 2005, pp 161 – 169.

31-05 Frank James Dworak, Characterizing Turbulence Structure along Woody Vegetated Banks in Incised Channels: Implications for Stream Restoration, thesis: The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, December 2005 (available upon request)

29-05 Gessler, Dan and Rasmussen, Bernie, Before the Flood, Desktop Engineering, October 2005

25-05 Jorge D. Abad and Marcelo H. Garcia, Hydrodynamics in Kinoshita-generated meandering bends- Importance for river-planform evolution, 4th IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, October 4-7, 2005, Urbana, Illinois

23-05 Kristiansen T., Baarholm R., Stansberg C.T., Rørtveit G.J. and Hansen E.W., Steep Wave Kinematics and Interaction with a Vertical Column, Presented at The Fifth International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (Waves 2005), Spain, July, 2005

16-05 Dan Gessler, CFD Modeling of Spillway Performance, Proceedings of the 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress (sponsored by Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers), May 15-19, 2005, Anchorage, Alaska

12-05 Charles Ortloff, The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City of Petra (Jordan), 300 BC- AD 300, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15:1, 93-109

33-04 Jose Carlos C. Amorim, Cavalcanti Renata Rodrigues, and Marcelo G. Marques, A Numerical and Experimental Study of Hydraulic Jump Stilling Basin, Advances in Hydro-Science and Engineering, Volume VI, Presented at the International Conference on Hydro-Science and Engineering, 2004

23-04 Jose F. Rodriguez, Fabian A. Bombardelli, Marcelo H. Garcia, Kelly Frothingham, Bruce L. Rhoads and Jorge D. Abad, High-Resolution Numerical Simulation of Flow Through a Highly Sinuous River Reach, Water Resources Management, 18:177-199, 2004.

18-04 John Richardson and Douglas Dixon, Modeling the Hydraulics Zone of Influence of Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Plants Cooling Water Intake Structure, a chapter in The Connecticut River Ecological Study (1965-1973) Revisited: Ecology of the Lower Connecticut River 1973-2003, Paul M. Jacobson, Douglas A. Dixon, William C. Leggett, Barton C. Marcy, Jr., and Ronald R. Massengill, editors; Published by American Fisheries Society, Publication date: November 2004, ISBN 1-888569-66-2

10-04 Bruce Savage, Kathleen Frizell, and Jimmy Crowder, Brains versus Brawn- The Changing World of Hydraulic Model Studies

7-04 C. B. Cook and M. C. Richmond, Monitoring and Simulating 3-D Density Currents and the Confluence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers, Proceedings of EWRI World

24-03 David Ho, Karen Boyes, Shane Donohoo, and Brian Cooper, Numerical Flow Analysis for Spillways, 43rd ANCOLD Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, 24-29 October 2003

15-03 Ho, Dr K H, Boyes, S M, Donohoo, S M, Investigation of Spillway Behaviour Under Increased Maximum Flood by Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique, Proc Conf 14th Australian Fluid Mechanics, Adelaide, Australia, December 2001, 577-580

14-03 Ho, Dr K H, Donohoo, S M, Boyes, K M, Lock, C C, Numerical Analysis and the Real World- It Looks Pretty, but is It Right?, Proceedings of the NAFEMS World Congress, May 2003, Orlando, FL

13-03 Brethour, J. M., Sediment Scour, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN62)

26-02 Sungyul Yoo, Kiwon Hong and Manha Hwang, A 3-dimensional numerical study of flow patterns around a multipurpose dam, 2002 Hydroinformatics Conference, Cardiff, Wales

23-02 Christopher B. Cook, Marshall C. Richmond, John A. Serkowski, and Laurie L. Ebner, Free-Surface Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of a Spillway and Tailrace- Case Study of The Dalles Project, Hydrovision 2002, 29 July -†2 Aug, 2002 Portland, OR

13-02 Efrem Teklemariam, Brian W. Korbaylo, Joe L. Groeneveld & David M. Fuchs, Computational Fluid Dynamics- Diverse Applications In Hydropower Project’s Design and Analysis, June 11-14, 2002, CWRA 55th Annual Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA

12-02 Snorre Heimsund, Ernst Hansen, W Nemec, Computational 3-D Fluid Dynamics Model for Sediment Transport, Erosion, and Deposition by Turbidity Currents, 16th International Sedimentological Congress Abstract Volume (2002) XX-XX

9-02 D. T. Souders & C. W. Hirt, Modeling Roughness Effects in Open Channel Flows, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-02-TN60), May 2002

47-01 Fabián A. Bombardelli and Marcelo H. García, Three-dimensional Hydrodynamic Modeling of Density Currents in the Chicago River, Illinois, CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES, UILU-ENG-01-2001 Hydraulic Engineering Series No. # 68, ISSN: 0442-1744, 2001

44-01 Christopher B. Cook and Marshall C. Richmond, Simulation of Tailrace Hydrodynamics Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Models, Report Number: PNNL-13467, May 2001

40-01 Joe L. Groeneveld, Kevin M. Sydor and David M. Fuchs (Acres Manitoba Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) and Efrem Teklemariam and Brian W. Korbaylo (Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada), Optimization of Hydraulic Design Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Waterpower XII, July 9-11, 2001, Salt Lake City, Utah

39-01 Savage, B.M and Johnson, M.C., Flow over Ogee Spillway- Physical and Numerical Model Case Study, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, August 2001, pp. 640-649

38-01 Newell, Carter, Sustainable Mussel Culture- A Millenial Perspective, Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, August 2001, pp 15-21

36-01 Diane L. Foster, Ohio State University, Numerical Simulations of Sediment Transport and Scour Around Mines, paper presented to the Office of Naval Research, Mine Burial Prediction Program, 2001

35-01 Heather D. Smith, Diane L. Foster, Ohio State University, The Modeling of Flow Around a Cylinder and Scour Hole, Poster prepared for the Office of Naval Research, Mine Burial Prediction Program, 2002

28-01 Brethour, J.M., Transient 3D Model for Lifting, Transporting, and Depositing Solid Material, Proc. 3rd Intrn. Environmental Hydraulics, Dec. 5-8, 2001, Tempe, AZ

25-01 Yuichi Kitamura, Takahiro Kato, & Petek Kitamura, Mathematical Modeling for Fish Adaptive Behavior in a Current, Proceedings of the 2001International Symposium of Environmental Hydraulics, Chigaski R&D Center

22-01 C. R. Ortloff, D. P. Crouch, The Urban Water Supply and Distribution System of the Ionian City of Ephesos in the Roman Imperial Period, CTC/United Defense Journal of Archeological Science (2001), pp 843-860

13-01 I. Lavedrine, and Darren Woolf, ARUP Research and Development, Application of CFD Modelling to Hydraulic Structures, CCWI 2001, Leicaster United Kingdom, 3-5 September 2001, De Montfort University

4-01 Rodriguez, Garcia, Bombardelli, Guzman, Rhoads, and Herricks, Naturalization of Urban Streams Using In-Channel Structures, Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, July 30-August 2, 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota

27-00 Tony L. Wahl, John A. Replogle, Brain T. Wahlin, and James A. Higgs, New Developments in Design and Application of Long-Throated Flumes, 2000 Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning & Management, Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 30-August 2, 2000.

5-00 John E. Richardson and Karel Pryl, Computer Simulation Helps Prague Modernize and Expand Sewer System, Water Engineering and Management, June, 2000, pp. 10-13; and in Municipal World, June, 2000, pp. 19-20,30

3-00 Efrem Teklemariam and John L. Groeneveld, Solving Problems in Design and Dam Safety with Computational Fluid Dynamics, Hydro Review, May, 2000, pp.48-52

1-00 Scott F. Bradford, Numerical Simulation of Surf Zone Dynamics, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, January/February, 2000, pp.1-13

9-99 John E. Richardson and Karel Pryl, Computational Fluid Dynamics, CE News, October, 1999, pp. 74-76

4-99 J. Groeneveld, Computer Simulation Leads to Faster, Cheaper Options, Water Engineering & Management magazine, pp.14-17, June 1999

16-98 C. R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Analysis of a Self-Cleaning Drainage Outlet at the Hellenistic City of Priene, Journal Archaeological Science, 25, 1211-1220, Article No. as980292, 1998

13-98 J. F. Echols, M.A. Pratt, K. A. Williams, Using CFD to Model Flow in Large Circulating Water Systems, Proc. PowerGen International, Orlando, FL, Dec. 9-11, 1998.

