A Surface Tension Model Update [표면장력 모델 업데이트]

PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND
The modeling of surface tension forces is computationally difficult because it requires the evaluation of surface curvatures, i.e., second derivatives of the surface location. This is
particularly true in FLOW-3D® since it uses a regular rectangular grid that does not conform to surface shapes. Although this simple grid structure makes it more difficult to evaluate surface
slopes and curvatures, it is this feature that also gives the strength needed to simulate coalescence and breakup of fluid blobs.
Evaluation of surface slope and curvature in FLOW-3D® is done by determining which coordinate direction is closest to the outward normal vector to the surface. Then fluid in a 3 by 3
by 3 set of grid cells surrounding a given cell is summed up in the cell columns parallel to the normal. This, in effect, gives a discrete representation of the surface height in nine (3×3)
columns, which can be used to compute slopes and curvatures.
In most cases this procedure works quite well, but when normal directions in the grid are near 45° the surface may be too steep for this procedure to work accurately. A consequence of this
loss of accuracy is the introduction of spurious pressures or perturbations that sometimes generate undesirable capillary waves (i.e., kinetic energy noise). Occasionally, these
perturbations can even destroy a computation.
A summary of the original surface tension model was given in Technical Note TN6, “Surface Tension Validation Tests,” (1987). Since that Note there have been a number of major improvements:

1. Wall adhesion sensitive to slope of wall,
2. Static contact angle as an obstacle property,
3. Two-fluid interfacial surface tension,
4. Thermocapillary (i.e., tangential) surface forces (see TN47).

In this Technical Note we document another improvement that has been made. In particular, we have improved the accuracy of the column summation technique for the computation of surface
curvatures. As the following examples will show, this improvement is quite dramatic in many cases where the earlier model experienced substantial difficulties.

물리 모델 소개

FLOW-3D 는 고도의 정확성이 필요한 항공, 자동차,  수자원 및 환경, 금속 산업분야의 세계적인 선진 기업에서 사용됩니다.

FLOW-3D의 광범위한 다중 물리 기능(multiphysics )은 자유 표면 흐름, 표면 장력, 열전달, 난류, 움직이는 물체, 단순 변형 고체, 전기 기계, 캐비테이션, 탄/소성, 점성, 가소성, 입자, 고체 연료, 연소 및 위상 변화를 포함합니다.
이러한 모델은 FLOW-3D를 사용하는 사용자들이 기술 및 과학의 광범위한 문제를 해결하도록 설계를 최적화하고 복잡한 프로세스 흐름에 대한 통찰력을 얻을 수 있도록 합니다.

flow-3d-multiphysics-model
Physics Models
Flow/Fluid Modes
  • Incompressible and Compressible Flows
  • Constant/Varying Density
  • Fluid Sources
  • Non-Inertial Frame Reference
  • Laminar/Turbulent Flow
  • Elastic Stresses
  • Electro-Mechanics
  • Heat Transfer
  • Particle Tracking
  • Surface Tension
  • Wall Contact Time
  • Phase Change

Materials Databases
  • Fluids Database
  • Solids Database

매우 정확한
시뮬레이션 결과

FAVOR™, 으로 알려진 특별한 메쉬 프로세스는 데카르트 구조의 단순함을 유지하면서 복잡한 형상을 효율적으로 구현합니다.

Optimized Setup
and Workflow

TruVOF 표면 추적 방법은 유동시뮬레이션을 위해 알려진 유체 체적을 사용하는 동안 가장 높은 정확도를 제공합니다.

FlowSight
Postprocessing

산업계에서 최고의 시각화 postprocessor인 FlowSight 는 사용자에게 2차원 및 3차원에 대한 심층 분석 기능을 제공합니다.

 

FLOW-3D FSI 유튜브 채널

[embedyt] https://www.youtube.com/embed?listType=playlist&list=UUuHU00pJNnwnSN21wb91AWA&layout=gallery[/embedyt]

Microfluidics Bibliography

Microfluidics Bibliography

다음은 Microfluidics Bibliography의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  결과를 특징으로  합니다. 미세 유체 공정 및 장치 를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하기 위해 FLOW-3D 를 사용 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오  .

2024년 11월 20일 Update

109-24 Dileep Karnam, Yu-Lung Lo, Chia-Hua Yang, Spray mist-assisted drilling of through silicon vias (TSV) using nanosecond laser: Influence of CNT nanofluid, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 31; pp. 679-688, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.06.109

22-24   Bin-Jie Lai, Li-Tao Zhu, Zhe Chen, Bo Ouyang, Zheng-Hong Luo, Review on blood flow dynamics in lab-on-a-chip systems: an engineering perspective, Chem & Bio Engineering, 1.1; pp. 26-43, 2024. doi.org/10.1021/cbe.3c00014

196-23 Daicong Zhang, Chunhui Jing, Wei Guo, Yuan Xiao, Jun Luo, Lehua Qi, Microchannels formed using metal microdroplets, Micromachines, 14.10; 1922, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/mi14101922

121-23 Feng Lin Ng, Zhanhong Cen, Yi-Chin Toh, Lay Poh Tan, A 3D-printed micro-perfused culture device with embedded 3D fibrous scaffold for enhanced biomimicry, International Journal of Bioprinting, 2023. doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0226

104-23 Cristina González-Fernández, Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Eugenio Bringas, Inmaculada Ortiz, Computer-aided design of magnetophoretic microfluidic systems for enhanced recovery of target products, 33rd European Symposium on Computer-Aided Engineering (ESCAPE), 2023.

64-23   Tihomir Tjankov, Dimitar Trifonov, Conceptual design and 3D modeling of a microfluidic device for liver cells investigation, Industry 4.0, 8.2; pp. 39-41, 2023.

34-23   Chao Kang, Ikki Ikeda, Motoki Sakaguchi, Recoil and solidification of a paraffin droplet impacted on a metal substrate: Numerical study and experimental verification, Journal of Fluids and Structures, 118; 103839, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2023.103839

64-22   Babatunde Aramide, Computational modelling of electrohydrodynamic jetting (Taylor cone formation, dripping & jet evolution): Case study of electrospinning, Thesis, University College London, 2022.

42-22   Islam Hassan, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, Microfluidic printheads for highly switchable multimaterial 3D printing of soft materials, Advanced Materials Technologies, 2101709, 2022. doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101709

138-21   Enver Guler, Mine Eti, Aydin Cihanoglu, Esra Altiok, Kadriye Ozlem Hamaloglu, Burcu Gokcal, Ali Tuncel, Nalan Kabay, Ion exchange membranes with enhanced antifouling properties to produce energy from renewable sources, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Green and Smart Technologies for a Sustainable Society, Santander, Cantabria, Spain, December 9-10, 2021.

45-21   Navid Tonekaboni, Mahdi Feizbahr, Nima Tonekaboni, Guang-Jun Jiang, Hong-Xia Chen, Optimization of solar CCHP systems with collector enhanced by porous media and nanofluid, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021; 9984940, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/9984840

40-21   B. Hayes, G.L. Whiting, R. MacCurdy, Modeling of contactless bubble–bubble interactions in microchannels with integrated inertial pumps, Physics of Fluids, 33.4; 042002, 2021. doi.org/10.1063/5.0041924

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Microfluidics Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate microfluidic processes and devices.

14-21   Jian-Chiun Liou, Chih-Wei Peng, Philippe Basset, Zhen-Xi Chen, DNA printing integrated multiplexer driver microelectronic mechanical system head (IDMH) and microfluidic flow estimation, Micromachines, 12.1; 25, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/mi12010025

08-20   Li Yong-Qiang, Dong Jun-Yan and Rui Wei, Numerical simulation for capillary driven flow in capsule-type vane tank with clearances under microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s12217-019-09773-z

89-19   Tim Dreckmann, Julien Boeuf, Imke-Sonja Ludwig, Jorg Lumkemann, and Jorg Huwyler, Low volume aseptic filling: impact of pump systems on shear stress, European Journal of Pharmeceutics and Biopharmeceutics, in press, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.006

88-19   V. Amiri Roodan, J. Gomez-Pastora, C. Gonzalez-Fernandez, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani, and I. Ortiz, CFD analysis of the generation and manipulation of ferrofluid droplets, TechConnect Briefs, pp. 182-185, 2019. TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Boston, Massachussetts, USA, June 17-19, 2019.

55-19     Julio Aleman, Sunil K. George, Samuel Herberg, Mahesh Devarasetty, Christopher D. Porada, Aleksander Skardal, and Graça Almeida‐Porada, Deconstructed microfluidic bone marrow on‐a‐chip to study normal and malignant hemopoietic cell–niche interactions, Small, 2019. doi: 10.1002/smll.201902971

37-19     Feng Lin Ng, Miniaturized 3D fibrous scaffold on stereolithography-printed microfluidic perfusion culture, Doctoral Thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 2019.

32-19     Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Ioannis H. Karampelas, Eugenio Bringas, Edward P. Furlani, and Inmaculada Ortiz, Numerical analysis of bead magnetophoresis from flowing blood in a continuous-flow microchannel: Implications to the bead-fluid interactions, Nature: Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 7265, 2019. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43827-x

01-19  Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Computational analysis of self-similar capillary-driven thinning and pinch-off dynamics during dripping using the volume-of-fluid method, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 31, 2019. doi: 10.1063/1.5061715

75-18   Tobias Ladner, Sebastian Odenwald, Kevin Kerls, Gerald Zieres, Adeline Boillon and Julien Bœuf, CFD supported investigation of shear induced by bottom-mounted magnetic stirrer in monoclonal antibody formulation, Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 35, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2492-4

53-18   Venoos Amiri Roodan, Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Aditi Verma, Eugenio Bringas, Inmaculada Ortiz and Edward P. Furlani, Computational analysis of magnetic droplet generation and manipulation in microfluidic devices, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, Niagara Falls, Canada, June 7 – 9, 2018; Paper no. 154, 2018.  doi: 10.11159/ffhmt18.154

35-18   Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Cristina González Fernández, Marcos Fallanza, Eugenio Bringas and Inmaculada Ortiz, Flow patterns and mass transfer performance of miscible liquid-liquid flows in various microchannels: Numerical and experimental studies, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 344, pp. 487-497, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.110

16-18   P. Schneider, V. Sukhotskiy, T. Siskar, L. Christie and I.H. Karampelas, Additive Manufacturing of Microfluidic Components via Wax Extrusion, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 162 – 165, 2018.

15-18   J. Gómez-Pastora, I.H. Karampelas, A.Q. Alorabi, M.D. Tarn, E. Bringas, A. Iles, V.N. Paunov, N. Pamme, E.P. Furlani, I. Ortiz, CFD analysis and experimental validation of magnetic droplet generation and deflection across multilaminar flow streams, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 182-185, 2018.

14-18   J. Gómez-Pastora, C. González-Fernández, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani, and I. Ortiz, Design of Magnetic Blood Cleansing Microdevices through Experimentally Validated CFD Modeling, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 170-173, 2018.

10-18   A. Gupta, I.H. Karampelas, J. Kitting, Numerical modeling of the formation of dynamically configurable L2 lens in a microchannel, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, Vol. 3, pp. 186 – 189, 2018.

17-17   I.H. Karampelas, J. Gómez-Pastora, M.J. Cowan, E. Bringas, I. Ortiz and E.P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Acoustophoretic Discrete Particle Focusing in Microchannels, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 3

16-17   J. Gómez-Pastora, I.H. Karampelas, E. Bringas, E.P. Furlani and I. Ortiz, CFD analysis of particle magnetophoresis in multiphase continuous-flow bioseparators, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 3

15-17   I.H. Karampelas, S. Vader, Z. Vader, V. Sukhotskiy, A. Verma, G. Garg, M. Tong and E.P. Furlani, Drop-on-Demand 3D Metal Printing, Informatics, Electronics and Microsystems TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 4

102-16   J. Brindha, RA.G. Privita Edwina, P.K. Rajesh and P.Rani, “Influence of rheological properties of protein bio-inks on printability: A simulation and validation study,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 3, no.10, pp. 3285-3295, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.10.010

99-16   Ioannis H. Karampelas, Kai Liu, Fatema Alali, and Edward P. Furlani, Plasmonic Nanoframes for Photothermal Energy Conversion, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 120 (13), pp 7256–7264

98-16   Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Drop formation, pinch-off dynamics and liquid transfer of simple and complex fluids, http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2016.MAR.B53.12, APS March Meeting 2016, Volume 61, Number 2, March 14–18, 2016, Baltimore, Maryland

67-16  Vahid Bazargan and Boris Stoeber, Effect of substrate conductivity on the evaporation of small sessile droplets, PHYSICAL REVIEW E 94, 033103 (2016), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.033103

57-16   Ioannis Karampelas, Computational analysis of pulsed-laser plasmon-enhanced photothermal energy conversion and nanobubble generation in the nanoscale, PhD Dissertation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, July 2016

44-16   Takeshi Sawada et al., Prognostic impact of circulating tumor cell detected using a novel fluidic cell microarray chip system in patients with breast cancer, EBioMedicine, Available online 27 July 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.027.

39-16   Chien-Hsun Wang, Ho-Lin Tsai, Yu-Che Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, Investigation of molten metal droplet deposition and solidification for 3D printing techniques, IOP Publishing, J. Micromech. Microeng. 26 (2016) 095012 (14pp), doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/9/095012, July 8, 2016

30-16   Ioannis H. Karampelas, Kai Liu and Edward P. Furlani, Plasmonic Nanocages as Photothermal Transducers for Nanobubble Cancer Therapy, Nanotech 2016 Conference & Expo, May 22-25, Washington, DC.

29-16   Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Advances in Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, Nanotech 2016 Conference & Expo, May 22-25, Washington, DC.

02-16  Stephen D. Hoath (Editor), Fundamentals of Inkjet Printing: The Science of Inkjet and Droplets, ISBN: 978-3-527-33785-9, 472 pages, February 2016 (see chapters 2 and 3 for FLOW-3D results)

125-15   J. Berthier, K.A. Brakke, E.P. Furlani, I.H. Karampelas, V. Poher, D. Gosselin, M. Cubinzolles and P. Pouteau, Whole blood spontaneous capillary flow in narrow V-groove microchannels, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 206, pp. 258-267, 2015.

86-15   Yousub Lee and Dave F. Farson, Simulation of transport phenomena and melt pool shape for multiple layer additive manufacturing, J. Laser Appl. 28, 012006 (2016). doi: 10.2351/1.4935711, published online 2015.

77-15   Ho-Lin Tsai, Weng-Sing Hwang, Jhih-Kai Wang, Wen-Chih Peng and Shin-Hau Chen, Fabrication of Microdots Using Piezoelectric Dispensing Technique for Viscous Fluids, Materials 2015, 8(10), 7006-7016. doi: 10.3390/ma8105355

63-15   Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Washington, D.C., June 14-17, 2015

46-15   Adwaith Gupta, 3D Printing Multi-Material, Single Printhead Simulation, Advanced Qualification of Additive Manufacturing Materials Workshop, July 20 – 21, 2015, Santa Fe, NM

28-15   Yongqiang Li, Mingzhu Hu, Ling Liu, Yin-Yin Su, Li Duan, and Qi Kang, Study of Capillary Driven Flow in an Interior Corner of Rounded Wall Under Microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, June 2015

20-15   Pamela J. Waterman, Diversity in Medical Simulation Applications, Desktop Engineering, May 2015, pp 22-26,

16-15   Saurabh Singh, Ann Junghans, Erik Watkins, Yash Kapoor, Ryan Toomey, and Jaroslaw Majewski, Effects of Fluid Shear Stress on Polyelectrolyte Multilayers by Neutron Scattering Studies, © 2015 American Chemical Society, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00037, Langmuir 2015, 31, 2870−2878, February 17, 2015

11-15   Cheng-Han Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, The effect of process condition of the ink-jet printing process on the molten metallic droplet formation through the analysis of fluid propagation direction, Canadian Journal of Physics, 2015. doi: 10.1139/cjp-2014-0259

03-15 Hanchul Cho, Sivasubramanian Somu, Jin Young Lee, Hobin Jeong and Ahmed Busnaina, High-Rate Nanoscale Offset Printing Process Using Directed Assembly and Transfer of Nanomaterials, Adv. Materials, doi: 10.1002/adma.201404769, February 2015

122-14  Albert Chi, Sebastian Curi, Kevin Clayton, David Luciano, Kameron Klauber, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Sebastián D’hers and Noel M Elman, Rapid Reconstitution Packages (RRPs) implemented by integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D printed microfluidics, Research Gate, doi: 10.1007/s13346-014-0198-7, July 2014

113-14 Cihan Yilmaz, Arif E. Cetin, Georgia Goutzamanidis, Jun Huang, Sivasubramanian Somu, Hatice Altug, Dongguang Wei and Ahmed Busnaina, Three-Dimensional Crystalline and Homogeneous Metallic Nanostructures Using Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles, 10.1021/nn500084g, © 2014 American Chemical Society, April 2014

110-14 Koushik Ponnuru, Jincheng Wu, Preeti Ashok, Emmanuel S. Tzanakakis and Edward P. Furlani, Analysis of Stem Cell Culture Performance in a Microcarrier Bioreactor System, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

109-14   Ioannis H. Karampelas, Young Hwa Kim and Edward P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Laser Induced Photothermal Effects using Colloidal Plasmonic Nanostructures, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

108-14   Chenxu Liu, Xiaozheng Xue and Edward P. Furlani, Numerical Analysis of Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Transport and Free-Flow Magnetophoretic Sorting in Microfluidic Systems, Nanotech, Washington, D.C., June 15-18, 2014

95-14   Cheng-Han Wu, Weng-Sing Hwang, The effect of the echo-time of a bipolar pulse waveform on molten metallic droplet formation by squeeze mode piezoelectric inkjet printing, Accepted November 2014, Microelectronics Reliability (2014) , © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

85-14   Sudhir Srivastava, Lattice Boltzmann method for contact line dynamics, ISBN: 978-90-386-3608-5, Copyright © 2014 S. Srivastava

61-14   Chenxu Liu, A Computational Model for Predicting Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Dynamics and Self-Assembly for Magnetic Particle Applications, Master’s Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 2014, 75 pages; 1561583, http://gradworks.umi.com/15/61/1561583.html

41-14 Albert Chi, Sebastian Curi, Kevin Clayton, David Luciano, Kameron Klauber, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Sebastian D’hers, and Noel M. Elman, Rapid Reconstitution Packages (RRPs) implemented by integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 3D printed microfluidics, Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res., DOI 10.1007/s13346-014-0198-7, # Controlled Release Society 2014. Available for purchase online at SpringerLink.

21-14  Suk-Hee Park, Ung Hyun Koh, Mina Kim, Dong-Yol Yang, Kahp-Yang Suh and Jennifer Hyunjong Shin, Hierarchical multilayer assembly of an ordered nanofibrous scaffold via thermal fusion bonding, Biofabrication 6 (2014) 024107 (10pp), doi:10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024107, IOP Publishing, 2014. Available for purchase online at IOP.

17-14   Vahid Bazargan, Effect of substrate cooling and droplet shape and composition on the droplet evaporation and the deposition of particles, Ph.D. Thesis: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, March 2014, © Vahid Bazargan, 2014

73-13  Oliver G. Harlen, J. Rafael Castrejón-Pita, and Arturo Castrejon-Pita, Asymmetric Detachment from Angled Nozzles Plates in Drop-on Demand Inkjet Printing, NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference, 2013 International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies. Pages 253-549, pp. 277-280(4)

63-13  Fatema Alali, Ioannis H. Karampelas, Young Hwa Kim, and Edward P. Furlani, Photonic and Thermofluidic Analysis of Colloidal Plasmonic Nanorings and Nanotori for Pulsed-Laser Photothermal Applications, J. Phys. Chem. C, Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/jp406986y, Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society, September 2013.

25-13  Sudhir Srivastava, Theo Driessen, Roger Jeurissen, Herma Wijshoff, and Federico Toschi, Lattice Boltzmann Method to Study the Contraction of a Viscous Ligament, International Journal of Modern Physics © World Scientific Publishing Company, May 2013.

11-13  Li-Chieh Hsu, Yong-Jhih Chen, Jia-Huang Liou, Numerical Investigation in the Factors on the Pool Boiling, Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 311 (2013) pp 456-461, © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.311.456. Available for purchase online at Scientific.Net.

10-13 Pamela J. Waterman, CFD: Shaping the Medical World, Desktop Engineering, April 2013. Full article available online at Desktop Engineering.

90-12 Charles R. Ortloff and Martin Vogel, Spray Cooling Heat Transfer- Test and CFD Analysis, Electronics Cooling, June 2012. Available online at Electronics Cooling.

79-12    Daniel Parsaoran Siregar, Numerical simulation of evaporation and absorption of inkjet printed droplets, Ph.D. Thesis: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, September 18, 2012, Copyright 2012 by D.P. Siregar, ISBN: 978-90-386-3190-5.

71-12   Jong-hyeon Chang, Kyu-Dong Jung, Eunsung Lee, Minseog Choi, Seungwan Lee, and Woonbae Kim, Varifocal liquid lens based on microelectrofluidic technology, Optics Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 21, pp. 4377-4379 (2012) http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.004377

70-12   Jong-hyeon Chang, Kyu-Dong Jung, Eunsung Lee, Minseog Choi, and Seunwan Lee, Microelectrofluidic Iris for Variable Aperture, Proc. SPIE 8252, MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems XI, 82520O (February 9, 2012); doi:10.1117/12.906587

69-12   Jong-hyeon Chang, Eunsung Lee, Kyu-Dong Jung, Seungwan Lee, Minseog Choi, and  Woonbae Kim, Microelectrofluidic Lens for Variable Curvature, Proc. SPIE 8486, Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering XIII, 84860X (October 11, 2012); doi:10.1117/12.925852.

61-12  Biddut Bhattacharjee, Study of Droplet Splitting in an Electrowetting Based Digital Microfluidic System, Thesis: Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Graduate Studies (Applied Sciences), The University of British Columbia, September 2012, © Biddut Bhattacharjee.

55-12 Hejun Li, Pengyun Wang, Lehua Qi, Hansong Zuo, Songyi Zhong, Xianghui Hou, 3D numerical simulation of successive deposition of uniform molten Al droplets on a moving substrate and experimental validation, Computational Materials Science, Volume 65, December 2012, Pages 291–301. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

54-12   Edward P. Furlani, Anthony Nunez, Gianmarco Vizzeri, Modeling Fluid Structure-Interactions for Biomechanical Analysis of the Human Eye, Nanotech Conference & Expo, June 18-21, 2012, Santa Clara, CA.

53-12   Xinyun Wu, Richard D. Oleschuk and Natalie M. Cann, Characterization of microstructured fibre emitters in pursuit of improved nano electrospray ionization performance, The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012, http://pubs.rsc.org, DOI: 10.1039/c2an35249d, May 2012

25-12    Edward P. Furlani, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Qian Xie, Analysis of Pulsed Laser Plasmon-assisted Photothermal Heating and Bubble Generation at the Nanoscale, Lab on a Chip, 10.1039/C2LC40495H, Received 01 May 2012, Accepted 07 Jun 2012. First published on the web 13 Jun 2012.

22-12  R.A. Sultanov, D. Guster, Numerical Modeling and Simulations of Pulsatile Human Blood Flow in Different 3D-Geometries, Book chapter #21 in Fluid Dynamics, Computational Modeling and Applications (2012), ISBN: 978-953-51-0052-2, p. 475 [18 pages]. Available online at INTECH.

21-12  Guo-Wei Huang, Tzu-Yi Hung, and Chin-Tai Chen, Design, Simulation, and Verification of Fluidic Light-Guide Chips with Various Geometries of Micro Polymer Channels, NEMS 2012, Kyoto, Japan, March 5-8, 2012. Available for purchase online at IEEE.

103-11   Suk-Hee Park, Development of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds containing Electrospun Nanofibers and their Applications to Tissue Regeneration, Ph.D. Thesis: School of Mechanical, Aersospace and Systems Engineering, Division of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, 2011.

81-11   Xinyun Wu, Modeling and Characterization of Microfabricated Emitters-In Pursuit of Improved ESI-MS Performance, thesis: Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, December 2011, Copyright © Xinyun Wu, 2011

79-11  Cong Lu, A Cell Preparation Stage for Automatic Cell Injection, thesis: Graduate Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Copyright © Cong Lu, 2011

77-11 Ge Bai, W. Thomas Leach, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) insights into agitation stress methods in biopharmaceutical development, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Available online 8 December 2011, ISSN 0378-5173, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.044. Available online at SciVerse.

72-11  M.R. Barkhudarov, C.W. Hirt, D. Milano, and G. Wei, Comments on a Comparison of CFD Software for Microfluidic Applications, Flow Science Technical Note #93, FSI-11-TN93, December 2011

45-11  Chang-Wei Kang, Jiak Kwang Tan, Lunsheng Pan, Cheng Yee Low and Ahmed Jaffar, Numerical and experimental investigations of splat geometric characteristics during oblique impact of plasma spraying, Applied Surface Science, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 20 July 2011, ISSN 0169-4332, DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.06.081. Available to purchase online at SciVers

33-11  Edward P. Furlani, Mark T. Swihart, Natalia Litchinitser, Christopher N. Delametter and Melissa Carter, Modeling Nanoscale Plasmon-assisted Bubble Nucleation and Applications, Nanotech Conference and Expo 2011, Boston, MA, June 13-16, 2011

32-11  Lu, Cong and Mills, James K., Three cell separation design for realizing automatic cell injection, Complex Medical Engineering (CME), 2011 IEEE/ICME, pp: 599 – 603, Harbin, China, 10.1109/ICCME.2011.5876811, June 2011. Available online at IEEEXplore.

25-11 Issam M. Bahadur, James K. Mills, Fluidic vacuum-based biological cell holding device with piezoelectrically induced vibration, Complex Medical Engineering (CME), 2011 IEEE/ICME International Conference on, 22-25 May 2011, pp: 85 – 90, Harbin, China. Available online at: IEEE Xplore.

14-11  Edward P. Furlani, Roshni Biswas, Alexander N. Cartwright and Natalia M. Litchinitser, Antiresonant guiding optofluidic biosensor, doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2011.04.014, Optics Communication, April 2011

05-11 Hyeju Eom and Keun Park, Integrated numerical analysis to evaluate replication characteristics of micro channels in a locally heated mold by selective induction, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 12, Number 1, 53-60, DOI: 10.1007/s12541-011-0007-x, 2011. Available online at: SpringerLink.

70-10  I.N. Volnov, V.S. Nagornyi, Modeling Processes for Generation of Streams of Monodispersed Fluid Droplets in Electro-inkjet Applications, Science and Technology News, St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 4, pp 294-300, 2010. In Russian.

62-10  F. Mobadersani, M. Eskandarzade, S. Azizi and S. Abbasnezhad, Effect of Ambient Pressure on Bubble Growth in Micro-Channel and Its Pumping Effect, ESDA2010-24436, pp. 577-584, doi:10.1115/ESDA2010-24436, ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (ESDA2010), Istanbul, Turkey, July 12–14, 2010. Available online at the ASME Digital Library.

58-10 Tsung-Yi Ho, Jun Zeng, and Chakrabarty, K, Digital microfluidic biochips: A vision for functional diversity and more than moore, Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), 2010 IEEE/ACM International Conference on, DOI: 10.1109/ICCAD.2010.5654199, © IEEE, November 2010. Available online at IEEE Explore.

51-10  Regina Bleul, Marion Ritzi-Lehnert, Julian Höth, Nico Scharpfenecker, Ines Frese, Dominik Düchs, Sabine Brunklaus, Thomas E. Hansen-Hagge, Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes, Klaus S. Drese, Compact, cost-efficient microfluidics-based stopped-flow device, Anal Bioanal Chem, DOI 10.1007/s00216-010-4446-5, Available online at Springer, November 2010

22-10    Krishendu Chakrabarty, Richard B. Fair and Jun Zeng, Design Tools for Digital Microfluidic Biochips Toward Functional Diversification and More than Moore, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 29, No. 7, July 2010

14-10 E. P. Furlani and M. S. Hanchak, Nonlinear analysis of the deformation and breakup of viscous microjets using the method of lines, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (2010), © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Published online in Wiley InterScience. DOI: 10.1002/fld.2205

55-09 R.A. Sultanov, and D. Guster, Computer simulations of  pulsatile human blood flow through 3D models of the human aortic arch, vessels of simple geometry and a bifurcated artery, Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS (Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society), Minneapolis, September 2-6, 2009, p.p. 4704-4710.

30-09 Anurag Chandorkar and Shayan Palit, Simulation of Droplet Dynamics and Mixing in Microfluidic Devices using a VOF-Based Method, Sensors & Transducers journal, ISSN 1726-5479 © 2009 by IFSA, Vol.7, Special Issue “MEMS: From Micro Devices to Wireless Systems,” October 2009, pp. 136-149.

13-09 E.P. Furlani, M.C. Carter, Analysis of an Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Drop Ejector, Presented at Nanotech Conference & Expo 2009, Houston, Texas, USA, May 3-7, 2009

12-09 A. Chandorkar, S. Palit, Simulation of Droplet-Based Microfluidics Devices Using a Volume-of-Fluid Approach, Presented at Nanotech Conference & Expo 2009, Houston, Texas, USA, May 3-7, 2009

3-09 Christopher N. Delametter, FLOW-3D Speeds MEMS Inkjet Development, Desktop Engineering, January 2009

42-08  Tien-Li Chang, Jung-Chang Wang, Chun-Chi Chen, Ya-Wei Lee, Ta-Hsin Chou, A non-fluorine mold release agent for Ni stamp in nanoimprint process, Microelectronic Engineering 85 (2008) 1608–1612

26-08 Pamela J. Waterman, First-Pass CFD Analyses – Part 2, Desktop Engineering, November 2008

09-08 M. Ren and H. Wijshoff, Thermal effect on the penetration of an ink droplet onto a porous medium, Proc. Eurotherm2008 MNH, 1 (2008)

04-08 Delametter, Christopher N., MEMS development in less than half the time, Small Times, Online Edition, May 2008

02-08 Renat A. Sultanov, Dennis Guster, Brent Engelbrekt and Richard Blankenbecler, 3D Computer Simulations of Pulsatile Human Blood Flows in Vessels and in the Aortic Arch – Investigation of Non-Newtonian Characteristics of Human Blood, The Journal of Computational Physics, arXiv:0802.2362v1 [physics.comp-ph], February 2008

01-08 Herman Wijshoff, thesis: University of Twente, Structure- and fluid dynamics in piezo inkjet printheads, ISBN 978-90-365-2582-4, Venlo, The Netherlands January 2008.

30-07 A. K. Sen, J. Darabi, and D. R. Knapp, Simulation and parametric study of a novel multi-spray emitter for ESI–MS applications, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, Volume 3, Number 3, June 2007, pp. 283-298(16)

28-07 Dan Soltman and Vivek Subramanian, Inkjet-Printed Line Morphologies and Temperature Control of the Coffee Ring Effect, Langmuir; 2008; ASAP Web Release Date: 16-Jan-2008; (Research Article) DOI: 10.1021/la7026847

23-07 A K Sen and J Darabi, Droplet ejection performance of a monolithic thermal inkjet print head, Journal of Micromechanical and Microengineering,vol.17, pp.1420-1427 (2007) doi:10.1088/0960-1317/17/8/002; Abstract only.

18-07 Herman Wisjhoff, Better Printheads Via Simulation, Desktop Engineering, October 2007, Vol. 13, Issue 2

17-07 Jos de Jong, Ph.D. Thesis: University of Twente, Air entrapment in piezo inkjet printing, ISBN 978-90-365-2483-4, April 2007

15-07 Krishnendu Chakrabarty and Jun Zeng, (Ed.), Design Automation Methods and Tools for Microfluidics-Based Biochips, Springer, September 2006.

14-07 Fei Su and Jun Zeng, Computer-aided design and test for digital microfluidics, IEEE Design & Test of Computers, 24(1), 2007, 60-70.

13-07 Jun Zeng, Modeling and simulation of electrified droplets and its application to computer-aided design of digital microfluidics, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 25(2), 2006, 224-233.

12-07 Krishnendu Chakrabarty and Jun Zeng, (2005), Automated top-down design for microfluidic biochips, ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 1(3), 2005, 186–223.

01-07 Wijshoff, Herman, Drop formation mechanisms in piezo-acoustic inkjet, NSTI-Nanotech 2007, ISBN 1420061844 Vol. 3, 2007)

23-06 John J. Uebbing, Stephan Hengstler, Dale Schroeder, Shalini Venkatesh, and Rick Haven, Heat and Fluid Flow in an Optical Switch Bubble, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol. 15, No. 6, December 2006

21-06 Wijshoff, Herman, Manipulating Drop Formation in Piezo Acoustic Inkjet, Proc. IS&T’s NIP22, 79 (2006)

20-06 J. de Jong, H. Reinten, M. van den Berg, H. Wijshoff, M. Versluis, G. de Bruin, A. Prosperetti and D. Lohse, Air entrapment in piezo-driven inkjet printheads, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120(3), 1257 (2006)

11-06 A. K. Sen, J. Darabi, D. R. Knapp and J. Liu, Modeling and Characterization of a Carbon Fiber Emitter for Electrospray Ionization, 1 MEMS and Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, 2 Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC

5-06 E. P. Furlani, B. G. Price, G. Hawkins, and A. G. Lopez, Thermally Induced Marangoni Instability of Liquid Microjets with Application to Continuous Inkjet Printing, Proceedings of NSTI Nanotech Conference 2006, Vol. 2, pp 534-537.

28-05 O B Fawehinmi, P H Gaskell, P K Jimack, N Kapur, and H M Thompson, A combined experimental and computational fluid dynamics analysis of the dynamics of drop formation, May 2005. DOI: 10.1243/095440605X31788

5-05 E. P. Furlani, Thermal Modulation and Instability of Newtonian Liquid Microjets, presented at Nanotech 2005, Anaheim, CA, May 8-12, 2005.

1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying, Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70

19-04 G. F. Yao, Modeling of Electroosmosis Without Resolving Physics Inside a Electric Double Layer, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-04-TN69)

12-04 Jun Zeng and Tom Korsmeyer, Principles of Droplet Electrohydrodynamics for Lab-on-a-Chip, Lab. Chip. Journal, 2004, 4(4), 265-277

9-04 Constantine N. Anagnostopoulos, James M. Chwalek, Christopher N. Delametter, Gilbert A. Hawkins, David L. Jeanmaire, John A. Lebens, Ali Lopez, and David P. Trauernicht, Micro-Jet Nozzle Array for Precise Droplet Metering and Steering Having Increased Droplet Deflection, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Solid State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, sponsored by IEEE, Boston, June 8-12, 2003, pp. 368-71

8-04 Christopher N. Delametter, David P. Trauernicht, James M. Chwalek, Novel Microfluidic Jet Deflection – Significant Modeling Challenge with Great Application Potential, Technical Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems sponsored by NSTI, San Juan, Puerto Rico, April 21-25, 2002, pp. 44-47

6-04 D. Vadillo*, G. Desie**, A Soucemarianadin*, Spreading Behavior of Single and Multiple Drops, *Laboratoire des Ecoulements Geophysiques et Industriels (LEGI), and **AGFA-Gevaert Group N.V., XXI ICTAM, 15-21 August 2004, Warsaw, Poland

2-04 Herman Wijshoff, Free Surface Flow and Acousto-Elastic Interaction in Piezo Inkjet, Nanotech 2004, sponsored by the Nano Science & Technology Institute, Boston, MA, March 2004

30-03 D Souders, I Khan and GF Yao, Alessandro Incognito, and Matteo Corrado, A Numerical Model for Simulation of Combined Electroosmotic and Pressure Driven Flow in Microdevices, 7th International Symposium on Fluid Control, Measurement and Visualization

27-03 Jun Zeng, Daniel Sobek and Tom Korsmeyer, Electro-Hydrodynamic Modeling of Electrospray Ionization – CAD for a µFluidic Device-Mass Spectrometer Interface, Agilent Technologies Inc, paper presented at Transducers 2003, June 03 Boston (note: Reference #10 is to FLOW-3D)

17-03 John Uebbing, Switching Fiber-optic Circuits with Microscopic Bubbles, Sensors Magazine, May 2003, Vol 20, No 5, p 36-42

16-03 CFD Speeds Development of MEMS-based Printing Technology, MicroNano Magazine, June 2003, Vol 8, No 6, p 16

3-03 Simulation Speeds Design of Microfluidic Medical Devices, R&D Magazine, March 2003, pp 18-19

1-03 Simulations Help Microscopic Bubbles Switch Fiber-Optic Circuits, Agilent Technologies, Fiberoptic Product News, January 2003, pp 22-23

27-02 Feng, James Q., A General Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Drop Ejection in Drop-on-Demand Ink Jet Devices, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology®, Volume 46, Number 5, September/October 2002

1-02 Feixia Pan, Joel Kubby, and Jingkuang Chen, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Structure Interaction in a MEMS Diaphragm Drop Ejector, Xerox Wilson Research Center, Institute of Physics Publishing, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 12 (2002), PII: SO960-1317(02)27439-2, pp. 70-76

48-01   Rainer Gruber, Radial Mass Transfer Enhancement in Bubble-Train Flow, PhD thesis in Engineering Sciences, Rheinisch- Westf alischen Technische Hochschule Aachen, December 2001.

34-01 Furlani, E.P., Delametter, C.N., Chwalek, J.M., and Trauernicht, D., Surface Tension Induced Instability of Viscous Liquid Jets, Fourth International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, April 2001

12-01 C. N. Delametter, Eastman Kodak Company, Micro Resolution, Mechanical Engineering, Col 123/No 7, July 2001, pp 70-72

11-01 C. N. Delametter, Eastman Kodak Company, Surface Tension Induced Instability of Viscous Liquid Jets, Technical Proceeding of the Fourth International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, April 2001

9-01 Aman Khan, Unipath Limited Research and Development, Effects of Reynolds Number on Surface Rolling in Small Drops, PVP-Col 431, Emerging Technologies for Fluids, Structures and Fluids, Structures and Fluid Structure Interaction — 2001

2-00 Narayan V. Deshpande, Significance of Inertance and Resistance in Fluidics of Thermal Ink-Jet Transducers, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, Volume 40, Number 5, Sept./Oct. 1996, pp.457-461

4-98 D. Deitz, Connecting the Dots with CFD, Mechanical Engineering Magazine, pp. 90-91, March 1998

14-94 M. P. O’Hare, N. V. Deshpande, and D. J. Drake, Drop Generation Processes in TIJ Printheads, Xerox Corporation, Adv. Imaging Business Unit, IS&T’s Tenth International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing, Tech. 1994

14-92 Asai, A.,Three-Dimensional Calculation of Bubble Growth and Drop Ejection in a Bubble Jet Printer, Journal of Fluids Engineering Vol. 114 December 1992:638-641

Aerospace Bibliography

아래는 항공 우주 분야에 대한 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D를 사용하여 항공 우주 산업을 위한 응용 프로그램을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션  하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Aerospace Bibliography

2024년 8월 12일 Update

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Aerospace Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how  FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Aerospace Industry.

5-24 Yiming Sun, Hanwen Deng, Xinyu Liu, Xiaoming Kang, Simulation of liquid cone formation on the tip apex of indium field emission electric propulsion thrusters, Plasma Science and Technology, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/ad0d5b

208-23   Jason Hartwig, Narottama Esser, Shreykumar Jain, David Souders, Allen Prasad Varghese, Angelo Tafuni, CFD modeling of bidirectional PMDs inside cryogenic propellant tanks onboard parabolic flights, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 2023. doi.org/10.2514/1.A35808

26-23   Jason Hartwig, Narottama Esser, Shreykumar Jain, David Souders, Allen Prasad Varghese, Angelantonio Tafuni, CFD design and analysis of a perforated plate for the control of cryogenic flow under reduced gravity, AIAA Scitech Forum, 2023. doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-0133

78-22   Timothy Aaron Blackman, Propellant optimization for a pulsed solid propellant thruster system for small satellites, Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology, 2022.

10-22   Nathan F. Andrews, Shane B. Coogan, Ellen Smith, Oliver Ouyang, Stephen Reiman, Brian Pincock, Bryan Munro, A three-dimensional, quick-running analysis method for large amplitude liquid slosh and bulk fluid motion in flight vehicles, AIAA Scitech Forum, AAIA 2022-0071, 2022. doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-0071

98-21   Pengxiang Hu, Zhihua Zhao, Shutao Yang, Yaoxiang Zeng, Feng Qi, Study on equivalent sloshing mass locations for liquid-filled cylindrical tanks, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 2021. doi.org/10.2514/1.A35098

62-20   Zhang Dazhi, Meng Li, Li Yong-Qiang, Numerical simulation analysis of liquid transportation in capsule-type vane tank under microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, 32.3, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s12217-020-09811-1

08-20   Li Yong-Qiang, Dong Jun-Yan and Rui Wei, Numerical simulation for capillary driven flow in capsule-type vane tank with clearances under microgravity, Microgravity Science and Technology, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s12217-019-09773-z

107-19   Martin Konopka, Extension of a standard flow solver for simulating phase change in cryogenic tanks, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 33.3, 2019. doi.org/10.2514/1.T5546

79-19   Baotang Zhuang, Yong Li, Jintao Liu, and Wei Rui, Numerical simulation of fluid transport along parallel vanes for vane type propellant tanks, Microgravity Science and Technology, pp. 1-10, 2019. doi:10.1007/s12217-019-09746-2

54-19     Robert E. Manning, Ian Ballinger, Manoj Bhatia, and Mack Dowdy, Design of the Europa Clipper propellant management device, AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2019 Forum, Indianapolis, Indiana, August 19-22, 2019. doi:10.2514/6.2019-3858

48-19     Lei Wang, Tian Yan, Jiaojiao Wang, Shixuan Ye, Yanzhong Li, Rui Zhuan, and Bin Wang, CFD investigation on thermodynamic characteristics in liquid hydrogen tank during successive varied-gravity conditions, Cryogenics, Vol. 103, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2019.102973

01-18   Martin Konopka, Extension of a Standard Flow Solver for Simulating Phase Change in Cryogenic Tanks, 018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-1818), https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-1818

69-16   Philipp Behruzi and Francesco De Rose, Coupling sloshing, GNC and rigid body motions during ballistic flight phases, Propulsion and Energy Forum, 52nd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, July 25-27, 2016, Salt Lake City, UT.

55-16   Martin Konopka, Peter Noeding, Jörg Klatte, Philipp Behruzi, Jens Gerstmann, Anton Stark, Nicolas Darkow, Analysis of LN2 Filling, Draining, Stratification and Sloshing Experiments, 46th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, Washington, D.C.

95-15   D Frank, Control of fluid mass center in the Gravity Probe B space mission Dewar, © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd, Classical and Quantum Gravity, Volume 32, Number 22, November 17, 2015

58-15   Diana Gaulke and Michael E. Dreyer, CFD Simulation of Capillary Transport of Liquid Between Parallel Perforated Plates using FLOW-3D, Microgravity Science and Technology, August 2015

55-15   Sebastian Schmitt and Michael E. Dreyer, Free Surface Oscillations of Liquid Hydrogen in Microgravity Conditions, Cryogenics, doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2015.07.004, July 26, 2015

53-15   Jeffrey Moder and Kevin Breisacher, Preliminary Simulations of Ullage Dynamics in Microgravity during Jet Mixing Portion of the Tank Pressure Control Experiments, 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 2015

52-15   Philipp Behruzi, Diana Gaulke, Joerg Klatte, Nicolas Fries, Development of the MPCV ESM propellant tanks, 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 2015

51-15   Grant O. Musgrove and Shane B. Coogan, Validation and Rules-of-Thumb for Computational Predictions of Liquid Slosh Dynamics, 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 2015

23-15   Eckart Fuhrmann, Michael Dreyer, Steffen Basting, and Eberhard Bänsch, Free surface deformation and heat transfer by thermocapillary convection, Heat and Mass Transfer, June 2015, © SpringerLink

09-15   Zhicheng Zhou and Hua Huang, Constraint Surface Model for Large Amplitude Sloshing of the spacecraft with Multiple Tanks, Acta Astronautica, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.02.023

43-14   C. Ludwig and M.E. Dreyer, Investigations on thermodynamic phenomena of the active-pressurization process of a cryogenic propellant tank, Cryogenics (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2014.05.005.

40-14   M. Berci, S. Mascetti; A. Incognito, P. H. Gaskell, and V. V. Toropov, Dynamic Response of Typical Section Using Variable-Fidelity Fluid Dynamics and Gust-Modeling Approaches—With Correction Methods, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, © ASCE, ISSN 0893-1321/04014026(20), May 2014.

22-14  M. Lazzarin, M. Biolo, A. Bettella, M. Manente, R. DaForno, and D. Pavarin, EUCLID satellite: Sloshing model development through computational fluid dynamics, Aerospace Science and Technology, JID:AESCTE AID:3040 /FLA, Available online 12 April 2014.

75-13   Carina Ludwig and Michael Dreyer, Analyses of Cryogenic Propellant Tank Pressurization based upon Experiments and Numerical Simulations, 5TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE FOR AERONAUTICS AND SPACE SCIENCES (EUCASS), Munich, Germany, 1-5 July 2013

49-13 Damien Theureau, Astrium; Jean Mignot, French Space Agency (CNES); Sebastien Tanguy, Fluid Mechanics Institute of Toulouse (IMFT), Integration of low g sloshing models with spacecraft attitude control simulators, Chapter DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-4961, August 2013.

44-13  Philipp Behruzi, Jörg Klatte and Gaston Netter, Passive Phase Separation in Cryogenic Upper Stage Tanks, 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, July 14 – 17, 2013, San Jose, CA.

43-13  Philipp Behruzi, Jörg Klatte, Nicolas Fries, Andreas Schütte, Burkhard Schmitz and Horst Köhler, Cryogenic Propellant Management Sounding Rocket Experiments on TEXUS 48, 49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, July 14 – 17, 2013, San Jose, CA.

113-12  M. Lazzarin, M. Biolo, A. Bettella, and R. Da Forno, EUCLID Mission: Theoretical Sloshing Model and CFD Comparison, 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, 30 July – 01 August 2012, Atlanta, Georgia

34-12  N. Fries , P. Behruzi, T. Arndt, M. Winter, G. Netter, U. Renner, Modelling of fluid motion in spacecraft propellant tanks – Sloshing, Space Propulsion 2012 conference, 7th-10th May 2012, Bordeaux

55-11   P. Behruzi, F. de Rose, P. Netzlaf, H. Strauch, Ballistic Phase Management for Cryogenic Upper Stages, DGLR Conference, Bremen, Germany, 2011

11-11 Philipp Behruzi, Hans Strauch, and Francesco de Rose, Coasting Phase Propellant Management for Upper Stages, 38th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 18-15 July 2010, Bremen, Germany. PowerPoint presentation.

73-10    Amber Bakkum, Kimberly Schultz, Jonathan Braun, Kevin M Crosby, Stephanie Finnvik, Isa Fritz, Bradley Frye, Cecilia Grove, Katelyn Hartstern, Samantha Kreppel and Emily Schiavone, Investigation of Propellant Sloshing and Zero Gravity Equilibrium for the Orion Service Module Propellant Tanks, Wisconsin Space Conference, Yingst, R. A., & Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium. (2010). Dawn of a new age: 20th Annual Wisconsin Space Conference, August 19-20, 2010. Green Bay, Wis: Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium; University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.

35-10   Kevin Breisacher and Jeffrey Moder, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations of Jet Mixing in Tanks of Different Scales, NASA/TM—2010-216749

21-10 Berci M., Mascetti S., Incognito A., Gaskell P.H., Toropov V.V., Gust Response of a Typical Section Via CFD and Analytical Solutions, V European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, ECCOMAS CFD 2010, Lisbon, Portugal, 14-17 June 2010 (A companion PowerPoint presentation in pdf format is available upon request)

49-08   Jens Gerstmann, Michael Dreyer, et al., Dependency of the apparent contact angle on nonisothermal conditions, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 20, 042101 (2008)

35-07 N. Fries, K. Odic and M. Dreyer, Wicking of Perfectly Wetting Liquids into a Metallic Mesh, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Porous Media and its Applications in Science and Engineering, ICPM2, Kauai, Hawaii, USA, June 17-21, 2007

08-07 Gary Grayson, Alfredo Lopez, Frank Chandler, Leon Hastings, Ali Hedayat, and James Brethour, CFD Modeling of Helium Pressurant Effects on Cryogenic Tank Pressure Rise Rates in Normal Gravity, 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, © 2007 by The Boeing Company. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission. AIAA 2007-5524, 8 – 11 July 2007

34-06 Phillipp Behruzi, Mark Michaelis and Gaël Khimeche, Behavior of the Cryogenic Propellant Tanks during the First Flight of the Ariane 5 ESC-A Upper Stage, 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, 9-12 July 2006, Sacramento, California, © 2006 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

12-06 G. D. Grayson, A. Lopez, F. O. Chandler, L. J. Hastings, S. P. Tucker, Cryogenic Tank Modeling for the Saturn AS-203 Experiment, AIAA 2006-5258, presented at the 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 9-12, 2006, Sacramento, CA.

29-02 O. Bayle, V. L’Hullier, M. Ganet, P. Delpy, J.L. Francart and D. Paris, Influence of the ATV Propellant Sloshing on the GNC Performance, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, Monterey, California, 5-8 August 2002, © 2002 by EADS Launch Vehicles

42-01 C. Figus and L. Ounougha, Correlations between Neutral Buoyancy Tests and CFD, Spacecraft Propulsion, Third International Conference held 10-13 October, 2000 at Cannes, France. European Space Agency ESASP-465, 2001, p.547

24-01 Hiroshi Nishino, Shujiro Sawai, & Katsumi Furukawa, Prediction of Sloshing Dynamics in Spinning Spherical Tanks, Mitsubishi Heavy Industry, The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science 9th Workshop on Astrodynamics and Flight Mechanics (1999)

5-96 D. J. Frank, Dynamics of Superfluid Helium in Low-Gravity: A Progress Report, Advanced Technology Center, Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA, To be published in Proceedings of 1996 NASA/JPL Microgravity Low Temperature Physics Workshop, April 1996

7-95 G. D. Grayson, Coupled Thermodynamic-Fluid-Dynamic Solution for a Liquid Hydrogen Tank, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 32, No. 5, September-October 1995

5-94 G. Ross, Dynamics of Superfluid Helium in Low Gravity, dissertation submitted to Dept. Mech. Engrg. and Committee on Graduate Studies of Stanford University for Ph.D. degree, July 1994

9-93 N. H. Hughes, Numerical Stability Problem Encountered Modeling Large Liquid Mass in Micro Gravity, The Boeing Company, presented at the AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Victoria, B.C., Canada, August 16-19, 1993

8-93 G. D. Grayson and J. Navickas, Interaction Between Fluid-Dynamic and Thermodynamic Phenomena in a Cryogenic Upper Stage, McDonnell Douglas, AIAA-93-2753, presented at the AIAA 28th Thermophysics Conference, Orlando, FL, July 6-9, 1993

7-93 G. Grayson and E. DiStefano, Propellant Acquisition for Single Stage Rocket Technology, McDonnell Douglas, AIAA-93-2283, presented at the AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 29th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Monterey, CA, June 28-30, 1993

6-93 Y. Letourneur and J. Sicilian, Propellant Reorientation Effects on the Attitude of the Main Cryotechnic Stage of Ariane V, Aerospatiale, Les Mureaux and Flow Science Inc, presented at the AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 29th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Monterey, CA, June 28-30, 1993

4-92 J. M. Sicilian, Evaluation of Space Vehicle Dynamics Including Fluid Slosh and Applied Forces, Flow Science report (FSI-92-47-01), August 1992

9-91 G. P. Sasmal, J. I. Hochstein, M. C. Wendl, Washington University and T. L. Hardy, NASA Lewis Research Center, Computational Modeling of the Pressurization Process in a NASP Vehicle Propellant Tank Experimental Simulation, (AIAA 91-2407), AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 27th Joint Propulsion Conference, Sacramento, CA, June 24-26, 1991

8-91 M. F. Fisher, G. R. Schmidt, and J. J. Martin,  Analysis of Cryogenic Propellant Behavior in Microgravity and Low Thrust Environments, NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 27th Joint Propulsion Conference, Sacramento, CA, June 24-26, 1991

15-90 T. L. Hardy and T. M. Tomasik, Prediction of the Ullage Gas Thermal Stratification in a NASP Vehicle Propellant Tank Experimental Simulation Using FLOW-3D, NASA Technical Memorandum 103217, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, July 1990

6-90 J. Navickas, McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Co., Huntington Beach, CA and P.Y. Cheng, McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Co., St. Louis, MO, Effect of Propellant Sloshing on the Design of Space Vehicle Propellant Storage Systems, presented at the 26th AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Orlando World Center, Orlando, FL, July 16-18, 1990

1-90 S. M. Dominick and J. R. Tegart, Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics of a Low Gravity Liquid Tank Filling Method, AIAA 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AAIA-90-0509, Reno, NV, January 1990.

9-89 S. Lin and D. K. Warinner, FLOW-3D Analysis of Pressure Responses in an Enclosed Launching System, presented at the Symposium on Computational Experiments, PVP ASME Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 22-27, 1989

3-89 C. W. Hirt, Flow in a Solid-Propellant Rocket Chamber, Flow Science Technical Note #17, March 1989 (FSI-89-TN17)

1-89 J. Navickas, E. C. Cady, and J. L. Ditter, Suspension of Solid Particles in the Aerospace Plane’s Slush Hydrogen Tanks, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. report, Huntington Beach, CA, 1988, presented at the Symposium on Computational Experiments, PVP ASME Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 22-27, 1989

11-88 J. Navickas, Prediction of a Liquid Tank Thermal Stratification by a Finite Difference Computing Method, presented to AIAA/ASEE/ASME/SAE 24th Joint Propulsion Conference, Boston, MA, 11-14 July 1988

10-88 J. Navickas, Space-Based System Disturbances Caused by On-Board Fluid Motion During System Maneuvers, presented to 1st National Fluid Dynamics Congress, Cincinnati, OH, July 24-28, 1988

9-88 J. Navickas, E. C. Cady, and T. L. Flaska, Modeling of Solid-Liquid Circulation in the National Aerospace Plane’s Slush Hydrogen Tanks, Advanced Propulsion, Advanced Technology Center, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., Huntington Beach, CA, May 24, 1988

3-88 J. M. Sicilian and C. W. Hirt, Nozzle/Case Joint Analysis with CFD Analysis Using the FLOW-3D Program, in Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor Circumferential Flow Technical Interchange Meeting Final Report, NASA-TWR-17788, February 1988

11-87 C. W. Hirt, A Perspective on NASA-VOF3D vs. FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, December 1987 (FSI-87-00-3)

8-87 J. M. Sicilian, Fluid Slosh in a Rotating and Accelerating Tank, Flow Science report, Sept. 1987 (FSI-87-37-1)

5-87 J. J. Der and C.L. Stevens, Liquid Propellant Tank Ullage Bubble Deformation and Breakup in Low Gravity Reorientation, AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 23rd Joint Propulsion Conference, San Diego, Calif., June 1987 (AIAA-87-2021)

3-87 J. Navickas and J. Ditter, Effect of the Propellant Storage Tank Geometric Configuration on the Resultant Disturbing Forces and Moments during Low-Gravity Maneuvers, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics report, MDAC H2589, April 1987, presented at 1987 ASME Winter Annual Meeting

1-87 J. J. Der and C. L. Stevens, Low-Gravity Bubble Reorientation in Liquid Propellant Tanks, AIAA 25th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 12-15, 1987 (AIAA-87-0622)

7-86 J. Navickas, C. R. Cross, and D. D. Van Winkle, Propellant Tank Forces Resulting from Fluid Motion in a Low-Gravity Field, ASME Symposium in Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, Winter Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, December 7-12, 1986

6-86 J. Navickas and C. R. Cross, Some Typical Applications of the HYDR3D Code, FLOW-3D Experience Conference, Redondo Beach, California, November 6-7, 1986

5-86 R. E. Martin, Effects of Transient Propellant Dynamics on Deployment of Large Liquid Stages in Zero-Gravity with Application to Shuttle-Centaur, 37th Annual Astronautical Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, Oct. 3-10, 1986 (IAF-86-119), Acta Astronautical Vol. 15, No. 6/7, pp. 331-340, 1987

4-86 C. W. Hirt, FLOW-3D Test Problems for Two-Fluid Sloshing, Flow Science report, July 1986 (FSI-86-31-1)

6-85 John I. Hochstein, Computational Prediction of Propellant Motion During Separation of a Centaur G-Prime Vehicle from the Shuttle, NASA report, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, December 1985 (WU/CFDL-85/1)

4-85 T. W. Eastes, Y. M. Chang, C. W. Hirt, and J. M. Sicilian, Zero-Gravity Slosh Analysis, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Miami, Florida, November 1985

3-84 J. M. Sicilian and C. W. Hirt, Numerical Simulation of Propellant Sloshing for Spacecraft, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, December 9-14, 1984

Coating Bibliography

아래는 코팅 참고 문헌의 기술 문서 모음입니다. 
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D를 사용하여 코팅 공정을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션  하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Coating Bibliography

2024년 11월 20일 Update

98-24 Fabiano I. Indicatti, Bo Cheng, Michael Rädler, Elisabeth Stammen, Klaus Dilger, Experimental and numerical investigation of the squeegee process during stencil printing of thick adhesive sealings, The Journal of Adhesion, 2024. doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2024.2356105

130-22   Md Didarul Islam, Himendra Perera, Benjamin Black, Matthew Phillips, Muh-Jang Chen, Greyson Hodges, Allyce Jackman, Yuxuan Liu, Chang-Jin Kim, Mohammed Zikry, Saad Khan, Yong Zhu, Mark Pankow, Jong Eun Ryu, Template-free scalable fabrication of linearly periodic microstructures by controlling ribbing defects phenomenon in forward roll coating for multifunctional applications, Advanced Materials Interfaces, 9.27; 2201237, 2022. doi.org/10.1002/admi.202201237

03-21   Delong Jia, Peng Yi, Yancong Liu, Jiawei Sun, Shengbo Yue, Qi Zhao, Effect of laser­ textured groove wall interface on molybdenum coating diffusion and metallurgical bonding, Surface and Coatings Technology, 405; 126561, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126561

50-19     Peng Yi, Delong Jia, Xianghua Zhan, Pengun Xu, and Javad Mostaghimi, Coating solidification mechanism during plasma-sprayed filling the laser textured grooves, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 142, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118451

01-19   Jelena Dinic and Vivek Sharma, Computational analysis of self-similar capillary-driven thinning and pinch-off dynamics during dripping using the volume-of-fluid method, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 31, 2019. doi: 10.1063/1.5061715

85-18   Zia Jang, Oliver Litfin and Antonio Delgado, A semi-analytical approach for prediction of volume flow rate in nip-fed reverse roll coating process, Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol. 18, no. 1, Special Issue: 89th Annual Meeting of the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 2018. doi: 10.1002/pamm.201800317

80-14   Hiroaki Koyama, Kazuhiro Fukada, Yoshitaka Murakami, Satoshi Inoue, and Tatsuya Shimoda, Investigation of Roll-to-Sheet Imprinting for the Fabrication of Thin-film Transistor Electrodes, IEICE TRAN, ELECTRON, VOL.E97-C, NO.11, November 2014

46-14   Isabell Vogeler, Andreas Olbers, Bettina Willinger and Antonio Delgado, Numerical investigation of the onset of air entrainment in forward roll coating, 17th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium September 7-10, 2014 San Diego, CA, USA

17-12  Chi-Feng Lin, Bo-Kai Wang, Carlos Tiu and Ta-Jo Liu, On the Pinning of Downstream Meniscus for Slot Die Coating, Advances in Polymer Technology, Vol. 00, No. 0, 1-9 (2012) © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Available online at Wiley.

01-11  Reid Chesterfield, Andrew Johnson, Charlie Lang, Matthew Stainer, and Jonathan Ziebarth, Solution-Coating Technology for AMOLED Displays, Information Display Magazine, 1/11 0362-0972/01/2011-024 © SID 2011.

61-09 Yi-Rong Chang, Chi-Feng Lin and Ta-Jo Liu, Start-up of slot die coating, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 49, pp. 1158-1167, 2009. doi:10.1002/pen.21360

26-06  James M. Brethour, 3-D transient simulation of viscoelastic coating flows, 13th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, September 2006, Denver, Colorado

19-06  Ivosevic, M., Cairncross, R. A., and Knight, R., 3D Predictions of Thermally Sprayed Polymer Splats Modeling Particle Acceleration, Heating and Deformation on Impact with a Flat Substrate, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 49, pp. 3285 – 3297, 2006

9-06  M. Ivosevic, R. A. Cairncross, R. Knight, T. E. Twardowski, V. Gupta, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA; J. A. Baldoni, Duke University, Durham, NC, Effect of Substrate Roughness on Splatting Behavior of HVOF Sprayed Polymer Particles Modeling and Experiments, International Thermal Spray Conference, Seattle, WA, May 2006.

26-05  Ivosevic, M., Cairncross, R. A., Knight, R., Impact Modeling of Thermally Sprayed Polymer Particles, Proc. International Thermal Spray Conference [ITSC-2005], Eds., DVS/IIW/ASM-TSS, Basel, Switzerland, May 2005.

11-05  Brethour, J., Simulation of Viscoelastic Coating Flows with a Volume-of-fluid Technique, in Proceedings of the 6th European Coating Symposium, Bradford, UK, 2005

1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying, Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70

38-04 K.H. Ho and Y.Y. Zhao, Modelling thermal development of liquid metal flow on rotating disc in centrifugal atomisation, Materials Science and Engineering, A365, pp. 336-340, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2003.09.044

30-04  M. Ivosevic, R.A. Cairncross, and R. Knight, Impact Modeling of HVOF Sprayed Polymer Particles, Presented at the 12th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Rochester, New York, September 23-25, 2004

29-04  J.M. Brethour and C.W. Hirt, Stains Arising from Dried Liquid Drops, Presented at the 12th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Rochester, New York, September 23-25, 2004

20-03  James Brethour, Filling and Emptying of Gravure Cells–A CFD Analysis, Convertech Pacific October 2002, Vol. 10, No 4, p 34-37

4-03   M. Toivakka, Numerical Investigation of Droplet Impact Spreading in Spray Coating of Paper, In Proceedings of 2003 TAPPI 8th Advanced Coating Fundamentals Symposium, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 2003

28-02  J.M. Brethour and H. Benkreira, Filling and Emptying of Gravure Cells—Experiment and CFD Comparison, 11th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, September 23-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota

22-02  Hirt, C.W., and Brethour, J.M., Contact Line on Rough Surfaces with Application to Air Entrainment, Presented at the 11th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, September 23-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Unpublished.

17-01  J. M. Brethour, C. W. Hirt, Moving Contact Lines on Rough Surfaces, 4th European Coating Symposium, 2001, Belgium

16-01  J. M. Brethour, Filling and Emptying of Gravure Cells–-A CFD Analysis, proceedings of the 4th European Coating Symposium 2001, October 1-4, 2001, Brussels, Belgium

26-00 Ronald H. Miller and Gary S. Strumolo, A Self-Consistent Transient Paint Simulation, Proceedings of IMEC2000: 2000 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 2000, Orlando, Florida

6-99  C. W. Hirt, Direct Computation of Dynamic Contact Angles and Contact Lines, ECC99 Coating Conference, Erlangen, Germany (FSI-99-00-2), Sept. 1999

7-98 J. E. Richardson and Y. Becker, Three-Dimensional Simulation of Slot Coating Edge Effects, Flow Science Inc, and Polaroid Corporation, presented at the 9th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Newark, DE, May 18-20, 1998

6-98  C. W. Hirt and E. Choinski, Simulation of the Wet-Start Process in Slot Coating, Flow Science Inc, and Polaroid Corporation, presented at the 9th International Coating Science and Technology Symposium, Newark, DE, May 18-20, 1998

3-97  C. W. Hirt and J. E. Richardson of Flow Science Inc, and K.S. Chen, Sandia National Laboratory, Simulation of Transient and Three-Dimensional Coating Flows Using a Volume-of-Fluid Technique, presented at the 50th Annual Conference of the Society for Imaging and Science Technology, Boston, MA 18-23 May 1997

2-96 C. W. Hirt, K. S. Chen, Simulation of Slide-Coating Flows Using a Fixed Grid and a Volume-of-Fluid Front-Tracking Technique, presented a the 8th International Coating Process Science & Technology Symposium, February 25-29, 1996, New Orleans, LA

General Applications Bibliography

다음은 일반 응용 분야의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  결과를 포함하고 있습니다. 복잡한 다중 물리와 관련된 문제를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하기 위해 FLOW-3D를 사용 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our General Applications Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate problems that involve complex multiphysics.

2024년 8월 12일 Upate

204-23   Togo Shinonaga, Hibiki Tajima, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Akira Okada, Application of large-area electron beam irradiation to micro-edge filleting, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 107; pp. 65-73, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.10.039

167-23   Xiaoyong Cheng, Zhixian Cao, Ji Li, Alistair Borthwick, A numerical study of the settling of non-spherical particles in quiescent water, Physics of Fluids, 35.9; 2023. doi.org/10.1063/5.0165555

109-23 Dileep Karnam, Yu-Lung Lo, Chia-Hua Yang, Simulation study and parameter optimization of laser TSV using artificial neural networks, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25; pp. 3712-3727, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.199

66-23   Erik Holmen Olofsson, Michael Roland, Jon Spangenberg, Ninna Halberg Jokil, Jesper Henri Hattel, A CFD model with free surface tracking: predicting fill level and residence time in a starve-fed single-screw extruder, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 126; pp. 3579-3591, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11329-w

20-23   Giampiero Sciortino, Valentina Lombardi, Pietro Prestininzi, Modelling of cantilever-based flow energy harvesters featuring C-shaped vibration inducers: The role of the fluid/beam interaction, Applied Sciences, 13.1; 416, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/app13010416

134-22   Guozheng Ma, Shuying Chen, Haidou Wang, Impact spread behavior of flying droplets and properties of splats, Micro Process and Quality Control of Plasma Spraying, pp. 87-202, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2742-3_3

111-22   Chia-Lin Chiu, Chia-Ming Fan, Chia-Ren Chu, Numerical analysis of two spheres falling side by side, Physics of Fluids, 34; 072112, 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0096534

58-21   Ruizhe Liu, Haidong Zhao, Experimental study and numerical simulation of infiltration of AlSi12 alloys into Si porous preforms with micro-computed tomography inspection characteristics, Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 129.6; pp. 315-322, 2021. doi.org/10.2109/jcersj2.21018

56-20   Nils Steinau, CFD modeling of ascending Strombolian gas slugs through a constricted volcanic conduit considering a non-linear rheology, Thesis, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2020.

30-20   Bita Bayatsarmadi, Mike Horne, Theo Rodopoulos and Dayalan Gunasegaram, Intensifying diffusion-limited reactions by using static mixer electrodes in a novel electrochemical flow cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167.6, 2020. doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7e8f

75-19   Raphaël Comminal, Marcin Piotr Serdeczny, Navid Ranjbar, Mehdi Mehrali, David Bue Pedersen, Henrik Stang, Jon Spangenberg, Modelling of material deposition in big area additive manufacturing and 3D concrete printing, Proceedings, Advancing Precision in Additive Manufacturing, Nantes, France, September 16-18, 2019.

35-19     Sung-Won Ha, Tae-Won Kim, Joo-Hwan Choi, and Young-Jin Park, Study for flow phenomenon in the circulation water pump chamber using the Flow-3D model, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 580-589, 2019. doi: 10.5762/KAIS.2019.20.4.580

27-19     Rolands Cepuritis, Elisabeth L. Skare, Evgeny Ramenskiy, Ernst Mørtsell, Sverre Smeplass, Shizhao Li, Stefan Jacobsen, and Jon Spangeberg, Analysing limitations of the FlowCyl as a one-point viscometer test for cement paste, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 218, pp. 333-340, 2019. doi: 10.1016.j.conbuildmat.2019.05.127

26-19     Shanshan Hu, Lunliang Duan, Qianbing Wan, and Jian Wang, Evaluation of needle movement effect on root canal irrigation using a computational fluid dynamics model, BioMedical Engineering OnLine, Vol. 18, No. 52, 2019. doi: 10.1186/s12938-019-0679-5

83-18   Elisabeth Leite Skare, Stefan Jacobsen, Rolands Cepuritis, Sverre Smeplass and Jon Spangenberg, Decreasing the magnitude of shear rates in the FlowCyl, Proceedings of the 12th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic, August 29-31, 2018.

71-18   Marc Bascompta, Jordi Vives, Lluís Sanmiqeul and José Juan de Felipe, CFD friction factors verification in an underground mine, Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering, August 16 – 18, 2018, Madrid, Spain, Paper No. MMME 105, 2018. doi.org/10.11159/mmme18.105

56-18   J. Spangenberg, A. Uzala, M.W. Nielsen and J.H. Hattel, A robustness analysis of the bonding process of joints in wind turbine blades, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, vol. 85, pp. 281-285, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.06.009

21-18   Zhang Weikang and Gong Hongwei, Numerical Simulation Study on Characteristics of Airtight Water Film with Flow Deflectors, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 032025, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/153/3/032025

59-17  Han Eol Park and In Cheol Bang, Design study on mixing performance of rotational vanes in subchannel with fuel rod bundles, Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Autumn Meeting, Gyeongju, Korea, October 26-27, 2017.

58-17  Jian Zhou, Claudia Cenedese, Tim Williams and Megan Ball, On the propagation of gravity currents over and through a submerged array of circular cylinders, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 831, pp. 394-417, 2017. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.604

24-17   Zhiyuan Ge, Wojciech Nemec, Rob L. Gawthorpe, Atle Rotevatn and Ernst W.M. Hansen, Response of unconfined turbidity current to relay-ramp topography: insights from process-based numerical modelling, doi: 10.1111/bre.12255 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

06-17   Masoud Hosseinpoor, Kamal H. Khayat, Ammar Yahia, Numerical simulation of self-consolidating concrete flow as a heterogeneous material in L-Box set-up: coupled effect of reinforcing bars and aggregate content on flow characteristics, A. Mater Struct (2017) 50: 163. doi:10.1617/s11527-017-1032-8

94-16   Mehran Seyed Ahmadi, Markus Bussmann and Stavros A. Argyropoulos, Mass transfer correlations for dissolution of cylindrical additions in liquid metals with gas agitation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 97, June 2016, Pages 767-778

83-16   Masoud Hosseinpoor, Numerical simulation of fresh SCC flow in wall and beam elements using flow dynamics models, Ph.D. Thesis: University of Sherbrooke, September 2016.

51-16   Aditi Verma, Application of computational transport analysis – Oil spill dynamics, Master Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 2016, 56 pages; 1012775

37-16   Hannah Dietterich, Einat Lev, and Jiangzhi Chen, Benchmarking computational fluid dynamics models for lava flow simulation, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU2016-2202, 2016, EGU General Assembly 2016, © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

 19-16   A.J. Vellinga, M.J.B. Cartigny, E.W.M. Hansen, P.J. Tallinga, M.A. Clare, E.J. Sumner and J.T. Eggenhuisen, Process-based Modelling of Turbidity Currents – From Computational Fluid-dynamics to Depositional Signature, Second Conference on Forward Modelling of Sedimentary Systems, 25 April 2016, DOI: 10.3997/2214-4609.201600374

106-15    Hidetaka Oguma, Koji Tsukimoto, Saneyuki Goya, Yoshifumi Okajima, Kouichi Ishizaka, and Eisaku Ito, Development of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies for High-efficiency Gas Turbines, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review Vol. 52 No. 4, December 2015

93-15   James M. Brethour, Modelling of Cavitation within Highly Transient Flows with the Volume of Fluid Method, 1st Pan-American Congress on Computational Mechanics, April 27-29, 2015

90-15   Troy Shinbrot, Matthew Rutala, Andrea Montessori, Pietro Prestininzi and Sauro Succi, Paradoxical ratcheting in cornstarch, Phys. Fluids 27, 103101 (2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4934709

84-15   Nicolas Roussel, Annika Gram, Massimiliano Cremonesi, Liberato Ferrara, Knut Krenzer, Viktor Mechtcherine, Sergiy Shyshko, Jan Skocec, Jon Spangenberg, Oldrich Svec, Lars Nyholm Thrane and Ksenija Vasilic, Numerical simulations of concrete flow: A benchmark comparison, Cem. Concr. Res. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.09.022

02-15   David Souders, FLOW-3D Version 11 Enhances CFD Simulation, Desktop Engineering, January 2015

125-14   Herbert Obame Mve, Romuald Rullière, Rémi Goulet and Phillippe Haberschill, Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer of a Flow Confined by Wire Screen in Lithium Bromide Absorption Process, Defect and Diffusion Forum, ISSN: 1662-9507, Vol. 348, pp 40-50, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.348.40, © 2014 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

55-14   Agni Arumugam Selvi, Effect of Linear Direction Oscillation on Grain Refinement, Master’s Thesis: The Ohio State University, Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Copyright by Agni Arumugam Selvi, 2014

99-13   R. C. Givler and M. J. Martinez, Computational Model of Miniature Pulsating Heat Pipes, SANDIA REPORT, SAND2012-4750, Unlimited Release, Printed January 2013.