12-98 K. A. Williams, I. A. Diaz-Tous, P. Ulovg, Reduction in Pumping Power Requirements of the Circulation Water (CW) System at TU Electric’s Martin Lake Plant Using Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ASME Mechanical Engineering Magazine, Jan. 1999

8-98 D. Hrabak, K. Pryl, J. Richardson, Calibration of Flowmeters using FLOW-3D Software, Hydroinform, a.s., Prague, CTU Prague, Flow Science Inc, USA, proceedings from the 3rd International Novatech Conference, Lyon, France, May 4-6, 1998

16-96 E. J. Kent and J.E. Richardson, Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Analysis for Calculation of Scour at Bridge Piers with Fender Systems, Earth Tech, Concord, NK and Flow Science Inc, Los Alamos, NM report, December 1996

12-96 J. E. Richardson, Control of Hydraulic Jump by Abrupt Drop, XXVII IAHR Congress, Water for a Changing Global Community, San Francisco, August 10, 1997

6-96 Y. Miyamoto, A Three-Dimensional Analysis around the Open Area of a Tsunami Breakwater, technical report, SEA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, to be presented at the HYDROINFORMATICS 96 Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, Sept. 11-13, 1996

4-95 J. E. Richardson, V. G. Panchang and E. Kent, Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Flow Around Bridge Sub-structures, presented at the Hydraulics ’95 ASCE Conference, San Antonio, TX, Aug. 1995

3-95 Y. Miyamoto and K. Ishino, Three Dimensional Flow Analysis in Open Channel, presented at the IAHR Conference, HYDRA 2000, Vol. 1, Thomas Telford, London, Sept. 1995

16-94 M. S. Gosselin and D. M. Sheppard, Time Rate of Local Scour, proceedings of ASCE Conf. on Water Resources Engineering, San Antonio, TX, August 1994

8-94 C. W. Hirt, Weir Discharges and Counter Currents, Flow Science report, FSI-94-00-3, to be presented at the Hydroinformatics Conference, IHE Delft, The Netherlands, Sept. 1994

7-94 C. W. Hirt and K. A.Williams, FLOW-3D Predictions for Free Discharge and Submerged Parshall Flumes, Flow Science Technical Note #40, August 1994 (FSI-94-TN40)

11-93 K. Ishino, H. Otani, R. Okada and Y. Nakagawa, The Flow Structure Around a Cylindrical Pier for the Flow of Transcritical Reynolds Number, Taisei Corp., Honshu Shikoku Bridge Authority, Akashi Kaikyo Ohashi Substructure Construction, Proc. XXV, Congress Intern. Assoc. Hydraulic Res., V, 417-424 (1993) Tokyo, Japan

6-87 J.M. Sicilian, A FLOW-3D Model for Flow in a Water Turbine Passage, Flow Science report, July 1987 (FSI-87-36-1)

난류 모델링

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

Turbulence Modeling

The majority of flows in nature are turbulent. This raises the question, is it necessary to represent turbulence in computational models of flow processes? Unfortunately, there is no simple answer to this question, and the modeler must exercise some engineering judgment. The following remarks cover some things to consider when faced with this question.

난류 모델링

자연에서의 흐름은 대부분은 난류입니다. 이것은 유동의 수치해석 모델에서 난류를 표현할 필요가 있는가? 에 대한 의문이 생깁니다. 불행히도이 질문에 대한 답은 모델링을 할 경우 엔지니어가 공학적인 판단을 내려야합니다. 다음에 이 질문에 직면했을 때 고려해야 할 몇 가지를 설명합니다.

Definitions and Orders of Magnitude

The possibility that turbulence may occur is generally measured by the flow Reynolds number:

난류가 발생할 가능성은 일반적으로 흐름의 레이놀즈 수에 의해 측정됩니다.

where ρ is fluid density and μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. The parameters L and U are a characteristic length and speed for the flow. Obviously, the choice of L and U are somewhat arbitrary, and there may not be single values that characterize all the important features of an entire flow field. The important point to remember is that Re is meant to measure the relative importance of fluid inertia to viscous forces. When viscous forces are negligible the Reynolds number is large.

여기서 ρ는 유체 밀도이고 μ는 유체의 동적 점도입니다. 매개 변수 L과 U는 흐름의 특성 길이와 속도입니다. 분명히 L과 U의 선택은 다소 임의적이며, 전체 유동장의 모든 중요한 특징을 특징 짓는 단일 값이 없을 수도 있습니다. 기억해야 할 중요한 점은 Re가 점성력에 대한 유체 관성의 상대적 중요성을 측정한다는 것입니다. 점성력을 무시할 수있는 경우 레이놀즈 수가 큽니다.

A good choice for L and U is usually one that characterizes the region showing the strongest shear flow, that is, where viscous forces would be expected to have the most influence.

L과 U에 대한 좋은 선택은 일반적으로 가장 강한 전단 흐름을 나타내는 영역, 즉 점성 힘이 가장 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되는 영역을 특징 짓는 것입니다.

Roughly speaking, a Reynolds number well above 1000 is probably turbulent, while a Reynolds number below 100 is not. The actual value of a critical Reynolds number that separates laminar and turbulent flow can vary widely depending on the nature of the surfaces bounding the flow and the magnitude of perturbations in the flow.

대략적으로 말하면, 1000을 훨씬 넘는 레이놀즈 수는 아마도 난류 일 수 있지만 100 미만의 레이놀즈 수는 그렇지 않습니다. 층류와 난류를 분리하는 임계 레이놀즈 수의 실제 값은 유동을 경계하는 표면의 특성과 유동의 섭동의 크기에 따라 크게 달라질 수 있습니다.

In a fully turbulent flow a range of scales exist for fluctuating velocities that are often characterized as collections of different eddy structures. If L is a characteristic macroscopic length scale and l is the diameter of the smallest turbulent eddies, defined as the scale on which viscous effects are dominant, then the ratio of these scales can be shown to be of order L/l≈Re^3/4. This relation follows from the assumption that, in steady-state, the smallest eddies must dissipate turbulent energy by converting it into heat.

완전 난류 흐름에서는 다양한 와류 구조의 집합으로 특징 지어지는 변동 속도에 대해 다양한 스케일이 존재합니다. L이 거시적 길이 특성 척도이고, l을 점성 효과가 우세한 척도로 정의되는 가장 작은 난류 소용돌이의 직경인 경우, 이러한 척도의 비율은L/l≈Re^3/4 정도인 것으로 표시 될 수 있습니다. 이 관계는 정상 상태에서 가장 작은 소용돌이가 난류 에너지를 열로 변환하여 발산해야한다는 가정에서 비롯됩니다.

Turbulence Models

From the above relation for the range of scales it is easy to see that even for a modest Reynolds number, say Re=10⁴, the range spans three orders of magnitude, L/l=10³. In this case, the number of control volumes needed to resolve all the eddies in a three-dimensional computation would be greater than 10⁹. Numbers of this size are well beyond current computational capabilities. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted to the construction of approximate models for turbulence.

난류 모델

스케일의 범위에 대한 위의 관계를 보면 적당한 레이놀즈 수 (예 : Re = 10⁴ )에서도 범위가 세 자릿수인 L/l=10³에 걸쳐 있음을 쉽게 알 수 있습니다. 이 경우 3 차원 계산에서 모든 소용돌이를 해결하는데 필요한 제어 볼륨의 수는 10⁹보다 커집니다.이 크기의 수는 현재 계산 능력을 훨씬 뛰어 넘습니다. 이러한 이유로 난류에 대한 대략적인 모델을 구성하는 데 상당한 노력을 기울였습니다.

We cannot describe turbulence modeling in any detail in this short article. Instead, we will simply make some basic observations about the types of models available. Be forewarned, however, that no models exist for general use. Every model must be employed with discretion and its results cautiously treated.

이 짧은 기사에서는 난류 모델링에 대해 구체적으로 설명 할 수 없습니다. 대신 사용 가능한 모델의 유형에 대한 몇 가지 기본적인 설명만 합니다. 그러므로 일반 모델은 존재하지 않는 것을 미리 양해 바랍니다. 어떤 모델도 신중하게 선택하고 결과를 주의 깊게 처리해야 합니다.

The original turbulence modeler was Osborne Reynolds. Anyone interested in this subject should read his groundbreaking work (Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, Series A, Vol.186, p.123, 1895). Reynolds’s insights and approach were both fundamental and practical.

난류를 처음으로 모델링 한 인물은 Osborne Reynolds 입니다. 이 건에 관심이있는 분은 Reynolds 의 획기적인 저서 (Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London, Series A, Vol.186, p.123,1895)를 참조하십시오. Reynolds 의 통찰력과 접근 방식은 기본이며 동시에 실용적인 것입니다.

The Pseudo-Fluid Approximation

In a fully turbulent flow it is sometimes possible to define an effective turbulent viscosity, μ_eff, that roughly approximates the turbulent mixing processes contributing to a diffusion of momentum (and other properties). Thinking of a turbulent flow as a pseudo-fluid having increased viscosity leads to the observation that the effective Reynolds number for a turbulent flow is generally less than 100:

의사 유체 근사

완전 난류 흐름에서는 운동량 (및 기타 특성)의 확산에 기여하는 난류 혼합 공정에 대략적으로 근접하는 효과적인 난류 점도 μ_eff를 정의 할 수 있습니다. 난류 흐름을 점도가 증가 된 유사 유체로 생각하면 난류 흐름에 대한 유효 레이놀즈 수가 일반적으로 100 미만이라는 관찰이 가능합니다.

This observation is particularly useful because it suggests a simple way to approximate some turbulent flows. In particular, when the details of the turbulence are not important, but the general mixing behavior associated with the turbulence is, it is often possible to use an effective turbulent (eddy) viscosity in place of the molecular viscosity. The effective viscosity can often be expressed as

이 관찰 결과는 몇 가지 난류를 근사하는 간단한 방법을 제시하고 있기 때문에 특히 유용합니다. 특히 난류 대한 자세한 내용은 중요하지 난류와 관련된 일반적인 혼합 거동이 중요한 경우에는 분자 점성 대신 사용 난류 (소용돌이) 점성을 사용할 수있는 경우가 있습니다. 유효 점성은 다음의 식으로 나타낼 수 있습니다.

where α is a number between 0.02 and 0.04. This expression works well for the turbulence associated with plane and cylindrical jets entering a stagnant fluid. The effective Reynolds number associated with this model is Re=1/α, a number between 25 and 50.

α는 0.02에서 0.04 사이의 숫자입니다. 이 수식은 정체 유체에 들어가는 평면 제트 및 원통형 분류 관련 난류에 대하여 효과가 있습니다. 이 모델에 대한 사용 레이놀즈 수는 Re = 1 / α 25에서 50 사이의 숫자입니다.

While this model is often adequate for predicting the gross features of a turbulent flow, it may not be suitable for predicting local details. For example, it would predict a parabolic flow (i.e., laminar) profile in a pipe instead of the measured logarithmic profile.

이 모델은 종종 난류의 전반적인 특징을 예측하는데는 적합하지만, 로컬 세부 사항을 예측하는 데는 적합하지 않을 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 측정된 대수 프로필 대신 파이프의 포물선 흐름 (층류 등)의 프로파일을 예측합니다.

Local Viscosity Model

The next level of complexity beyond a constant eddy viscosity is to compute an effective viscosity that is a function of local conditions. This is the basis of Prandtl’s mixing-length hypothesis where it is assumed that the viscosity is proportional to the local rate of shear. The proportionality constant has the dimensions of a length squared. The square root of this constant is referred to as the “mixing length.”

This model offers an improvement over a simple constant viscosity. For example, it predicts the logarithmic velocity profile in a pipe. However, it is not used much because it doesn’t account for important transport effects.

국소 점성 모델

일정한 소용돌이 점성보다 복잡한 것은 국소적 조건의 함수인 유효 점성을 계산하는 것입니다. 이것은 점성이 국소적 전단 속도에 비례한다고 가정된다는 프란틀 혼합 길이 가설(Prandtl’s mixing-length hypothesis )의 기초가됩니다. 비례 상수의 차원은 길이의 제곱입니다. 이 상수의 제곱근은 “혼합 장”이라고합니다.

이 모델은 간단한 일정한 점성 개선을 제공합니다. 예를 들어, 파이프의 대수 속도 프로파일을 예측할 수 있습니다. 그러나 중요한 수송 효과를 지원하지 않기 때문에 그다지 많이 사용되지 않습니다.

Turbulence Transport Models

For practical engineering purposes the most successful computational models have two or more transport equations. A minimum of two equations is desirable because it takes two quantities to characterize the length and time scales of turbulent processes. The use of transport equations to describe these variables allows turbulence creation and destruction processes to have localized rates. For instance, a region of strong shear at the corners of a building may generate strong eddies, while little turbulence is generated in the building’s wake region. The strong mixing observed in the wakes of buildings (or automobiles and airplanes) is caused by the advection of upstream generated eddies into the wake. Without transport mechanisms, turbulence would have to instantly adjust to local conditions, implying unrealistically large creation and destruction rates.

난류 수송 모델

실용 공학의 목적인 가장 뛰어난 수치 모델에는 2 개 이상의 수송 방정식이 있습니다. 난류 과정의 길이와 시간의 스케일을 특징으로는 2 개 분량이 필요하므로 최소한 2 개의 방정식이있는 것이 바람직 할 것입니다. 수송 방정식을 사용하여 이러한 변수를 표현하면 난류의 생성 속도와 파괴율을 국소적으로 할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 건물의 모서리의 전단력이 강한 영역에서 강력한 소용돌이가 생성 된 건축물의 후류 영역에서 난류는 거의 생성되지 않습니다. 건축물 (또는 자동차 나 비행기)의 후류에서 관찰되는 강력한 혼합은 상류에서 생성된 소용돌이 후류의 이류에 의해 발생합니다. 수송 메커니즘이 없는 경우, 난류는 국소적 조건에 즉시 적응해야하므로 생성 속도와 파괴율이 비현실적인 크기입니다.

Nearly all transport models invoke one or more gradient assumptions in which a correlation between two fluctuating quantities is approximated by an expression proportional to the gradient of one of the terms. This captures the diffusion-like character of turbulent mixing associated with many small eddy structures, but such approximations can lead to errors when there is significant transport by large eddy structures.

거의 모든 수송 모델에서 하나 이상의 경사 가정을 이루어 두 변동하는 양의 상관 관계가 하나의 항 기울기에 비례하는 식으로 근사됩니다. 이를 통해 다수의 작은 소용돌이 구조와 관련된 난류 혼합 확산적인 특징을 파악할 수 있지만, 큰 소용돌이 구조에 의해 상당한 전송이 존재하는 경우, 이러한 근사 오류가 발생할 수 있습니다.

Large Eddy Simulation

Most models of turbulence are designed to approximate a smoothed out or time-averaged effect of turbulence. An exception is the Large Eddy Simulation model (or Subgrid Scale model). The idea behind this model is that computations should be directly capable of modeling all the fluctuating details of a turbulent flow except for those too small to be resolved by the grid. The unresolved eddies are then treated by approximating their effect using a local eddy viscosity. Generally, this eddy viscosity is made proportional to the local grid size and some measure of the local flow velocity, such as the magnitude of the rate of strain.

Large Eddy 시뮬레이션

난류의 대부분의 모델은 매끄럽게 또는 시간 평균된 난류의 효과를 근사하도록 설계되어 있습니다. 예외는 큰 에디 시뮬레이션 모델 (또는 서브 그리드 스케일 모델)입니다. 이 모델의 배경에는 너무 작은 격자에 의해 해결할 수 없는 것을 제외하고는 난류의 모든 변동 내용은 계산에 의해 직접 모델링 할 수 있어야 한다는 생각이 있습니다. 미해결 소용돌이는 로컬 점성을 사용하여 효과를 근사하여 처리됩니다. 일반적으로이 소용돌이 점성은 국소적인 격자 크기 및 어떤 국소적인 흐름의 속도 측정 (변형 속도의 크기 등)에 비례합니다.

대부분의 난류 모델은 난류의 평활화 또는 시간 평균 효과에 근접하도록 설계되었습니다. 예외는 Large Eddy Simulation 모델 (또는 Subgrid Scale 모델)입니다. 이 모델의 이면에있는 아이디어는 계산이 격자에 의해 해결 되기에는 너무 작은 것을 제외하고, 난류 흐름의 모든 변동 세부 사항을 직접 모델링 할 수 있어야 한다는 것입니다. 해결되지 않은 소용돌이는 로컬 소용돌이 점도를 사용하여 효과를 근사화하여 처리됩니다. 일반적으로, 이 와류 점도는 로컬 격자 크기와 변형률의 크기와 같은 로컬 유속 측정치에 비례하여 만들어집니다.

Such an approach might be expected to give good results if the unresolved scales are small enough, for example, in the viscous sub-range. Unfortunately, this is still an uncomfortably small size. When these models are used with a minimum scale size that is above the viscous sub-range, they are then referred to as Coherent Structure Capturing models.

이러한 접근 방식은 미해결 스케일이 충분히 작은 경우, 예를 들어 점성이 작은 영역에 있는 경우에 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대됩니다. 불행히도 아직은 여전히 불편한 작은 크기 입니다. 이러한 모델을 점성 작은 영역보다 높은 최소 스케일 사이즈로 사용하는 경우는 CSC (Coherent Structure Capturing) 모델이라고합니다.

The advantage of these more realistic models is that they provide information not only about the average effects of turbulence but also about the magnitude of fluctuations. But, this advantage is also a disadvantage, because averages must actually be computed over many fluctuations, and some means must be provided to introduce meaningful fluctuations at the start of a computation and at boundaries where flow enters the computational region.

이보다 현실적인 모델의 장점은 난류의 평균 효과에 대한 정보뿐만 아니라 변동의 크기에 대한 정보도 제공 될 것입니다. 그러나 이와같은 장점은 단점도 있습니다. 평균적으로 실제로 다수의 변동에 대해 계산해야 하며, 계산의 시작 및 흐름이 계산 영역에 들어가는 경계에서 상당한 변화를 도입하기위한 수단을 제공 할 필요가 있기 때문입니다.