82-13    Shizhao Li, Jon Spangenberg, Jesper Hattel, A CFD Approach for Prediction of Unintended Porosities in Aluminum Syntactic Foam A Preliminary Study, 8th International Conference on Porous Metals and Metallic Foams (METFOAM 2013), Raleigh, NC, June 2013

81-13   S. Li, J. Spangenberg, J. H. Hattel, A CFD Model for Prediction of Unintended Porosities in Metal Matrix Composites A Preliminary Study, 19th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM 2013), Montreal, Canada, July 2013

78-13   Haitham A. Hussein, Rozi Abdullah, Sobri, Harun and Mohammed Abdulkhaleq, Numerical Model of Baffle Location Effect on Flow Pattern in Oil and Water Gravity Separator Tanks, World Applied Sciences Journal 26 (10): 1351-1356, 2013, ISSN 1818-4952, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.26.10.1239, © IDOSI Publications, 2013

74-13  Laetitia Martinie, Jean-Francois Lataste, and Nicolas Roussel, Fiber orientation during casting of UHPFRC: electrical resistivity measurements, image analysis and numerical simulations, Materials and Structures, DOI 10.1617/s11527-013-0205-3, November 2013. Available for purchase online at SpringerLink.

67-13 Stefan Jacobsen, Rolands Cepuritis, Ya Peng, Mette R. Geiker, and Jon Spangenberg, Visualizing and simulating flow conditions in concrete form filling using Pigments, Construction and Building Materials 49 (2013) 328–342, © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Available for purchase at ScienceDirect.

60-13 Huey-Jiuan Lin, Fu-Yuan Hsu, Chun-Yu Chiu, Chien-Kuo Liu, Ruey-Yi Lee, Simulation of Glass Molding Process for Planar Type SOFC Sealing Devices, Key Engineering Materials, 573, 131, September 2013. Available for purchase at Scientific.net.

32-13 M A Rashid, I Abustan and M O Hamzah, Numerical simulation of a 3-D flow within a storage area hexagonal modular pavement systems, 4th International Conference on Energy and Environment 2013 (ICEE 2013), IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 16 (2013) 012056 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012056. Full paper available at IOP.

105-12 Jon Spangenberg, Numerisk modellering af formfyldning ved støbning i selvkompakterende beton, Ph.D. Thesis: Technical University of Denmark, ID: 0eeede98-fb07-4800-86e2-0a6baeb1e7a3, 2012.

100-12 Nurul Hasan, Validation of CFD models using FLOW-3D for a Submerged Liquid Jet, Ninth International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries, CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 10-12 December 2012.

87-12  Abustan, Ismail, Hamzah, Meor Othman and Rashid, Mohd Aminur, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study of a Flow within a Permeable Pavement, OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 04, No. 02, pp. 37-44, April 2012.

86-12 Abustan, Ismail, Hamzah, Meor Othman and Rashid, Mohd Aminur, Review of Permeable Pavement Systems in Malaysia Conditions, OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 04, No. 02, pp. 27-36, April 2012.

85-12  Mohd Aminur Rashid, Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Infiltration Characteristic Modeling Using FLOW-3D within a Modular Pavement, Procedia Engineering, Volume 50, 2012, Pages 658-667, ISSN 1877-7058, 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.10.072.

73-12  Mohd Aminur Rashid, Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Infiltration Characteristic Modeling Using FLOW-3D within a Modular Pavement, Procedia Engineering, Volume 50, 2012, Pages 658-667, ISSN 1877-7058, 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.10.072.

65-12  X.H. Yang, T.J. Lu, T. Kim, Influence of non-conducting pore inclusions on phase change behavior of porous media with constant heat flux boundary, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Available online 10 October 2012. Available online at SciVerse.

56-12  Giancarlo Alfonsi, Agostino Lauria, Leonardo Primavera, Flow structures around large-diameter circular cylinder, Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing, DOI: 10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.2012005088, 2012. Available for purchase online at Begell Digital Library.

49-12  M. Janocko, M.B.J. Cartigny, W. Nemec, E.W.M. Hansen, Turbidity current hydraulics and sediment deposition in erodible sinuous channels: laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, Marine and Petroleum Geology, Available online 17 September 2012. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

32-12  Fatih Karadagli, Bruce E. Rittmann, Drew C. McAvoy, and John E. Richardson, Effect of Turbulence on the Disintegration Rate of Flushable Consumer Products, Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 5, May 2012

31-12    D. Valero Huerta and R. García-Bartual, Optimization of Air Conditioning Diffusers Location in Large Agricultural Warehouses Using CFD Techniques, International Conference of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR-AgEng2012) Valencia, Spain, July 8-12, 2012

16-12 Yi Fan Fu, Wei Dong, Ying Li, Yi Tan, Ming Hui Yi, Akira Kawasaki, Simulation of the Effects of the Physical Properties on Particle Formation of Pulsated Orifice Ejection Method (POEM), 2012, Advanced Materials Research, 509, 161. Available for purchase online at Scientific.Net.

92-11  Giancarlo Alfonsi, Agostino Lauria, Leonardo Primavera, The lower vertical structure past the Ahmed car model, International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2011. Available for purchase online at Begell Digital Library.

80-11  Ismail Abustan, Meor Othman Hamzah, Mohd Aminur Rashid, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study of a Flow within a Permeable Pavement, OIDA International Conference on Sustainable Development, ISSN 1923-6670, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 5-7th December 2011

66-11   H. Kondo, T. Furukawa, Y. Hirakawa, K. Nakamura, M. Ida, K.Watanabe, T. Kanemura, E. Wakai, H. Horiike, N. Yamaoka, H. Sugiura, T. Terai, A. Suzuki, J. Yagi, S. Fukada, H. Nakamura, I. Matsushita, F. Groeschel, K. Fujishiro, P. Garin and H. Kimura, IFMIF-EVEDA lithium test loop design and fabrication technology of target assembly as a key component, Nuclear Fusion Volume 51 Number 12, doi:10.1088/0029-5515/51/12/123008

49-11     N.I. Vatin, A.A. Girgidov, K.I. Strelets, Numerical modelling the three-dimensional velocity field in the cyclone, Inzhenerno-Stroitel’nyi Zhurnal, No. 4, 2011. In Russian.

41-11    Maiko Hosoda, Taichi Hirano, and Keiji Sakai, Low-Viscosity Measurement by Capillary Electromagnetically Spinning Technique, © 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, July 20, 2011.

18-11  Ortloff, C.R., Vogel, M., Spray cooling heat transfer — Test and CFD analysis, Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM), 2011 27th Annual IEEE, 20-24 March 2011, pp 245 – 252, San Jose, CA, 10.1109/STHERM.2011.5767208.

82-10   Dr. John Abbott, Two problems on the flow of viscous sheets of molten glass, 26th Annual Workshop on Mathematical Problems in Industry, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute, June 14-18, 2010

57-10  Chouet, B. A., Dawson, P. B., James, M. R. and Lane, S. J., Seismic source mechanism of degassing bursts at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Results from waveform inversion in the 10–50 s band, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B09311, doi:10.1029/2009JB006661, September 2010. Available online at JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH.

55-10 Pamela Waterman, FEA and CFD: Getting Better All the Time, Desktop Engineering, December 2010.

53-10  Nicolas Fries, Capillary transport processes in porous materials – experiment and model, Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen; 2010; ISBN 978-3-86955-507-2. Available at www.cuvillier.de  and www.amazon.de.

45-10  Meiring Beyers, Thomas Harms, and Johan Stander, Mitigating snowdrift at the elevated SANAE IV research station in Antarctica CFD simulation and field application, The Fifth International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering (CWE2010), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, May 23-27, 2010.

31-10 J. Spangenberg, N. Roussel, J.H. Hattel, J. Thorborg, M.R. Geiker, H. Stang and J. Skocek, Prediction of the Impact of Flow-Induced Inhomogeneities in Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Ch. 25 of “Design, Production and Placement of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” RILEM Bookseries, 2010, Volume 1, Part 5, 209-215, DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9664-7_18. Available online at Springer Link.

28-10 Sirisha Burra, Daniel P. Nicolella, W. Loren Francis, Christopher J. Freitas, Nicholas J. Mueschke, Kristin Poole, and Jean X. Jiang, Dendritic processes of osteocytes are mechanotransducers that induce the opening of hemichannels, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print], Available for purchase at PNAS.

19-10 Michael T. Tolley, Michael Kalontarov, Jonas Neubert, David Erickson and Hod Lipson, Stochastic Modular Robotic Systems A Study of Fluidic Assembly Strategies, IEEE Transactions on Robotics, Vol. 26, NO. 3, June 2010

59-17   Han Eol Park and In Cheol Bang, Design study on mixing performance of rotational vanes in subchannel with fuel rod bundles, Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Autumn Meeting, Gyeongju, Korea, October 26-27, 2017.

44-09 Micah Fuller, Fabian Bombardelli, Deb Niemeier, Particulate Matter Modeling in Near-Road Vegetation Environments, Contract AQ-04-01: Developing Effective and Quantifiable Air Quality Mitigation Measures, UC Davis, Caltrans, September 2009

28-09 D. C. Lo, Dong-Taur Su and Jan-Ming Chen (2009), Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations to the Analysis of Bank Effects in Restricted Waters, Journal of Navigation, 62, pp 477-491, doi:10.1017/S037346330900527X; Purchase the article online (clicking on this link will take you to the Cambridge Journals website).

24-09 Richard C. Givler and Mario J. Martinez, Modeling of Pulsating Heat Pipes, Sandia Report, SAND2009-4520, Sandia National Laboratories, August 2009.

45-08  J. Saeki, Seikei Kakou, Three-Dimensional Flow Analysis of a Thermosetting Compound in a Motor Stator, 20, 750-754 (2008) [in Japanese] (Zipped file contains paper and appendices)

38-08 Yoshifumi Kuriyama, Ken’ichi Yano and Masafumi Hamaguchi, Trajectory Planning for Meal Assist Robot Considering Spilling Avoidance, 17th IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, Part of 2008 1EEE Multi-conference on Systems and Control, San Antonio, Texas, September 3-5, 2008

29-08 Ernst W.M. Hansen, Wojciech Nemec and Snorre Heimsund, Numerical CFD simulations — a new tool for the modelling of turbidity currents and sand dispersal in deep-water basins, Production Geoscience 2008 in Stavanger, Norway, © 2008

17-08 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. & Corder, S. B., Modelling the rapid near-surface expansion of gas slugs in low-viscosity magmas, In Lane S. J., Gilbert J. S. (eds) Fluid Motion in Volcanic Conduits: A Source of Seismic and Acoustic Signals. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Pub., 307, 147-167, doi: 10.1144/SP307.9. 2008

16-08 Stefano Malavasi, Nicola Trabucchi, Numerical Investigation of the Flow Around a Rectangular Cylinder Near a Solid Wall, BBAA VI International Colloquium on: Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics & Applications, Milano, Italy, July 2008

41-07 Nicolas Roussel, Mette R. Geiker, Frederic Dufour, Lars N. Thrane and Peter Szabo, Computational modeling of concrete flow General Overview, Cement and Concrete Research 37 (2007) 1298-1307, © 2007 Elsevier Ltd.

40-07 Nemec, W., Heimsund, S., Xu, J. & Hansen, E.W.M., Numerical CFD simulation of turbidity currents, British Sedimentological Research Group (BSRG) Annual Meeting, Birmingham, 17-18 December 2007

39-07 Heimsund, S, Xu, J. & Nemec, W., Numerical Simulation of Recent Turbidity Currents in the Monterey Canyon System, Offshore California, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, 10-14 December 2007

32-07 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. & Corder, S. B., Modeling the near-surface expansion of gas slugs in basaltic magma, Eos Trans. A.G.U., 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl.. Abs. V12B-03. 2007

31-07 James, M. R., Lane, S. J. and Corder, S. B., Degassing low-viscosity magma: Quantifying the transition between passive bubble-burst and explosive activity, E.G.U. Geophys. Res. Abstr., 9, 05336, SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2007-A-05336. 2007

35-06  S. Green and C. Manepally, Software Validation Report for FLOW-3D Version 9.0, Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses, August 2006

33-06 N. Roussel, Correlation between yield stress and slump: Comparison between numerical simulations and concrete rheometers results, © RILEM 2006, Materials and Structures (2006) 39:501-509, Purchase online at Springer Link.

32-06 Heimsund, S., Möller, N. and Guargena, C., FLOW-3D simulation of the Ormen Lange field, mid-Norway, In: Hoyanagi, K., Takano, O. and Kano, K. (Ed.), Abstracts, International Association of Sedimentologists 17th International Sedimentological Congress, Fukuoka, Vol. B, p. 107, 2006

10-06 Gengsheng Wei, An Implicit Method to Solve Problems of Rigid Body Motion Coupled with Fluid Flow, Flow Science Technical Note #76, FSI-05-TN76.

8-06 Gengsheng Wei, Three-Dimensional Collision Modeling for Rigid Bodies and its Coupling with Fluid Flow Computation, Flow Science Technical Note #75, FSI-06-TN75.

34-05  Young Bae Kim, Kyung Do Kim, Sang Eui Hong, Jong Goo Kim, Man Ho Park, and Ju Hyun Kim, and Jae Keun Kweon, 3D Simulation of PU Foaming Flow in a Refrigerator Cabinet, Appliance Magazine.com, January 2005.

33-05 N. Roussel, Fifty-cent rheo-meter for yield stress measurements From slump to spreading flow, @2005 by The Society of Rheolgoy, Inc., J. Rheol. 49(3), 705-718 May/June (2005)

32-05 Heimsund, S., Möller, N., Guargena, C. and Thompson, L., Field-scale modeling of turbidity currents by FLOW-3D simulations, In: Workshop Abstracts, Modeling of Turbidity Currents and Related Gravity Currents, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2 p., (2005)

15-05 Gengsheng Wei, A Fixed-Mesh Method for General Moving Objects, Flow Science Technical Note #73, FSI-05-TN73

14-05 James M. Brethour, Incremental Thermoelastic Stress Model, Flow Science Technical Note #72, FSI-05-TN72

9-05 Gengsheng Wei, A Fixed-Mesh Method for General Moving Objects in Fluid Flow, Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 19, Nos. 28-29 (2005) 1719-1722

1-05 C.W. Hirt, Electro-Hydrodynamics of Semi-Conductive Fluids: With Application to Electro-Spraying Flow Science Technical Note #70, FSI-05-TN70

35-04  J. Saeki, T. Kono and T. Teramae, Seikei Kakou, Formulation of Mathematical Models for Estimating Residual Stress and Strain Components Correlated with 3-D Flow of Thermosetting Compounds, 16, 5, 309-316 (2004) [in Japanese]. (Zipped file contains paper and appendices)

31-04 Heimsund, S., Möller, N., Guargena, C. and Thompson, L., The control of seafloor topography on turbidite sand dispersal in the Ormen Lange field: a large-scale application of FLOW-3D simulations, In: Martinsen, O.J. (Ed.), Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway (NGF), Deep Water Sedimentary Systems of Arctic and North Atlantic Margins, Stavanger, 3, p. 25, (2004)

26-04 Beyers, J.H.M., Harms, T.M. and Sundsbø, P.A., 2004, Numerical simulation of three dimensional, transient snow drifting around a cube, Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, vol. 92, pp. 725-747, ISSN 0167-6105

25-04 Beyers, J.H.M, Harms, T.M. and Sundsbø, P.A., 2004, Numerical simulation of snow drifting around an elevated obstacle, Proceedings of the 5th conference on snow engineering, Davos, Switzerland, pp.185-191

17-04 Michael Barkhudarov, Multi-Block Gridding Technique for FLOW-3D (Revised), Flow Science Technical Note #59-R2, FSI-00-TN59-R2

36-03 Heimsund, S., Hansen, E.W.M. and Nemec, W., Numerical CFD simulation of turbidity currents and comparison with laboratory data, In: Hodgetts, D., Hodgson, D. and Smith, R. (Ed.), Slope Modelling Workshop Abstracts, Experimental, Reservoir and Forward Modelling of Turbidity Currents and Deep-Water Sedimentary Systems, Liverpool Univ., p. 13., (2003b)

35-03 Heimsund, S., Hansen, E.W.M. and Nemec, W. Computational 3-D fluid-dynamics model for sediment transport, erosion and deposition by turbidity currents, In: Nakrem, H.A. (Ed.), Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway (NGF), Den 18. Vinterkonferansen, Oslo, 1, p. 39., (2003a)

33-03 Beyers, J.H.M., Sundsbø, P.A. and Harms, T.M., 2003, Numerical simulation and verification of drifting snow around a cube, Proceedings of the 11th international conference on wind engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA, pp. 1886-1893

27-03 Jun Zeng, Daniel Sobek and Tom Korsmeyer, Electro-Hydrodynamic Modeling of Electrospray Ionization CAD for a µFluidic Device-Mass Spectrometer Interface, Agilent Technologies Inc, paper presented at Transducers 2003, June 03 Boston (note: Reference #10 is to FLOW-3D)

25-03 J. M Brethour, Moving Boundaries an Eularian Approach, Moving Boundaries VII, Computational Modelling of Free and Moving Boundary Problems, A. A. Mammoli & C.A. Brebbia, WIT Press

19-03 James Brethour, Incremental Elastic Stress Model, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN64)

18-03 Michael Barkhudarov, Semi-Lagrangian VOF Advection Method for FLOW-3D, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN63)

11-02 Junichi Saeki and Tsutomu Kono, Three-Dimensional Flow Analysis of a Thermosetting Compound during Mold Filling, Polymer Processing Society 18th Annual Meeting, June 2002, Guimares, Portugal.

46-01 Yasunori Iwai, Takumi Hayashi, Toshihiko Yamanishi, Kazuhiro Kobayashi and Masataka Nishi, Simulation of Tritium Behavior after Intended Tritium Release in Ventilated Room, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 1, p. 63-75, January 2001

23-01 Borre Bang, Dag Lukkassen, Application of Homogenization Theory Related to Stokes Flow in Porous Media, Applications of Mathematics, Narvik, Norway, No 4, pp. 309-319.

15-01 Ernst Hansen, SINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, Norway, Computer Simulation Helps Increase Flow Rate in Three-Phase Separator, Drilling Marketplace, Vol 55, No 10, May 15, 2001, pp.14

10-01 Ernst Hansen, SINTEF Energy Research, Phenomeological Modeling and Simulation of Fluid Flow and Separation Behaviour in Offshore Gravity Separators, PVP-Col 431, Emerging Technologies for Fluids, Structures and Fluids, Structures and Fluid Structure Interaction — 2001, ASME 2001, pp. 23-29

7-01 C. Bohm, D. A. Weiss, and C. Tropea, Multi-droplet Impact onto Solid Walls Droplet-droplet Interaction and Collision of Kinemeatic Discontinuities, DaimlerChrysler Research and Technology, ILASS-Europe 2000, September 11-13, 2000

6-01 Ernst Hansen, Simulation Raises Separator Flow Rate, Engineering Talk, March 21, 2001

3-01 M. Sick, H. Keck, G. Vullioud, and E. Parkinson, New Challenges in Pelton Research

1-01 Y. Darsht, K. Kuvanov, A. Puzanov, I. Kholkin, FLOW-3D in Designing Hydraulic Systems for Heavy Machinery  (in Russian), SAPR I Grafika (CAD and Graphics), August 2000, pp. 50-55.

22-00 A. K. Temu, O. K. Sønju and E. W. M. Hansen, Criteria for Minimum Particle Deposition onto a Cylinder in Crossflow, International Symposium on Multiphase Flow and Transport Phenomena, November 2000, Tekirova, Antalya, Turkey

21-00 Claus Maier, Stefan aus der Wiesche and Eberhard P. Hofer, Impact of Microdrops on Solid Surfaces for DNA-Synthesis, Department of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, University of Ulm, Technical Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, pp. 586-589

11-00 Thomas K. Thiis, A Comparison of Numerical Simulations and Full-scale Measurements of Snowdrifts around Buildings, Wind and Structures – ISSN: 1226-6116,Vol. 3, nr. 2 (2000), pp. 73-81

10-00 P.A. Sundsbo and B. Bang, Snow drift control in residential areas-Field measurements and numerical simulations, Fourth International Conference on Snow Engineering, pp. 377-382

9-00 Thomas K. Thiis and Christian Jaedicke, The Snowdrift Pattern Around Two Cubical Obstacles with Varying Distance—Measurement and Numerical Simulations, Snow Engineering, edited by Hjorth-Hansen, et al, Balkema, Rotterdam, 2000, pp.369-375.

8-00 Thomas K. Thiis and Christian Jaedicke, Changes in the Snowdrift Pattern Caused by a Building Extension—Investigations Through Scale Modeling and Numerical Simulations, Snow Engineering, edited by Hjorth-Hansen, et al, Balkema, Rotterdam, 2000, pp. 363-368

7-00 Bruce Letellier, Louis Restrepo, and Clinton Shaffer, Near-Field Dispersion of Fission Products in Complex Terrain Using a 3-D Turbulent Fluid-Flow Model, CCPS International Conference, San Francisco, CA, September 28-October 1, 1999

6-00 Bruce Letellier, Patrick McClure, and Louis Restrepo, Source-Term and Building-Wake Consequence Modeling for the GODIVA IV Reactor at Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1999 Safety Analysis Workshop, Portland, Oregon, June 13-18, 1999

11-99 Thomas K. Thiis and Yngvar Gjessing, Large-scale Measurements of Snowdrifts Around Flat-roofed and Single-pitch-roofed Buildings, Cold Regions Science and Technology 30, Narvik, Norway, May 17, 1999, pp. 175-181

3-99 A. A. Gubaidullin, Jr., T. N. Dinh, and B. R. Sehgal, Analysis of Natural Convection Heat Transfer and Flows in Internally Heated Stratified Liquid, accepted for publication 33rd Natl. Heat Transfer Conf. CD proceedings, Albuquerque, NM, August 15-17, 1999

20-98 Mark W. Silva, A Computational Study of Highly Viscous Impinging Jets, published by the Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium, ANRCP-1998-18, November 1998

17-98 P. A. Sundsbo and B. Bang, 1998, Calculation of Snowdrift Around Roadside Safety Barriers, Proc of the International Snow Science Workshop, Sept. 1998, Sunriver, Oregon, USA 279-283

11-98 P-A Sundsbo, Numerical simulations of wind deflection fins to control snow accumulation in building steps, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 74-76 (1998) 543-552

23-97  P.E. O’Donoghue, M.F. Kanninen, C.P. Leung, G. Demofonti, and S. Venzi, The development and validation of a dynamic propagation model for gas transmission pipelines, Intl J. Pres. Ves. & Piping 70 (1997) 11-25, P11 : S0308 – 0161 (96) 00012 – 9.

22-97  Christopher J. Matice, Simulation of High Speed Filling, Presented at High Speed Processing & Filling of Plastic Containers, SME, Chicago, Illinois, November 11, 1997.

12-97 B. Entezam and W. K. Van Moorhem, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT and J. Majdalani, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, Modeling of a Rijke-Tube Pulse Combustor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, presented at 33rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Seattle, WA, July 6-9, 1997.

11-97 B. Entezam, Computational and Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Flowfield Inside the Rijke Tube, doctoral thesis submitted to University of Utah, Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT, June 1997

2-97 K. Fujisaki, T. Ueyama, and K. Okazawa, Magnetohydrodynamic Calculation of In-Mold Electromagnetic Stirring, Nippon Steel Corp., IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 2, March 1997

1-97 P. A. Sundsbo, Four Layer Modelling and Numerical Simulations of Snow Drift, to be submitted to the Journal of Glaciology, 1997

23-96 Andy K Palmer, Computational Fluid Dynamic Software Comparison and Electrostatic Precipitator Modeling, Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Summer 1996

21-96 P. A. Sundsbo, Computer Simulation of Snow-Drift around Structures, Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Vol. 2, 533-539, Finland, 9-10 Sep. 1996

20-96 P. A. Sundsbo and E.W.M. Hansen, Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Snow-Drift around Snow Fences, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Snow Engineering, Sendai, Japan, 26-31 May 1996

19-96 P. A. Sundsbo, Numerical Modelling and Simulation of Snow Accumulations around Porous Fences, Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 6-10 Oct. 1996

18-96 T. Iverson, Editor, Applied Modelling and Simulation, Proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulation Conference, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

17-96 C. L. Parish, Modeling Compressible Flow Through an Orifice Stack Using Numerical Methods, thesis submitted for M.S. Mech. Engineering, NM State University, Las Cruces, NM, December 1996

15-96 T. Wiik and R. K. Calay, A Study of Balcony on Flow-Field and Wind Loads for Low-Rise Buildings, Fourth Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Dipoli, Espoo, Finland, September 1996

14-96 T. Wiik, E.W.M. Hansen, The Assessment of Wind Loads on Roof Overhang of Low-Rise Buildings, Second International Symposium Wind Engineering, Fort Collins, CO, September 1996

13-96 T. Wiik, R. K. Calay, and A. Holdo, A Study of Effects of Eaves on Flow-Field and Wind Loads for Low-Rise Houses, Third International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Applications, Blacksburg, Virginia, August 1996

11-96 Y. Miyamoto and M. Harada, A Flow Analysis accompanied by Formation of the Liquid Droplets shown with an Animation Display Technique, SEA Corporation, presented at Visualization Information Conference, Tokyo, Japan, July 17, 1996

8-96 J. Bakken, E. Naess, T. Engebretsen, and E. W. M. Hansen, Fluid Flow in Porous Media, proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulations Conference, Norwegian Univ. of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

7-96E. W. M. Hansen, Performance of Oil/Water Gravity Separators Imposed to Motion, proceedings of the 38th SIMS Simulations Conference, Norwegian Univ. of Science & Technology, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-13, 1996

8-95 J. J. Francis, Computational Hydrodynamic Study of Flow through a Vertical Slurry Heat Exchanger, NSF Summer Research Program, Dept. Mech. Engineering, Univ. of Nevada Las Vegas, August 9, 1995

4-94 J. L. Ditter and C. W. Hirt, A Scalable Model for Mixing Vessels, Flow Science report, FSI-94-00-1, presented at the 1994 ASME Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, Incline Village, NV, June 1994

3-94 A. Nielsen, B. Bang, P. A. Sundsbo and T. Wiik, Computer Simulation of Windspeed, Windpressure and Snow Accumulation around Buildings (SNOW-SIM), 1st International Conference on HVAC in Cold Climate, Rovaniemi, Finland, from Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, March 1994

2-94 J. M. Sicilian, Addition of an Extended Bubble Model to FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, FSI-94-58-1, March 1994

1-94 T. Hong, C. Zhu, P. Cal and L-S Fan, Numerical Modeling of Basic Modes of Formation and Interactions of Bubbles in Liquids, Dept. Chem. Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, March 1994

14-93 J. L. Ditter and C. W. Hirt, A Scalable Model for Stir Tanks, Flow Science Technical Note #38, December 1993 (FSI-93-TN38)

13-93 J. Partinen, N. Saluja and J. K. Kirtley, Jr., Experimental and Computational Investigation of Rotary Electromagnetic Stirring in a Woods Metal System, Dept. of Math, Science and Engr. and Dept. of Electrical Engr. and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

12-93 J. Partinen, N. Saluja and J. K. Kirtley, Jr., Modeling of Surface Deformation in an Electromagnetically Stirred Metallic Melt, Dept. of Math, Science, and Engr. and Dept. of Electrical Engr. and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

10-93 C. Philippe, Summary Report on Test Calculations with FLOW-3D/CAST93, (coupled-rigid-body dynamics model), ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, September 17, 1993

5-93 J. M. Sicilian, J. L. Ditter and C. L. Bronisz, FLOW-3D Analyses of CFD Triathlon Benchmark, Flow Science report, presented at the ASME Fluids Engineering Conference, Washington DC, June 20-24, 1993

4-93 T. Wiik, Ventilation of the Attic due to Wind Loads on Low-Rise Buildings, paper for 3rd Symposium of Building Physics in Nordic Countries, Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, summer 1993

3-93 E. W. M. Hansen, Modelling and Simulation of Separation Effects and Fluid Flow Behaviour in Process-Units, SIMS’93 – 35th Simulation Conference, Kongsberg, Norway, June 9-11, 1993

2-93 M. A. Briones, R. S. Brodsky and J. J. Chalmers, Computer Simulation of the Rupture of a Gas Bubble at a Gas-Liquid Interface and its Implications in Animal Cell Damage, Dept. Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University, Manuscript No. RB68, April 1993

11-92 G. Trapaga, E. F. Matthys, J. J. Valencia and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Solidification of Molten Metal Droplets Impinging on Substrates: Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Results, Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol. 23B, pp. 701-718, December 1992

10-92 J. B. Dalin, J. M. Le Guilly, P. Le Roy and E. Maas, Numerical Simulations Applied to the Production of Automotive Foundry Components, Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes, Wood & Zienkiewicz (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1992

5-92 C. W. Hirt, Volume-Fraction Techniques: Powerful Tools for Flow Modeling, Flow Science report (FSI-92-00-02), presented at the Computational Wind Engineering Conference, University of Tokyo, August 1992

3-92 C. L. Bronisz and C.W. Hirt, Lubricant Flow in a Rotary Lip Seal, Flow Science Technical Note #33, February 1992 (FSI-92-TN33)

16-91 A. Nielsen, SNOW-SIM – Computer Model for Simulation of Wind and Snow Loads on Buildings and Structures, Building Science, Narvik Institute of Technology, Narvik, Norway, (not dated)

15-91 E. W. M. Hansen, H. Heitmann, B. Laska, A. Ellingsen, O. Ostby, T. B. Morrow and F. T. Dodge, Fluid Flow Modelling of Gravity Separators, SINTEF, Norway and Southwest Research Institute, Texas, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991

14-91 E. W. M. Hansen, H. Heitmann, B. Laska and M. Loes, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow Behaviour Inside, and Redesign of a Field Separator, SINTEF, Norway and STATOIL, Norway (not dated)

13-91 G. Trapaga and J. Szekely, Mathematical Modeling of the Isothermal Impingement of Liquid Droplets in Spraying Processes, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 22B, pp. 901-914, December 1991

11-91 N. Saluja and J. Szekely, Velocity Fields and Free Surface Phenomena in an Inductively Stirred Mercury Pool, European Journal of Mechanics, B/Fluids, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 563-572, Oct. 1991

4-90 J. M. Sicilian, A Note on Implementing Specified Velocities and Momentum Sources, Flow Science report, September 1990 (FSI-90-00-5)

13-90 P. Jonsson, N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow Phenomena in the Filling of Cylindrical Molds Using Newtonian (Turbulent) and Non-Newtonian (Power Law) Fluids, submitted to Trans. of the American Foundrymen’s Soc., June 1990

12-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Computation of the Velocity Fields and the Dynamic Free Surface Generated in a Liquid Metal Column by a Rotating Magnetic Field, submitted to J. Fluid Mech., July 1990

7-90 C. L. Bronisz and C. W. Hirt, Modeling Unsaturated Flow in Porous Media: A FLOW-3D Extension, Flow Science report, July 1990 (FSI-90-48-2)

5-90 C. L. Bronisz and C. W. Hirt, Hydrodynamic Ram Simulations Using FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, May 1990 (FSI-90-49-1)

3-90 C. W. Hirt, Turbojet Plume Flow Analysis, Flow Science report, February 1990 (FSI-90-45-1)

5-89 K. S. Eckhoff and E. W. M. Hansen, Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Investigation of Separation in Two-Phase Rotating Flow, SINTEF-Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Report No. OR 22 1907.00.01.89, 29 April 1989

2-89 J. M. Sicilian and J. R. Tegart, Comparisons of FLOW-3D Calculations with Very Large Amplitude Slosh Data, presented at the Symposium on Computational Experiments, PVP ASME Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 22-27, 1989

2-88 J. M. Sicilian and C. W. Hirt, AFT Field Joint: CFD Analysis Using the FLOW-3D Program, in Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor Circumferential Flow Technical Interchange Meeting Final Report, NASA-TWR-17788, February 1988

14-87 C. J. Freitas, S. T. Green, and T. B. Morrow, Fluid Dynamics Associated with Ductile Pipeline Fracture, Southwest Research Institute report presented at ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, December 1987

13-87 J. Sicilian, The FLOW-3D Model for Thermal Conduction in Solids, Flow Science report, Dec. 1987 (FSI-87-00-4)

7-87 C.W. Hirt, Vectored Nozzle Flow with Turbulence Modeling, Flow Science report, Sept. 1987 (FSI-87-29-1)

4-87 J.M. Sicilian, C.W. Hirt, and R. P. Harper, FLOW-3D: Computational Modeling Power for Scientists and Engineers, Flow Science report, 1987 (FSI-87-00-1)

3-86 J. M. Sicilian, Natural-Convection Heat-Transfer Analysis, Flow Science Technical Note #4, June 1986 (FSI-86-00-TN4)

2-86 J. Navickas and C. R. Cross, Air Circulation Characteristics and Convective Losses in a 5-MW Molten Salt Cavity Solar Receiver, ASME 8th Annual Conference on Solar Engineering, Anaheim, California, April 13-16, 1986

5-85 C. W. Hirt and R. P. Harper, Calculations of Vent Clearing in a Chemical Process Tank, Flow Science report, December 1985 (FSI-85-28-1)

2-84 Applications of SOLA-3D/FSI to Fluid Slosh, Flow Science report, May 1984

Metal Casting Bibliography

다음은 금속 주조 참고 문헌의 기술 문서 모음입니다. 
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  CAST  결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D  CAST 를 사용하여 금속 주조 산업의 어플리케이션을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션  하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

2024년 11월 20일 Update

93-24 Benedict Baumann, Andreas Kessler, Claudia Dommaschk, Gotthard Wolf , Influence of filter structure and casting system on filtration efficiency in aluminum mold casting, Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration, Eds. C.G. Aneziris, H. Biermann, Springer Series in Materials Science, 337; 2024. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_28

93-24 Benedict Baumann, Andreas Kessler, Claudia Dommaschk, Gotthard Wolf , Influence of filter structure and casting system on filtration efficiency in aluminum mold casting, Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration, Eds. C.G. Aneziris, H. Biermann, Springer Series in Materials Science, 337; 2024. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_28

87-24 Rahul Jayakumar, T.P.D. Rajan, Sivaraman Savithri, A GPU based accelerated solver for simulation of heat transfer during metal casting process, Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 32.5; 055013, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/1361-651X/ad4406

46-24 Masyrukan, Irwan Mawarda, Sunardi Wiyono, Bibit Sugito, Ummi Kultsum, Dessy Ade Pratiwi, Desi Gustiani, Nur Annisa Istiqamah, The effect of differences in in-gate diameter size on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum (Al) castings in pipe products with a red sand mold, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2838.1; 2024. doi.org/10.1063/5.0185773

43-24 German Alberto Barragán De Los Rios, Silvio Andrés Salazar Martínez, Emigdio Mendoza Fandiño, Patricia Fernández-Morales, Numerical simulation of aluminum foams by space holder infiltration, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01287-8

40-24 Bin Zhang, Gary P. Grealy, Thermomechanical modeling on AirSlip® billet DC casting of high-strength crack-prone aluminum alloys, Light Metals 2024, Eds. S. Wagstaff, pp. 1015-1025, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50308-5_128

35-24 Balaji Chandrakanth, Ved Prakash, Adwaita Maiti, Diya Mukherjee, Development of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) inspired structured cast iron foams through casting route, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01247-8

19-24   Diya Mukherjee, Himadri Roy, Balaji Chandrakanth, Nilrudra Mandal, Sudip Kumar Samanta, Manidipto Mukherjee, Enhancing properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy through microalloying and heat treatment, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 314; 128881, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.128881

46-24 Masyrukan, Irwan Mawarda, Sunardi Wiyono, Bibit Sugito, Ummi Kultsum, Dessy Ade Pratiwi, Desi Gustiani, Nur Annisa Istiqamah, The effect of differences in in-gate diameter size on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum (Al) castings in pipe products with a red sand mold, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2838.1; 2024. doi.org/10.1063/5.0185773

43-24 German Alberto Barragán De Los Rios, Silvio Andrés Salazar Martínez, Emigdio Mendoza Fandiño, Patricia Fernández-Morales, Numerical simulation of aluminum foams by space holder infiltration, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01287-8

40-24 Bin Zhang, Gary P. Grealy, Thermomechanical modeling on AirSlip® billet DC casting of high-strength crack-prone aluminum alloys, Light Metals 2024, Eds. S. Wagstaff, pp. 1015-1025, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50308-5_128

35-24 Balaji Chandrakanth, Ved Prakash, Adwaita Maiti, Diya Mukherjee, Development of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) inspired structured cast iron foams through casting route, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01247-8

19-24   Diya Mukherjee, Himadri Roy, Balaji Chandrakanth, Nilrudra Mandal, Sudip Kumar Samanta, Manidipto Mukherjee, Enhancing properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy through microalloying and heat treatment, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 314; 128881, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.128881

181-23   Daichi Minamide, Ken’ichi Yano, Masahiro Sano, Takahiro Aoki, Overflow design system to decrease gas defects considering the direction of molten metal flow, 3rd International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME), pp. 1-6, 2023. doi.org/10.1109/ICECCME57830.2023.10253413

102-23 Daichi Minamide, Ken’ichi Yano, Masahiro Sano, Takahiro Aoki, Automatic design of overflow system for preventing gas defects by considering the direction of molten metal flow, Computer-Aided Design, 163; 103586, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2023.103586

87-23 Prosenjit Das, Optimisation of melt pouring temperature and low superheat casting of Al-15Mg2Si-4.5Si composite, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 36.1-3; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2023.2211895

60-23   Yuanhao Gu, Feng Wang, Jian Jiao, Zhi Wang, Le Zhou, Pingli Mao, Zheng Liu, Study on semisolid rheo-diecasting process, microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Al-1Ca-0.5Sb alloy with high solid fraction, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01001-0

48-23   Patricia Fernández‑Morales, Lauramaría Echeverrí, Emigdio Mendoza Fandiño, Alejandro Alberto Zuleta Gil, Replication casting and additive manufacturing for fabrication of cellular aluminum with periodic topology: optimization by CFD simulation, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 26; pp. 1789-1797, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11124-7

45-23   Daniel Martinez, Philip King, Santosh Reddy Sama, Jay Sim, Hakan Toykoc, Guha Manogharan, Effect of freezing range on reducing casting defects through 3D sand-printed mold designs, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11112-x

38-23   Emanuele Pagone, Christopher Jones, John Forde, William Shaw, Mark Jolly, Konstantinos Salonitis, Defect minimization in vacuum-assisted plaster mould investment casting through simulation of high-value aluminium alloy components, TMS 2023: Light Metals, pp. 1078-1086, 2023.