Turbulence from an Engineering Perspective

We have seen that it is probably not reasonable to attempt to compute all the details of a turbulent flow. Furthermore, from the perspective of most applications, it’s not likely that we would be interested in the local details of individual fluctuations. The question then is how should we deal with turbulence, when should we employ a turbulence model, and how complex should that model be?

공학적 관점에서의 난류

지금까지 난류의 모든 세부 사항을 계산하려고하는 것은 아마도 합리적이지 않다는 것을 확인했습니다. 또한 많은 적용례의 관점에서 개별 변동의 국소적인 세부 사항이 관심의 대상이 될 수는 없을 것입니다. 거기서 생기는 의문은 난류를 어떻게 처리해야 할지 난류 모델을 언제 선택할지 그 모델이 얼마나 복잡할지에 있다는 것입니다.

Experimental observations suggest that many flows become independent of Reynolds number once a certain minimum value is exceeded. If this were not so, wind tunnels, wave tanks, and other experimental tools would not be as useful as they are. One of the principal effects of a Reynolds number change is to relocate flow separation points. In laboratory experiments this fact sometimes requires the use of trip wires or other devices to induce separation at desired locations. A similar treatment may be used in a numerical simulation.

실험적 관찰에 따르면 특정 최소값이 초과되면 많은 흐름이 레이놀즈 수와 무관하게됩니다. 그렇지 않다면 풍동, 파도 탱크 및 기타 실험 도구는 그다지 유용하지 않을 것입니다. 레이놀즈 수 변경의 주요 효과 중 하나는 흐름 분리 지점을 재배치하는 것입니다. 실험실 실험에서이 사실은 때때로 원하는 위치에서 분리를 유도하기 위해 트립 와이어 또는 기타 장치를 사용해야합니다. 유사한 처리가 수치 시뮬레이션에서 사용될 수 있습니다.

Most often a simulation is done to determine the dominant flow patterns that develop in some specified situation. These patterns consist of the mean flow and the largest eddy structures containing the majority of the kinetic energy of the flow. The details of how this energy is removed from the larger eddies and dissipated into heat by the smallest eddies may not be important. In such cases the dissipation mechanisms inherent in numerical methods may alone be sufficient to produce reasonable results. In other cases it is possible to supply additional dissipation with a simple turbulence model such as a constant eddy viscosity or a mixing length assumption.

대부분의 경우 특정 상황에서 발생하는 지배적 인 흐름 패턴을 결정하기 위해 시뮬레이션이 수행됩니다. 이러한 패턴은 평균 흐름과 흐름의 대부분의 운동 에너지를 포함하는 가장 큰 소용돌이 구조로 구성됩니다. 이 에너지가 더 큰 소용돌이에서 제거되고 가장 작은 소용돌이에 의해 열로 소산되는 방법에 대한 세부 사항은 중요하지 않을 수 있습니다. 그러한 경우 수치 적 방법에 내재 된 소산 메커니즘만으로도 합리적인 결과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 다른 경우에는 일정한 소용돌이 점도 또는 혼합 길이 가정과 같은 간단한 난류 모델을 사용하여 추가 소산을 제공 할 수 있습니다.

Turbulence transport equations require more CPU resources and should only be used when there are strong, localized sources of turbulence and when that turbulence is likely to be advected into other important regions of the flow. When there is reason to seriously question the results of a computation, it is always desirable to seek experimental confirmation.

An excellent introduction to fluid turbulence can be found in the book Elementary Mechanics of Fluids by Hunter Rouse, Dover Publications, Inc., New York (1978).

난류 전송 방정식은 더 많은 CPU 리소스를 필요로하며 강력하고 국부 화 된 난기류 소스가 있고 그 난류가 흐름의 다른 중요한 영역으로 전파 될 가능성이있는 경우에만 사용해야합니다. 계산 결과에 매우 의문이 생길 경우는 실험에 의해 확인하는 것이 좋습니다.

유체 난류에 대한 훌륭한 소개는 Hunter Rouse, Dover Publications, Inc., New York (1978)의 책 Elementary Mechanics of Fluids에서 찾을 수 있습니다.

General CFD

A basic requirement for computational fluid dynamics

전산 유체 역학 (CFD)의 기본 요구 사항은 밀도, 압력 및 속도 등의 유체 특성을 각 요소에 대해 고유하게 할당할 수있는 미소 요소에 공간을 이산화하는 것입니다.

공간을 분할하는 다양한 방법 중 일반적인 방법의 일부는 격자 시스템에 쉽게 설명되어 있으며, 각각의 방법에 대해 장단점도 기술되어 있습니다.

사각형 격자 요소는 아마도 수치 근사를 위해 생성하고 사용하는 가장 간단한 격자 요소이지만, 일반적인 사용이 제한되어 너무 대체로 간주합니다.

사각형 격자는 여러 가지 방법으로 사각형 격자를 쉽게 확장하고 복잡한 격자 생성의 가능성을 제공할 수 있다고 설명하면 위의 생각이 틀렸다는 것을 보여줍니다.

A basic requirement for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is to have a discretization of space into small elements in which fluid properties such as density, pressure and velocity can be uniquely assigned to each element. There are a variety of ways to subdivide space and some of the more common ones are briefly described in the article Grid Systems, which offers a few pros and cons for each possibility. Rectangular grid elements are probably the simplest to generate and use for numerical approximation, but are often seen as too restricted for general use. The article Rectangular Grids shows the fallacy of this by explaining how rectangular grids can be easily extended in several ways to offer more complex gridding possibilities.

CFD를 실제 문제에 적용하려면, 질량, 운동량 및 에너지 보존에 관한 기본적인 유체 방정식의 단순한 수치 모델 이상의 경우를 고려하는 것이 필요합니다. 이러한 문제의 일부는 아래에 있는 General CFD 절에서 논의되고 있습니다.

자유 유체 표면 또는 액체 계면을 수치적으로 모델링하는 다양한 방법의 개요가 나와 있습니다.

그 밖에도 난류 현상을 모델링하는 방식이 논의되고 있으며, 마지막으로 이산 질량 (또는 마커) 입자의 사용에 대한 일반적인 논의도 포함되어 있습니다.

직관적으로 이산 입자는 복잡한 유체 흐름의 변화을 추적하는데 이상적이라고 생각되지만, 마지막 부분에서 설명된 바와 같이 이산 입자와 관련된 많은 제한에 대해 유의해야 합니다.

Application of CFD to real problems often requires more than a straightforward numerical model of the basic fluid equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Several of these issues are discussed in the remaining articles under the heading of General CFD. A short summary is given of different ways to numerically model free fluid surfaces or fluid interfaces. Another of the articles discusses approaches for modeling turbulence phenomena, and finally, there is a general discussion of the use of discrete mass (or marker) particles. Intuitively, discrete particles would seem to be ideal for tracking the evolution of complex fluid flow, however, as this last article explains, there are a number of limitations associated with discrete particles that should be kept in mind.

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Free Surface Fluid Flow | 자유 표면 유체 흐름

Free Surface Fluid Flow

유체 흐름 문제는 복잡한 기하학적 구조의 자유 표면과 관련되는 경우가 많으며 대부분 매우 일시적입니다. 수력학의 예로는 배수로, 강, 교각 주변, 홍수 범람, 수문, 잠금 장치 및 다수의 기타 구조물의 흐름이 있습니다. 이러한 유형의 흐름을 계산적으로 모델링 하는 능력은 이러한 계산이 정확하고 합리적인 계산 자원으로 수행될 수 있다면 매력적입니다. 유용하게 사용하려면 시뮬레이션은 물리적 모델을 사용하는 것보다 훨씬 빠르고 저렴해야 합니다.

Fluid flow problems often involve free surfaces in complex geometry and in many cases are highly transient. Examples in hydraulics are flows over spillways, in rivers, around bridge pilings, flood overflows, flows in sluices, locks, and a host of other structures. A capability to computationally model these types of flows is attractive if such computations can be done accurately and with reasonable computational resources. To be useful, simulations should be much faster and less expensive than using physical models.

많은 컴퓨터 프로그램은 유체의 역학을 설명하는 편미분 방정식을 풀 수 있습니다. 시뮬레이션에 자유 표면을 포함 할 수있는 프로그램은 많지 않습니다. 그 이유는 Free Surface 경계 문제로 잘 알려진 수학적인 문제입니다. 자유 경계 문제는 다루기 어려운 표면이 이동함에 따라 계산 영역이 변화하는 한편, 그 표면 이동 자체가 계산에 의해 결정된다는 점에 있습니다. 계산 영역의 변화는 그 크기와 모양의 변화뿐만 아니라, 경우에 따라서는 영역의 결합과 분리(즉, 자유 표면의 발생과 소멸)을 포함합니다.