33-23   Philip King, Guha Manogharan, Novel experimental method for metal flow analysis using open molds for sand casting, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-00966-2

32-23   Sujeet Kumar Gautam, Himadri Roy, Aditya Kumar Lohar, Sudip Kumar Samanta, Studies on mold filling behavior of Al–10.5Si–1.7Cu Al alloy during rheo pressure die casting system, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-00958-2

31-23   Anand Kumbhare, Prasenjit Biswas, Anil Bisen, Chandan Choudary, Investigation of effect of the rheological parameters on the flow behavior of ADC12 Al alloy in rheo-pressure die casting, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-00962-6

24-23   Natalia Raźny, Anna Dmitruk, Maria Serdechnova, Carsten Blawert, Joanna Ludwiczak, Krzysztof Naplocha, The performance of thermally conductive tree-like cast aluminum structures in PCM-based storage units, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 142; 106606, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106606

172-22 J. Yokesh Kumar, S. Gopi, K.S. Amirthagadeswaran, Redesigning and numerical simulation of gating system to reduce cold shut defect in submersible pump part castings, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1177/0954408922114218

125-22   Maximilian Erber, Tobias Rosnitschek, Christoph Hartmann, Bettina Alber-Laukant, Stephan Tremmel, Wolfram Volk, Geometry-based assurance of directional solidification for complex topology-optimized castings using the medial axis transform, Computer-Aided Design, 152; 103394, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2022.103394

74-22    Vasilios Fourlakidis, Ilia Belov, Attila Diószeg, Experimental model of the pearlite interlamellar spacing in lamellar graphite iron, Tecnologia em Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração, 19; e2634, 2022. doi.org/10.4322/2176-1523.20222634

71-22   M. G. Mahmoud, Amr Abdelghany, Serag Salem, Numerical simulation of door lock plates castings produced by high pressure die casting process, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-022-00797-7

70-22   Andreas Schilling, Daniel Schmidt, Jakob Glück, Niklas Schwenke, Husam Sharabi, Martin Fehlbier, About the impact on gravity cast salt cores in high pressure die casting and rheocasting, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 119; 102585, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2022.102585

52-22   Manthan Dhisale, Jitesh Vasavada, Asim Tewari, An approach to optimize cooling channel parameters of low pressure die casting process for reducing shrinkage porosity in aluminium alloy wheels, Materials Today: Proceedings, in print, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.478

44-22   Zihan Lang, Feng Wang, Wei Wang, Zhi Wang, Le Zhou, Pingli Mao, Zheng Liu, Numerical simulation and experimental study on semi-solid forming process of 319s aluminum alloy test bar, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-022-00788-8

32-22   Elisa Fracchia, Federico Simone Gobber, Claudio Mus, Raul Pirovino, Mario Russo, The local squeeze technology for challenging aluminium HPDC automotive components, Light Metals, pp. 772-778, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92529-1_102

141-21   O. Ayer, O. Kaya, Mould design optimisation by FEM, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2130; 012021, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2130/1/012021

117-21   I. Rajkumar, N. Rajini, T. Ram Prabhu, Sikiru O. Ismail, Suchart Siengchin, Faruq Mohammad, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan , Applicability of angular orientations of gating designs to quality of sand casting components using two-cavity mould set-up, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12666-021-02434-z

106-21   M. Ahmed, E. Riedel, M. Kovalko, A. Volochko, R. Bähr, A. Nofal, Ultrafine ductile and austempered ductile irons by solidification in ultrasonic field, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00683-8

97-21   J. Glueck, A. Schilling, N. Schwenke, A. Fros, M.Fehlbier, Efficiency and agility of a liquid CO2 cooling system for molten metal systems, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 28; 101485, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101485

82-21   Giulia Scampone, Raul Pirovano, Stefano Mascetti, Giulio Timelli, Experimental and numerical investigations of oxide-related defects in Al alloy gravity die castings, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 117; pp. 1765-1780, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07680-5

74-21   Shuyang Ren, Feng Wang, Jingying Sun, Zheng Liu, Pingli Mao, Gating system design based on numerical simulation and production experiment verification of aluminum alloy bracket fabricated by semi-solid rheo-die casting process, International Journal of Metalcasting, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00648-x

69-21   Ozen Gursoy, Murat Colak, Kazim Tur, Derya Dispinar, Characterization of properties of Vanadium, Boron and Strontium addition on HPDC of A360 alloy, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 271; 124931, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124931

54-21   K. Munpakdee, P. Ninpetch, S. Otarawanna, R. Canyook, P. Kowitwarangkul, Effect of feed sprue size on porosity defects in Platinum 950 centrifugal investment casting via numerical modelling, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 11th TSME-International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand, December 1-4, 2020, 1137; 012021, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1137/1/012021/

44-21   Yunxiang Zhang, Haidong Zhao, Fei Liu, Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties improvement of gravity cast Al-7Si-0.4Mg alloys with Zr additions, Materials Characterization, 176; 111117, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111117

05-21   Heqian Song, Lunyong Zhang, Fuyang Cao, Xu Gu, Jianfei Sun, Oxide bifilm defects in aluminum alloy castings, Materials Letters, 285; 129089, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.129089

127-20   Eric Riedel, Niklas Bergedieck, Stefan Scharf, CFD simulation based investigation of cavitation cynamics during high intensity ultrasonic treatment of A356, Metals, 10.11; 1529, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10111529

86-20       Malte Leonhard, Matthias Todte, Jörg Schäfer, Realistic simulation of the combustion of exothermic feeders, Modern Casting, August 2020; pp. 35-40, 2020. (See also 58-19)

52-20       Mingfan Qi, Yonglin Kang, Jingyuan Li, Zhumabieke Wulabieke, Yuzhao Xu, Yangde Li, Aisen Liu, Junchen Chen, Microstructures refinement and mechanical properties enhancement of aluminum and magnesium alloys by combining distributary-confluence channel process for semisolid slurry preparation with high pressure die-casting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 285; 116800, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116800

46-20       Yasushi Iwata, Shuxin Dong, Yoshio Sugiyama, Jun Yaokawa, Melt permeability changes during solidification of aluminum alloys and application to feeding simulation for die castings, Materials Transactions, 61.7; pp. 1381-1386, 2020. doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.F-M2020822

45-20       Daniel Bernal, Xabier Chamorro, Iñaki Hurtado, Iñaki Madariaga, Effect of boron content and cooling rate on the microstructure and boride formation of β-solidifying γ-TiAl TNM alloy, Metals, 10.5; 698, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10050698

33-20     Eric Riedel, Martin Liepe Stefan Scharf, Simulation of ultrasonic induced cavitation and acoustic streaming in liquid and solidifying aluminum, Metals, 10.4; 476, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10040476

20-20   Wu Yue, Li Zhuo and Lu Rong, Simulation and visual tester verification of solid propellant slurry vacuum plate casting, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2020. doi.org/10.1002/prep.201900411

17-20   C.A. Jones, M.R. Jolly, A.E.W. Jarfors and M. Irwin, An experimental characterization of thermophysical properties of a porous ceramic shell used in the investment casting process, Supplimental Proceedings, pp. 1095-1105, TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, San Diego, CA, February 23-27, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_102

12-20   Franz Josef Feikus, Paul Bernsteiner, Ricardo Fernández Gutiérrez and Michal Luszczak , Further development of electric motor housings, MTZ Worldwide, 81, pp. 38-43, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s38313-019-0176-z

09-20   Mingfan Qi, Yonglin Kang, Yuzhao Xu, Zhumabieke Wulabieke and Jingyuan Li, A novel rheological high pressure die-casting process for preparing large thin-walled Al–Si–Fe–Mg–Sr alloy with high heat conductivity, high plasticity and medium strength, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 776, art. no. 139040, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139040

07-20   Stefan Heugenhauser, Erhard Kaschnitz and Peter Schumacher, Development of an aluminum compound casting process – Experiments and numerical simulations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 279, art. no. 116578, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116578

05-20   Michail Papanikolaou, Emanuele Pagone, Mark Jolly and Konstantinos Salonitis, Numerical simulation and evaluation of Campbell running and gating systems, Metals, 10.1, art. no. 68, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10010068

102-19   Ferencz Peti and Gabriela Strnad, The effect of squeeze pin dimension and operational parameters on material homogeneity of aluminium high pressure die cast parts, Acta Marisiensis. Seria Technologica, 16.2, 2019. doi.org/0.2478/amset-2019-0010

94-19   E. Riedel, I. Horn, N. Stein, H. Stein, R. Bahr, and S. Scharf, Ultrasonic treatment: a clean technology that supports sustainability incasting processes, Procedia, 26th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, May 7-9, 2019.

93-19   Adrian V. Catalina, Liping Xue, Charles A. Monroe, Robin D. Foley, and John A. Griffin, Modeling and Simulation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi- and AlCu-based Alloys, Transactions, 123rd Metalcasting Congress, Atlanta, GA, USA, April 27-30, 2019.

84-19   Arun Prabhakar, Michail Papanikolaou, Konstantinos Salonitis, and Mark Jolly, Sand casting of sheet lead: numerical simulation of metal flow and solidification, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, pp. 1-13, 2019. doi:10.1007/s00170-019-04522-3

72-19   Santosh Reddy Sama, Eric Macdonald, Robert Voigt, and Guha Manogharan, Measurement of metal velocity in sand casting during mold filling, Metals, 9:1079, 2019. doi:10.3390/met9101079

71-19   Sebastian Findeisen, Robin Van Der Auwera, Michael Heuser, and Franz-Josef Wöstmann, Gießtechnische Fertigung von E-Motorengehäusen mit interner Kühling (Casting production of electric motor housings with internal cooling), Geisserei, 106, pp. 72-78, 2019 (in German).

58-19     Von Malte Leonhard, Matthias Todte, and Jörg Schäffer, Realistic simulation of the combustion of exothermic feeders, Casting, No. 2, pp. 28-32, 2019. In English and German.

52-19     S. Lakkum and P. Kowitwarangkul, Numerical investigations on the effect of gas flow rate in the gas stirred ladle with dual plugs, International Conference on Materials Research and Innovation (ICMARI), Bangkok, Thailand, December 17-21, 2018. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 526, 2019. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/526/1/012028

47-19     Bing Zhou, Shuai Lu, Kaile Xu, Chun Xu, and Zhanyong Wang, Microstructure and simulation of semisolid aluminum alloy castings in the process of stirring integrated transfer-heat (SIT) with water cooling, International Journal of Metalcasting, Online edition, pp. 1-13, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s40962-019-00357-6

31-19     Zihao Yuan, Zhipeng Guo, and S.M. Xiong, Skin layer of A380 aluminium alloy die castings and its blistering during solution treatment, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1906-1916, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.05.011

25-19     Stefano Mascetti, Raul Pirovano, and Giulio Timelli, Interazione metallo liquido/stampo: Il fenomeno della metallizzazione, La Metallurgia Italiana, No. 4, pp. 44-50, 2019. In Italian.

20-19     Fu-Yuan Hsu, Campbellology for runner system design, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 187-199, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_19

19-19     Chengcheng Lyu, Michail Papanikolaou, and Mark Jolly, Numerical process modelling and simulation of Campbell running systems designs, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 53-64, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_5

18-19     Adrian V. Catalina, Liping Xue, and Charles Monroe, A solidification model with application to AlSi-based alloys, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 201-213, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_20

17-19     Fu-Yuan Hsu and Yu-Hung Chen, The validation of feeder modeling for ductile iron castings, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 227-238, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_22

04-19   Santosh Reddy Sama, Tony Badamo, Paul Lynch and Guha Manogharan, Novel sprue designs in metal casting via 3D sand-printing, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 25, pp. 563-578, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.009

02-19   Jingying Sun, Qichi Le, Li Fu, Jing Bai, Johannes Tretter, Klaus Herbold and Hongwei Huo, Gas entrainment behavior of aluminum alloy engine crankcases during the low-pressure-die-casting-process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 266, pp. 274-282, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.016

82-18   Xu Zhao, Ping Wang, Tao Li, Bo-yu Zhang, Peng Wang, Guan-zhou Wang and Shi-qi Lu, Gating system optimization of high pressure die casting thin-wall AlSi10MnMg longitudinal loadbearing beam based on numerical simulation, China Foundry, Vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 436-442, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s41230-018-8052-z

80-18   Michail Papanikolaou, Emanuele Pagone, Konstantinos Salonitis, Mark Jolly and Charalampos Makatsoris, A computational framework towards energy efficient casting processes, Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2018: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Design and Manufacturing (KES-SDM-18), Gold Coast, Australia, June 24-26 2018, SIST 130, pp. 263-276, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04290-5_27

64-18   Vasilios Fourlakidis, Ilia Belov and Attila Diószegi, Strength prediction for pearlitic lamellar graphite iron: Model validation, Metals, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2018. doi: 10.3390/met8090684

51-18   Xue-feng Zhu, Bao-yi Yu, Li Zheng, Bo-ning Yu, Qiang Li, Shu-ning Lü and Hao Zhang, Influence of pouring methods on filling process, microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 Mg alloy pipe by horizontal centrifugal casting, China Foundry, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.196-202, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s41230-018-7256-6

47-18   Santosh Reddy Sama, Jiayi Wang and Guha Manogharan, Non-conventional mold design for metal casting using 3D sand-printing, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 34-B, pp. 765-775, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.03.049

42-18   M. Koru and O. Serçe, The Effects of Thermal and Dynamical Parameters and Vacuum Application on Porosity in High-Pressure Die Casting of A383 Al-Alloy, International Journal of Metalcasting, pp. 1-17, 2018. /doi: 10.1007/s40962-018-0214-7

41-18   Abhilash Viswanath, S. Savithri, U.T.S. Pillai, Similitude analysis on flow characteristics of water, A356 and AM50 alloys during LPC process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 257, pp. 270-277, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.031

29-18   Seyboldt, Christoph and Liewald, Mathias, Investigation on thixojoining to produce hybrid components with intermetallic phase, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1960, no. 1, 2018. doi: 10.1063/1.5034992

28-18   Laura Schomer, Mathias Liewald and Kim Rouven Riedmüller, Simulation of the infiltration process of a ceramic open-pore body with a metal alloy in semi-solid state to design the manufacturing of interpenetrating phase composites, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1960, no. 1, 2018. doi: 10.1063/1.5034991

41-17   Y. N. Wu et al., Numerical Simulation on Filling Optimization of Copper Rotor for High Efficient Electric Motors in Die Casting Process, Materials Science Forum, Vol. 898, pp. 1163-1170, 2017.

12-17   A.M.  Zarubin and O.A. Zarubina, Controlling the flow rate of melt in gravity die casting of aluminum alloys, Liteynoe Proizvodstvo (Casting Manufacturing), pp 16-20, 6, 2017. In Russian.

10-17   A.Y. Korotchenko, Y.V. Golenkov, M.V. Tverskoy and D.E. Khilkov, Simulation of the Flow of Metal Mixtures in the Mold, Liteynoe Proizvodstvo (Casting Manufacturing), pp 18-22, 5, 2017. In Russian.

08-17   Morteza Morakabian Esfahani, Esmaeil Hajjari, Ali Farzadi and Seyed Reza Alavi Zaree, Prediction of the contact time through modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in compound casting process of Al/Mg light metals, Journal of Materials Research, © Materials Research Society 2017

04-17   Huihui Liu, Xiongwei He and Peng Guo, Numerical simulation on semi-solid die-casting of magnesium matrix composite based on orthogonal experiment, AIP Conference Proceedings 1829, 020037 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4979769.

100-16  Robert Watson, New numerical techniques to quantify and predict the effect of entrainment defects, applied to high pressure die casting, PhD Thesis: University of Birmingham, 2016.

88-16   M.C. Carter, T. Kauffung, L. Weyenberg and C. Peters, Low Pressure Die Casting Simulation Discovery through Short Shot, Cast Expo & Metal Casting Congress, April 16-19, 2016, Minneapolis, MN, Copyright 2016 American Foundry Society.

61-16   M. Koru and O. Serçe, Experimental and numerical determination of casting mold interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the high pressure die casting of a 360 aluminum alloy, ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, Vol. 129 (2016)

59-16   R. Pirovano and S. Mascetti, Tracking of collapsed bubbles during a filling simulation, La Metallurgia Italiana – n. 6 2016

43-16   Kevin Lee, Understanding shell cracking during de-wax process in investment casting, Ph.D Thesis: University of Birmingham, School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2016.

35-16   Konstantinos Salonitis, Mark Jolly, Binxu Zeng, and Hamid Mehrabi, Improvements in energy consumption and environmental impact by novel single shot melting process for casting, Journal of Cleaner Production, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.165, Open Access funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, June 29, 2016

20-16   Fu-Yuan Hsu, Bifilm Defect Formation in Hydraulic Jump of Liquid Aluminum, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016, Band: 47, Heft 3, 1634-1648.

15-16   Mingfan Qia, Yonglin Kanga, Bing Zhoua, Wanneng Liaoa, Guoming Zhua, Yangde Lib,and Weirong Li, A forced convection stirring process for Rheo-HPDC aluminum and magnesium alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 234 (2016) 353–367

112-15   José Miguel Gonçalves Ledo Belo da Costa, Optimization of filling systems for low pressure by FLOW-3D, Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica, http://hdl.handle.net/1822/40132, 2015

89-15   B.W. Zhu, L.X. Li, X. Liu, L.Q. Zhang and R. Xu, Effect of Viscosity Measurement Method to Simulate High Pressure Die Casting of Thin-Wall AlSi10MnMg Alloy Castings, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Published online, November 2015, DOI: 10.1007/s11665-015-1783-8, © ASM International.

88-15   Peng Zhang, Zhenming Li, Baoliang Liu, Wenjiang Ding and Liming Peng, Improved tensile properties of a new aluminum alloy for high pressure die casting, Materials Science & Engineering A651(2016)376–390, Available online, November 2015.

83-15   Zu-Qi Hu, Xin-Jian Zhang and Shu-Sen Wu, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Die-Filling Behavior of High-Performance Die-Cast Al–Mg–Si–Mn Alloy, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), DOI 10.1007/s40195-015-0332-7, © The Chinese Society for Metals and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.

82-15   J. Müller, L. Xue, M.C. Carter, C. Thoma, M. Fehlbier and M. Todte, A Die Spray Cooling Model for Thermal Die Cycling Simulations, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

81-15   M. T. Murray, L.F. Hansen, L. Chilcott, E. Li and A.M. Murray, Case Studies in the Use of Simulation- Improved Yield and Reduced Time to Market, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

80-15   R. Bhola, S. Chandra and D. Souders, Predicting Castability of Thin-Walled Parts for the HPDC Process Using Simulations, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

76-15   Prosenjit Das, Sudip K. Samanta, Shashank Tiwari and Pradip Dutta, Die Filling Behaviour of Semi Solid A356 Al Alloy Slurry During Rheo Pressure Die Casting, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, pp 1-6, October 2015

74-15   Murat KORU and Orhan SERÇE, Yüksek Basınçlı Döküm Prosesinde Enjeksiyon Parametrelerine Bağlı Olarak Döküm Simülasyon, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science, Science Journal (CSJ), Vol. 36, No: 5 (2015) ISSN: 1300-1949, May 2015

69-15   A. Viswanath, S. Sivaraman, U. T. S. Pillai, Computer Simulation of Low Pressure Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 45-48, September 2015

68-15   J. Aneesh Kumar, K. Krishnakumar and S. Savithri, Computer Simulation of Centrifugal Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 53-56, September 2015

59-15   F. Hosseini Yekta and S. A. Sadough Vanini, Simulation of the flow of semi-solid steel alloy using an enhanced model, Metals and Materials International, August 2015.

44-15   Ulrich E. Klotz, Tiziana Heiss and Dario Tiberto, Platinum investment casting material properties, casting simulation and optimum process parameters, Jewelry Technology Forum 2015

41-15   M. Barkhudarov and R. Pirovano, Minimizing Air Entrainment in High Pressure Die Casting Shot Sleeves, GIFA 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany

40-15   M. Todte, A. Fent, and H. Lang, Simulation in support of the development of innovative processes in the casting industry, GIFA 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany

19-15   Bruce Morey, Virtual casting improves powertrain design, Automotive Engineering, SAE International, March 2015.

15-15   K.S. Oh, J.D. Lee, S.J. Kim and J.Y. Choi, Development of a large ingot continuous caster, Metall. Res. Technol. 112, 203 (2015) © EDP Sciences, 2015, DOI: 10.1051/metal/2015006, www.metallurgical-research.org

14-15   Tiziana Heiss, Ulrich E. Klotz and Dario Tiberto, Platinum Investment Casting, Part I: Simulation and Experimental Study of the Casting Process, Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2015, 59, (2), 95, doi:10.1595/205651315×687399

138-14 Christopher Thoma, Wolfram Volk, Ruben Heid, Klaus Dilger, Gregor Banner and Harald Eibisch, Simulation-based prediction of the fracture elongation as a failure criterion for thin-walled high-pressure die casting components, International Journal of Metalcasting, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 47-54, 2014. doi:10.1007/BF03355594

107-14  Mehran Seyed Ahmadi, Dissolution of Si in Molten Al with Gas Injection, ProQuest Dissertations And Theses; Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Toronto (Canada), 2014; Publication Number: AAT 3637106; ISBN: 9781321195231; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-02(E), Section: B.; 191 p.

99-14   R. Bhola and S. Chandra, Predicting Castability for Thin-Walled HPDC Parts, Foundry Management Technology, December 2014

92-14   Warren Bishenden and Changhua Huang, Venting design and process optimization of die casting process for structural components; Part II: Venting design and process optimization, Die Casting Engineer, November 2014

90-14   Ken’ichi Kanazawa, Ken’ichi Yano, Jun’ichi Ogura, and Yasunori Nemoto, Optimum Runner Design for Die-Casting using CFD Simulations and Verification with Water-Model Experiments, Proceedings of the ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2014, November 14-20, 2014, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, IMECE2014-37419

89-14   P. Kapranos, C. Carney, A. Pola, and M. Jolly, Advanced Casting Methodologies: Investment Casting, Centrifugal Casting, Squeeze Casting, Metal Spinning, and Batch Casting, In Comprehensive Materials Processing; McGeough, J., Ed.; 2014, Elsevier Ltd., 2014; Vol. 5, pp 39–67.

77-14   Andrei Y. Korotchenko, Development of Scientific and Technological Approaches to Casting Net-Shaped Castings in Sand Molds Free of Shrinkage Defects and Hot Tears, Post-doctoral thesis: Russian State Technological University, 2014. In Russian.

69-14   L. Xue, M.C. Carter, A.V. Catalina, Z. Lin, C. Li, and C. Qiu, Predicting, Preventing Core Gas Defects in Steel Castings, Modern Casting, September 2014

68-14   L. Xue, M.C. Carter, A.V. Catalina, Z. Lin, C. Li, and C. Qiu, Numerical Simulation of Core Gas Defects in Steel Castings, Copyright 2014 American Foundry Society, 118th Metalcasting Congress, April 8 – 11, 2014, Schaumburg, IL

51-14   Jesus M. Blanco, Primitivo Carranza, Rafael Pintos, Pedro Arriaga, and Lakhdar Remaki, Identification of Defects Originated during the Filling of Cast Pieces through Particles Modelling, 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM XI), 5th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM V), 6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD VI), E. Oñate, J. Oliver and A. Huerta (Eds)

47-14   B. Vijaya Ramnatha, C.Elanchezhiana, Vishal Chandrasekhar, A. Arun Kumarb, S. Mohamed Asif, G. Riyaz Mohamed, D. Vinodh Raj , C .Suresh Kumar, Analysis and Optimization of Gating System for Commutator End Bracket, Procedia Materials Science 6 ( 2014 ) 1312 – 1328, 3rd International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterisation (ICMPC 2014)

42-14  Bing Zhou, Yong-lin Kang, Guo-ming Zhu, Jun-zhen Gao, Ming-fan Qi, and Huan-huan Zhang, Forced convection rheoforming process for preparation of 7075 aluminum alloy semisolid slurry and its numerical simulation, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24(2014) 1109−1116

37-14    A. Karwinski, W. Lesniewski, P. Wieliczko, and M. Malysza, Casting of Titanium Alloys in Centrifugal Induction Furnaces, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Volume 59, Issue 1, DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0068, 2014.

26-14    Bing Zhou, Yonglin Kang, Mingfan Qi, Huanhuan Zhang and Guoming Zhu, R-HPDC Process with Forced Convection Mixing Device for Automotive Part of A380 Aluminum Alloy, Materials 2014, 7, 3084-3105; doi:10.3390/ma7043084

20-14  Johannes Hartmann, Tobias Fiegl, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foams with tailored density profile by adapted blowing agents, Applied Physics A, 10.1007/s00339-014-8377-4, March 2014.

19-14    A.Y. Korotchenko, N.A. Nikiforova, E.D. Demjanov, N.C. Larichev, The Influence of the Filling Conditions on the Service Properties of the Part Side Frame, Russian Foundryman, 1 (January), pp 40-43, 2014. In Russian.

11-14 B. Fuchs and C. Körner, Mesh resolution consideration for the viability prediction of lost salt cores in the high pressure die casting process, Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014, Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

08-14 FY Hsu, SW Wang, and HJ Lin, The External and Internal Shrinkages in Aluminum Gravity Castings, Shape Casting: 5th International Symposium 2014. Available online at Google Books

103-13  B. Fuchs, H. Eibisch and C. Körner, Core Viability Simulation for Salt Core Technology in High-Pressure Die Casting, International Journal of Metalcasting, July 2013, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp 39–45

94-13    Randall S. Fielding, J. Crapps, C. Unal, and J.R.Kennedy, Metallic Fuel Casting Development and Parameter Optimization Simulations, International Conference on Fast reators and Related Fuel Cycles (FR13), 4-7 March 2013, Paris France

90-13  A. Karwińskia, M. Małyszaa, A. Tchórza, A. Gila, B. Lipowska, Integration of Computer Tomography and Simulation Analysis in Evaluation of Quality of Ceramic-Carbon Bonded Foam Filter, Archives of Foundry Engineering, DOI: 10.2478/afe-2013-0084, Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ISSN, (2299-2944), Volume 13, Issue 4/2013

88-13  Litie and Metallurgia (Casting and Metallurgy), 3 (72), 2013, N.V.Sletova, I.N.Volnov, S.P.Zadrutsky, V.A.Chaikin, Modeling of the Process of Removing Non-metallic Inclusions in Aluminum Alloys Using the FLOW-3D program, pp 138-140. In Russian.

85-13    Michał Szucki,Tomasz Goraj, Janusz Lelito, Józef S. Suchy, Numerical Analysis of Solid Particles Flow in Liquid Metal, XXXVII International Scientific Conference Foundryman’ Day 2013, Krakow, 28-29 November 2013

84-13  Körner, C., Schwankl, M., Himmler, D., Aluminum-Aluminum compound castings by electroless deposited zinc layers, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.12.01483-13.

77-13  Antonio Armillotta & Raffaello Baraggi & Simone Fasoli, SLM tooling for die casting with conformal cooling channels, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, DOI 10.1007/s00170-013-5523-7, December 2013.

64-13   Johannes Hartmann, Christina Blümel, Stefan Ernst, Tobias Fiegl, Karl-Ernst Wirth, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foam castings with microcellular cores by nano-functionalization, J Mater Sci, DOI: 10.1007/s10853-013-7668-z, September 2013.

46-13  Nicholas P. Orenstein, 3D Flow and Temperature Analysis of Filling a Plutonium Mold, LA-UR-13-25537, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Los Alamos Annual Student Symposium 2013, 2013-07-24 (Rev.1)

42-13   Yang Yue, William D. Griffiths, and Nick R. Green, Modelling of the Effects of Entrainment Defects on Mechanical Properties in a Cast Al-Si-Mg Alloy, Materials Science Forum, 765, 225, 2013.

39-13  J. Crapps, D.S. DeCroix, J.D Galloway, D.A. Korzekwa, R. Aikin, R. Fielding, R. Kennedy, C. Unal, Separate effects identification via casting process modeling for experimental measurement of U-Pu-Zr alloys, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 15 July 2013.

35-13   A. Pari, Real Life Problem Solving through Simulations in the Die Casting Industry – Case Studies, © Die Casting Engineer, July 2013.

34-13  Martin Lagler, Use of Simulation to Predict the Viability of Salt Cores in the HPDC Process – Shot Curve as a Decisive Criterion, © Die Casting Engineer, July 2013.

24-13    I.N.Volnov, Optimizatsia Liteynoi Tekhnologii, (Casting Technology Optimization), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), 3, 2013, 27-29. In Russian

23-13  M.R. Barkhudarov, I.N. Volnov, Minimizatsia Zakhvata Vozdukha v Kamere Pressovania pri Litie pod Davleniem, (Minimization of Air Entrainment in the Shot Sleeve During High Pressure Die Casting), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), 3, 2013, 30-34. In Russian

09-13  M.C. Carter and L. Xue, Simulating the Parameters that Affect Core Gas Defects in Metal Castings, Copyright 2012 American Foundry Society, Presented at the 2013 CastExpo, St. Louis, Missouri, April 2013

08-13  C. Reilly, N.R. Green, M.R. Jolly, J.-C. Gebelin, The Modelling Of Oxide Film Entrainment In Casting Systems Using Computational Modelling, Applied Mathematical Modelling, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.03.061, April 2013.

03-13  Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A fast simulation of transient metal flow and solidification in a narrow channel. Part II. Model validation and parametric study, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.061.

02-13  Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A fast simulation of transient metal flow and solidification in a narrow channel. Part I: Model development using lubrication approximation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.060.

116-12  Jufu Jianga, Ying Wang, Gang Chena, Jun Liua, Yuanfa Li and Shoujing Luo, “Comparison of mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ91D alloy motorcycle wheels formed by die casting and double control forming, Materials & Design, Volume 40, September 2012, Pages 541-549.

107-12  F.K. Arslan, A.H. Hatman, S.Ö. Ertürk, E. Güner, B. Güner, An Evaluation for Fundamentals of Die Casting Materials Selection and Design, IMMC’16 International Metallurgy & Materials Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2012.

103-12 WU Shu-sen, ZHONG Gu, AN Ping, WAN Li, H. NAKAE, Microstructural characteristics of Al−20Si−2Cu−0.4Mg−1Ni alloy formed by rheo-squeeze casting after ultrasonic vibration treatment, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 22 (2012) 2863-2870, November 2012. Full paper available online.

109-12 Alexandre Reikher, Numerical Analysis of Die-Casting Process in Thin Cavities Using Lubrication Approximation, Ph.D. Thesis: The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Engineering Department (2012) Theses and Dissertations. Paper 65.

97-12 Hong Zhou and Li Heng Luo, Filling Pattern of Step Gating System in Lost Foam Casting Process and its Application, Advanced Materials Research, Volumes 602-604, Progress in Materials and Processes, 1916-1921, December 2012.

93-12  Liangchi Zhang, Chunliang Zhang, Jeng-Haur Horng and Zichen Chen, Functions of Step Gating System in the Lost Foam Casting Process, Advanced Materials Research, 591-593, 940, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.591-593.940, November 2012.

91-12  Hong Yan, Jian Bin Zhu, Ping Shan, Numerical Simulation on Rheo-Diecasting of Magnesium Matrix Composites, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.192-193.287, Solid State Phenomena, 192-193, 287.

89-12  Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A Fast Numerical Simulation for Modeling Simultaneous Metal Flow and Solidification in Thin Cavities Using the Lubrication Approximation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications: An International Journal of Computation and Methodology, 63:2, 75-100, November 2012.

82-12  Jufu Jiang, Gang Chen, Ying Wang, Zhiming Du, Weiwei Shan, and Yuanfa Li, Microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-wall and high-rib parts of AM60B Mg alloy formed by double control forming and die casting under the optimal conditions, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.086, October 2012.

78-12   A. Pari, Real Life Problem Solving through Simulations in the Die Casting Industry – Case Studies, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

77-12  Y. Wang, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian and R.A. Miller, Rheological behavior models of metal matrix alloys in semi-solid casting process, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

76-12  A. Reikher and H. Gerber, Analysis of Solidification Parameters During the Die Cast Process, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

75-12 R.A. Miller, Y. Wang and K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, Estimating Cavity Fill Time, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

65-12  X.H. Yang, T.J. Lu, T. Kim, Influence of non-conducting pore inclusions on phase change behavior of porous media with constant heat flux boundary, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Available online 10 October 2012. Available online at SciVerse.

55-12  Hejun Li, Pengyun Wang, Lehua Qi, Hansong Zuo, Songyi Zhong, Xianghui Hou, 3D numerical simulation of successive deposition of uniform molten Al droplets on a moving substrate and experimental validation, Computational Materials Science, Volume 65, December 2012, Pages 291–301.

52-12 Hongbing Ji, Yixin Chen and Shengzhou Chen, Numerical Simulation of Inner-Outer Couple Cooling Slab Continuous Casting in the Filling Process, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 557-559), Advanced Materials and Processes II, pp. 2257-2260, July 2012.

47-12    Petri Väyrynen, Lauri Holappa, and Seppo Louhenkilpi, Simulation of Melting of Alloying Materials in Steel Ladle, SCANMET IV – 4th International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking, Lulea, Sweden, June 10-13, 2012.

46-12  Bin Zhang and Dave Salee, Metal Flow and Heat Transfer in Billet DC Casting Using Wagstaff® Optifill™ Metal Distribution Systems, 5th International Metal Quality Workshop, United Arab Emirates Dubai, March 18-22, 2012.

45-12 D.R. Gunasegaram, M. Givord, R.G. O’Donnell and B.R. Finnin, Improvements engineered in UTS and elongation of aluminum alloy high pressure die castings through the alteration of runner geometry and plunger velocity, Materials Science & Engineering.

44-12    Antoni Drys and Stefano Mascetti, Aluminum Casting Simulations, Desktop Engineering, September 2012

42-12   Huizhen Duan, Jiangnan Shen and Yanping Li, Comparative analysis of HPDC process of an auto part with ProCAST and FLOW-3D, Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 184-185 (2012) pp 90-94, Online available since 2012/Jun/14 at www.scientific.net, © (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.184-185.90.

41-12    Deniece R. Korzekwa, Cameron M. Knapp, David A. Korzekwa, and John W. Gibbs, Co-Design – Fabrication of Unalloyed Plutonium, LA-UR-12-23441, MDI Summer Research Group Workshop Advanced Manufacturing, 2012-07-25/2012-07-26 (Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States)

29-12  Dario Tiberto and Ulrich E. Klotz, Computer simulation applied to jewellery casting: challenges, results and future possibilities, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.33 012008. Full paper available at IOP.

28-12  Y Yue and N R Green, Modelling of different entrainment mechanisms and their influences on the mechanical reliability of Al-Si castings, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33,012072.Full paper available at IOP.

27-12  E Kaschnitz, Numerical simulation of centrifugal casting of pipes, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33 012031, Issue 1. Full paper available at IOP.

15-12  C. Reilly, N.R Green, M.R. Jolly, The Present State Of Modeling Entrainment Defects In The Shape Casting Process, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Available online 27 April 2012, ISSN 0307-904X, 10.1016/j.apm.2012.04.032.

12-12   Andrei Starobin, Tony Hirt, Hubert Lang, and Matthias Todte, Core drying simulation and validation, International Foundry Research, GIESSEREIFORSCHUNG 64 (2012) No. 1, ISSN 0046-5933, pp 2-5

10-12  H. Vladimir Martínez and Marco F. Valencia (2012). Semisolid Processing of Al/β-SiC Composites by Mechanical Stirring Casting and High Pressure Die Casting, Recent Researches in Metallurgical Engineering – From Extraction to Forming, Dr Mohammad Nusheh (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0356-1, InTech

07-12     Amir H. G. Isfahani and James M. Brethour, Simulating Thermal Stresses and Cooling Deformations, Die Casting Engineer, March 2012

06-12   Shuisheng Xie, Youfeng He and Xujun Mi, Study on Semi-solid Magnesium Alloys Slurry Preparation and Continuous Roll-casting Process, Magnesium Alloys – Design, Processing and Properties, ISBN: 978-953-307-520-4, InTech.

04-12 J. Spangenberg, N. Roussel, J.H. Hattel, H. Stang, J. Skocek, M.R. Geiker, Flow induced particle migration in fresh concrete: Theoretical frame, numerical simulations and experimental results on model fluids, Cement and Concrete Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.007, February 2012.

01-12   Lee, B., Baek, U., and Han, J., Optimization of Gating System Design for Die Casting of Thin Magnesium Alloy-Based Multi-Cavity LCD Housings, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Springer New York, Issn: 1059-9495, 10.1007/s11665-011-0111-1, Volume 1 / 1992 – Volume 21 / 2012. Available online at Springer Link.

104-11  Fu-Yuan Hsu and Huey Jiuan Lin, Foam Filters Used in Gravity Casting, Metall and Materi Trans B (2011) 42: 1110. doi:10.1007/s11663-011-9548-8.

99-11    Eduardo Trejo, Centrifugal Casting of an Aluminium Alloy, thesis: Doctor of Philosophy, Metallurgy and Materials School of Engineering University of Birmingham, October 2011. Full paper available upon request.

93-11  Olga Kononova, Andrejs Krasnikovs ,Videvuds Lapsa,Jurijs Kalinka and Angelina Galushchak, Internal Structure Formation in High Strength Fiber Concrete during Casting, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 59 2011

76-11  J. Hartmann, A. Trepper, and C. Körner, Aluminum Integral Foams with Near-Microcellular Structure, Advanced Engineering Materials 2011, Volume 13 (2011) No. 11, © Wiley-VCH

71-11  Fu-Yuan Hsu and Yao-Ming Yang Confluence Weld in an Aluminum Gravity Casting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Available online 23 November 2011, ISSN 0924-0136, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.11.006.

65-11     V.A. Chaikin, A.V. Chaikin, I.N.Volnov, A Study of the Process of Late Modification Using Simulation, in Zagotovitelnye Proizvodstva v Mashinostroenii, 10, 2011, 8-12. In Russian.

54-11  Ngadia Taha Niane and Jean-Pierre Michalet, Validation of Foundry Process for Aluminum Parts with FLOW-3D Software, Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting, 2011.

51-11    A. Reikher and H. Gerber, Calculation of the Die Cast parameters of the Thin Wall Aluminum Cast Part, 2011 Die Casting Congress & Tabletop, Columbus, OH, September 19-21, 2011

50-11   Y. Wang, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, and R.A. Miller, Runner design optimization based on CFD simulation for a die with multiple cavities, 2011 Die Casting Congress & Tabletop, Columbus, OH, September 19-21, 2011

48-11 A. Karwiński, W. Leśniewski, S. Pysz, P. Wieliczko, The technology of precision casting of titanium alloys by centrifugal process, Archives of Foundry Engineering, ISSN: 1897-3310), Volume 11, Issue 3/2011, 73-80, 2011.

46-11  Daniel Einsiedler, Entwicklung einer Simulationsmethodik zur Simulation von Strömungs- und Trocknungsvorgängen bei Kernfertigungsprozessen mittels CFD (Development of a simulation methodology for simulating flow and drying operations in core production processes using CFD), MSc thesis at Technical University of Aalen in Germany (Hochschule Aalen), 2011.

44-11  Bin Zhang and Craig Shaber, Aluminum Ingot Thermal Stress Development Modeling of the Wagstaff® EpsilonTM Rolling Ingot DC Casting System during the Start-up Phase, Materials Science Forum Vol. 693 (2011) pp 196-207, © 2011 Trans Tech Publications, July, 2011.

43-11 Vu Nguyen, Patrick Rohan, John Grandfield, Alex Levin, Kevin Naidoo, Kurt Oswald, Guillaume Girard, Ben Harker, and Joe Rea, Implementation of CASTfill low-dross pouring system for ingot casting, Materials Science Forum Vol. 693 (2011) pp 227-234, © 2011 Trans Tech Publications, July, 2011.

40-11  A. Starobin, D. Goettsch, M. Walker, D. Burch, Gas Pressure in Aluminum Block Water Jacket Cores, © 2011 American Foundry Society, International Journal of Metalcasting/Summer 2011

37-11 Ferencz Peti, Lucian Grama, Analyze of the Possible Causes of Porosity Type Defects in Aluminum High Pressure Diecast Parts, Scientific Bulletin of the Petru Maior University of Targu Mures, Vol. 8 (XXV) no. 1, 2011, ISSN 1841-9267

31-11  Johannes Hartmann, André Trepper, Carolin Körner, Aluminum Integral Foams with Near-Microcellular Structure, Advanced Engineering Materials, 13: n/a. doi: 10.1002/adem.201100035, June 2011.

27-11  A. Pari, Optimization of HPDC Process using Flow Simulation Case Studies, Die Casting Engineer, July 2011

26-11    A. Reikher, H. Gerber, Calculation of the Die Cast Parameters of the Thin Wall Aluminum Die Casting Part, Die Casting Engineer, July 2011

21-11 Thang Nguyen, Vu Nguyen, Morris Murray, Gary Savage, John Carrig, Modelling Die Filling in Ultra-Thin Aluminium Castings, Materials Science Forum (Volume 690), Light Metals Technology V, pp 107-111, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.690.107, June 2011.

19-11 Jon Spangenberg, Cem Celal Tutum, Jesper Henri Hattel, Nicolas Roussel, Metter Rica Geiker, Optimization of Casting Process Parameters for Homogeneous Aggregate Distribution in Self-Compacting Concrete: A Feasibility Study, © IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2011, New Orleans, USA

16-11  A. Starobin, C.W. Hirt, H. Lang, and M. Todte, Core Drying Simulation and Validations, AFS Proceedings 2011, © American Foundry Society, Presented at the 115th Metalcasting Congress, Schaumburg, Illinois, April 2011.

15-11  J. J. Hernández-Ortega, R. Zamora, J. López, and F. Faura, Numerical Analysis of Air Pressure Effects on the Flow Pattern during the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity, AIP Conf. Proc., Volume 1353, pp. 1238-1243, The 14th International Esaform Conference on Material Forming: Esaform 2011; doi:10.1063/1.3589686, May 2011. Available online.

10-11 Abbas A. Khalaf and Sumanth Shankar, Favorable Environment for Nondentric Morphology in Controlled Diffusion Solidification, DOI: 10.1007/s11661-011-0641-z, © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2011, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, March 11, 2011.

08-11 Hai Peng Li, Chun Yong Liang, Li Hui Wang, Hong Shui Wang, Numerical Simulation of Casting Process for Gray Iron Butterfly Valve, Advanced Materials Research, 189-193, 260, February 2011.

04-11  C.W. Hirt, Predicting Core Shooting, Drying and Defect Development, Foundry Management & Technology, January 2011.

76-10  Zhizhong Sun, Henry Hu, Alfred Yu, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Squeeze Casting Magnesium Alloy AM50, Magnesium Technology 2010, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, February 14-18, 2010, Seattle, WA.

68-10  A. Reikher, H. Gerber, K.M. Pillai, T.-C. Jen, Natural Convection—An Overlooked Phenomenon of the Solidification Process, Die Casting Engineer, January 2010

54-10    Andrea Bernardoni, Andrea Borsi, Stefano Mascetti, Alessandro Incognito and Matteo Corrado, Fonderia Leonardo aveva ragione! L’enorme cavallo dedicato a Francesco Sforza era materialmente realizzabile, A&C – Analisis e Calcolo, Giugno 2010. In  Italian.

48-10  J. J. Hernández-Ortega, R. Zamora, J. Palacios, J. López and F. Faura, An Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Patterns and Air Entrapment Phenomena During the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., October 2010, Volume 132, Issue 5, 05101, doi:10.1115/1.4002535.

47-10  A.V. Chaikin, I.N. Volnov, and V.A. Chaikin, Development of Dispersible Mixed Inoculant Compositions Using the FLOW-3D Program, Liteinoe Proizvodstvo, October, 2010, in Russian.

42-10  H. Lakshmi, M.C. Vinay Kumar, Raghunath, P. Kumar, V. Ramanarayanan, K.S.S. Murthy, P. Dutta, Induction reheating of A356.2 aluminum alloy and thixocasting as automobile component, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20(20101) s961-s967.

41-10  Pamela J. Waterman, Understanding Core-Gas Defects, Desktop Engineering, October 2010. Available online at Desktop Engineering. Also published in the Foundry Trade Journal, November 2010.

39-10  Liu Zheng, Jia Yingying, Mao Pingli, Li Yang, Wang Feng, Wang Hong, Zhou Le, Visualization of Die Casting Magnesium Alloy Steering Bracket, Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys, ISSN: 1001-2249, CN: 42-1148/TG, 2010-04. In Chinese.

37-10  Morris Murray, Lars Feldager Hansen, and Carl Reinhardt, I Have Defects – Now What, Die Casting Engineer, September 2010

36-10  Stefano Mascetti, Using Flow Analysis Software to Optimize Piston Velocity for an HPDC Process, Die Casting Engineer, September 2010. Also available in Italian: Ottimizzare la velocita del pistone in pressofusione.  A & C, Analisi e Calcolo, Anno XII, n. 42, Gennaio 2011, ISSN 1128-3874.

32-10  Guan Hai Yan, Sheng Dun Zhao, Zheng Hui Sha, Parameters Optimization of Semisolid Diecasting Process for Air-Conditioner’s Triple Valve in HPb59-1 Alloy, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 129 – 131), Vol. Material and Manufacturing Technology, pp. 936-941, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.129-131.936, August 2010.

29-10 Zheng Peng, Xu Jun, Zhang Zhifeng, Bai Yuelong, and Shi Likai, Numerical Simulation of Filling of Rheo-diecasting A357 Aluminum Alloy, Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys, DOI: CNKI:SUN:TZZZ.0.2010-01-024, 2010.

27-10 For an Aerospace Diecasting, Littler Uses Simulation to Reveal Defects, and Win a New Order, Foundry Management & Technology, July 2010

23-10 Michael R. Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment, The Canadian Die Caster, June 2010

15-10 David H. Kirkwood, Michel Suery, Plato Kapranos, Helen V. Atkinson, and Kenneth P. Young, Semi-solid Processing of Alloys, 2010, XII, 172 p. 103 illus., 19 in color., Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-642-00705-7.

09-10  Shannon Wetzel, Fullfilling Da Vinci’s Dream, Modern Casting, April 2010.

08-10 B.I. Semenov, K.M. Kushtarov, Semi-solid Manufacturing of Castings, New Industrial Technologies, Publication of Moscow State Technical University n.a. N.E. Bauman, 2009 (in Russian)

07-10 Carl Reilly, Development Of Quantitative Casting Quality Assessment Criteria Using Process Modelling, thesis: The University of Birmingham, March 2010 (Available upon request)

06-10 A. Pari, Optimization of HPDC Process using Flow Simulation – Case Studies, CastExpo ’10, NADCA, Orlando, Florida, March 2010

05-10 M.C. Carter, S. Palit, and M. Littler, Characterizing Flow Losses Occurring in Air Vents and Ejector Pins in High Pressure Die Castings, CastExpo ’10, NADCA, Orlando, Florida, March 2010

04-10 Pamela Waterman, Simulating Porosity Factors, Foundry Management Technology, March 2010, Article available at Foundry Management Technology

03-10 C. Reilly, M.R. Jolly, N.R. Green, JC Gebelin, Assessment of Casting Filling by Modeling Surface Entrainment Events Using CFD, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition (Jim Evans Honorary Symposium), Seattle, Washington, USA, February 14-18, 2010

02-10 P. Väyrynen, S. Wang, J. Laine and S.Louhenkilpi, Control of Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Inclusions in Continuous Casting – CFD and Neural Network Studies, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition (Jim Evans Honorary Symposium), Seattle, Washington, USA, February 14-18, 2010

60-09   Somlak Wannarumon, and Marco Actis Grande, Comparisons of Computer Fluid Dynamic Software Programs applied to Jewelry Investment Casting Process, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 55 2009.

59-09   Marco Actis Grande and Somlak Wannarumon, Numerical Simulation of Investment Casting of Gold Jewelry: Experiments and Validations, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol:3 2009-07-24

56-09  Jozef Kasala, Ondrej Híreš, Rudolf Pernis, Start-up Phase Modeling of Semi Continuous Casting Process of Brass Billets, Metal 2009, 19.-21.5.2009

51-09  In-Ting Hong, Huan-Chien Tung, Chun-Hao Chiu and Hung-Shang Huang, Effect of Casting Parameters on Microstructure and Casting Quality of Si-Al Alloy for Vacuum Sputtering, China Steel Technical Report, No. 22, pp. 33-40, 2009.

42-09  P. Väyrynen, S. Wang, S. Louhenkilpi and L. Holappa, Modeling and Removal of Inclusions in Continuous Casting, Materials Science & Technology 2009 Conference & Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, October 25-29, 2009

41-09 O.Smirnov, P.Väyrynen, A.Kravchenko and S.Louhenkilpi, Modern Methods of Modeling Fluid Flow and Inclusions Motion in Tundish Bath – General View, Proceedings of Steelsim 2009 – 3rd International Conference on Simulation and Modelling of Metallurgical Processes in Steelmaking, Leoben, Austria, September 8-10, 2009

21-09 A. Pari, Case Studies – Optimization of HPDC Process Using Flow Simulation, Die Casting Engineer, July 2009

20-09 M. Sirvio, M. Wos, Casting directly from a computer model by using advanced simulation software, FLOW-3D Cast, Archives of Foundry Engineering Volume 9, Issue 1/2009, 79-82

19-09 Andrei Starobin, C.W. Hirt, D. Goettsch, A Model for Binder Gas Generation and Transport in Sand Cores and Molds, Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Solidification Processes XII, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Minerals Society), June 2009

11-09 Michael Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment in a Shot Sleeve during Slow-Shot Stage, Die Casting Engineer (The North American Die Casting Association ISSN 0012-253X), May 2009

10-09 A. Reikher, H. Gerber, Application of One-Dimensional Numerical Simulation to Optimize Process Parameters of a Thin-Wall Casting in High Pressure Die Casting, Die Casting Engineer (The North American Die Casting Association ISSN 0012-253X), May 2009

7-09 Andrei Starobin, Simulation of Core Gas Evolution and Flow, presented at the North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

6-09 A.Pari, Optimization of HPDC PROCESS: Case Studies, North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

2-09 C. Reilly, N.R. Green and M.R. Jolly, Oxide Entrainment Structures in Horizontal Running Systems, TMS 2009, San Francisco, California, February 2009

30-08 I.N.Volnov, Computer Modeling of Casting of Pipe Fittings, © 2008, Pipe Fittings, 5 (38), 2008. Russian version

28-08 A.V.Chaikin, I.N.Volnov, V.A.Chaikin, Y.A.Ukhanov, N.R.Petrov, Analysis of the Efficiency of Alloy Modifiers Using Statistics and Modeling, © 2008, Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), October, 2008

27-08 P. Scarber, Jr., H. Littleton, Simulating Macro-Porosity in Aluminum Lost Foam Castings, American Foundry Society, © 2008, AFS Lost Foam Conference, Asheville, North Carolina, October, 2008

25-08 FMT Staff, Forecasting Core Gas Pressures with Computer Simulation, Foundry Management and Technology, October 28, 2008 © 2008 Penton Media, Inc. Online article

24-08 Core and Mold Gas Evolution, Foundry Management and Technology, January 24, 2008 (excerpted from the FM&T May 2007 issue) © 2008 Penton Media, Inc.

22-08 Mark Littler, Simulation Eliminates Die Casting Scrap, Modern Casting/September 2008

21-08 X. Chen, D. Penumadu, Permeability Measurement and Numerical Modeling for Refractory Porous Materials, AFS Transactions © 2008 American Foundry Society, CastExpo ’08, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

20-08 Rolf Krack, Using Solidification Simulations for Optimising Die Cooling Systems, FTJ July/August 2008

19-08 Mark Littler, Simulation Software Eliminates Die Casting Scrap, ECS Casting Innovations, July/August 2008

13-08 T. Yoshimura, K. Yano, T. Fukui, S. Yamamoto, S. Nishido, M. Watanabe and Y. Nemoto, Optimum Design of Die Casting Plunger Tip Considering Air Entrainment, Proceedings of 10th Asian Foundry Congress (AFC10), Nagoya, Japan, May 2008

08-08 Stephen Instone, Andreas Buchholz and Gerd-Ulrich Gruen, Inclusion Transport Phenomena in Casting Furnaces, Light Metals 2008, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2008

07-08 P. Scarber, Jr., H. Littleton, Simulating Macro-Porosity in Aluminum Lost Foam Casting, AFS Transactions 2008 © American Foundry Society, CastExpo ’08, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

06-08 A. Reikher, H. Gerber and A. Starobin, Multi-Stage Plunger Deceleration System, CastExpo ’08, NADCA, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

05-08 Amol Palekar, Andrei Starobin, Alexander Reikher, Die-casting end-of-fill and drop forge viscometer flow transients examined with a coupled-motion numerical model, 68th World Foundry Congress, Chennai, India, February 2008

03-08 Petri J. Väyrynen, Sami K. Vapalahti and Seppo J. Louhenkilpi, On Validation of Mathematical Fluid Flow Models for Simulation of Tundish Water Models and Industrial Examples, AISTech 2008, May 2008

53-07   A. Kermanpur, Sh. Mahmoudi and A. Hajipour, Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Metal Flow and Solidification in the Multi-cavity Casting Moulds of Automotive Components, International Journal of Iron & Steel Society of Iran, Article 2, Volume 4, Issue 1, Summer and Autumn 2007, pages 8-15.

36-07 Duque Mesa A. F., Herrera J., Cruz L.J., Fernández G.P. y Martínez H.V., Caracterización Defectológica de Piezas Fundida por Lost Foam Casting Mediante Simulación Numérica, 8° Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingenieria Mecanica, Cusco, Peru, 23 al 25 de Octubre de 2007 (in Spanish)

27-07 A.Y. Korotchenko, A.M. Zarubin, I.A.Korotchenko, Modeling of High Pressure Die Casting Filling, Russian Foundryman, December 2007, pp 15-19. (in Russian)

26-07 I.N. Volnov, Modeling of Casting Processes with Variable Geometry, Russian Foundryman, November 2007, pp 27-30. (in Russian)

16-07 P. Väyrynen, S. Vapalahti, S. Louhenkilpi, L. Chatburn, M. Clark, T. Wagner, Tundish Flow Model Tuning and Validation – Steady State and Transient Casting Situations, STEELSIM 2007, Graz/Seggau, Austria, September 12-14 2007

11-07 Marco Actis Grande, Computer Simulation of the Investment Casting Process – Widening of the Filling Step, Santa Fe Symposium on Jewelry Manufacturing Technology, May 2007

09-07 Alexandre Reikher and Michael Barkhudarov, Casting: An Analytical Approach, Springer, 1st edition, August 2007, Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-84628-849-4. U.S. Order Form; Europe Order Form.

07-07 I.N. Volnov, Casting Modeling Systems – Current State, Problems and Perspectives, (in Russian), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), June 2007

05-07 A.N. Turchin, D.G. Eskin, and L. Katgerman, Solidification under Forced-Flow Conditions in a Shallow Cavity, DOI: 10.1007/s1161-007-9183-9, © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2007

04-07 A.N. Turchin, M. Zuijderwijk, J. Pool, D.G. Eskin, and L. Katgerman, Feathery grain growth during solidification under forced flow conditions, © Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.02.030, April 2007

03-07 S. Kuyucak, Sponsored Research – Clean Steel Casting Production—Evaluation of Laboratory Castings, Transactions of the American Foundry Society, Volume 115, 111th Metalcasting Congress, May 2007

02-07 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Mark R. Jolly and John Campbell, The Design of L-Shaped Runners for Gravity Casting, Shape Casting: 2nd International Symposium, Edited by Paul N. Crepeau, Murat Tiryakioðlu and John Campbell, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), Orlando, FL, Feb 2007

30-06 X.J. Liu, S.H. Bhavnani, R.A. Overfelt, Simulation of EPS foam decomposition in the lost foam casting process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 182 (2007) 333–342, © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

25-06 Michael Barkhudarov and Gengsheng Wei, Modeling Casting on the Move, Modern Casting, August 2006; Modeling of Casting Processes with Variable Geometry, Russian Foundryman, December 2007, pp 10-15. (in Russian)

24-06 P. Scarber, Jr. and C.E. Bates, Simulation of Core Gas Production During Mold Fill, © 2006 American Foundry Society

7-06 M.Y.Smirnov, Y.V.Golenkov, Manufacturing of Cast Iron Bath Tubs Castings using Vacuum-Process in Russia, Russia’s Foundryman, July 2006. In Russian.

6-06 M. Barkhudarov, and G. Wei, Modeling of the Coupled Motion of Rigid Bodies in Liquid Metal, Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes – XI, May 28 – June 2, 2006, Opio, France, eds. Ch.-A. Gandin and M. Bellet, pp 71-78, 2006.

2-06 J.-C. Gebelin, M.R. Jolly and F.-Y. Hsu, ‘Designing-in’ Controlled Filling Using Numerical Simulation for Gravity Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys, Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2006, Vol.19 No.1

1-06 Michael Barkhudarov, Using Simulation to Control Microporosity Reduces Die Iterations, Die Casting Engineer, January 2006, pp. 52-54

30-05 H. Xue, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, R.A. Miller, Modeling Dynamic Cavity Pressure and Impact Spike in Die Casting, Cast Expo ’05, April 16-19, 2005

22-05 Blas Melissari & Stavros A. Argyropoulous, Measurement of Magnitude and Direction of Velocity in High-Temperature Liquid Metals; Part I, Mathematical Modeling, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 36B, October 2005, pp. 691-700

21-05 M.R. Jolly, State of the Art Review of Use of Modeling Software for Casting, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 337-346

20-05 J-C Gebelin, M.R. Jolly & F-Y Hsu, ‘Designing-in’ Controlled Filling Using Numerical Simulation for Gravity Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 355-364

19-05 F-Y Hsu, M.R. Jolly & J Campbell, Vortex Gate Design for Gravity Castings, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 73-82

18-05 M.R. Jolly, Modelling the Investment Casting Process: Problems and Successes, Japanese Foundry Society, JFS, Tokyo, Sept. 2005

13-05 Xiaogang Yang, Xiaobing Huang, Xiaojun Dai, John Campbell and Joe Tatler, Numerical Modelling of the Entrainment of Oxide Film Defects in Filling of Aluminium Alloy Castings, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 17 (6), 2004, 321-331

10-05 Carlos Evaristo Esparza, Martha P. Guerro-Mata, Roger Z. Ríos-Mercado, Optimal Design of Gating Systems by Gradient Search Methods, Computational Materials Science, October 2005

6-05 Birgit Hummler-Schaufler, Fritz Hirning, Jurgen Schaufler, A World First for Hatz Diesel and Schaufler Tooling, Die Casting Engineer, May 2005, pp. 18-21

4-05 Rolf Krack, The W35 Topic—A World First, Die Casting World, March 2005, pp. 16-17

3-05 Joerg Frei, Casting Simulations Speed Up Development, Die Casting World, March 2005, p. 14

2-05 David Goettsch and Michael Barkhudarov, Analysis and Optimization of the Transient Stage of Stopper-Rod Pour, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2005

36-04  Ik Min Park, Il Dong Choi, Yong Ho Park, Development of Light-Weight Al Scroll Compressor for Car Air Conditioner, Materials Science Forum, Designing, Processing and Properties of Advanced Engineering Materials, 449-452, 149, March 2004.

32-04 D.H. Kirkwood and P.J Ward, Numerical Modelling of Semi-Solid Flow under Processing Conditions, steel research int. 75 (2004), No. 8/9

30-04 Haijing Mao, A Numerical Study of Externally Solidified Products in the Cold Chamber Die Casting Process, thesis: The Ohio State University, 2004 (Available upon request)

28-04 Z. Cao, Z. Yang, and X.L. Chen, Three-Dimensional Simulation of Transient GMA Weld Pool with Free Surface, Supplement to the Welding Journal, June 2004.

23-04 State of the Art Use of Computational Modelling in the Foundry Industry, 3rd International Conference Computational Modelling of Materials III, Sicily, Italy, June 2004, Advances in Science and Technology,  Eds P. Vincenzini & A Lami, Techna Group Srl, Italy, ISBN: 88-86538-46-4, Part B, pp 479-490

22-04 Jerry Fireman, Computer Simulation Helps Reduce Scrap, Die Casting Engineer, May 2004, pp. 46-49

21-04 Joerg Frei, Simulation—A Safe and Quick Way to Good Components, Aluminium World, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 42-43

20-04 J.-C. Gebelin, M.R. Jolly, A. M. Cendrowicz, J. Cirre and S. Blackburn, Simulation of Die Filling for the Wax Injection Process – Part II Numerical Simulation, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, Volume 35B, August 2004

14-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov, Charles H. Sherwin, and Ruel A. Overfelt, Hot Distortion Studies In Phenolic Urethane Cold Box System, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA

13-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov and Ruel A. Overfelt, First V-Process Casting of Magnesium, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA

5-04 C. Schlumpberger & B. Hummler-Schaufler, Produktentwicklung auf hohem Niveau (Product Development on a High Level), Druckguss Praxis, January 2004, pp 39-42 (in German).

3-04 Charles Bates, Dealing with Defects, Foundry Management and Technology, February 2004, pp 23-25

1-04 Laihua Wang, Thang Nguyen, Gary Savage and Cameron Davidson, Thermal and Flow Modeling of Ladling and Injection in High Pressure Die Casting Process, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 16 No 4 2003, pp 409-417

2-03 J-C Gebelin, AM Cendrowicz, MR Jolly, Modeling of the Wax Injection Process for the Investment Casting Process – Prediction of Defects, presented at the Third International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Minerals and Process Industries, December 10-12, 2003, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 415-420

29-03 C. W. Hirt, Modeling Shrinkage Induced Micro-porosity, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN66)

28-03 Thixoforming at the University of Sheffield, Diecasting World, September 2003, pp 11-12

26-03 William Walkington, Gas Porosity-A Guide to Correcting the Problems, NADCA Publication: 516

22-03 G F Yao, C W Hirt, and M Barkhudarov, Development of a Numerical Approach for Simulation of Sand Blowing and Core Formation, in Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Process-X”, Ed. By Stefanescu et al pp. 633-639, 2003

21-03 E F Brush Jr, S P Midson, W G Walkington, D T Peters, J G Cowie, Porosity Control in Copper Rotor Die Castings, NADCA Indianapolis Convention Center, Indianapolis, IN September 15-18, 2003, T03-046

12-03 J-C Gebelin & M.R. Jolly, Modeling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes,  Trans AFS, 2002, 110, pp. 109-120

11-03 M.R. Jolly, Casting Simulation – How Well Do Reality and Virtual Casting Match – A State of the Art Review, Intl. J. Cast Metals Research, 2002, 14, pp. 303-313

10-03 Gebelin., J-C and Jolly, M.R., Modeling of the Investment Casting Process, Journal of  Materials Processing Tech., Vol. 135/2-3, pp. 291 – 300

9-03 Cox, M, Harding, R.A. and Campbell, J., Optimised Running System Design for Bottom Filled Aluminium Alloy 2L99 Investment Castings, J. Mat. Sci. Tech., May 2003, Vol. 19, pp. 613-625

8-03 Von Alexander Schrey and Regina Reek, Numerische Simulation der Kernherstellung, (Numerical Simulation of Core Blowing), Giesserei, June 2003, pp. 64-68 (in German)

7-03 J. Zuidema Jr., L Katgerman, Cyclone separation of particles in aluminum DC Casting, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 607-614

6-03 Jean-Christophe Gebelin and Mark Jolly, Numerical Modeling of Metal Flow Through Filters, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 431-438

5-03 N.W. Lai, W.D. Griffiths and J. Campbell, Modelling of the Potential for Oxide Film Entrainment in Light Metal Alloy Castings, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 415-422

21-02 Boris Lukezic, Case History: Process Modeling Solves Die Design Problems, Modern Casting, February 2003, P 59

20-02 C.W. Hirt and M.R. Barkhudarov, Predicting Defects in Lost Foam Castings, Modern Casting, December 2002, pp 31-33

19-02 Mark Jolly, Mike Cox, Ric Harding, Bill Griffiths and John Campbell, Quiescent Filling Applied to Investment Castings, Modern Casting, December 2002 pp. 36-38

18-02 Simulation Helps Overcome Challenges of Thin Wall Magnesium Diecasting, Foundry Management and Technology, October 2002, pp 13-15

17-02 G Messmer, Simulation of a Thixoforging Process of Aluminum Alloys with FLOW-3D, Institute for Metal Forming Technology, University of Stuttgart

16-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Lost Foam Process, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 319-324

15-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Inclusion Tracking, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 341-346

14-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Advanced Simulation of the Flow and Heat Transfer of an Alternator Housing, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 219-228

8-02 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov, and Ruel A. Overfelt, Experimental and Numerical Study of Bonded Sand-Air Two-Phase Flow in PUA Process, Auburn University, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-091, Kansas City, MO

7-02 A Habibollah Zadeh, and J Campbell, Metal Flow Through a Filter System, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-020, Kansas City, MO

6-02 Phil Ward, and Helen Atkinson, Final Report for EPSRC Project: Modeling of Thixotropic Flow of Metal Alloys into a Die, GR/M17334/01, March 2002, University of Sheffield

5-02 S. I. Bakhtiyarov and R. A. Overfelt, Numerical and Experimental Study of Aluminum Casting in Vacuum-sealed Step Molding, Auburn University, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-050, Kansas City, MO

4-02 J. C. Gebelin and M. R. Jolly, Modelling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society AFS Transactions 02-079, Kansas City, MO

3-02 Mark Jolly, Mike Cox, Jean-Christophe Gebelin, Sam Jones, and Alex Cendrowicz, Fundamentals of Investment Casting (FOCAST), Modelling the Investment Casting Process, Some preliminary results from the UK Research Programme, IRC in Materials, University of Birmingham, UK, AFS2001

49-01   Hua Bai and Brian G. Thomas, Bubble formation during horizontal gas injection into downward-flowing liquid, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 1143-1159, 2001. doi.org/10.1007/s11663-001-0102-y

45-01 Jan Zuidema; Laurens Katgerman; Ivo J. Opstelten;Jan M. Rabenberg, Secondary Cooling in DC Casting: Modelling and Experimental Results, TMS 2001, New Orleans, Louisianna, February 11-15, 2001

43-01 James Andrew Yurko, Fluid Flow Behavior of Semi-Solid Aluminum at High Shear Rates,Ph.D. thesis; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2001. Abstract only; full thesis available at http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8451 (for a fee).

33-01 Juang, S.H., CAE Application on Design of Die Casting Dies, 2001 Conference on CAE Technology and Application, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, November 2001, (article in Chinese with English-language abstract)

32-01 Juang, S.H. and C. M. Wang, Effect of Feeding Geometry on Flow Characteristics of Magnesium Die Casting by Numerical Analysis, The Preceedings of 6th FADMA Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, July 2001, Chinese language with English abstract

26-01 C. W. Hirt., Predicting Defects in Lost Foam Castings, December 13, 2001

21-01 P. Scarber Jr., Using Liquid Free Surface Areas as a Predictor of Reoxidation Tendency in Metal Alloy Castings, presented at the Steel Founders’ Society of American, Technical and Operating Conference, October 2001

20-01 P. Scarber Jr., J. Griffin, and C. E. Bates, The Effect of Gating and Pouring Practice on Reoxidation of Steel Castings, presented at the Steel Founders’ Society of American, Technical and Operating Conference, October 2001

19-01 L. Wang, T. Nguyen, M. Murray, Simulation of Flow Pattern and Temperature Profile in the Shot Sleeve of a High Pressure Die Casting Process, CSIRO Manufacturing Science and Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Presented by North American Die Casting Association, Oct 29-Nov 1, 2001, Cincinnati, To1-014

18-01 Rajiv Shivpuri, Venkatesh Sankararaman, Kaustubh Kulkarni, An Approach at Optimizing the Ingate Design for Reducing Filling and Shrinkage Defects, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Presented by North American Die Casting Association, Oct 29-Nov 1, 2001, Cincinnati, TO1-052

5-01 Michael Barkhudarov, Simulation Helps Overcome Challenges of Thin Wall Magnesium Diecasting, Diecasting World, March 2001, pp. 5-6

2-01 J. Grindling, Customized CFD Codes to Simulate Casting of Thermosets in Full 3D, Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding 2000 Conference, October 31-November 2, 20

20-00 Richard Schuhmann, John Carrig, Thang Nguyen, Arne Dahle, Comparison of Water Analogue Modelling and Numerical Simulation Using Real-Time X-Ray Flow Data in Gravity Die Casting, Australian Die Casting Association Die Casting 2000 Conference, September 3-6, 2000, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

15-00 M. Sirvio, Vainola, J. Vartianinen, M. Vuorinen, J. Orkas, and S. Devenyi, Fluid Flow Analysis for Designing Gating of Aluminum Castings, Proc. NADCA Conf., Rosemont, IL, Nov 6-8, 1999

14-00 X. Yang, M. Jolly, and J. Campbell, Reduction of Surface Turbulence during Filling of Sand Castings Using a Vortex-flow Runner, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000

13-00 H. S. H. Lo and J. Campbell, The Modeling of Ceramic Foam Filters, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000

12-00 M. R. Jolly, H. S. H. Lo, M. Turan and J. Campbell, Use of Simulation Tools in the Practical Development of a Method for Manufacture of Cast Iron Camshafts,” Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August, 2000

14-99 J Koke, and M Modigell, Time-Dependent Rheological Properties of Semi-solid Metal Alloys, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Aachen University of Technology, Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 3: 15-30, 1999

12-99 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, Schneider, Wolfgang, Ray, Steven, Marthinusen, Jan-Olaf, Recent Improvements in Ceramic Foam Filter Design by Coupled Heat and Fluid Flow Modeling, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1999, pp. 1041-1047

10-99 Bongcheol Park and Jerald R. Brevick, Computer Flow Modeling of Cavity Pre-fill Effects in High Pressure Die Casting, NADCA Proceedings, Cleveland T99-011, November, 1999

8-99 Brad Guthrie, Simulation Reduces Aluminum Die Casting Cost by Reducing Volume, Die Casting Engineer Magazine, September/October 1999, pp. 78-81

7-99 Fred L. Church, Virtual Reality Predicts Cast Metal Flow, Modern Metals, September, 1999, pp. 67F-J

19-98 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Numerical Modeling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in the Launder-integrated Tool Within Casting Unit Development, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1998, pp. 1175-1182

18-98 X. Yang & J. Campbell, Liquid Metal Flow in a Pouring Basin, Int. J. Cast Metals Res, 1998, 10, pp. 239-253

15-98 R. Van Tol, Mould Filling of Horizontal Thin-Wall Castings, Delft University Press, The Netherlands, 1998

14-98 J. Daughtery and K. A. Williams, Thermal Modeling of Mold Material Candidates for Copper Pressure Die Casting of the Induction Motor Rotor Structure, Proc. Int’l Workshop on Permanent Mold Casting of Copper-Based Alloys, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Oct. 15-16, 1998

10-98 C. W. Hirt, and M.R. Barkhudarov, Lost Foam Casting Simulation with Defect Prediction, Flow Science Inc, presented at Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VIII Conference, June 7-12, 1998, Catamaran Hotel, San Diego, California

9-98 M. R. Barkhudarov and C. W. Hirt, Tracking Defects, Flow Science Inc, presented at the 1st International Aluminum Casting Technology Symposium, 12-14 October 1998, Rosemont, IL

5-98 J. Righi, Computer Simulation Helps Eliminate Porosity, Die Casting Management Magazine, pp. 36-38, January 1998

3-98 P. Kapranos, M. R. Barkhudarov, D. H. Kirkwood, Modeling of Structural Breakdown during Rapid Compression of Semi-Solid Alloy Slugs, Dept. Engineering Materials, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. and Flow Science Inc, USA, Presented at the 5th International Conference Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 23-25 June 1998

1-98 U. Jerichow, T. Altan, and P. R. Sahm, Semi Solid Metal Forming of Aluminum Alloys-The Effect of Process Variables Upon Material Flow, Cavity Fill and Mechanical Properties, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, published in Die Casting Engineer, p. 26, Jan/Feb 1998

8-97 Michael Barkhudarov, High Pressure Die Casting Simulation Using FLOW-3D, Die Casting Engineer, 1997

15-97 M. R. Barkhudarov, Advanced Simulation of the Flow and Heat Transfer Process in Simultaneous Engineering, Flow Science report, presented at the Casting 1997 – International ADI and Simulation Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May 28-30, 1997

14-97 M. Ranganathan and R. Shivpuri, Reducing Scrap and Increasing Die Life in Low Pressure Die Casting through Flow Simulation and Accelerated Testing, Dept. Welding and Systems Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, presented at 19th International Die Casting Congress & Exposition, November 3-6, 1997

13-97 J. Koke, Modellierung und Simulation der Fließeigenschaften teilerstarrter Metallegierungen, Livt Information, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen, October 1997

10-97 J. P. Greene and J. O. Wilkes, Numerical Analysis of Injection Molding of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics – Part 2 Fiber Orientation, Body-in-White Center, General Motors Corp. and Dept. Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 37, No. 6, June 1997

9-97 J. P. Greene and J. O. Wilkes, Numerical Analysis of Injection Molding of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics. Part 1 – Injection Pressures and Flow, Manufacturing Center, General Motors Corp. and Dept. Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 37, No. 3, March 1997

8-97 H. Grazzini and D. Nesa, Thermophysical Properties, Casting Simulation and Experiments for a Stainless Steel, AT Systemes (Renault) report, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

7-97 R. Van Tol, L. Katgerman and H. E. A. Van den Akker, Horizontal Mould Filling of a Thin Wall Aluminum Casting, Laboratory of Materials report, Delft University, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

6-97 M. R. Barkhudarov, Is Fluid Flow Important for Predicting Solidification, Flow Science report, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

22-96 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich & Schneider, Wolfgang, 3-D Modeling of the Start-up Phase of DC Casting of Sheet Ingots, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1996, pp. 971-981

9-96 M. R. Barkhudarov and C. W. Hirt, Thixotropic Flow Effects under Conditions of Strong Shear, Flow Science report FSI96-00-2, to be presented at the “Materials Week ’96” TMS Conference, Cincinnati, OH, 7-10 October 1996

4-96 C. W. Hirt, A Computational Model for the Lost Foam Process, Flow Science final report, February 1996 (FSI-96-57-R2)

3-96 M. R. Barkhudarov, C. L. Bronisz, C. W. Hirt, Three-Dimensional Thixotropic Flow Model, Flow Science report, FSI-96-00-1, published in the proceedings of (pp. 110- 114) and presented at the 4th International Conference on Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, The University of Sheffield, 19-21 June 1996

1-96 M. R. Barkhudarov, J. Beech, K. Chang, and S. B. Chin, Numerical Simulation of Metal/Mould Interfacial Heat Transfer in Casting, Dept. Mech. & Process Engineering, Dept. Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield and Flow Science Inc, 9th Int. Symposium on Transport Phenomena in Thermal-Fluid Engineering, June 25-28, 1996, Singapore

11-95 Barkhudarov, M. R., Hirt, C.W., Casting Simulation Mold Filling and Solidification-Benchmark Calculations Using FLOW-3D, Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, pp 935-946

10-95 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Optimal Design of a Distribution Pan for Level Pour Casting, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1995, pp. 1061-1070

9-95 E. Masuda, I. Itoh, K. Haraguchi, Application of Mold Filling Simulation to Die Casting Processes, Honda Engineering Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan, presented at the Modelling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1995

6-95 K. Venkatesan, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters on the Erosive Wear of Die Casting Dies, presented for Ph.D. degree at Ohio State University, 1995

5-95 J. Righi, A. F. LaCamera, S. A. Jones, W. G. Truckner, T. N. Rouns, Integration of Experience and Simulation Based Understanding in the Die Design Process, Alcoa Technical Center, Alcoa Center, PA 15069, presented by the North American Die Casting Association, 1995

2-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation and Comparison with Water Modeling Studies of the Inertia Dominated Cavity Filling in Die Casting, NUMIFORM, 1995

1-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Gate Velocity and Gate Size on the Quality of Die Casting Parts, NAMRC, 1995.