Many computer programs can solve the partial differential equations describing the dynamics of fluids. Not many programs are capable of including free surfaces in their simulations. The difficulty is a classical mathematical one often referred to as the free-boundary problem. A free boundary poses the difficulty that on the one hand the solution region changes when its surface moves, and on the other hand, the motion of the surface is in turn determined by the solution. Changes in the solution region include not only changes in size and shape, but in some cases, may also include the coalescence and break up of regions (i.e., the loss and gain of free surfaces).

이 책에서는 모든 자유 표면을 고려한 유체흐름 현상을 수치 해석용으로 모델링하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 이 기술은 VOF (Volume-of-Fluid) 법에 근거한 것으로, 특히 자유 표면 흐름에 적합한 다양한 기능을 제공합니다. 이 책에서는 VOF 법이 자유 표면과 그 발생과 소멸을 해석하는데 가장 자연스럽고 매우 효율적인 방법을 제시합니다.

In this note a computational modeling technique for fluid flows with arbitrary free surfaces is discussed. The technique is based on the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) technique. This technique has many unique properties that make it especially applicable to flows having free surfaces. The goal of this discussion is to show why the VOF approach offers a natural way to capture free surfaces and their evolution with great efficiency.

VOF 법의 특징을 잘 보여주기 위해 간단하지만 매우 중요한 유동 현상에 관한 문제를 다룹니다. 여기에서는 계단 낙차형상의 낙하류를 예로 들어 있습니다. 개념적으로 간단한 흐름인 동시에 결과의 타당성을 확인하기위한 좋은 실험 데이터도 제공되어 있습니다 (N. Rajaratnam and MR Chamani “Energy Loss at Drops”J. Hydraulic Res. Vol. 33 p.373,1995 참조).

A good recommendation for the VOF method is to demonstrate its capabilities on a simple hydraulic flow problem, one that is far from trivial. The example selected is of flow over a step. This flow has conceptual simplicity and good experimental data available for validation (see N. Rajaratnam and M.R. Chamani, “Energy Loss at Drops,” J. Hydraulic Res. Vol. 33, p.373, 1995).

Prototype Hydraulic Flow with Free Surfaces

그림 1a는 정상 상태에 도달 한 후 흐름의 문제를 보여줍니다. 계단 낙차형상 상부로부터의 월류(액체 또는 스냅 시트)에는 상하 모두의 자유 표면이 있습니다. 월류의 아래쪽에는 월류와 계단 가공면 사이에 웅덩이가 형성되어 있으며, 하류에서는 액체는 평평한 정상 표면에서 오른쪽으로 흐르고 있습니다. 엄밀히 말하면, 웅덩이 영역의 흐름 상태는 정상입니다. 이것은 충돌하는 액체에 의해 풀에 난류 혼합이 발생하고 있기 때문입니다. 그러나 평균적인 구성이 존재하고 그것은 실험에서도 보고됩니다.

Figure 1a shows the flow problem after it has reached a steady-state condition. The overflow (sheet of liquid or nappe) leaving the top of the step has both an upper and lower free surface. At the bottom of the overflow a pool has formed between the overflow and the face of the step, while downstream, liquid is flowing to the right with a flat, steady surface. Strictly speaking, the flow conditions in the pool region are not steady because turbulent mixing is generated in the pool by the impinging fluid. There is, however, an average configuration and that is what is reported in the experiments.

실용적인 목적 유동 흐름은 항상 2 차원입니다. 즉, 그림 1a에서 수직 방향에서는 큰 변화는 없습니다. 현실에서는 웅덩이 위쪽으로 공간을 만들기 위해서는 대기에 여유공간이 필요하고, 그게 없으면 닫힐 것입니다.

For all practical purposes the flow is two-dimensional, that is, it does not have any significant variation in the direction normal to the illustration in Fig. 1a. In actuality, to have an air space above the pool there must be some opening to the atmosphere otherwise it would close up.

계단 낙차형상 상단의 유속은 중요합니다. 즉, 이것은 표면파와 같거나 그 이상의 속도이기 때문에 하류에서의 교란이 영역을 관통하고 상류 흐름 (계단 낙차형상의 왼쪽)에 영향을 줄 수 없습니다. 따라서 이 영역에서의 흐름은 예외적으로 원활하고 정상입니다.

The flow speed at the top of the step is critical, that is, it has a speed equal to or greater than the speed of surface waves, so that no disturbances from downstream can penetrate through this region to affect flow upstream (to the left of the step), which is why the flow is exceptionally smooth and steady in that region.

이 문제는 수치 시뮬레이션과 비교할 수 있는 기하 형상 기능이 많이 있습니다. 예를 들어, 계단 낙차형상의 전후 흐름의 높이, 월류가 바닥에 충돌 할 때의 각도, 월류 아래에 형성되는 웅덩이의 깊이 등입니다. 또한 실용화를 위한 중요한 비교 항목으로는, 계단 낙차형상을 통해 떨어지는 낙하 류에 의해 손실되는 에너지의 양 (운동 에너지와 위치 에너지의 합)가 있습니다.

There are many geometric features in this problem that can be compared with a numerical simulation; such as flow heights before and after the step, the angle of the overflow stream when it strikes the bottom and the depth of the pool formed under the overflow. Additionally, an important comparison for practical applications is the amount of energy (i.e., kinetic plus potential) lost by the flow in passing over the step.

Simulation of Prototype Problem

그림 1a는 시뮬레이션의 결과입니다. 이 예에서는 실험에 사용된 모든 기하 형상 및 물질의 특성이 시뮬레이션에 사용되었습니다. 실험실 테스트에서 사용한 계단 낙차형상의 높이가 62cm에서 액체는 보통의 물 (밀도 = 1.0gm / cc 어떻게 점성 = 0.01dynes / cm)입니다. 계산 영역에 들어가는 물의 깊이는 15.5cm에서 속도가 임계에 가까운 123.0cm/s 였습니다. 물론, 중력은 수직 방향으로 크기는 g = -980cm / s^2입니다.

Figure 1a is from a simulation. For this example all of the geometric and material properties used in the experiments were used in the simulation. The height of the step used in the laboratory test is 62cm and the fluid is ordinary water (density=1.0 gm/cc and dynamic viscosity=0.01dynes/cm). The depth of water entering the computational region was 15.5cm and was given a near critical velocity of 123.0cm/s. Of course, gravity was in the vertical direction with magnitude g=-980cm/s^2.

Figure 1a. Simulation of flow over a step. Figure 1b. Grid used in simulation.

월류 왼쪽에 있는 웅덩이에 난류가 발생 할 것으로 예상 되었기 때문에, 시뮬레이션에서는 난류 모델 (the Renormalization Group, 즉 RNG 모델)을 사용했습니다. 그 후, 난류 모델을 사용하지 않고 한 시뮬레이션에서도 비슷한 결과를 얻을 수 있었지만, 이것은 그다지 놀라운 일이 아닙니다. 흐름의 중요한 요소의 대부분은 매끄러운 (즉 난류가 아닌) 유입, 유출, 월류 때문입니다.

Because some turbulence was expected to develop in the pool to the left of the overflow, a turbulence model (the Renormalization Group or RNG model) was used in the simulation. Subsequent simulations without a turbulence model produced very similar results, which is not too surprising since most of the important elements of the flow are smooth (i.e., non-turbulent) inflow, overflow and outflow streams.

그림 1b 시뮬레이션 영역은 폭 170cm, 높이 100cm에 가로 80 개, 세로 60 개, 총 4800 개의 셀로 구성되는 같은 크기의 사각형 셀의 격자로 세분화되어 있습니다. 이 격자는 유체 역학의 지배 미분 방정식 (나비에 – 스토크스 방정식)의 유한 차분 근사의 기초로 사용됩니다. 격자 셀의 수와 크기는 흐름 속에서 예측되는 최소의 특성을 파악하는 목적으로 선택되었습니다. 결과를보고 어떤 조정이 필요하다고 생각되는 경우는 숫자를 쉽게 늘리거나 줄일 수 있습니다. 사실, 해상도를 바꾸어 시뮬레이션을 반복하여 계산이 그러한 변화에 영향을 많이 들어 있지 않은지 확인하는 것이 좋습니다.

The simulation region shown in Fig. 1b is 170cm wide and 100cm high and has been subdivided into a grid of equal sized rectangular cells consisting of 80 cells in the horizontal direction and 60 cells in the vertical direction, for a total of 4800 cells. This grid is used as the basis for finite-difference approximations of the governing differential equations of fluid dynamics (the Navier-Stokes equations). The number and size of the grid cells was chosen with the goal of capturing the smallest expected features of the flow. The number can be easily increased or decreased if the results seem to warrant some adjustment. In fact, it is often a good idea to repeat a simulation with a change of resolution to make sure that the solution is not too sensitive to such changes.

왼쪽의 경계는 지정된 속도 경계입니다 (유체의 높이도 지정). 오른쪽의 경계는 유출 경계에서 모든 유량이 경계에 수직 제로 기울기이며, 균일 한 유출이 촉진됩니다. 상하 경계는 단단한 벽으로 세 번째 방향의 경계는 대칭면 (점성 저항 제로의 벽)으로 처리되었습니다. 계단 낙차형상의 표면도 자유-미끄럼(free slip) 경계로 처리되었습니다.