15-94 D. Liang, Y. Bayraktar, S. A. Moir, M. Barkhudarov, and H. Jones, Primary Silicon Segregation During Isothermal Holding of Hypereutectic AI-18.3%Si Alloy in the Freezing Range, Dept. of Engr. Materials, U. of Sheffield, Metals and Materials, February 1994

13-94 Deniece Korzekwa and Paul Dunn, A Combined Experimental and Modeling Approach to Uranium Casting, Materials Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, presented at the Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting, El Dorado Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1994

12-94 R. van Tol, H. E. A. van den Akker and L. Katgerman, CFD Study of the Mould Filling of a Horizontal Thin Wall Aluminum Casting, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, HTD-Vol. 284/AMD-Vol. 182, Transport Phenomena in Solidification, ASME 1994

11-94 M. R. Barkhudarov and K. A. Williams, Simulation of ‘Surface Turbulence’ Fluid Phenomena During the Mold Filling Phase of Gravity Castings, Flow Science Technical Note #41, November 1994 (FSI-94-TN41)

10-94 M. R. Barkhudarov and S. B. Chin, Stability of a Numerical Algorithm for Gas Bubble Modelling, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K., International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 19, 415-437 (1994)

16-93 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation of Die Cavity Filling in Die Castings and an Evaluation of Process Parameters on Die Wear, Dept. of Industrial Systems Engineering, Presented by: N.A. Die Casting Association, Cleveland, Ohio, October 18-21, 1993

15-93 K. Venkatesen and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Modeling of Filling and Solidification for Improved Quality of Die Casting: A Literature Survey (Chapters II and III), Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing, Report C-93-07, August 1993, Ohio State University

1-93 P-E Persson, Computer Simulation of the Solidification of a Hub Carrier for the Volvo 800 Series, AB Volvo Technological Development, Metals Laboratory, Technical Report No. LM 500014E, Jan. 1993

13-92 D. R. Korzekwa, M. A. K. Lewis, Experimentation and Simulation of Gravity Fed Lead Castings, in proceedings of a TMS Symposium on Concurrent Engineering Approach to Materials Processing, S. N. Dwivedi, A. J. Paul and F. R. Dax, eds., TMS-AIME Warrendale, p. 155 (1992)

12-92 M. A. K. Lewis, Near-Net-Shaiconpe Casting Simulation and Experimentation, MST 1992 Review, Los Alamos National Laboratory

2-92 M. R. Barkhudarov, H. You, J. Beech, S. B. Chin, D. H. Kirkwood, Validation and Development of FLOW-3D for Casting, School of Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, presented at the TMS/AIME Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992

1-92 D. R. Korzekwa and L. A. Jacobson, Los Alamos National Laboratory and C.W. Hirt, Flow Science Inc, Modeling Planar Flow Casting with FLOW-3D, presented at the TMS/AIME Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992

12-91 R. Shivpuri, M. Kuthirakulathu, and M. Mittal, Nonisothermal 3-D Finite Difference Simulation of Cavity Filling during the Die Casting Process, Dept. Industrial and Systems Engineering, Ohio State University, presented at the 1991 Winter Annual ASME Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Dec. 1-6, 1991

3-91 C. W. Hirt, A FLOW-3D Study of the Importance of Fluid Momentum in Mold Filling, presented at the 18th Annual Automotive Materials Symposium, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, May 1-2, 1991 (FSI-91-00-2)

11-90 N. Saluja, O.J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Melts, accepted in J. Appl. Physics, 1990

10-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Molds in Continuous Castings, presented at the 6th Iron and Steel Congress of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Nagoya, Japan, October 1990

9-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow in Phenomena in the Electromagnetic Stirring of Continuous Casting Systems, Part I. The Behavior of a Cylindrically Shaped, Laboratory Scale Installation, accepted for publication in Steel Research, 1990

8-89 C. W. Hirt, Gravity-Fed Casting, Flow Science Technical Note #20, July 1989 (FSI-89-TN20)

6-89 E. W. M. Hansen and F. Syvertsen, Numerical Simulation of Flow Behaviour in Moldfilling for Casting Analysis, SINTEF-Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Report No. STS20 A89001, June 1989

1-88 C. W. Hirt and R. P. Harper, Modeling Tests for Casting Processes, Flow Science report, Jan. 1988 (FSI-88-38-01)

2-87 C. W. Hirt, Addition of a Solidification/Melting Model to FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, April 1987 (FSI-87-33-1)

Automotive Bibliography

다음은 자동차 관련 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D  를 사용하여 자동차 산업의 어플리케이션을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션  하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Automotive Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how  FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Automotive Industry.

2024년 8월 12일 Update

159-22 Shihao Li, Yan Yan, Wei Wei, Zhao Wang, Zhonghua Ni, Numerical simulation on the thermal dynamic behavior of liquid hydrogen in a storage tank for trailers, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 40; 102520, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102520

53-22   Ilias Papadimitriou, Michael Just, Manufacturing of structural components for internal combustion engine, electric motor and battery using casting and 3D printing, Advances in Engine and Powertrain Research and Technology, Mechanisms and Machine Science 114, Ed. Tigran Parikyan, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91869-9_15

33-21   Xiaozhou Hu Ao Wang Pingping Li Jianing Wang, Influence of dynamic attitudes on oil supply for bearings and churning power losses in a splash lubricated spiral bevel gearbox, Tribology International, 159; 106951, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106951

64-18   Vasilios Fourlakidis, Ilia Belov and Attila Diószegi, Strength prediction for pearlitic lamellar graphite iron: Model validation, Metals, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2018. doi.org/10.3390/met8090684

43-18   R.A. Ibrahim and B. Singh, Assessment of ground vehicle tankers interacting with liquid sloshing dynamics, International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems, vol. 25, no. 1, 2018. doi.org/10.1504/IJHVS.2018.089894

34-17   Hidenori Arisawa, Yuji Shinoda, Mitsuaki Tanaka, Tatsuhiko Goi, Hirofumi Akahori and Mamoru Yoshitomi, Classification of Fluid Dynamic Loss in Aeroengine Transmission Gears – Experimental Analysis and CFD Validation, Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, GT2017, June 26-30, 2017, Charlotte, NC, USA.

26-15   Herbert Obame Mve, Romuald Rullière and Philippe Haberschill, Modeling and Parametric Study of the Heat Transfer Inside a Lithium Bromide Flow Confined by Wire Screen, Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 9 (2015) 417-425, doi: 10.17265/1934-8975/2015.05.001

17-15   Peyman Jafarian, Gear interlocking effect study using CFD, published online April 2015.

23-14  Daiki Saegusa and Shinji Kawai, CFD Analysis of Lubricant Fluid Flow in Automotive Transmission, SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1772, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1772, Copyright © 2014 SAE International.

15-14  Hidenori Arisawa, Motohiko Nishimura, Hideyuki Imai and Tatsuhiko Goi, CFD Simulations and Experiments for Reduction of Oil Churning Loss and Windage Loss in Aeroengine Transmission Gears, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, ASME, doi:10.1115/1.4026952, 2014.

87-13 Daiki Saegusa and Shinji Kawai, Technique for Prediction of Automotive Transmission Lubrication Performance, Honda R&D Technical Review, October 2013.

26-13  Hidenori Arisawa, Motohiko Nishimura, Hideyuki Imai, Kenichiro Tanaka, and Tatsuhiko Goi, CFD Simulations and Experiments for Reduction of Oil Churning Loss and Windage Loss on Aeroengine Transmission Gears, No. 2012-JCT-0705, © 2013 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. In Japanese.

53-09  Hidenori Arisawa, Motohiko Nishimura, Hideyuki Imai and Tatsuhiko Goi, CFD Simulation for Reduction of Oil Churning Loss and Windage Loss on Aeroengine Transmission Gears, ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea and Air, Orlando, Florida, USA, June 8-12, 2009.

45-09 Chih-Chung Chang, Sy-Chi Kuo, Chen-Kang Huang, and Sih-Li Chen, The Investigation of Motor Cooling Performance, International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, 3:1, 2009.

37-04   U, H., Cleghorn, W. and Mills, J., Design and Analysis of Fuel Tank Baffles to Reduce the Noise Generated From Fuel Sloshing, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0403, 2004, doi:10.4271/2004-01-0403.

38-03   Hidenori Arisawa, Katsuya Umemoto, Atsushi Ueshima and Yuichi Kawamoto, CFD Simulation of the Lubricating Oil Flow in Motorcycle Oilpan, 2003 SAE/JSAE Small Engine Technology, Conference & Exhibition, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, September 15-18, 2003.

Coastal & Maritime Bibliography

Coastal & Maritime Bibliography

다음은 연안 및 해양 분야의 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  결과를 포함하고 있습니다. FLOW-3D를 사용하여 연안 및 해양 시설물을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션 하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

2024년 11월 20일 Update

119-24 Faris Ali Hamood Al-Towayti, Hee-Min Teh, Zhe Ma, Idris Ahmed Jae, Agusril Syamsir, Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Hydrodynamic performance assessment of emerged, alternatively submerged and submerged semicircular breakwater: An experimental and computational study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12; 1105, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071105

117-24 Dong Zeng, Wuyang Bi, Yi Yu, Yun Yan, Weiqiu Chen, Yong Yao, Cheng Zhang, Tianyu Wu, Prediction of local scouring of offshore wind turbine foundations based on the amplification principle of local seabed shear stress, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-125, 2024.

116-24 Chen-Shan Kung, Ya-Cing You, Pei-Yu Lee, Siu-Yu Pan, The air entrainment effect of pump blades operation under different water depths, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-595, 2024.

114-24 Chen-Shan Kung, Siu-Yu Pan, Pei-Yu Lee, Ya-Cing You, Sediment flushing of different angle on density outflow, The 34th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-24-183, 2024.

102-24 Mary Kathryn Walker, Computational fluid dynamics study of perforated monopiles, Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology, 2024.

80-24 Deniz Velioglu Sogut, Erdinc Sogut, Ali Farhadzadeh, Tian-Jian Hsu, Non-equilibrium scour evolution around an emerged structure exposed to a transient wave, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12; 946, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060946

79-24 Sujantoko, D.R. Ahidah, W. Wardhana, E.B. Djatmiko, M. Mustain, Numerical modeling of wave reflection and transmission in I-shaped floating breakwater series, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1321; 012010, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1321/1/012010

75-24 Sahel Sohrabi, Mohamad Ali Lofollahi Yaghin, Alireza Mojtahedi, Mohamad Hosein Aminfar, Mehran Dadashzadeh, Experimental and numerical investigation of a hybrid floating breakwater-WEC system, Ocean Engineering, 303; 117613, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117613

73-24 Penghui Wang, Chunning Ji, Xiping Sun, Dong Xu, Chao Ying, Development and test of FDEM–FLOW-3D—A CFD–DEM model for the fluid–structure interaction of AccropodeTM blocks under wave loads, Ocean Engineering, 303; 117735, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117735

67-24 Alexander Schendel, Stefan Schimmels, Mario Welzel, Philippe April-LeQuéré, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Clemens Krautwald, Jacob Stolle, Ioan Nistor, Nils Goseberg, Spatiotemporal scouring processes around a square column on a sloped beach induced by tsunami bores, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 150.3; 2024. https://doi.org/10.1061/JWPED5.WWENG-2052

65-24 Kaiqi Yu, Elda Miramontes, Matthieu J.B. Cartigny, Yuping Yang, Jingping Xu, The impacts of profile concavity on turbidite deposits: Insights from the submarine canyons on global continental margins, Geomorphology, 454; 109157, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109157

61-24 M.T. Mansouri Kia, H.R. Sheibani, A. Hoback, Initial maintenance notes about the first river ship lock in Iran, Journal of Hydraulic and Water Engineering, 1.2; pp. 143-162, 2024.

47-24 Cheng Yee Ng, Nauman Riyaz Maldar, Muk Chen Ong, Numerical investigation on performance enhancement in a drag-based hydrokinetic turbine with a diffuser, Ocean Engineering, 298; 117179, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117179

26-24 Zegao Yin, Guoqing Li, Fei Wu, Zihan Ni, Feifan Li, Experimental and numerical study on hydrodynamic characteristics of a bottom-hinged pitching flap breakwater under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, 293; 116665, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.116665

21-24   Young-Ki Moon, Chang-Ill Yoo, Jong-Min Lee, Sang-Hyub Lee, Han-Sam Yoon, Evaluation of pedestrian safety for wave overtopping by ship-induced waves in waterfront revetment, Journal of Coastal Research, 116; pp.314-318, 2024. doi.org/10.2112/JCR-SI116-064.1

14-24   Hongliang Wang, Xuanwen Jia, Chuan Wang, Bo Hu, Weidong Cao, Shanshan Li, Hui Wang, Study on the sand-scouring characteristics of pulsed submerged jets based on experiments and numerical models, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12.1; 57, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010057

239-23 Sara Tuozzo, Angela Di Leo, Mariano Buccino, Fabio Dentale, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Mario Calabrese, The effect of wind stress on wave overtopping on vertical seawall, Coastal Engineering Proceedings, 37; 2023. doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.papers.49

224-23   Helia Molaei Nodeh, Reza Dezvareh, Mahdi Yousefifard, Numerical analysis of the effects of rubble mound breakwater geometry under the effect of nonlinear wave force, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08520-2

212-23   Feifei Cao, Mingqi Yu, Meng Han, Bing Liu, Zhiwen Wei, Juan Jiang, Huiyuan Tian, Hongda Shi, Yanni Li, WECs microarray effect on the coupled dynamic response and power performance of a floating combined wind and wave energy system, Renewable Energy, 219.2; 119476, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119476

210-23   H. Omara, Sherif M. Elsayed, Karim Adel Nassar, Reda Diab, Ahmed Tawfik, Hydrodynamic and morphologic investigating of the discrepancy in flow performance between inclined rectangular and oblong piers, Ocean Engineering, 288.2; 116132, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116132

190-23   M.F. Ahmad, M.I. Ramli, M.A. Musa, S.E.G. Goh, C.W.M.N Che Wan Othman, E.H. Ariffin, N.A. Mokhtar, Numerical simulation for overtopping discharge on tetrapod breakwater, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2746.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1063/5.0153371

183-23   Youkou Dong, Enjin Zhao, Lan Cui, Yizhe Li, Yang Wang, Dynamic performance of suspended pipelines with permeable wrappers under solitary waves, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.10; 1872, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101872

176-23   Guoxu Niu, Yaoyong Chen, Jiao Lu, Jing Zhang, Ning Fan, Determination of formulae for the hydrodynamic performance of a fixed box-type free surface breakwater in the intermediate water, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.9; 1812, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091812

168-23   Yupeng Ren, Huiguang Zhou, Houjie Wang, Xiao Wu, Guohui Xu, Qingsheng Meng, Study on the critical sediment concentration determining the optimal transport capability of submarine sediment flows with different particle size composition, Marine Geology, 464; 107142, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107142

163-23   Ahmad Fitriadhy, Sheikh Fakruradzi, Alamsyah Kurniawan, Nita Yuanita, Anuar Abu Bakar, 3D computational fluid dynamic investigation on wave transmission behind low-crested submerged geo-bag breakwater, CFD Letters, 15.10; 2023. doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.15.10.1222

162-23   Ramtin Sabeti, Landslide-generated tsunami waves-physical and numerical modelling, International Seminar on Tsunami Research, University of Bath, 2023.

161-23   Duy Linh Du, Study on the optimal location for pile-rock breakwater in reducing wave height in Dong Hai District, Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam, Thesis, Can Tho University, 2023.

160-23   Duy Linh Du, Dai Bang Pham, Van Duy Dinh, Tan Ngoc Cao, Van Ty Tran, Gia Bao Tran, Hieu Duc Tran, Modelling the wave reduction effectiveness of pile-rock breakwater using FLOW-3D, (in Vietnamese) Journal of Materials and Construction, 13.04; 2023. doi.org/10.54772/jomc.04.2023.537

151-23 Zhiguo Zhang, Jinpeng Chen, Tong Ye, Zhengguo Zhu, Mengxi Zhang, Yutao Pan, Wave-induced response of seepage pressure around shield tunnel in sand seabed slope, International Journal of Geomechanics, 23.10; 2023. doi.org/10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8072

147-23 Jiale Li, Jijian Lian, Haijun Wang, Yaohua Guo, Sha Liu, Yutong Zhang, FengWu Zhang, Numerical study of the local scour characteristics of bottom-supported installation platforms during the installation of a monopile, Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2023.2243700

144-23 Weixang Liang, Min Lou, Changhong Fan, Deguang Zhao, Xiang Li, Coupling effect of vortex-induced vibration and local scour of double tandem pipelines in steady current, Ocean Engineering, 286.1; 115495, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.11549

136-23 Zegao Yin, Jiahao Li, Yanxu Wang, Haojian Wang, Tianxu Yin, Solitary wave attenuation characteristics of mangroves and multi-parameter prediction model, Ocean Engineering, 285.2; 115372, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115372

130-23 Sheng Wang, Chaozhe Yuan, Yuchi Hao, Xiaowei Yan, Feasibility analysis of laying and construction of deep-water dredging sinking pipeline, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-1-23-030, 2023.

127-23 Chen-Shan Kung, Ya-Cing You, Pei-Yu Lee, Siu-Yu Pan, Yu-Chun Chen, The air entrainment effect stability on the marine pipeline, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-23-242, 2023.

126-23 Yuting Wang, Zhaode Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Numerical simulationa and measurement of artificial flow creation in reclamation projects, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-1-23-168, 2023.

125-23 Chen-Shan Kung, Siu-Yu Pan, Pei-Yu Lee, Ya-Cing You, Yu-Chun Chen, Numerical simulation of wave motion on the submarine HDPE pipe system, The 33rd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-23-327, 2023.

115-23 Qishun Li, Yanpeng Hao, Peng Zhang, Haotian Tan, Wanxing Tian, Linhao Chen, Lin Yang, Numerical study of the local scouring process and influencing factors of semi-exposed submarine cables, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.7; 1349, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071349

113-23 Minxi Zhang, Hanyan Zhao, Dongliang Zhao, Shaolin Yue, Huan Zhou, Xudong Zhao, Carlo Gualtieri, Guoliang Yu, Numerical study of the flow at a vertical pile with net-like scour protection mat, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2023.06.002

108-23 Seyed A. Ghaherinezhad, M. Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating effect of changing vegetation height with irregular layout on reduction of waves using FLOW-3D numerical model, Journal of Hydraulic and Water Engineering, 1.1; pp.55-64, 2023. doi.org/10.22044/JHWE.2023.12844.1004

92-23 Tongshun Yu, Xingyu Chen, Yuying Tang, Junrong Wang, Yuqiao Wang, Shuting Huang, Numerical modelling of wave run-up heights and loads on multi-degree-of-freedom buoy wave energy converters, Applied Energy, 344; 121255, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121255

85-23   Emilee A. Wissmach, Biomimicry of natural reef hydrodynamics in an artificial spur and groove reef formation, Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology, 2023.

81-23   Zhi Fan, Feifei Cao, Hongda Shi, Numerical simulation on the energy capture spectrum of heaving buoy wave energy converter, Ocean Engineering, 280; 114475, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114475

72-23   Zegao Yin, Fei Wu, Yingni Luan, Xuecong Zhang, Xiutao Jiang, Jie Xiong, Hydrodynamic and aeration characteristics of an aerator of a surging water tank with a vertical baffle under a horizontal sinusoidal motion, Ocean Engineering, 287; 114396, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114396

71-23   Erfan Amini, Mahdieh Nasiri, Navid Salami Pargoo, Zahra Mozhgani, Danial Golbaz, Mehrdad Baniesmaeil, Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Mehdi Neshat, Davide Astiaso Garcia, Georgios Sylaios, Design optimization of ocean renewable energy converter using a combined Bi-level metaheuristic approach, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 19; 100371, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.100371

70-23   Ali Ghasemi, Rouholla Amirabadi, Ulrich Reza Kamalian, Numerical investigation of hydrodynamic responses and statistical analysis of imposed forces for various geometries of the crown structure of caisson breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 278; 114358, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114358

67-23   Aisyah Dwi Puspasari, Jyh-Haw Tang, Numerical simulation of scouring around groups of six cylinders with different flow directions, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 46.4; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2023.2194919

62-23   Rob Nairn, Qimiao Lu, Rebecca Quan, Matthew Hoy, Dain Gillen, Data collection and modeling in support of the Mid-Breton Sediment Diversion Project, Coastal Sediments, 2023. doi.org/10.1142/9789811275135_0246

55-23   Yupeng Ren, Hao Tian, Zhiyuan Chen, Guohui Xu, Lejun Liu, Yibing Li, Two kinds of waves causing the resuspension of deep-sea sediments: excitation and internal solitary waves, Journal of Ocean University of China, 22; pp. 429-440, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11802-023-5293-2

42-23   Antonija Harasti, Gordon Gilja, Simulation of equilibrium scour hole development around riprap sloping structure using the numerical model, EGU General Assembly, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-6811

25-23   Ke Hu, Xinglan Bai, Murilo A. Vaz, Numerical simulation on the local scour processing and influencing factors of submarine pipeline, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11.1; 234, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010234

12-23   Fan Zhang, Zhipeng Zang, Ming Zhao, Jinfeng Zhang, Numerical investigations on scour and flow around two crossing pipelines on a sandy seabed, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10.12; 2019, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10122019

10-23 Wenshe Zhou, Yongzhou Cheng, Zhiyuan Lin, Numerical simulation of long-wave wave dissipation in near-water flat-plate array breakwaters, Ocean Engineering, 268; 113377, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113377

181-22   Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of water waves generated by subaerial granular and solid-block landslides: Validation, comparison, and predictive equations, Ocean Engineering, 266.3; 112853, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112853 

167-22 Zhiyong Zhang, Cunhong Pan, Jian Zeng, Fuyuan Chen, Hao Qin, Kun He, Kui Zhu, Enjin Zhao, Hydrodynamics of tidal bore overflow on the spur dike and its infuence on the local scour, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 113140, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113140

166-22 Nguyet-Minh Nguyen, Duong Do Van, Duy Tu Le, Quyen Nguyen, Bang Tran, Thanh Cong Nguyen, David Wright, Ahad Hasan Tanim, Phong Nguyen Thanh, Duong Tran Anh, Physical and numerical modeling of four different shapes of breakwaters to test the suspended sediment trapping capacity in the Mekong Delta, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 279; 108141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2022.108141

163-22 Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani, Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio, Felice D’Alessandro, Antonio Francone, Formula for wave transmission at submerged homogeneous porous breakwaters, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 113053, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113053

162-22 Kai Wei, Xueshuang Yin, Numerical study into configuration of horizontal flanges on hydrodynamic performance of moored box-type floating breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 266.4; 112991, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112991

161-22 Sung-Chul Jang, Jin-Yong Jeong, Seung-Woo Lee, Dongha Kim, Identifying hydraulic characteristics related to fishery activities using numerical analysis and an automatic identification system of a fishing vessel, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1619, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111619

156-22 Keith Adams, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Extratropical cyclone damage to the seawall in Dawlish, UK: Eyewitness accounts, sea level analysis and numerical modelling, Natural Hazards, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05692-2

155-22 Youxiang Lu, Zhenlu Wang, Zegao Yin, Guoxiang Wu, Bingchen Liang, Experimental and numerical studies on local scour around closely spaced circular piles under the action of steady current, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1569, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111569

152-22 Nauman Riyaz Maldar, Ng Cheng Yee, Elif Oguz, Shwetank Krishna, Performance investigation of a drag-based hydrokinetic turbine considering the effect of deflector, flow velocity, and blade shape, Ocean Engineering, 266.2; 112765, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112765

148-22   Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of water waves generated by subaerial granular and solid-block landslides: Validation, comparison, and predictive equations, Ocean Engineering, 266.3; 112853, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112853

145-22   I-Fan Tseng, Chih-Hung Hsu, Po-Hung Yeh, Ting-Chieh Lin, Physical mechanism for seabed scouring around a breakwater—a case study in Mailiao Port, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10; 1386, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101386

144-22   Jiarui Yu, Baozeng Yue, Bole Ma, Isogeometric analysis with level set method for large-amplitude liquid sloshing, Ocean Engineering, 265; 112613, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112613

141-22   Qi Yang, Peng Yu, Hongjun Liu, Computational investigation of scour characteristics of USAF in multi-specie sand under steady current, Ocean Engineering, 262; 112141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112141

128-22   Atish Deoraj, Calvin Wells, Justin Pringle, Derek Stretch, On the reef scale hydrodynamics at Sodwana Bay, South Africa, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-022-09896-9

108-22   Angela Di Leo, Mariano Buccino, Fabio Dentale, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, CFD analysis of wind effect on wave overtopping, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference,  ISOPE-I-22-428, 2022.

105-22   Pin-Tzu Su, Chen-shan Kung, Effects of currents and sediment flushing on marine pipes, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE-I-22-153, 2022.

89-22   Kai Wei, Cong Zhou, Bo Xu, Spatial distribution models of horizontal and vertical wave impact pressure on the elevated box structure, Applied Ocean Research, 125; 103245, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103245

87-22   Tran Thuy Linh, Numerical modelling (3D) of wave interaction with porous structures in the Mekong Delta coastal zone, Thesis, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 2022.

82-22   Seyyed-Mahmood Ghassemizadeh, Mohammad Javad Ketabdari, Modeling of solitary wave interaction with curved-facing seawalls using numerical method, Advances in Civil Engineering, 5649637, 2022. doi.org/10.1155/2022/5649637

81-22   Raphael Alwan, Boyin Ding, David M. Skene, Zhaobin Li, Luke G. Bennetts, On the structure of waves radiated by a submerged cylinder undergoing large-amplitude heave motions, 32nd International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Shanghai, China, June 5-10, 2022. doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12828

77-22   Weiyun Chen, Linchong Huang, Dan Wang, Chao Liu, Lingyu Xu, Zhi Ding, Effects of siltation and desiltation on the wave-induced stability of foundation trench of immersed tunnel, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 160; 107360, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107360

63-22   Yongzhou Cheng, Zhiyuan Lin, Gan Hu, Xing Lyu, Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the porous I-type composite breakwater, Journal of Marine Science and Application, 21; pp. 140-150, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11804-022-00251-4

37-22   Ray-Yeng Yang, Chuan-Wen Wang, Chin-Cheng Huang, Cheng-Hsien Chung, Chung-Pang, Chen, Chih-Jung Huang, The 1:20 scaled hydraulic model test and field experiment of barge-type floating offshore wind turbine system, Ocean Engineering, 247.1; 110486, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110486

35-22   Mingchao Cui, Zhisong Li, Chenglin Zhang, Xiaoyu Guo, Statistical investigation into the flow field of closed aquaculture tanks aboard a platform under periodic oscillation, Ocean Engineering, 248; 110677, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110677

30-22   Jijian Lian, Jiale Li, Yaohua Guo, Haijun Wang, Xu Yang, Numerical study on local scour characteristics of multi-bucket jacket foundation considering exposed height, Applied Ocean Research, 121; 103092. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103092

19-22   J.J. Wiegerink, T.E. Baldock, D.P. Callaghan, C.M. Wang, Slosh suppression blocks – A concept for mitigating fluid motions in floating closed containment fish pen in high energy environments, Applied Ocean Research, 120; 103068, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2022.103068

9-22   Amir Bordbar, Soroosh Sharifi, Hassan Hemida, Investigation of scour around two side-by-side piles with different spacing ratios in live-bed, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 208; pp. 302-309, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7735-9_33

7-22   Jinzhao Li, Xuan Kong, Yilin Yang, Lu Deng, Wen Xiong, CFD investigations of tsunami-induced scour around bridge piers, Ocean Engineering, 244; 110373, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110373

3-22   Ana Gomes, José Pinho, Wave loads assessment on coastal structures at inundation risk using CFD modelling, Climate Change and Water Security, 178; pp. 207-218, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5501-2_17

2-22   Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of tsunami wave generation by submarine landslides: Validation and sensitivity analysis to landslide parameters, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148.2; 05021016, 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000694

146-21   Ming-ming Liu, Hao-cheng Wang, Guo-qiang Tang, Fei-fei Shao, Xin Jin, Investigation of local scour around two vertical piles by using numerical method, Ocean Engineering, 244; 110405, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110405

135-21   Jian Guo, Jiyi Wu, Tao Wang, Prediction of local scour depth of sea-crossing bridges based on the energy balance theory, Ships and Offshore Structures, 16.10, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2021.2005362

133-21   Sahel Sohrabi, Mohamad Ali Lofollahi Yaghin, Mohamad Hosein Aminfar, Alireza Mojtahedi, Experimental and numerical investigation of hydrodynamic performance of a sloping floating breakwater with and without chain-net, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, , 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00780-y

131-21   Seyed Morteza Marashian, Mehdi Adjami, Ahmad Rezaee Mazyak, Numerical modelling investigation of wave interaction on composite berm breakwater, China Ocean Engineering, 35; pp. 631-645, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13344-021-0060-x

124-21   Ramin Safari Ghaleh, Omid Aminoroayaie Yamini, S. Hooman Mousavi, Mohammad Reza Kavianpour, Numerical modeling of failure mechanisms in articulated concrete block mattress as a sustainable coastal protection structure, Sustainability, 13.22; pp. 1-19, 2021.

118-21   A. Keshavarz, M. Vaghefi, G. Ahmadi, Investigation of flow patterns around rectangular and oblong peirs with collar located in a 180-degree sharp bend, Scientia Iranica A, 28.5; pp. 2479-2492, 2021.

109-21   Jacek Jachowski, Edyta Książkiewicz, Izabela Szwoch, Determination of the aerodynamic drag of pneumatic life rafts as a factor for increasing the reliability of rescue operations, Polish Maritime Research, 28.3; p. 128-136, 2021. doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2021-0040

107-21   Jiay Han, Bing Zhu, Baojie Lu, Hao Ding, Ke Li, Liang Cheng, Bo Huang, The influence of incident angles and length-diameter ratios on the round-ended cylinder under regular wave action, Ocean Engineering, 240; 109980, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109980

96-21   Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, Triggers and consequences of landslide-induced impulse waves – 3D dynamic reconstruction of the Taan Fiord 2015 tsunami event, Engineering Geology, 294; 106384, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106384

95-21   Ahmed A. Romya, Hossam M. Moghazy, M.M. Iskander, Ahmed M. Abdelrazek, Performance assessment of corrugated semi-circular breakwaters for coastal protection, Alexandria Engineering Journal, in press, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.08.086

87-21   Ruigeng Hu, Hongjun Liu, Hao Leng, Peng Yu, Xiuhai Wang, Scour characteristics and equilibrium scour depth prediction around umbrella suction anchor foundation under random waves, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9; 886, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080886

78-21   Sahir Asrari, Habib Hakimzadeh, Nazila Kardan, Investigation on the local scour beneath piggyback pipelines under clear-water conditions, China Ocean Engineering, 35; pp. 422-431, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13344-021-0039-7

64-21   Pin-Tzu Su, Chen-shan Kung, Effects of diffusers on discharging jet, 31st International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Rhodes, Greece, June 20-25, 2021.

62-21   Fei Wu, Wei Li, Shuzhao Li, Xiaopeng Shen, Delong Dong, Numerical simulation of scour of backfill soil by jetting flows on the top of buried caisson, 31st International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Rhodes, Greece, June 20-25, 2021.

56-21   Murat Aksel, Oral Yagci, V.S. Ozgur Kirca, Eryilmaz Erdog, Naghmeh Heidari, A comparitive analysis of coherent structures around a pile over rigid-bed and scoured-bottom, Ocean Engineering, 226; 108759, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108759

52-21   Byeong Wook Lee, Changhoon Lee, Equation for ship wave crests in a uniform current in the entire range of water depths, Coastal Engineering, 167; 103900, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103900

43-21   Agnieszka Faulkner, Claire E. Bulgin, Christopher J. Merchant, Characterising industrial thermal plumes in coastal regions using 3-D numerical simulations, Environmental Research Communications, 3; 045003, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abf62e

39-21   Fan Yang, Yiqi Zhang, Chao Liu, Tieli Wang, Dongin Jiang, Yan Jin, Numerical and experimental investigations of flow pattern and anti-vortex measures of forebay in a multi-unit pumping station, Water, 13.7; 935, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13070935

30-21   Norfadhlina Khalid, Aqil Azraie Che Shamshudin, Megat Khalid Puteri Zarina, Analysis on wave generation and hull: Modification for fishing vessels, Advanced Engineering for Processes and Technologies II: Advanced Structured Materials, 147; pp. 77-89, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67307-9_9

28-21   Jae-Sang Jung, Jae-Seon Yoon, Seokkoo Kang, Seokil Jeong, Seung Oh Lee, Yong-Sung Park, Discharge characteristics of drainage gates on Saemangeum tidal dyke, South Korea, KSCE Journal of Engineering, 25; pp. 1308-1325, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0590-z

24-21   Ali Temel, Mustafa Dogan, Time dependent investigation of the wave induced scour at the trunk section of a rubble mound breakwater, Ocean Engineering, 221; 108564, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108564

13-21   P.X. Zou, L.Z. Chen, The coupled tube-mooring system SFT hydrodynamic characteristics under wave excitations, Proceedings, 14th International Conference on Vibration Problems, Crete, Greece, September 1 – 4, 2019, pp. 907-923, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8049-9_55

122-20  M.A. Musa, M.F. Roslan, M.F. Ahmad, A.M. Muzathik, M.A. Mustapa, A. Fitriadhy, M.H. Mohd, M.A.A. Rahman, The influence of ramp shape parameters on performance of overtopping breakwater for energy conversion, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.11; 875, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110875

120-20  Lee Hooi Chie, Ahmad Khairi Abd Wahab, Derivation of engineering design criteria for flow field around intake structure: A numerical simulation study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.10; 827, 2020.  doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100827

109-20  Mario Maiolo, Riccardo Alvise Mel, Salvatore Sinopoli, A stepwise approach to beach restoration at Calabaia Beach, Water, 12.10; 2677, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12102677

107-20  S. Deshpande, P. Sundsbø, S. Das, Ship resistance analysis using CFD simulations in Flow-3D, International Journal of Multiphysics, 14.3; pp. 227-236, 2020. doi.org/10.21152/1750-9548.14.3.227

103-20   Mahmood Nematollahi, Mohammad Navim Moghid, Numerical simulation of spatial distribution of wave overtopping on non-reshaping berm breakwaters, Journal of Marine Science and Application, 19; pp. 301-316, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s11804-020-00147-1

98-20   Lin Zhao, Ning Wang, Qian Li, Analysis of flow characteristics and wave dissipation performances of a new structure, Proceedings, 30th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Online, October 11-16, ISOPE-I-20-3289, 2020.

96-20   Xiaoyu Guo, Zhisong Li, Mingchao Cui, Benlong Wang, Numerical investigation on flow characteristics of water in the fish tank on a force-rolling aquaculture platform, Ocean Engineering, 217; 107936, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107936

92-20   Yong-Jun Cho, Scour controlling effect of hybrid mono-pile as a substructure of offshore wind turbine: A numerical study, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.9; 637, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090637

89-20   Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, The
1958 Lituya Bay tsunami – pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software
Flow-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 20; pp. 2255–2279, 2020. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2255-2020

81-20   Eliseo Marchesi, Marco Negri, Stefano Malavasi, Development and analysis of a numerical model for a two-oscillating-body wave energy converter in shallow water, Ocean Engineering, 214; 107765, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107765

79-20   Zegao Yin, Yanxu Wang, Yong Liu, Wei Zou, Wave attenuation by rigid emergent vegetation under combined wave and current flows, Ocean Engineering, 213; 107632, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107632

71-20   B. Pan, N. Belyaev, FLOW-3D software for substantiation the layout of the port water area, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Construction Mechanics, Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering (CONMECHYDRO), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 23-25 April, 883; 012020, 2020. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/883/1/012020

51-20       Yupeng Ren, Xingbei Xu, Guohui Xu, Zhiqin Liu, Measurement and calculation of particle trajectory of liquefied soil under wave action, Applied Ocean Research, 101; 102202, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102202

50-20       C.C. Battiston, F.A. Bombardelli, E.B.C. Schettini, M.G. Marques, Mean flow and turbulence statistics through a sluice gate in a navigation lock system: A numerical study, European Journal of Mechanics – B/Fluids, 84; pp.155-163, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2020.06.003

49-20     Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nur Amira Adam, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, Mohammad Fadhli Ahmad, Ahmad Jusoh, Noraieni Hj. Mokhtar, Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman, CFD investigation into the effect of heave plate on vertical motion responses of a floating jetty, CFD Letters, 12.5; pp. 24-35, 2020. doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.12.5.2435

40-20       P. April Le Quéré, I. Nistor, A. Mohammadian, Numerical modeling of tsunami-induced scouring around a square column: Performance assessment of FLOW-3D and Delft3D, Journal of Coastal Research (preprint), 2020. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00181

38-20       Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani, Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio, Daniele Conte, Stefano Mascetti, Sensitivity analysis of existing exponential empirical formulas for pore pressure distribution inside breakwater core using numerical modeling, Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 1; pp. 65-71, 2020. doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2020-01.S-08

36-20       Mohammadamin Torabi, Bruce Savage, Efficiency improvement of a novel submerged oscillating water column (SOWC) energy harvester, Proceedings, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress (Cancelled), Henderson, Nevada, May 17–21, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/9780784482940.003

32-20       Adriano Henrique Tognato, Modelagem CFD da interação entre hidrodinâmica costeira e quebra-mar submerso: estudo de caso da Ponta da Praia em Santos, SP (CFD modeling of interaction between sea waves and submerged breakwater at Ponta de Praia – Santos, SP: a case study, Thesis, Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, 2020.

29-20   Ana Gomes, José L. S. Pinho, Tiago Valente, José S. Antunes do Carmo and Arkal V. Hegde, Performance assessment of a semi-circular breakwater through CFD modelling, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.3, art. no. 226, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8030226

23-20  Qi Yang, Peng Yu, Yifan Liu, Hongjun Liu, Peng Zhang and Quandi Wang, Scour characteristics of an offshore umbrella suction anchor foundation under the combined actions of waves and currents, Ocean Engineering, 202, art. no. 106701, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106701

04-20  Bingchen Liang, Shengtao Du, Xinying Pan and Libang Zhang, Local scour for vertical piles in steady currents: review of mechanisms, influencing factors and empirical equations, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8.1, art. no. 4, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010004

104-19   A. Fitriadhy, S.F. Abdullah, M. Hairil, M.F. Ahmad and A. Jusoh, Optimized modelling on lateral separation of twin pontoon-net floating breakwater, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 13.4, pp. 5764-5779, 2019. doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.4.2019.04.0460

103-19  Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, Nur Adlina Aldin and Adi Maimun, CFD analysis on course stability of an asymmetrical bridle towline model of a towed ship, CFD Letters, 11.12, pp. 43-52, 2019.

90-19   Eric P. Lemont and Karthik Ramaswamy, Computational fluid dynamics in coastal engineering: Verification of a breakwater design in the Torres Strait, Proceedings, pp. 762-768, Australian Coasts and Ports 2019 Conference, Hobart, Australia, September 10-13, 2019.

86-19   Mohammed Arab Fatiha, Benoît Augier, François Deniset, Pascal Casari, and Jacques André Astolfi, Morphing hydrofoil model driven by compliant composite structure and internal pressure, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7:423, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120423

83-19   Cong-Uy Nguyen, So-Young Lee, Thanh-Canh Huynh, Heon-Tae Kim, and Jeong-Tae Kim, Vibration characteristics of offshore wind turbine tower with gravity-based foundation under wave excitation, Smart Structures and Systems, 23:5, pp. 405-420, 2019. doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.23.5.405

68-19   B.W. Lee and C. Lee, Development of an equation for ship wave crests in a current in whole water depths, Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019; pp. 207-212, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_29

62-19   Byeong Wook Lee and Changhoon Lee, Equation for ship wave crests in the entire range of water depths, Coastal Engineering, 153:103542, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.103542

23-19     Mariano Buccino, Mohammad Daliri, Fabio Dentale, Angela Di Leo, and Mario Calabrese, CFD experiments on a low crested sloping top caisson breakwater, Part 1: Nature of loadings and global stability, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 182, pp. 259-282, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.04.017

21-19     Mahsa Ghazian Arabi, Deniz Velioglu Sogut, Ali Khosronejad, Ahmet C. Yalciner, and Ali Farhadzadeh, A numerical and experimental study of local hydrodynamics due to interactions between a solitary wave and an impervious structure, Coastal Engineering, Vol. 147, pp. 43-62, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.02.004

15-19     Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen, and Yizhou Zhang, Accumulation of pore water pressure in a homogeneous sandy seabed around a rocking mono-pile subjected to wave loads, Vol. 173, pp. 810-822, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.12.072

09-19     Yaoyong Chen, Guoxu Niu, and Yuliang Ma, Study on hydrodynamics of a new comb-type floating breakwater fixed on the water surface, 2018 International Symposium on Architecture Research Frontiers and Ecological Environment (ARFEE 2018), Wuhan, China, December 14-16, 2018, E3S Web of Conferences Vol. 79, Art. No. 02003, 2019. doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197902003

08-19     Hongda Shi, Zhi Han, and Chenyu Zhao, Numerical study on the optimization design of the conical bottom heaving buoy convertor, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 173, pp. 235-243, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.12.061

06-19   S. Hemavathi, R. Manjula and N. Ponmani, Numerical modelling and experimental investigation on the effect of wave attenuation due to coastal vegetation, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018), Vol. 2, pp. 99-110, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3134-3_9

87-18   Muhammad Syazwan Bazli, Omar Yaakob and Kang Hooi Siang, Validation study of u-oscillating water column device using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation, 11thInternational Conference on Marine Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 13-14, 2018.

86-18   Nur Adlina Aldin, Ahmad Fitriadhy, Nurul Aqilah Mansor, and Adi Maimun, CFD analysis on unsteady yaw motion characteristic of a towed ship, 11th International Conference on Marine Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, August 13-14, 2018.

78-18 A.A. Abo Zaid, W.E. Mahmod, A.S. Koraim, E.M. Heikal and H.E. Fath, Wave interaction of partially immersed semicircular breakwater suspended on piles using FLOW-3D, CSME Conference Proceedings, Toronto, Canada, May 27-30, 2018.

73-18   Jian Zhou and Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Near-field mean flow dynamics of a cylindrical canopy patch suspended in deep water, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 858, pp. 634-655, 2018. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.775

69-18   Keisuke Yoshida, Shiro Maeno, Tomihiro Iiboshi and Daisuke Araki, Estimation of hydrodynamic forces acting on concrete blocks of toe protection works for coastal dikes by tsunami overflows, Applied Ocean Research, Vol. 80, pp. 181-196, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.09.001

68-18   Zegao Yin, Yanxu Wang and Xiaoyu Yang, Regular wave run-up attenuation on a slope by emergent rigid vegetation, Journal of Coastal Research (in-press), 2018. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-17-00200.1

65-18   Dagui Tong, Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen and Qi Zhang, Numerical simulation of a sandy seabed response to water surface waves propagating on current, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2018. doi.org/10.3390/jmse6030088

61-18   Manuel Gerardo Verduzco-Zapata, Aramis Olivos-Ortiz, Marco Liñán-Cabello, Christian Ortega-Ortiz, Marco Galicia-Pérez, Chris Matthews, and Omar Cervantes-Rosas, Development of a Desalination System Driven by Low Energy Ocean Surface Waves, Journal of Coastal Research: Special Issue 85 – Proceedings of the 15th International Coastal Symposium, pp. 1321 – 1325, 2018. doi.org/10.2112/SI85-265.1

37-18   Songsen Xu, Chunshuo Jiao, Meng Ning and Sheng Dong, Analysis of Buoyancy Module Auxiliary Installation Technology Based on Numerical Simulation, Journal of Ocean University of China, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 267-280, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3305-4

36-18   Deniz Velioglu Sogut and Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner, Performance comparison of NAMI DANCE and FLOW-3D® models in tsunami propagation, inundation and currents using NTHMP benchmark problems, Pure and Applied Geophysics, pp. 1-39, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1907-9

26-18   Mohammad Sarfaraz and Ali Pak, Numerical investigation of the stability of armour units in low-crested breakwaters using combined SPH–Polyhedral DEM method, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 81, pp. 14-35, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2018.04.016

25-18   Yen-Lung Chen and Shih-Chun Hsiao, Numerical modeling of a buoyant round jet under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, vol. 161, pp. 154-167, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.093

13-18   Yizhou Zhang, Chencong Liao, Jinjian Chen, Dagui Tong, and Jianhua Wang, Numerical analysis of interaction between seabed and mono-pile subjected to dynamic wave loadings considering the pile rocking effect, Ocean Engineering, Volume 155, 1 May 2018, Pages 173-188, doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.02.041

11-18  Ching-Piao Tsai, Chun-Han Ko and Ying-Chi Chen, Investigation on Performance of a Modified Breakwater-Integrated OWC Wave Energy Converter, Open Access Sustainability 2018, 10(3), 643; doi:10.3390/su10030643, © Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018.

58-17   Jian Zhou, Claudia Cenedese, Tim Williams and Megan Ball, On the propagation of gravity currents over and through a submerged array of circular cylinders, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 831, pp. 394-417, 2017. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.604

56-17   Yu-Shu Kuo, Chih-Yin Chung, Shih-Chun Hsiao and Yu-Kai Wang, Hydrodynamic characteristics of Oscillating Water Column caisson breakwaters, Renewable Energy, vol. 103, pp. 439-447, 2017. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.11.028

47-17   Jae-Nam Cho, Chang-Geun Song, Kyu-Nam Hwang and Seung-Oh Lee, Experimental assessment of suspended sediment concentration changed by solitary wave, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 649-655 (2017) 649 DOI: 10.6119/JMST-017-1226-04

45-17   Muhammad Aldhiansyah Rifqi Fauzi, Haryo Dwito Armono, Mahmud Mustain and Aniendhita Rizki Amalia, Comparison Study of Various Type Artificial Reef Performance in Reducing Wave Height, Regional Conference in Civil Engineering (RCCE) 430 The Third International Conference on Civil Engineering Research (ICCER) August 1st-2nd 2017, Surabaya – Indonesia.

44-17   Fabio Dentale, Ferdinando Reale, Angela Di Leo, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A CFD approach to rubble mound breakwater design, International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Available online 30 December 2017.

39-17   Milad Rashidinasab and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Modeling the Pressure Distribution and the Changes of Water Level around the Offshore Platforms Exposed to Waves, Using the Numerical Model of FLOW-3D, Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 2017, 6, 97-106, http://www.scirp.org/journal/cweee, ISSN Online: 2168-1570, ISSN Print: 2168-1562

30-17   Omid Nourani and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Comparison of the Effect of Tetrapod Block and Armor X block on Reducing Wave Overtopping in Breakwaters, Open Journal of Marine Science, 2017, 7, 472-484 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojms ISSN Online: 2161-7392.

29-17   J.A. Vasquez, Modelling the generation and propagation of landslide generated waves, Leadership in Sustainable Infrastructure, Annual Conference – Vancouver, May 31 – June 3, 2017

28-17   Manuel G. Verduzco-Zapata, Francisco J. Ocampo-Torres, Chris Matthews, Aramis Olivos-Ortiz, Diego E. and Galván-Pozos, Development of a Wave Powered Desalination Device Numerical Modelling, Proceedings of the 12th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference 27th Aug -1st Sept 2017, Cork, Ireland

20-17   Chu-Kuan Lin, Jaw-Guei Lin, Ya-Lan Chen, Chin-Shen Chang, Seabed Change and Soil Resistance Assessment of Jack up Foundation, Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh (2017) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 25-30, 2017, Copyright © 2017 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-97-5; ISSN 1098-6189.

19-17   Velioğlu Deniz, Advanced Two- and Three-Dimensional Tsunami – Models Benchmarking and Validation, Ph.D Thesis:, Middle East Technical University, June 2017

18-17   Farrokh Mahnamfar and Abdüsselam Altunkaynak, Comparison of numerical and experimental analyses for optimizing the geometry of OWC systems, Ocean Engineering 130 (2017) 10–24.

07-17   Jonas Čerka, Rima Mickevičienė, Žydrūnas Ašmontas, Lukas Norkevičius, Tomas Žapnickas, Vasilij Djačkov and Peilin Zhou, Optimization of the research vessel hull form by using numerical simulation, Ocean Engineering 139 (2017) 33–38

05-17   Liang, B.; Ma, S.; Pan, X., and Lee, D.Y., Numerical modelling of wave run-up with interaction between wave and dolosse breakwater, In: Lee, J.L.; Griffiths, T.; Lotan, A.; Suh, K.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), 2017, The 2nd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 79, pp. 294-298. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

02-17   A. Yazid Maliki, M. Azlan Musa, Ahmad M.F., Zamri I., Omar Y., Comparison of numerical and experimental results for overtopping discharge of the OBREC wave energy converter, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, In Press, © School of Engineering, Taylor’s University

01-17   Tanvir Sayeed, Bruce Colbourne, David Molyneux, Ayhan Akinturk, Experimental and numerical investigation of wave forces on partially submerged bodies in close proximity to a fixed structure, Ocean Engineering, Volume 132, Pages 70–91, March 2017

101-16 Xin Li, Liang-yu Xu, Jian-Min Yang, Study of fluid resonance between two side-by-side floating barges, Journal of Hydrodynamics, vol. B-28, no. 5, pp. 767-777, 2016. doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6058(16)60679-0

81-16   Loretta Gnavi, Deep water challenges: development of depositional models to support geohazard assessment for submarine facilities, Ph.D. Thesis: Politecnico di Torino, May 2016

80-16   Mohammed Ibrahim, Hany Ahmed, Mostafa Abd Alall and A.S. Koraim, Proposing and investigating the efficiency of vertical perforated breakwater, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2016, ISSN 2229-5518

72-16   Yen-Lung Chen and Shih-Chun Hsiao, Generation of 3D water waves using mass source wavemaker applied to Navier–Stokes model, Coastal Engineering 109 (2016) 76–95.

64-16   Jae Nam Cho, Dong Hyun Kim and Seung Oh Lee, Experimental Study of Shape and Pressure Characteristics of Solitary Wave generated by Sluice Gate for Various Conditions, Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 70-75, April 2016, Copyright @ 2016 by The Korean Society of Safety (pISSN 1738-3803, eISSN 2383-9953) All right reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.14346/JKOSOS.2016.31.2.70

56-16   Ali A. Babajani, Mohammad Jafari and Parinaz Hafezi Sefat, Numerical investigation of distance effect between two Searasers for hydrodynamic performance, Alexandria Engineering Journal, June 2016.

53-16   Hwang-Ki Lee, Byeong-Kuk Kim, Jongkyu Kim and Hyeon-Ju Kim, OTEC thermal dispersion in coastal waters of Tarawa, Kiribati, OCEANS 2016 – Shanghai, April 2016, 10.1109/OCEANSAP.2016.7485548, © IEEE.

50-16   Mohsin A. R. Irkal, S. Nallayarasu and S. K. Bhattacharyya, CFD simulation of roll damping characteristics of a ship midsection with bilge keel, Proceedings of the ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2016, June 19-24, 2016, Busan, South Korea

49-16   Bill Baird, Seth Logan, Wim Van Der Molen, Trevor Elliot and Don Zimmer, Thoughts on the future of physical models in coastal engineering, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Application of Physical Modelling in Coastal and Port Engineering and Science (Coastlab16) Ottawa, Canada, May 10-13, 2016 Copyright ©: Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

47-16   KH Kim et. al, Numerical analysis on the effects of shoal on the ship wave, Applied Engineering, Materials and Mechanics: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Applied Engineering, Materials and Mechanics (ICAEMM 2016)

17-16  Nan-Jing Wu, Shih-Chun Hsiao, Hsin-Hung Chen, and Ray-Yeng Yang, The study on solitary waves generated by a piston-type wave maker, Ocean Engineering, 117(2016)114–129

13-16   Maryam Deilami-Tarifi, Mehdi Behdarvandi-Askar, Vahid Chegini, and Sadegh Haghighi-Pou, Modeling of the Changes in Flow Velocity on Seawalls under Different Conditions Using FLOW-3DSoftware, Open Journal of Marine Science, 2016, 6, 317-322, Published Online April 2016 in SciRes.

01-16   Mohsin A.R. Irkal, S. Nallayarasu, and S.K. Bhattacharyya, CFD approach to roll damping of ship with bilge keel with experimental validation, Applied Ocean Research, Volume 55, February 2016, Pages 1–17

121-15   Josh Carter, Scott Fenical, Craig Hunter and Joshua Todd, CFD modeling for the analysis of living shoreline structure performance, Coastal Structures and Solutions to Coastal Disasters Joint Conference, Boston, MA, Sept. 9-11, 2015. © 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. doi.org/10.1061/9780784480304.047

114-15   Jisheng Zhang, Peng Gao, Jinhai Zheng, Xiuguang Wu, Yuxuan Peng and Tiantian Zhang, Current-induced seabed scour around a pile-supported horizontal-axis tidal stream turbine, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 929-936 (2015) 929, DOI: 10.6119/JMST-015-0610-11

108-15  Tiecheng Wang, Tao Meng, and Hailong Zha, Analysis of Tsunami Effect and Structural Response, ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online), DOI: 10.17559/TV-20150122115308

107-15   Jie Chen, Changbo Jiang, Wu Yang, Guizhen Xiao, Laboratory study on protection of tsunami-induced scour by offshore breakwaters, Natural Hazards, 2015, 1-19

85-15   Majid A. Bhinder, M.T. Rahmati, C.G. Mingham and G.A. Aggidis, Numerical hydrodynamic modelling of a pitching wave energy converter, European Journal of Computational Mechanics, Volume 24, Issue 4, 2015, DOI: 10.1080/17797179.2015.1096228

65-15   Giancarlo Alfonsi, Numerical Simulations of Wave-Induced Flow Fields around Large-Diameter Surface-Piercing Vertical Circular Cylinder, Computation 2015, 3(3), 386-426; doi:10.3390/computation3030386

61-15   Bingchen Liang, Duo Li, Xinying Pan and Guangxin Jiang, Numerical Study of Local Scour of Pipeline under Combined Wave and Current Conditions, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189.

60-15   Chun-Han Ko, Ching-Piao Tsai, Ying-Chi Chen, and Tri-Octaviani Sihombing, Numerical Simulations of Wave and Flow Variations between Submerged Breakwaters and Slope Seawall, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189.

57-15   Giacomo Viccione and Settimio Ferlisi, A numerical investigation of the interaction between debris flows and defense barriers, Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering, ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6, 2015

56-15   Vittorio Bovolin, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli and Giacomo Viccione, A numerical study of liquid impact on inclined surfaces, Advances in Environmental and Geological Science and Engineering, ISBN: 978-1-61804-314-6, 2015

49-15   Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, and Ferdinando Reale, A numerical method to analyze the interaction between sea waves and rubble mound emerged breakwaters, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on FLUID MECHANICS, E-ISSN: 2224-347X, Volume 10, 2015

45-15   Diego Vicinanza, Daniela Salerno, Fabio Dentale and Mariano Buccino, Structural Response of Seawave Slot-cone Generator (SSG) from Random Wave CFD Simulations, Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth (2015) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Kona, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, June 21-26, 2015, Copyright © 2015 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-89-0; ISSN 1098-6189

38-15   Yen-Lung Chen, Shih-Chun Hsiao, Yu-Cheng Hou, Han-Lun Wu and Yuan Chieh Wu, Numerical Simulation of a Neutrally Buoyant Round Jet in a Wave Environment, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

34-15   Dieter Vanneste and Peter Troch, 2D numerical simulation of large-scale physical model tests of wave interaction with a rubble-mound breakwater, Coastal Engineering, Volume 103, September 2015, Pages 22–41.

29-15   Masanobu Toyoda, Hiroki Kusumoto, and Kazuo Watanabe, Intrinsically Safe Cryogenic Cargo Containment System of IHI-SPB LNG Tank, IHI Engineering Review, Vol. 47, No. 2, 2015.

24-15   Xixi Pan, Shiming Wang, and Yongcheng Liang, Three-dimensional simulation of floating wave power device, International Power, Electronics and Materials Engineering Conference (IPEMEC 2015)

05-15   M. A. Bhinder, A. Babarit, L. Gentaz, and P. Ferrant, Potential Time Domain Model with Viscous Correction and CFD Analysis of a Generic Surging Floating Wave Energy Converter, (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijome.2015.01.005

137-14   A. Najafi-Jilani, M. Zakiri Niri and Nader Naderi, Simulating three dimensional wave run-up over breakwaters covered by antifer units, Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:297~306

128-14   Dong Chule Kim, Byung Ho Choi, Kyeong Ok Kim and Efim Pelinovsky, Extreme tsunami runup simulation at Babi Island due to 1992 Flores tsunami and Okushiri due to 1993 Hokkido tsunami, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 16, EGU2014-1341, 2014, EGU General Assembly 2014, © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

123-14   Irkal Mohsin A.R., S. Nallayarasu and S.K. Bhattacharyya, Experimental and CFD Simulation of Roll Motion of Ship with Bilge Keel, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics MARHY 2014 3-4 December 2014, Chennai, India.

101-14  Dieter Vanneste, Corrado Altomare, Tomohiro Suzuki, Peter Troch and Toon Verwaest, Comparison of Numerical Models for Wave Overtopping and Impact on a Sea Wall, Coastal Engineering 2014

91-14   Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Numerical wave interaction with tetrapods breakwater, Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:0~0, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0214, ⓒSNAK, 2014, pISSN: 2092-6782, eISSN: 2092-6790

87-14   Philipp Behruzi, Simulation of breaking wave impacts on a flat wall, The 15th International Workshop on Trends In Numerical and Physical Modeling for Industrial Multiphase Flows, Cargèse, Corsica, October 13th–17th, 2014

86-14   Chuan Sim and Sung-uk Choi, Three-Dimensional Scour at Submarine Pipelines under Indefinite Boundary Conditions, 2014

83-14   Hongda Shi, Dong Wang, Jinghui Song, and Zhe Ma, Systematic Design of a Heaving Buoy Wave Energy Device, 5th International Conference on Ocean Energy, 4th November, Halifax, 2014

71-14   Hadi Sabziyan, Hassan Ghassemi, Farhood Azarsina, and Saeid Kazemi, Effect of Mooring Lines Pattern in a Semi-submersible Platform at Surge and Sway Movements, Journal of Ocean Research, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, 17-22 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jor/2/1/4 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jor-2-1-4

56-14   Fernandez-Montblanc, T., Izquierdo, A., and Bethencourt, M., Modelling the oceanographic conditions during storm following the Battle of Trafalgar, Encuentro de la Oceanografıa Fısica Espanola 2014

52-14   Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A new numerical approach to the study of the interaction between wave motion and roubble mound breakwaters, Latest Trends in Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology, ISBN: 978-960-474-376-6

49-14   H. Ahmed and A. Schlenkhoff, Numerical Investigation of Wave Interaction with Double Vertical Slotted Walls, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Ecological, Geological and Mining Engineering Vol:8 No:8, 2014

32-14  Richard Keough, Victoria Mullaley, Hilary Sinclair, and Greg Walsh, Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Water Current Energy Device, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Mechanical Design Project II – ENGI 8926, April 2014

25-14    Paulius Rapalis, Vytautas Smailys, Vygintas Daukšys, Nadežda Zamiatina, and Vasilij Djačkov, Vandens  – Duju Silumos Mainai Gaz-Lifto Tipo Skruberyje,Technologijos mokslo darbai Vakarų Lietuvoje, Vol 9 > Rapalis. Available for download at http://journals.ku.lt/index.php/TMD/article/view/259.

92-13   Matteo Tirindelli, Scott Fenical and Vladimir Shepsis, State-of-the-Art Methods for Extreme Wave Loading on Bridges and Coastal Highways, Seventh National Seismic Conference on Bridges and Highways (7NSC), May 20-22, 2013, Oakland, CA

89-13 Worakanok Thanyamanta, Don Bass and David Molyneux, Prediction of sloshing effects using a coupled non-linear seakeeping and CFD code, Proceedings of the ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2013, June 9-14, 2013, Nantes, France. Available for purchase online at ASME.

83-13   B.W. Lee and C. Lee, Development of Wave Power Generation Device with Resonance Channels, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2013) Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26, 2013

68-13   Fabio Dentale, Giovanna Donnarumma, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Rubble Mound Breakwater Run-Up, Reflection and Overtopping by Numerical 3D Simulation, ICE Conference, September 2013, Edinburgh (UK).

66-13  Peter Arnold, Validation of FLOW-3D against Experimental Data for an Axi-Symmetric Point Absorber WEC, © wavebob™, 2013

62-13 Yanan Li, Junwei Zhou, Dazheng Wang and Yonggang Cui, Resistance and Strength Analysis of Three Hulls with ifferent Knuckles, Advanced Materials Research Vols. 779-780 (2013) pp 615-618, © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.779-780.615.

61-13  M.R. Soliman, Satoru Ushijima, Nobu Miyagi and Tetsuay Sumi, Density Current Simulation Using Two-Dimensional High Resolution Model, Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No 56 B, 2013.

59-13  Guang Wei Liu, Qing He Zhang, and Jin Feng Zhang, Wave Forces on the Composite Bucket Foundation of Offshore Wind Turbines, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 405-408, 1420, September 2013. Available for purchase online at Scientific.net.

50-13  Joel Darnell and Vladimir Shepsis, Pontoon Launch Analysis, Design and Performance, Ports 2013, © ASCE 2013. Available for purchase online at ASCE.

45-13 Min-chi Li, Numerical Simulation of Wave Overtopping Rate at Sloping Seawalls with Different Configurations of Wave Dissipators, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University. Abstract only available here: http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0701113-144919.

22-13  Nahidul Khan, Jonathan Smith, and Michael Hinchey, Models with all the right curves, © Journal of Ocean Technology, The Journal of Ocean Technology, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013.

20-13  Efim Pelinovsky, Dong-Chul Kim, Kyeong-Ok Kim and Byung-Ho Choi, Three-dimensional simulation of extreme runup heights during the 2004 Indonesian and 2011 Japanese tsunamis, EGU General Assembly 2013, held 7-12 April, 2013 in Vienna, Austria, id. EGU2013-1760. Online at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.1760P.

18-13 Dazheng Wang, Fei Ma, and Lei Mei, Optimization of a 17m Catamaran based on the Resistance Performance, Advanced Materials Research Vols. 690-693, pp 3414-3418, © Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.690-693.3414, May 2013.

16-13  Dong Chule Kim, Kyeong Ok Kim, Efim Pelinovsky, Ira Didenkulova, and Byung Ho Choi, Three-dimensional tsunami runup simulation for the port of Koborinai on the Sanriku coast of Japan, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

15-13  Dong Chule Kim, Kyeong Ok Kim, Byung Ho Choi, Kyung Hwan Kim, and Efin Pelinovsky, Three –dimensional runup simulation of the 2004 Ocean tsunami at the Lhok Nga twin peaks, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

14-13  Jae-Seol Shim, Jinah Kim, Dong-Shul Kim, Kiyoung Heo, Kideok Do, and Sun-Jung Park, Storm surge inundation simulations comparing three-dimensional with two-dimensional models based on Typhoon Maemi over Masan Bay of South Korea, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 2013.

115-12  Worakanok Thanyamanta and David Molyneux, Prediction of Stabilizing Moments and Effects of U-Tube Anti-Roll Tank Geometry Using CFD, ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Volume 5: Ocean Engineering; CFD and VIV, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 1–6, 2012, ISBN: 978-0-7918-4492-2, Copyright © 2012 by ASME

114-12   Dane Kristopher Behrens, The Russian River Estuary: Inlet Morphology, Management, and Estuarine Scalar Field Response, Ph.D. Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Davis, © 2012 by Dane Kristopher Behrens. All Rights Reserved.

111-12  James E. Beget, Zygmunt Kowalik, Juan Horrillo, Fahad Mohammed, Brian C. McFall, and Gyeong-Bo Kim, NEeSR-CR Tsunami Generation by Landslides Integrating Laboratory Scale Experiments, Numerical Models and Natural Scale Applications, George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Research, July 2012, Boston, MA.

110-12   Gyeong-Bo Kim, Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Tsunami Generation by Subaerial Landslides, M.S. Thesis: Texas A&M University, Copyright 2012 Gyeong-Bo Kim, December 2012

109-12 D. Vanneste, Experimental and Numerical study of Wave-Induced Porous Flow in Rubble-Mound Breakwaters, Ph.D. thesis (Chapters 5 and 6), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent (Belgium), 2012.

104-12 Junwoo Choi, Kab Keun Kwon, and Sung Bum Yoon, Tsunami Inundation Simulation of a Built-up Area using Equivalent Resistance Coefficient, Coastal Engineering Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2 (2012) 1250015 (25 pages), © World Scientific Publishing Company and Japan Society of Civil Engineers, DOI: 10.1142/S0578563412500155

94-12 Parviz Ghadimi, Abbas Dashtimanesh, Mohammad Farsi, and Saeed Najafi, Investigation of free surface flow generated by a planing flat plate using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method and FLOW-3D simulations, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, December 7, 2012 1475090212465235. Available for purchase online at sage journals.

92-12    Panayotis Prinos, Maria Tsakiri, and Dimitris Souliotis, A Numerical Simulation of the WOS and the Wave Propagation along a Coastal Dike, Coastal Engineering 2012.

88-12  Nahidul Khan and Michael Hinchey, Adaptive Backstepping Control of Marine Current Energy Conversion System, PKP Open Conference Systems, IEEE Newfoundland and Labrador Section, 2012.

72-12   F. Dentale, G. Donnarumma, and E. Pugliese Carratelli, Wave Run Up and Reflection on Tridimensional Virtual, Journal of Hydrogeology & Hydrologic Engineering, 2012, 1:1, http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/jhhe.1000102.

64-12  Anders Wedel Nielsen, Xiaofeng Liu, B. Mutlu Sumer, Jørgen Fredsøe, Flow and bed shear stresses in scour protections around a pile in a current, Coastal Engineering, Volume 72, February 2013, Pages 20–38.

56-12  Giancarlo Alfonsi, Agostino Lauria, Leonardo Primavera, Flow structures around large-diameter circular cylinder, Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing, 2012. DOI:10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.2012005088.

51-12  Chun-Ho Chen, Study on the Application of FLOW-3D for Wave Energy Dissipation by a Porous Structure, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, July 2012. In Chinese.

37-12  Yu-Ren Chen, Numerical Modeling on Internal Solitary Wave propagation over an obstacle using FLOW-3D, Master’s Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University June 2012. In Chinese.

26-12  D.C. Lo Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic interaction produced during the overtaking and the head-on encounter process of two ships, Engineering Computations: International Journal for Computer-Aided Engineering and Software, Vol. 29 No. 1, 2012. pp. 83-10, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, www.emeraldinsight.com/0264-4401.htm.

14-12  Bahaa Elsharnouby, Akram Soliman, Mohamed Elnaggar, and Mohamed Elshahat, Study of environment friendly porous suspended breakwater for the Egyptian Northwestern Coast, Ocean Engineering 48 (2012) 47-58. Available for purchase online at Science Direct.

11-12  Sang-Ho Oh, Young Min Oh, Ji-Young Kim, Keum-Seok Kang, A case study on the design of condenser effluent outlet of thermal power plant to reduce foam emitted to surrounding seacoast, Ocean Engineering, Volume 47, June 2012, Pages 58–64. Available for purchase online at SciVerse.

101-11 Tsunami – A Growing Disaster, edited by Mohammad Mokhtari, ISBN 978-953-307-431-3, 232 pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published December 16, 2011 under CC BY 3.0 license, DOI: 10.5772/922. Available for download at Intech.

100-11 Kwang-Oh Ko, Jun-Woo Choi, Sung-Bum Yoon, and Chang-Beom Park, Internal Wave Generation in FLOW-3D Model, Proceedings of the Twenty-first (2011) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Maui, Hawaii, USA, June 19-24, 2011, Copyright © 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), ISBN 978-1-880653-96-8 (Set); ISSN 1098-6189 (Set); www.isope.org

95-11  S. Brizzolara, L. Savio, M. Viviani, Y. Chen, P. Temarel, N. Couty, S. Hoflack, L. Diebold, N. Moirod and A. Souto Iglesias, Comparison of experimental and numerical sloshing loads in partially filled tanks, Ships and Offshore Structures, Vol. 6, Nos. 1–2, 2011, 15–43. Available for purchase online at Francis & Taylor.

85-11 Andrew Eoghan Maguire, Hydrodynamics, control and numerical modelling of absorbing wavemakers, thesis: The University of Edinburgh, 2011.