The left boundary was a specified velocity boundary (also with a specified fluid height). The right boundary was an outflow boundary where all flow quantities have a zero gradient normal to the boundary to encourage a uniform outflow. The top and bottom boundaries are rigid walls, while in the third direction the boundaries were treated as planes of symmetry (i.e., walls with zero viscous drag). The surface of the step was also treated as a free-slip boundary.

초기 조건은 예측되는 흐름의 배열을 대략적으로 근사하도록 설정할 수 있었지만, 흐름의 구성은 계산하고 싶은 것 중 하나이기 때문에 유체가 어떻게 분포되는지를 모르는 경우에는 간단한 방법이 필요합니다. 이 예제에서는 비정상 흐름 시뮬레이터를 사용했기 때문에 그림 1a의 계단 낙차형상에 유체의 블록만 있고 왼쪽 경계의 같은 수평 속도와 높이가 할당된 간단한 초기 조건을 정의할 수 있습니다. 시뮬레이션은 이후 정상 흐름으로 발전하고 있지만, 이것은 약 8.0 초 후에 발생합니다. 시뮬레이션은 정상 상태에 도달 한 것을 보장하기 위해, 10.0 초의 시간까지 실행되었습니다. 그림 2는 중간 시간을 두 보여줍니다. 도 2b는 0.2 초, 그림 2c는 0.5 초 시점에서 그림 2d는 마지막 10.0 초 시점을 보여줍니다.

Initial conditions could have been set to roughly approximate the expected flow arrangement, but since the flow configuration is one of the things that one would like to compute, especially for situations where one doesn’t know what the distribution of fluid is likely to be, a simpler approach is needed. Because a transient flow simulator was used for this example a simple initial condition could be defined that consisted of just a block of fluid on top of the step, Fig. 1a with the same horizontal velocity and height assigned to the left boundary. The simulation then followed the development of the steady flow, which occurs after about 8.0s. The simulation was run out to a time of 10.0s to assure that steady conditions had been reached. Figure 2 shows two intermediate times; 2.b at 0.2s and 2.c at 0.5s plus the final time in 2.d at 10.0s.

Figures 2a-2d. Simulation times of 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 and 10.0s.

처음에는 단일 결합하고 있는 자유 표면이었던 것이 액체가 바닥에 충돌한 후 2 개의 독립적인 자유 표면 (상하 스냅 표면)으로 변화하는 것에 주목하십시오. 아래 경계의 충격점의 좌우로 흐름이 분리되도 문제는 없습니다. 이에 대해서는 다음 섹션에서 자세히 설명합니다.

It should be noted that what starts as a single, connected free surface changes to two independent free surfaces (upper and lower nappe surfaces) after the fluid strikes the bottom. No difficulties are experienced with this separation of the flow into portions flowing to the left and right of the impact point on the bottom boundary. This will be discussed at further length in the next section.

실험과 시뮬레이션의 비교는 다음 표와 같으며 매우 잘 일치하고 있습니다.

Comparisons between experiment and simulation are given in the following table and are in excellent agreement.

Comparison Table	Experimental Results	Simulation Results
Outflow Height/Step Height	0.094	0.094
Pool Height/Step Height	0.41	0.41
Angle of Nappe at Bottom	57°	59°
Energy Loss/Initial Energy	0.29	0.296

이러한 결과를 고려하면이 같은 정밀도를 달성하려면 상당한 계산시간이 필요할 것으로 생각될지도 모릅니다. 그러나 실제로는 Pentium 4, 3.20GHz의 데스크톱 컴퓨터의 총 CPU 시간은 단 88 초였습니다. 계산시간이 너무 짧은 것은 설명이 필요하며, 이것은 다음 섹션의 목적입니다.

In view of these results it might be expected that a considerable amount of computational time would be required to achieve such accuracy. In fact, the total cpu time on a desktop Pentium 4, 3.20GHz computer was only 88s. Such a short computational time requires explanation and that is the purpose of the following sections.

Why the VOF Technique Works Well / VOF 법이 적합한 이유

VOF 법의 구조와 그것이 매우 효율적인 방법인 이유를 이해하기 위해 다양한 계산법 중에서도 특히 VOF 법에 대한 몇 가지 기본 개념을 나타냅니다.

There are a few general concepts about computational methods and the VOF technique in particular that can be used to gain an understanding of how and why VOF works so efficiently.

Basic Theory

모든 수치해석 방법에서 흐름의 문제를 단순하게 산술 계산하도록 유한의 수치 세트로 단순화해야합니다. 연속 유체를 이산화된 수치 세트에 근사하기 위해서 일반적으로 사용되는 것이 유체가 차지하는 공간을 격자로 분할하는 방법입니다. 이 격자는 일반적으로 다수의 작은 직사각형의 블록(요소)로 구성됩니다. 이러한 각 요소에 대해 평균화 처리를 실시함으로써 그 요소의 유체의 압력, 밀도, 속도 및 온도의 대표 값을 얻을 수 있습니다.

All numerical methods must use some simplification to reduce a fluid flow problem to a finite set of numerical values that can then be manipulated using elementary arithmetical operations. A typical procedure for approximating a continuous fluid by a discrete set of numerical values is to subdivide the space occupied by the fluid into a grid consisting of a set of small, often rectangular “bricks.” Within each element an averaging process is applied to obtain representative element values for the fluid’s pressure, density, velocity and temperature.

간단한 수식을 사용해, 어느 시간에 걸친 각 요소 값과 인접한 요소의 상호 작용을 근사할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 요소의 밀도는 그 요소와 인접 요소 사이에서 (질량 보존에 의한) 질량 유량이 교환된 경우에만 변경됩니다. 요소 사이에서 질량이 교환되는 물질의 속도는 운동량 보존 법칙에 의해 계산되며 일반적으로 나비에-스토크스 방정식으로 표현됩니다. 나비에-스토크스 방정식은 인접한 요소 사이에 작용하는 압력과 점성 응력을 이용하여 요소에서 변화하는 유체 속도를 근사합니다.

Simple equations can be devised to approximate how each element’s values interact with neighboring elements over time. For instance, the density of an element can only change when there is a net flow of mass exchanged between an element and its neighbors (i.e., conservation of mass). The material velocity that carries mass between elements is computed from the conservation of momentum principal, usually expressed in the form of the Navier-Stokes equations, which uses the pressures and viscous stresses acting between neighboring elements to approximate the changing fluid velocities in the elements.

이러한 요소와 인접 요소 사이의 상호 작용에 따른 아이디어는 편미분 방정식 근방의 양의 변화에 의해 생기는 작은 변화의 효과를 평가하는 것과 본질적으로 동일합니다. 공학계의 교과서에서 파생된 작은 컨트롤 볼륨을 사용하여 그 크기를 무한대까지 작게 한 근사치의 극한으로 편미분 방정식이 유도됩니다. 수치 시뮬레이션에서도 같은 방식을 취하고 있지만, 요소 수가 너무 많으면 추적이 어렵게 되어 컨트롤 볼륨의 크기를 최대한 작게 만들 수 없습니다. 실제 시뮬레이션 현상을 해결하는데 충분하고 계산 시간을 최소한으로 억제 할 수 있는 요소수를 설정하는 것이 목표입니다.

This idea of an element interacting with its neighbors is essentially what is meant by a partial differential equation; that is, evaluating the effects of small changes caused by the variation in quantities nearby. Partial differential equations are typically derived in engineering text books as the limit of approximations made with small control volumes whose sizes are then reduced to infinitesimal values. In a numerical simulation the same thing is done except that the control volume sizes cannot be taken to the limit because that would require too many elements to keep track of. In practice, the goal is to use enough elements to resolve the phenomena of interest, and no more, so that computing times are kept to a minimum.

요소에 사용되는 연산은 기본적으로 더하기, 빼기, 곱하기 및 나누기만 포함된 간단한 것입니다. 예를 들어, 요소의 질량의 변화는 일정한 시간 간격에 걸쳐 요소의 측면에서 유입 및 유출된 질량의 가산 및 감산에서 구할 수 있습니다. 그러나 시뮬레이션에서는 이러한 연산을 수천, 때로는 수백만 요소에 대해 매우 짧은 시간 간격에 대해 반복 계산해야합니다. 따라서 이러한 반복 계산의 고속 처리는 컴퓨터가 적합합니다.

Arithmetical operations associated with an element generally involve only simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. For instance, the change of mass in an element involves the addition and subtraction of mass entering and leaving through the faces of the element over a fixed interval of time. A simulation requires that these operations be done for thousands or even millions of elements as well as repeated for many small time intervals. Computers are ideal for performing these types of repetitive operations very rapidly.

자유 표면을 수반하는 유체 운동의 시뮬레이션에서는 형상이 변화하는 계산 영역을 다루어야합니다. 이 복잡성에 대응할 수있는 분석 방법이 아래에서 설명하는 VOF 법입니다.

Simulating fluid motion with free surfaces introduces the complexity of having to deal with solution regions whose shapes are changing. A convenient way to deal with this is to use the Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique described next.

The VOF Concept

VOF 법은 각 격자 셀의 체적 중 액체가 차지하는 비율, 즉 체적 점유율을 기록한다는 생각에 근거합니다. 일반적으로 부피 점유율은 F로 표시됩니다. F는 부피 점유율이기 때문에 값이 취할 수있는 범위는 0.0 ~ 1.0입니다.

The VOF technique is based on the idea of recording in each grid cell the fractional portion of the cell volume that is occupied by liquid. Typically the fractional volume is represented by the quantity F. Because it is a fractional volume, F must have a value between 0.0 and 1.0.

액체 내부의 영역에서는 F 값은 1.0이 액체의 외부, 즉 (공기 등) 기체 영역에서 F 값은 0입니다. F 값이 0.0과 1.0 사이에서 변화하는 장소가 자유 표면이 존재하는 위치입니다. 즉 0.0보다 크고 1.0보다 작은 F 값을 가지는 요소는 반드시 표면을 가지고 있습니다.

In interior regions of liquid the value of F would be 1.0, while outside of the liquid, in regions of gas (air for example), the value of F is zero. The location of a free surface is where F changes from 0.0 to 1.0. Thus, any element having an F value lying between 0.0 and 1.0 must contain a surface.

여기서 유의해야 할 것은 VOF 법에서 자유 표면을 직접적으로 정의하는 것이 아니라 벌크 유체의 위치를 정의한다는 점입니다. 이렇게하면 계산상의 어려움을 초래하지 않고 유체 영역을 결합 또는 분할 할 수 있습니다. 자유 표면은 단순히 유체의 체적 점유율이 1.0과 0.0 사이에서 변화하는 장소로 정의됩니다. 이것은 자유 표면을 수반하는 거의 모든 문제에 적용 할 수 VOF 법의 뛰어난 특징이기도합니다.

It is important to emphasize that the VOF technique does not directly define a free surface, but rather defines the location of bulk fluid. It is for this reason that fluid regions can coalesce or break up without causing computational difficulties. Free surfaces are simply a consequence of where the fluid volume fraction passes from 1.0 to 0.0. This is a very desirable feature that makes the VOF technique applicable to just about any kind of free surface problem.

또한 격자의 각 요소에 단일 수치 (F)를 할당하여 유체의 위치를 기록 할 수 있는 점도 VOF 법의 중요한 특징입니다. 이것은 평균값을 기준으로 압력과 속도 등 다른 모든 유체 물성의 기록과 완전히 일치합니다.

Another important feature of the VOF technique is that it records the location of fluid by assigning a single numerical value (F) to each grid element. This is completely consistent with the recording of all other fluid properties in an element such as pressure and velocity components by their average values.

Some Details of the VOF Technique

Figure 3. Surface in 1D column of elements.

정확도를 위해 요소 내에 자유 표면을 배치하는 방법을 갖는 것이 바람직합니다. 인접 요소의 F 값을 고려하면 이를 쉽게 할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 열의 일부에 액체가 충전되어있는 1 차원 요소를 상상하십시오 (그림 3). 액체의 표면은 열 중앙 영역의 요소에 있습니다. 이것을 표면 요소라고합니다. 여기에서는 표면 요소를 제외하고 F 값은 0.0 또는 1.0이어야한다고 가정하고 있기 때문에 이를 사용하여 표면의 정확한 위치를 파악할 수 있습니다. 우선, 표면이 표면 또는 바닥을 확인하는 테스트를 실시합니다. 표면요소에 대해 액체가 없을 경우에는 표면으로 간주합니다. 위의 요소에 액체가 들어있는 경우는 물론, 그 표면은 바닥입니다. 윗면에 관해서는 정확한 위치는 표면 요소의 아래쪽에서 위쪽으로 요소의 세로 크기를 F 배 한 거리에있는로 계산합니다. 바닥도 마찬가지로 표면 요소의 상단에서 아래로, 요소의 세로 크기를 F 배 한 거리에 있습니다. 이 방법에 의한 요소의 표면 위치의 특정은 요소 내의 액체의 부피 점유율로 F를 정의한 후에 합니다.

For accuracy purposes it is desirable to have a way to locate a free surface within an element. Considering the F values in neighboring elements can easily do this. For example, imagine a one-dimensional column of elements in which a portion of the column is filled with liquid, Fig. 3. The liquid surface is in an element in the central region of the column, which will be referred to as the surface element. Because we assume the values of F must be either 0.0 or 1.0, except in the surface element, we can use this to locate the exact position of the surface. First a test is made to see if the surface is a top or bottom surface. If the element above the surface element is empty of liquid, the surface must be a top surface. It the element above is full of liquid then, of course, the surface is a bottom surface. For a top surface we compute its exact location as lying above the bottom edge of the surface element by a distance equal to F times the vertical size of the element. A bottom surface is similarly located a distance equal to F times the vertical size of the element below the top edge of the surface element. Locating the surface within an element in this way follows from the definition of F as a fractional volume of liquid in the element.

1 차원 열의 표면 위치 계산은 간단하고 정확하며 계산이 거의 필요없습니다. 그러나 2 차원 및 3 차원의 경우 하나의 표면 셀에 연속적인 표면 방향이 존재할 가능성이 있기 때문에 위치 계산은 조금 복잡해집니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이를 취급하는 것은 어렵지 않습니다. 그림 4의 이차원의 예는 표면의 위치를 계산할 뿐만 아니라 경사와 곡률도 이해할 수 있는 쉬운 방법을 보여줍니다.

Calculating surface locations in one-dimensional columns is simple, accurate and requires very little arithmetic. In two and three dimensional situations, however, computing a location is a little more complicated because there is a continuous range of surface orientations possible within a surface cell. Nevertheless, dealing with this is not difficult. A two-dimensional example, Fig. 4, will illustrate a simple way to not only compute the location of the surface, but also to get a good idea of its slope and curvature.

Figure 4. Surface in 2D grid of elements.

1 차원의 경우처럼 먼저 인근 요소를 테스트하여 표면의 대략적인 방향을 찾아야합니다. 그림 4는 바깥 쪽의 법선이 상승 방향에 가장 가깝게 됩니다. 이것은 그 방향 밖의 값의 차이가 다른 방향보다 크기 때문입니다. 그럼 거의 수직으로 있는 요소 열에서 표면의 국소적인 높이가 계산됩니다. 그림 4의 2 차원의 경우에는 이러한 높이가 화살표로 표시되어 있습니다. 마지막으로, 표면 요소를 포함하는 컬럼의 높이에 따라 그 요소의 표면의 위치를 확인합니다. 다른 2 개의 높이를 사용하면 국소적인 표면 경사와 표면 곡률을 계산할 수 있습니다.

As in the one-dimensional case, it is first necessary to find the approximate orientation of the surface by testing the neighboring elements. In Fig. 4 the outward normal would be closest to the upward direction because the difference in neighboring values in that direction is larger than in any other direction. Next, local heights of the surface are computed in element columns that lie in the approximate normal direction. For the two-dimensional case in Fig. 4 these heights are indicated by arrows. Finally, the height in the column containing the surface element gives the location of the surface in that element, while the other two heights can be used to compute the local surface slope and surface curvature.

3 차원에서도 동일한 절차를 사용하지만, 표면 요소의 주위에 있는 9개의 열에 대해 열 높이를 요구해야합니다. 필요한 계산은 조금 더 걸리지만, 주된 내용은 열의 간단한 덧셈과 경사와 곡률을 추구하는 열의 높이의 합과 차이가 있습니다. 이 토론을 토대로, 이제 자유 표면을 정의하는 데 필요한 모든 정보를 빠르고 쉽게 평가하기 위해 부분 유체 체적을 사용하는 방법을 알아야합니다.

In three-dimensions the same procedure is used although column heights must be evaluated for nine columns around the surface element. Although a little more computation is needed, it consists primarily of simple summations in the columns and then sums and differences of column heights for evaluating the slope and curvature. Based on this discussion, the reader should now see how the fractional fluid volume can be used to quickly and easily evaluate all the information needed to define free surfaces.

다루어야 할 문제가 앞으로 2 개 남아 있습니다. 하나는 그림 1 및 2와 같은 시뮬레이션은 유체가 존재하는 영역에는 유체 역학만으로 해결합니다. 이것은 VOF 법의 계산 효율이 높은 또 하나의 이유입니다. 계단 형상의 낙하류의 문제로 유체가 차지하는 영역은 계산 격자의 오픈 공간의 절반 이하입니다. 액체를 둘러싼 기체의 흐름을 계산할 필요가 있다면 필요한 계산 시간이 크게 늘어납니다. 그러나 액체만으로 계산을 할 경우 자유 표면 경계 조건을 지정해야합니다. 이 조건은 접선 응력의 소실과 기체의 압력에 동일한 표준 압력을 표면에 추가하는 것입니다.

There are two remaining issues to deal with. One issue is that a simulation like that in Figs. 1 and 2 is only solving for the fluid dynamics in regions where there is fluid. This is another reason for the computational efficiency of the VOF method. The region occupied by fluid in the flow over a step problem is much less than half of the open region in the computational grid. If it were necessary to also solve for the flow of gas surrounding the liquid, then considerably more computational time would be required. In order to perform solutions only in the liquid, however, it is necessary to specify boundary conditions at free surfaces. These conditions are the vanishing of the tangential stress and application of a normal pressure at the surface that equals the pressure of the gas.

두 번째 문제는 자유 표면이 유체와 함께 움직일 때의 움직임과 변형을 유체 점유율 변수 F를 구함으로써 계산해야 한다는 것입니다. 변수 F는 불연속 (주로 0.0 또는 1.0)이기 때문에 계산 격자를 이동할 때 이 불연속성이 유지되도록주의해야합니다. VOF 법은이 목적으로 특수 이류(advection) 알고리즘이 사용되고 있습니다.

A second issue is that movement and deformation of a free surface must be computed by solving for the fraction of fluid variable, F, as it moves with the fluid. Because the variable F is discontinuous (i.e., primarily 0.0 or 1.0) some care must be taken to maintain this discontinuity as it moves through a computational grid. In the VOF method, special advection algorithms are used for this purpose.

Illustration of Free-Surface Tracking by VOF Technique

그림 6a는 이것의 적합 여부를 보여줍니다. 유체의 체적 점유율은 격자 요소마다 균일하게 분류되고 그 요소의 값을 나타냅니다. 자유 표면은 거의 모든 곳에서 선명하게 정의되어 있습니다. 스냅의 가장 낮은 가장 좁은 부분에만 선명한 유체 분포의 손실을 확인할 수 있습니다 (그림 5b). 이것은 예상대로입니다. 이 영역에서는 스냅의 두께는 3 가지 요소보다 작고, 따라서 부분 충전된 표면 요소에 연결된 작은 F 값이 어떤 중심 요소 (값 1.0)에 혼입하기 때문입니다. 계산 목적으로 이 것은 별로 문제가 되지 않습니다. 이 시뮬레이션 방법은 액체 내부의 요소는 순수한 액체 성분과 같은 방식으로 처리되기 때문입니다.

Figure 6a is an illustration of how well this works; the fluid volume fraction is colored uniformly in each grid element to represent its value in that element. The free surface is sharply defined nearly everywhere. Only in the lowest and narrowest part of the nappe is there any noticeable loss of a sharp fluid fraction distribution, Fig. 5b. This was expected because in this region the nappe is less than three elements in thickness and this allows some of the smaller F values associated with partially filled surface elements to mix in with the central element, which should have a value of 1.0. For computational purposes this doesn’t really matter because the simulation method treats elements interior to the liquid as though they are pure liquid elements.

그림 5b에 나타내는 영역에서는 실제 실험에서 난류 및 공기 혼입이 관찰된 것도 지적해 두지 않으면 안됩니다. 따라서 유체 점유율의 값을 1보다 조금 작게 보이는 것이 다소 현실적입니다. 이것은 전혀 의외라는 것은 없습니다. 난류와 공기 유입을 담당하는 풀의 액체 제트의 교점은 난류와 공기 유입의 원인이 되지만, 유체 점유율 값(fluid fraction values )은 액체 내부에 “유입” 원인이 되기 때문에 실수가 아닙니다.

It should also be pointed out that in the region shown in Fig. 5b turbulence and air entrainment are observed in actual experiments. Thus, the appearance of fluid fraction values a little less than unity is somewhat realistic. This is not entirely accidental because the intersection of jet of liquid with a pool, which is responsible for turbulence and air entrainment, is also responsible for the “entrainment” of fluid fraction values into the interior of the liquid.

Figure 5a (left): Fluid fraction values in elements, showing sharpness of surface definition. Figure 5b (right): Close up of fluid fraction values where the overflow hits bottom.

Summary

처음에는 컴퓨터가 단순히 반복적인 산술 연산을 수행하고, 복잡하고 시간에 의존적인 유체 역학 문제에 대해, 현실적인 시뮬레이션을 할 수 있다는 것이 다소 마술처럼 보일 수 있습니다. 이 논의의 목적은 비교적 기본적인 절차로 이를 수행하는 접근법을 설명하는 것입니다.

간단하지만 사소한 유압 흐름 예제를 사용하여 계산된 시뮬레이션이 물리적인 측정 결과와 매우 일치하는 세부 결과를 생성 할 수 있음이 입증되었습니다. VOF (Volume of Fluid) 기술을 기반으로 한 시뮬레이션은 정확하고, 매우 효율적인 것이 추가로 입증되었습니다.

분명하게, 수력 발전소에서 사용되는 것과 같은 복잡한 유압 구조와 관련된 실제 예는 유용한 결과를 얻기 위해서는 이 예에서 사용되는 몇 초 이상의 많은 계산 시간을 소비해야합니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이러한 결과는 합리적인 시간 (사람과 컴퓨터 모두)에서 수행 될 수 있으며, 실제 실험에서는 거의 불가능한 세부 사항들을 포함합니다. 또한, 지오메트리, 유동 조건 또는 유체 특성의 거의 모든 종류의 변화의 영향을 쉽게 테스트 할 수있는 능력은 시뮬레이션을 사용하는 또 다른 강력한 이유입니다. 기술의 발전에 따라 hydraulic flow 시뮬레이션을 위한 현재 소프트웨어 및 하드웨어는 기존의 물리적 모델링에 비해 상당한 비용 이점을 제공합니다.

At first it may seem somewhat magical that a computer can simply perform repeated arithmetic operations on arrays of numbers and produce a realistic simulation of a complex, time-dependent, fluid dynamics problem. It was the purpose of this discussion to explain an approach that does this with relatively elementary procedures.

Using a simple, but non-trivial, hydraulic flow example it has been demonstrated that computational simulations can produce detailed results in excellent agreement with physical measurements. It has been further demonstrated that the simulation, which was based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique, uses simple approximation methods that are both accurate and efficient.

Clearly, real world examples involving complex hydraulic structures such as those used in hydroelectric power stations, must consume more than the few seconds of computational time used in our example to obtain useful results. Nevertheless, those results can be generated in reasonable times (both man and computer) and contain a richness of detail rarely possible in physical experiments. For examples visit our water and environmental application pages. In addition, the ability to easily test the influence of just about any kind of change in geometry, flow condition or fluid property is another powerful reason to employ simulations. Current software and hardware for hydraulic flow simulations offer a significant cost advantage over traditional physical modeling.

Postscript

The first detailed description of the VOF method was in 1981 by C.W. Hirt and B.D. Nichols, J. Comp. Phys., 39, p.201. All simulations appearing in this article were performed with the commercial software package FLOW-3D developed by Flow Science, Inc. This program uses an enhanced variant of the VOF concept called TruVOF.

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Tag: turbulence

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Abstract

Keywords

References

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Abstract

Keywords

References

류하천의 영향 최소화를 위한 보조 여수로 최적 활용방안 검토

ABSTRACT

키워드

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Table 1.

Standard of Permissible Velocity and Shear on Revetment

(8)

Table 2.

Mesh sizes and numerical conditions

Table 3.

Case of numerical simulation (Qp : Design flood discharge)

Table 4.

Roughness coefficient and roughness height

Fig. 1

Layout of spillway and river in this study

Fig. 2

Region of interest in this study

Fig. 3

Maximum velocity and location of Vmax according to Qa

Fig. 4

Maximum shear according to Qa

Fig. 5

Maximum water surface elevation and location of ηmax according to Qa

Table 5.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 1 ~ Case 6)

Fig. 6

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to Qa

Fig. 7

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to Qa

Fig. 8

Velocity results of FLOW-3D (a: auxiliary spillway operation only , b : simultaneous operation of spillways)

Fig. 9

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to Qa

Table 6.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 7 ~ Case 10)

Table 7.

Numerical results for each cases (Case 11 ~ Case 14)

Fig. 10

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

Fig. 11

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

Fig. 12

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to total outflow

Acknowledgements

References

Korean References Translated from the English

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Abstract

Introduction

Conclusions

References

Analysis of Scour Phenomenon around Offshore Wind Foundation using Flow-3D Mode

Abstract

서론

결론

References

토목공학의 수치해석법

Abstract

Introduction

Conclusions

References

모래 채굴 수로에서 교각 주변의 물 흐름에 대한 수치 해석

ABSTRACT

1. Set-up and boundary conditions

Maximum velocity and location of Vmax according to Q_a

Maximum shear according to Q_a

Maximum water surface elevation and location of ηmax according to Q_a

Maximum velocity on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Maximum shear on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a

Maximum water surface elevation on section 1 & 2 according to Q_a