74-11  Jonathan Smith, Nahidul Khan and Michael Hinchey, CFD Simulation of AUV Depth Control, Paper presented at NECEC 2011, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Abstract available online.

70-11  G. Kim, S.-H. Oh, K.S. Lee, I.S. Han, J.W. Chae, and S.-J Ahn, Numerical Investigation on Water Discharge Capability of Sluice Caisson of Tidal Power Plant, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

69-11  G. Alfonsi, A. Lauria, and L. Primavera, Wave-Field Flow Structures Developing Around Large-Diameter Vertical Circular Cylinder, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

68-11    C. Lee, B.W. Lee, Y.J. Kim, and K.O. Ko, Ship Wave Crests in Intermediate-Depth Water, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2011), December 14-16, 2011, Hong Kong, China.

63-11   Worakanok Thanyamanta, Paul Herrington, and David Molyneux, Wave patterns, wave induced forces and moments for a gravity based structure predicted using CFD, Proceedings of the ASME 2011, 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2011, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, June 19-24, 2011.

61-11  Jun Jin and Bo Meng, Computation of wave loads on the superstructures of coastal highway bridges, Ocean Engineering, available online October 19, 2011, ISSN 0029-8018, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2011.09.029. Available for purchase at Science Direct.

36-11    Nadir Yilmaz, Geoffrey E. Trapp, Scott M. Gagan, Timothy R. Emmerich, CFD Supported Examination of Buoy Design for Wave Energy Conversion, IGEC-VI-2011-173, pp: 537-541

28-11  Rodolfo Bolaños, Laurent O. Amoudry and Ken Doyle, Effects of Instrumented Bottom Tripods on Process Measurements, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, June 2011, Vol. 28, No. 6: pp. 827-837. Available online at: AMS Journals Online.

81-10    Ashwin Lohithakshan Parambath, Impact of Tsunamis on Near Shore Wind Power Units, M.S. Thesis: Texas A&M University, Copyright 2010 Ashwin Lohithakshan Parambath December 2010.

80-10    Juan J. Horrillo, Amanda L. Wood, Charles Williams, Ashwin Parambath, and Gyeong-Bo Kim, Construction of Tsunami Inundation Maps in the Gulf of Mexico, Report to the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, December 2010.

69-10    George A Aggidis and Clive Mingham, A Joint Numerical and Experimental Study of a Surging Point Absorbing Wave Energy Converter (WRASPA), Joule Centre Research Grant Joint Final Report (Lancaster University and Macnhester Metropolitan University), Joule Grant No: JIRP306/02, 2010

67-10  Kazuhiko Terashima, Ryuji Ito, Yoshiyuki Noda, Yoji Masui and Takahiro Iwasa, Innovative Integrated Simulator for Agile Control Design on Shipboard Crane Considering Ship and Load Sway, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, Part of 2010 IEEE Multi-Conference on Systems and Control, Yokohama, Japan, September 8-10, 2010

66-10  Shan-Hwei Ou, Tai-Wen Hsu, Jian-Feng Lin, Jian-Wu Lai, Shih-Hsiang Lin, Chen-Chen Chang, Yuan-Jyh Lan, Experimental and Numerical Studies on Wave Transformation over Artificial Reefs, Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Engineering, No 32 (2010), Shanghai, China, 2010.

65-10 Tai-Wen Hsu, Jian-Wu Lai, Yuan-Jyh Lan, Experimental and Numerical Studies on Wave Propagation over Coarse Grained Sloping Beach, Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastal Engineering, No 32 (2010), Shanghai, China, 2010.

26-10 R. Marcer, C. Berhault, C. de Jouëtte, N. Moirod and L. Shen, Validation of CFD Codes for Slamming, V European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, ECCOMAS CFD 2010, J.C.F. Pereira and A. Sequeira (Eds), Lisbon, Portugal, 14-17 June 2010

25-10 J.M. Zhan, Z. Dong, W. Jiang, and Y.S. Li, Numerical Simulation of wave transformation and runup incorporating porous media wave absorber and turbulence models, Ocean Engineering (2010), doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.06.005. Available for purchase at Science Direct.

17-10 F. Dentale, S.D. Russo, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S. Mascetti, A New Numerical Approach to Study the Wave Motion with Breakwaters and the Armor Stability, Marine Technology Reporter, May 2010

01-10 F. Dentale, S.D. Russo, E. Pugliese Carratelli, Innovative Numerical Simulation to Study the Fluid withing Rubble Mound Breakwaters and the Armour Stability, 17th Armourstone Wallingford Armourstone Meeting, Wallingford, UK, February 2010.

52-09  Mark Reed, Øistein Johansen, Frode Leirvik, and Bård Brørs, Numerical Algorithm to Compute the Effects of Breaking Waves on Surface Oil Spilled at Sea, Final Report, Second revision, SINTEF, October 2009.

49-09  Anna Pellicioli, Indagine Numerica Sulla Resistenza Idrodinamica Di Uno Scafo In Presenza Di Superficie Libera, thesis: Univerista Degli Studi Di Bergamo, 2008/2009. In Italian. Available upon request.

46-09 Carlos Guedes Soares, P.K. Das, Analysis and Design of Marine Structures, CRC Press; 1 Har/Cdr edition (March 2, 2009), 0415549345

32-09 M.A. Binder, C.G. Mingham, D.M. Causon, M.T. Rahmati, G.A. Aggidis, R.V. Chaplin, Numerical Modelling of a Surging Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter, 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference EWTEC 2009, Uppsala, Sweden, 7-10 September 2009

28-09 D. C. Lo, Dong-Taur Su and Jan-Ming Chen (2009), Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations to the Analysis of Bank Effects in Restricted Waters, Journal of Navigation, 62, pp 477-491, doi:10.1017/S037346330900527X; Purchase the article online (clicking on this link will take you to the Cambridge Journals website).

26-09 Fabio Dentale, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S.D. Russo, and Stefano Mascetti, Advanced Numerical Simulations on the Interaction between Waves and Rubble Mound Breakwaters, Journal of the Engineering Association for Offshore and Marine in Italy, (translation from the Italian)

25-09 F. Dentale, B. Messina, E. Pugliese Carratelli, S. Mascetti, Studio numerico avanzato sul moto di filtrazione in ambito marittimo, A & C, Analisi e Calcolo, Giugno 2009 (in Italian)

22-09 M.A. Bhinder, C.G. Mingham, D.M. Causon, M.T. Rahmati, G.A. Aggidis and R.V. Chaplin, A Joint Numerical And Experimental Study Of a Surging Point Absorbing Wave Energy Converter (WRASPA)2, Proceedings of the ASME 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2009-79392, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 31-June 5, 2009

8-09 Basu, D., S. Green, K. Das, R. Janetzke, and J. Stamatakos, Numerical Simulation of Surface Waves Generated by a Subaerial Landslide at Lituya Bay, 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, May 31–June 5, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii

17-09 Das, K., R. Janetzke, D. Basu, S. Green, and J. Stamatakos, Numerical Simulations of Tsunami Wave Generation by Submarine and Aerial Landslides Using RANS and SPH Models, 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, May 31–June 5, 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii

16-09 Basu, D., S. Green, K. Das, R. Janetzke, and J. Stamatakos, Navier-Stokes Simulations of Surface Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides Effect of Slide Geometry and Turbulence, 2009 Society of Petroleum Engineering Americas E&P Environmental & Safety Conference, March 23–25, 2009, San Antonio, Texas.

48-08    Osamu Kiyomiya1 and Kazuya Kuroki, Flap Gate to Prevent Urban Area from Tsunami, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

43-08  Eldina Fatimah, Ahmad Khairi Abd. Wahab, and Hadibah Ismail, Numerical modeling approach of an artificial mangrove root system (ArMs) submerged breakwater as wetland habitat protector, COPEDEC VII, Dubai UAE, 2008.

40-08 Giacomo Viccione, Fabio Dentale, and Vittorio Bovolin, Simulation of Wave Impact Pressure on Vertical Structures with the SPH Method, 3rd ERCOFTAC SPHERIC workshop on SPH applications, Laussanne, Switzerland, June 4-6, 2008.

39-08 Kang, Young-Seung, Kim, Pyeong-Joong, Hyun, Sang-Kwon and Sung, Ha-Keun, Numerical Simulation of Ship-induced Wave Using FLOW-3D, Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers / v.20, no.3, 2008, pp.255-267, ISSN: 1976-8192, http://ksci.kisti.re.kr/search/article/articleView.ksci?articleBean.artSeq=HOHODK_2008_v20n3_255

35-08 B.W. Nam, S.H. Shin, K.Y. Hong, S.W. Hong, Numerical Simulation of Wave Flow over the Spiral-Reef Overtopping Device, Proceedings of the Eighth (2008) ISOPE Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, November 10-14, 2008, © 2008 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, ISBN 978-1-880653-52-4

34-08 B. H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, D.C. Kim, I. Didenkulova and S.-B. Woo, Two and three-dimensional computation of solitary wave runup on non-plane beach, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 15, 489-502, 2008, www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/15/489/2008 (c) Author(s) 2008.

23-08 Barb Schmitz, Tecplot, Nastran & FLOW-3D Win the Race, Desktop Engineering’s Elements of Analysis, September 2008

38-07 Choi, B.-H., Kim, D. C., Pelinovsky, E., and Woo, S. B., Three-dimensional simulation of tsunami run-up around conical island, Coast. Eng., Vol. 54, Issue 8, 618-629, 2007.

33-07 Mirela Zalar, Sime Malenica, Zoran Mravak, Nicolas Moirod, Some Aspects of Direct Calculation Methods for the Assessment of LNG Tank Structure Under Sloshing Impacts, La Asociación Española del Gas (sedigas) Spain 2007

20-07 Oceanic Consulting Corporation, Berthing Studies for LNG Carriers in the Calcasieu River Waterway, Making Waves: Newsletter of Oceanic Consulting Corporation, Winter 2007

10-07 Gildas Colleter, Breaking wave uplift and overtopping on a horizontal deck using physical and numerical modeling, Coasts and Ports 2007 Conference in Melbourne, Australia

18-06 Brizzolara, Stefano and Rizzuto, Enrico, Wind Heeling Moments on Very Large Ships. Some Insights through CFD Results, Proceedings on the 9th International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Rio de Janeiro, September 25, 2006

16-06 Ransau, Samuel R, and Hansen, Ernst W.M., Numerical Simulations of Sloshing in Rectangular Tanks, Proceedings of OMAE2006, 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Hamburg, Germany, June 4-9, 2006

15-06 Ema Muk-Pavic, Shin Chin and Don Spencer, Validation of the CFD code FLOW-3D for the free surface flow around the ships’; hulls, 14th Annual Conference of the CFD Society of Canada, Kingston, Canada, July 16-18, 2006

3-06 Hansen, E.W.M. and Geir J. Rørtveit, Numerical Simulation of Fluid Mechanisms and Separation Behaviour in Offshore Gravity Separators, Chapter 16 in Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, 2nd Edition, edited by Johan Sjøblom, Taylor & Francis, 2006

24-05 Hansen E.W., Separation Offshore Survey – Design-Redesign of Gravity Separators, Exploration & Production: The Oil & Gas Review 2005 – Issue 2

8-05 T. Kristiansen, R. Baarholm, C.T. Stansberg, G. Rortveit and E.W.M. Hansen, Kinematics in a Diffracted Wave Field Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Numerical Models, Presented at the 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 67176, Halkidiki, Greece, June 12-17, 2005

7-05 C.T. Stansberg, R. Baarholm, T. Kristiansen, E.W.M. Hansen and G. Rortveit, Extreme Wave Amplification and Impact Loads on Offshore Structures, presented at the 2005 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, May 2-5, 2005

16-04 Carl Trygve Stansberg, Kjetil Berget, Oyvind Hellan, Ole A. Hermundstad, Jan R. Hoff and Trygve Kristiansen and Ernst Hansen, Prediction of Green Sea Loads on FPSO in Random Seas, presented at the 14th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE 2004), Toulon, France, May 2004

15-04 Š. Malenica, M. Zalar, J.M. Orozco, B. LeGallo & X.B. Chen, Linear and Non-Linear Effects of Sloshing on Ship Motions, 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering, OMAE 2004, Vancouver, June 2004

11-04 Don Bass, David Molyneux, Kevin McTaggart, Simulating Wave Action in the Well Deck of Landing Platform Dock Ships Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

37-03  Sreenivasa C Chopakatla, A CFD Model for Wave Transformations and Breaking in the Surf Zone, thesis: Master of Science, The Ohio State Univeristy, 2003.

29-02   O. Bayle, V. L’Hullier, M. Ganet, P. Delpy, J.L. Francart and D. Paris, Influence of the ATV Propellant Sloshing on the GNC Performance, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, Monterey, California, 5-8 August 2002, © 2002 by EADS Launch Vehicles

25-02 Y. Kim, Numerical Analysis of Sloshing Problem, American Bureau of Shipping, Research Dept, Houston, TX

10-02 Peter Chang III & Xiongjun Wu, Entrainment Correlations Based on a Fuel-Water Stratified Shear Flow, Proceedings of FEDSM2002, 2002 ASME Fluids Engineering Decision Summer Meeting, July 14-18, 2002, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

37-01 Ismail B. Celik, Allen E. Badeau Jr., Andrew Burt and Sherif Kandil, A Single Fluid Transport Model For Computation of Stratified Immiscible Liquid-Liquid Flows, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, West Virginia University, Proceedings of the XXIX IAHR Congress, September 2001. Beijing, China

14-01 Charles Ortloff, CTC/United Defense, Computer Simulation Analyzed Typhoon Damage to FPSOs, Marine News, April 30, 2001, pp. 22-23

8-01 Charles Ortloff, Computer Simulations Analyze Wave Damage to Offloading Vessels, Marine News, April 30, 2001, pp. 22-23

25-00 Faltinsen, O.A. and Rognebakke, O.F., Sloshing in Rectangular Tanks and Interaction with Ship Motions-Sloshing, Int. Conf. on Ship and Shipping Research NAV, Venice, Italy, 2000.

20-97   C.R. Ortloff, Numerical Test Tank Simulation of Ocean Engineering Problems by Computational Fluid Dynamics, Offshore Technology Conference Paper 8269B, Houston, TX, 1997

19-97   C.R. Ortloff and M. Krafft, Numerical Test Tanks-Computer Simulation-Test Verification of Major Ocean Engineering Problems for the Off-Shore Oil Industry, OTC 8269A, Offshore Technology Conference, Copyright 1997, Houston, Texas, May 1997

9-94 P. A. Chang, C-W Lin, CD-NSWC, Hydrodynamic Analysis of Oil Outflow from Double Hull Tankers, The Advanced Double-Hull Technical Symposium, Gaithersburg, MD, October 25-26, 1994.

8-90 C. W. Hirt, Computational Modeling of Cavitation, Flow Science report, July 1990, presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Performance Enhancement for Marine Applications, Newport, RI, October 14-16, 1990

10-87 H. W. Meldner, USA’s Revolutionary Appendages and CFD, CORDTRAN Corp. Report presented at AIAA and SNAME 17th Annual International Symposium on Sailing, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 1987

3-85 C. W. Hirt and J. M. Sicilian, A Porosity Technique for the Definition of Obstacles in Rectangular Cell Meshes, Fourth International Conference on Ship Hydrodynamics, Washington, DC, September 1985

Water & Environmental Bibliography

다음은 수자원 및 환경 분야에 대한 참고 문 기술 문서 모음입니다.
이 모든 논문은 FLOW-3D  해석 결과를 사용하였습니다. FLOW-3D  를 사용하여 수처리 및 환경 산업을 위한 응용 프로그램을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Water and Environmental Bibliography

2024년 11월 20일 Update

118-24 Lei Liao, Jia Li, Min Chen, Ruidong An, Effects of hydraulic cues in barrier environments on fish navigation downstream of dams, Journal of Environmental Management, 365; 121495, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121495

115-24 H. Liu, Y.G. Cheng, Z.Y. Yang, J. Zhang, J.Y. Fan, W.X. Li, Effect of uneven inflow on hydrodynamic performance of bulb turbine, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2752; 012032, 2024. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2752/1/012032

112-24 Jian Guo, Bowen Weng, Jiyi Wu, Investigation of the energy loss in cylindrical bridge piers scour depth prediction on sand-bed, Ocean Engineering, 309.1; 118513, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118513

110-24 Siyu Chen, Xiyen Liu, Junyao Tang, Ying Gao, Tianyou Zhang, Linhao Gu, Tao Ma, Can Chen, Study on the influence of design parameters of porous asphalt pavement on drainage performance, Journal of Hydrology, 638; 131514, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131514

108-24 Abubaker Sami Dheyab, Mustafa Günal, Experimental and numerical study for local scour around cylindrical bridge pier in non-cohesive sediment bed, 4th International Congress of Engineering and Natural Sciences (ICENSS), 2024.

106-24 P. Asabian, C.D. Rennie, N. Egsgard, Experimental and numerical investigation of the flow-structure of river surf waves, River Flow 2022, eds. Ana Maria Ferreira da Silva, Colin Rennie, Susan Gaskin, Jay Lacey, Bruce MacVicar, 2024.

105-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işık, Nizamettin Hamidi, An experimental and numerical investigation of hydraulic performance of in-channel triangular labyrinth weir for free overflow, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, pp. 1-10, 2024. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2024.2363224

103-24 Yazhou Wang, Jinrong Da, Yuchen Luo, Sirui He, Zuocong Tian, Ziyi Xue, Zehao Li, Xianyu Zhao, Desheng Yin, Hui Peng, Xiang Liu, Xiaoning Liu , Minimization of heavy metal adsorption in struvite through effective separation and manipulation of flow field, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 474; 134820, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134820

101-24 Davut Yilmaz, Tugce Basar, Arzu Ozkaya, Assessing the pressure variation in the plunge pool of Yusufeli dam, Dams and Reservoirs, 2024. doi.org/10.1680/jdare.2024.1

99-24 Azim Turan, High resolution flash flood forecasting by combining a hydrometeorological modeling system with a computational fluid dynamics model, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2024.

97-24 Umut Aykan, Numerical investigation of vortex formation at single and multiple symmetric horizontal intakes, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2024.

91-24 Di Wang, Xiaoyong Cheng, Zhixuan Cao, Jinyun Deng, Three-dimensional flow structure in a confluence-bifurcation unit, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 18.1; 2024. doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2024.2349076

86-24 M.Z. Qamar, M.K. Verma, A.P. Meshram, Physical and numerical modelling for settling efficiency of desilting chamber, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 30.3; 2024. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2024.2345338

85-24 Ruichen Xu, Duane C. Chapman, Caroline M. Elliott, Bruce C. Call, Robert B. Jacobson, Binbin Wang, Ecological inferences on invasive carp survival using hydrodynamics and egg drift models, Scientific Reports, 14; 9556, 2024. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60189-1

84-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işik, Experimental and numerical investigation of rectangular labyrinth weirs in an open channel, Water Management , 2024. doi.org/10.1680/jwama.22.00112

76-24 Chyan-Deng Jan, Litan Dey, Slump-flow channel test for evaluating the relations between spreading and rheological parameters of sediment mixtures, European Journal of Mechanics – B/Fluids, 106; pp. 137-147, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2024.04.005

74-24 Abhishek K. Pandey, Pranab K. Mohapatra, 3D numerical simulations of the bed evolution at an open-channel junction in flood conditions, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 150.3; 2024. doi.org/10.1061/JIDEDH.IRENG-10321

70-24 Jianing Rao, Qi Wei, Lian Tang, Yuanming Wang, Ruifeng Liang, Kefeng Li, A design of a nature-like fishway to solve the fractured river connectivity caused by small hydropower based on hydrodynamics and fish behaviors, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31; pp. 27883-27896, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33034-1

69-24 M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Ercan Işık, Determination of effective flow behaviors on discharge performance of trapezoidal labyrinth weirs using numerical and physical models, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 10; pp. 3763-3776, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-01996-3

62-24 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Estimating maximum initial wave amplitude of subaerial landslide tsunamis: A three-dimensional modelling approach, Ocean Modelling, 189; 102360, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102360

60-24 Mahdi Ebrahimi, Mirali Mohammadi, Sayed Mohammad Hadi Meshkati, Farhad Imanshoar, Embankment dams overtopping breach: A numerical investigation of hydraulic results, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01387-9

59-24 Behshad Mardasi, Rasoul Ilkhanipour Zeynali, Majid Heydari, Conducting experimental and numerical studies to analyze the impact of the base nose shape on flow hydraulics in PKW weir using FLOW-3D, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 9.4; pp. 88-113, 2024. doi.org/10.22055/JHS.2024.45888.1284

58-24 Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Alessandro Romano, Gabriel Barajas Ojeda, Javier L. Lara, Three-dimensional simulations of subaerial landslide-generated waves: Comparing OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D HYDRO models, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 181; pp. 1075-1093, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03443-x

56-24 Ali Poorkarimi, Khaled Mafakheri, Shahrzad Maleki, Effect of inlet and baffle position on the removal efficiency of sedimentation tank using FLOW-3D software, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 9.4; pp. 76-87, 2024. doi.org/10.22055/jhs.2024.44817.1265

55-24 P Sujith Nair, Aniruddha D. Ghare, Ankur Kapoor, An approach to hydraulic design of conical central baffle flumes, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 97; 102573, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102573

54-24 Isabelle Cheff, Julie Taylor, Andrew Mitchell, Kathleen Horita, Darren Shepherd, Steven Rintoul, Rob Millar, Evaluating uncertainty in debris flood modelling for the design of a steep built channel, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-20781, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-20781

53-24 Antonija Harasti, Gordon Gilja, Josip Vuco, Jelena Boban, Manousos Valyrakis, Temporal development of the scour hole next to the riprap sloping structure, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-10349, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-10349

52-24 Gordon Gilja, Antonija Harasti, Dea Delija, Iva Mejašić, Manousos Valyrakis, Change in flow field next to riprap sloping structure caused by variability of scoured bathymetry, EGU General Assembly, EGU24-10417, 2024. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-10417

49-24 Mehdi Hamidi, Mehran Sadeqlu, Ali Mahdian Khalili, Investigating the design and arrangement of dual submerged vanes as mitigation countermeasure of bridge pier scour depth using a numerical approach, Ocean Engineering, 299; 117270, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117270

48-24 Yingying Wang, Mouchao Lv, Wen’e Wang, Ming Meng, Discharge formula and hydraulics of rectangular side weirs in the small channel and field inlet, Water, 16.5; 713, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16050713

45-24 José Saldanha Matos, Filipa Ferreira, Lisbon Master Plans and nature-based solutions, Urban Green Spaces – New Perspectives for Urban Resilience, Eds. Cristina M. Monteiro, Cristina Santos, Cristina Matos, Ana Briga Sá. doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113870

44-24 Muhanad Al-Jubouri, Richard P. Ray, Enhancing pier local scour prediction in the presence of floating debris, Pollack Periodica, 2024. doi.org/10.1556/606.2023.00952

42-24 Huanquan Yang, Jiabao Ma, Xueying Liu, Numerical simulation research on energy dissipation characteristics of fish scale weir, ES3 Web of Conferences, 490; 03005, 2024. doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449003005

39-24 Henry-John Wright, Investigation of novel deflector shapes for uncontrolled spillways, Thesis, Stellenbosch University, 2024.

37-24 Filipe Romão, Ana L. Quaresma, Joana Simão, Francisco J. Bravo-Córdoba, Teresa Viseu, José M. Santos, Francisco J. Sanz-Ronda, António N. Pi, Debating the rules: an experimental approach to assess cyprinid passage performance thresholds in vertical slot fishways, Water, 16.3; 439, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16030439

36-24 Berkay Erat, Efe Barbaros, Kerem Taştan, Experimental and numerical investigation on flow and scour upstream of pipe intake structures, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49; pp. 5973-5987, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08539-5

31-24 Mahmoud T. Ghonim, Ashraf Jatwary, Magdy H. Mowafy, Martina Zelenakova, Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, H. Omara, Hazem M. Eldeeb, Estimating the peak outflow and maximum erosion rate during the breach of embankment dam, Water, 16.3; 399, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16030399

30-24 Deli Qiu, Jiangdong Xu, Hai Lin, Numerical analysis of the overtopping failure of the tailings dam model based on inception similarity optimization, Applied Sciences, 14.3; 990, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/app14030990

29-24 Tino Kostić, Yuanjie Ren, Stephan Theobald, 3D-CFD analysis of bedload transport in channel bifurcations, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 26.2; 480, 2024. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2024.175

28-24 Chenhao Zhang, Xin Li, Renyu Zhou, Bernard A. Engel, Yubao Wang, Hydraulic characteristics and flow measurement performance of portable primary and subsidiary fish-shaped flumes in U-shaped channels, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 96; 102539, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2024.102539

23-24   Arash Ahmadi, Amir H. Azimi, Effects of ramp slope and discharge on hydraulic performance of submerged hump weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 96; 102520, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102520

20-24   Parisa Mirkhorli, Amir Ghaderi, Forough Alizadeh Sanami, Mirali Mohammadi, Alban Kuriqi, An investigation on hydraulic aspects of rectangular labyrinth pool and weir fishway using FLOW-3D, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08537-7

17-24   Veysi Kartal, M. Emin Emiroglu, Numerical simulation of the flow passing through the side weir-gate, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 95; 102519, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102519

16-24   Junqi Chen, Wen Zhang, Chen Cao, Han Yin, Jia Wang, Wankun Li, Yanhao Zheng, The effect of the check dam on the sediment transport and control in debris flow events, Engineering Geology, 329; 107397, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2023.107397

15-24   Jingxin Mao, Yijun Wang, Hao Zhang, Xiaofei Jing, Study on the influence of urban water supply pipeline leakage on the scouring failure law of cohesive soil subgrade, Water, 16.1; 93, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010093

13-24   Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Alessandro Romano, Gabriel Barajas Ojeda, Javier L. Lara, Three-dimensional simulations of subaerial landslide-generated wave: comparing OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D HYDRO models, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03443-x

12-24   Damoon Mohammad Ali Nezhadian, Hossein Hamidifar, Effects of floating debris on flow characteristics around slotted bridge piers: a numerical simulation, Water, 16.1; 90, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010090

10-24   Zhong Gao, Jinpeng Liu, Wen He, Bokai Lu, Manman Wang, Zikai Tang, Study of a tailings dam failure pattern and post-failure effects under flooding conditions, Water, 16.1; 68, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/w16010068

9-24   Yilin Yang, Jinzhao Li, Waner Zou, Benshuang Chen, Numerical investigation of flow and scour around complex bridge piers in wind-wave-current conditions, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12.1; 23, 2024. doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010023

7-24   Penfeng Li, Haixiao Jing, Guodong Li, Generation and prediction of water waves induced by rigid piston-like landslide, Natural Hazards, 120; pp. 2683-2704, 2024. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06300-7

6-24   Jie-yuan Zhang, Xing-Guo Yang, Gang Fan, Hai-bo Li, Jia-wen Zhou, Physical and numerical modeling of a landslide dam breach and flood routing process, Journal of Hydrology, 628; 130552, 2024. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130552

241-23 Kamyab Habibi, Farinaz Erfani Fard, Seyed Amin Asghari Pari, Investigation of the flow field around bridge piers on a non-eroding bed using FLOW-3D, 22nd Iranian Conference on Hydraulics, 2023.

240-23 Dong Hyun Kim, Su-Hyun Yang, Sung Sik Joo, Seung Oh Lee, Analysis of flow velocity in the channel according to the type of revetments blocks using 3D numerical model, Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security, 16.4; pp. 9-18, 2023.

238-23 Mohamed Elberry, Abdelazim Ali, Fahmy Abdelhaleem, Amir Ibrahim, Numerical investigations of stilling basin efficiency downstream radial gates – A case study of New Assuit Barrage, Egypt, Journal of Water and Land Development, 59 (X-XII); pp. 126-134, 2023. doi.org/10.24425/jwld.2023.147237

237-23 Oğuzhan Uluyurt, Numerical investigation of energy dissipation using macro roughness elements in a stilling basin, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2023.

236-23   Mohamed Galal Eltarabily, Mohamed Kamel Elshaarawy, Mohamed Elkiki, Tarek Selim, Computational fluid dynamics and artificial neural networks for modelling lined irrigation canals with low-density polyethylene and cement concrete liners, Irrigation and Drainage, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/ird.2911

234-23   Saman Baharvand, Babak Lashkar-Ara, Hydrodynamic and biological assessment of modified meander C-type fishway to pass rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish species, Scientia Iranica, 2023.

232-23   Chung R. Song, Richard L. Wood, Basil Abualshar, Bashar Al-Nimri, Mark O’Brien, Mitra Nasimi, Erosion resistant rock shoulder, Nebraska Department of Transportation, Final Report SPR-P1(20), 2023.

230-23   Rongzhao Zhang, Wen Xiong, Xiaolong Ma, C.S. Cai, A forensic investigation of progressive bridge collapse under floods and asymmetric scour validated by incident video footages, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2023.2290701

229-23   Vivek Sharma Jai, Hydraulic simulation and numerical investigation of the flow in the stepped spillway with the help of FLOW-3D software, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 8; 2023. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8076943

228-23   Hao Chen, Yang Tang, Jinyuan Li, Faxin Zhu, Xianbin Teng, The influence of impinging distance variable on the effect of submerged jet scour, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2660; 012004, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2660/1/012004

225-23   Kyle Thomson, Towards safer bridges: Overcoming 2D model limitations and reducing flood risks through computational fluid dynamics, IPWEA Annual Conference Gold Coast, 2023.

223-23   Chong-xun Wang, Jia-wen Zhou, Chang-bing Zhang, Yu-xiang Hu, Hao Chen, Hai-bo Li, Failure mechanism analysis and mass movement assessment of a post‑earthquake high slope, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16; 683, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11737-y

222-23   Alaa Ghzayel, Anthony Beaudoin, Sébastien Jarny, Three-dimensional numerical study of a local scour downstream of a submerged sluice gate using two hydro-morphodynamic models, SedFoam and FLOW-3D, Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, 351.G2; pp. 525-550, 2023. doi.org/10.5802/crmeca.223

221-23   Othon José Rocha, Luiz Renato Martini Filho, Caio Gripp Benevente, Letícia Imbuzeiro, Modelagem CFD-3D aplicada ao setor de mineração (3D CFD modeling applied to the mining sector), 34th Seminario Nacional de Grandes Barragens, 2023.

220-23   Gaetano Crispino, David Dorthe, Corrado Gisonni, Michael Pfister, Optimal hydraulic design of supercritical bend manholes, Proceedings of the 40th IAHR World Congress, Eds. Helmut Habersack, Michael Tritthart, Lisa Waldenberger, 2023. doi.org/10.3850/978-90-833476-1-5_iahr40wc-p0090-cd

218-23   Arun Goel, Aditya Thakare, M.K. Verma, M.Z. Qamar, Evaluation of design approaches of desilting basins for hydroelectric projects in Himalayan region, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 30.1; pp. 122-131, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2023.2283593

215-23   Ahmed Ashour, Emam Salah, Numerical study of energy dissipation in baffled stepped spillway using FLOW-3D, International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 6.11; 2023.

214-23   Farshid Mosaddeghi, Mete Koken, Ismail Aydin, Finite volume analysis of dam breaking subjected to earthquake accelerations, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 61.6; pp. 845-865, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2023.2259858

213-23   Habib Ahmari, Ashish Bhurtyal, Srinivas Prabakar, Qazi Ashique Mowla, Saman Baharvand, Hassan Alsaud, Laboratory testing of engineered media for biofiltration swales, University of Texas Arlington, Project No. TRN6835 Final Report, 2023.

209-23   Cong Trieu Tran, Cong Ty Trinh, Prediction of the vortex evolution and influence analysis of rough bed in a hydraulic jump with the Omega-Liutex method, Tehnički Vjesnik, 30.6; 2023. doi.org/10.17559/TV-20230206000327

203-23   Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali, Kaleem Sarwar, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad Taimoor Mustafa, Faizan Ahmed Waris, Numerical investigation of hydraulic jumps with USBR and wedge-shaped baffle block basins for lower tailwater, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.11; 2081, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.261

201-23   E.F.R. Bollaert, Digital cloud-based platform to predict rock scour at high-head dams, Role of Dams and Reservoirs in a Successful Energy Transition, Eds. Robert Boes, Patrice Droz, Raphael Leroy, 2023. doi.org/10.1201/9781003440420

200-23   Iacopo Vona, Oysters’ integration on submerged breakwaters as nature-based solution for coastal protection within estuarine environments, Thesis, University of Maryland, 2023.

198-23   Hao Chen, Xianbin Teng, Zhibin Zhang, Faxin Zhu, Jie Wang, Zhaohao Zhang, Numerical analysis of the influence of the impinging distance on the scouring efficiency of submerged jets, Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, 20.2; pp. 429-445, 2023. doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2023.030585

193-23   Chen Peng, Liuweikai Gu, Qiming Zhong, Numerical simulation of dam failure process based on FLOW-3D, Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, pp. 545-550, 2023. doi.org/10.3233/ATDE230245

189-23   Rebecca G. Englert, Age J. Vellinga, Matthieu J.B. Cartigny, Michael A. Clare, Joris T. Eggenhuisen, Stephen M. Hubbard, Controls on upstream-migrating bed forms in sandy submarine channels, Geology, 51.12; PP. 1137-1142, 2023. doi.org/10.1130/G51385.1

187-23   J.W. Kim, S.B. Woo, A numerical approach to the treatment of submerged water exchange processes through the sluice gates of a tidal power plant, Renewable Energy, 219.1; 119408, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119408

186-23   Chan Jin Jeong, Hyung Jun Park, Hyung Suk Kim, Seung Oh Lee, Study on fish-friendly flow characteristic in stepped fishway, Proceedings of the Korean Water Resources Association Conference, 2023. (In Korean)

185-23   Jaehwan Yoo, Sedong Jang, Byunghyun Kim, Analysis of coastal city flooding in 2D and 3D considering extreme conditions and climate change, Proceedings of the Korean Water Resources Association Conference, 2023. (In Korean)

180-23   Prathyush Nallamothu, Jonathan Gregory, Jordan Leh, Daniel P. Zielinski, Jesse L. Eickholt, Semi-automated inquiry of fish launch angle and speed for hazard analysis, Fishes, 8.10; 476, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100476

179-23   Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Veli Sume, Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Upstream vortices of a sluice gate: an experimental and numerical study, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.10; 1906, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.269

178-23   Bai Hao Li, How Tion Puay, Muhammad Azfar Bin Hamidi, Influence of spur dike’s angle on sand bar formation in a rectangular channel, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1238; 012027, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012027

177-23   Hao Zhe Khor, How Tion Puay, Influence of gate lip angle on downpull forces for vertical lift gates, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1238; 012019, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012019

175-23   Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Rafael García-Bartual, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, Francisco José Vallés-Morán, Numerical modeling of hydraulic jumps at negative steps to improve energy dissipation in stilling basins, Applied Water Science, 13.203; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01985-4

174-23   Ahintha Kandamby, Dusty Myers, Narrows bypass chute CFD analysis, Dam Safety, 2023.

173-23   H. Jalili, R.C. Mahon, M.F. Martinez, J.W. Nicklow, Sediment sluicing from the reservoirs with high efficiency, SEDHYD, 2023.

170-23   Ramith Fernando, Gangfu Zhang, Beyond 2D: Unravelling bridge hydraulics with CFD modelling, 24th Queensland Water Symposium, 2023.

169-23   K. Licht, G. Lončar, H. Posavčić, I. Halkijević, Short-time numerical simulation of ultrasonically assisted electrochemical removal of strontium from water, 18th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (CEST), 2023.

166-23   Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Wawan Septiawan Damanik, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Understanding the stability of passenger vehicles exposed to water flows through 3D CFD modelling, Sustainability, 15.17; 13262, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su151713262

165-23   Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Wawan Septiawan Damanik, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, 3-dimensional numerical study on the critical orientation of the flooded passenger vehicles, Engineering Letters, 31.3; 2023.

159-23 Ruosi Zha, Weiwen Zhao, Decheng Wan, Numerical study of wave-ice floe interactions and overwash by a meshfree particle method, Ocean Engineering, 286.2; 115681, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115681

157-23 Hamidreza Abbaszadeh, Kiyoumars Roushangar, Zahra Salahpour, Theoretical and numerical investigation of the sluice and radial gates discharge coefficient in the conditions of sill application, Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2023.

155-23 Ting Zhang, Qunwei Dai, Dejun An, R. Agustin Mors, Qiongfang Li, Ricardo A. Astini, Jingwen He, Jie Cui, Ruiyang Jiang, Faqin Dong, Zheng Dang, Effective mechanisms in the formation of pool-rimstone dams in continental carbonate systems: The case study of Huanglong, China, Sedimentary Geology, 455; 106486, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2023.106486

153-23 Jyh-Haw Tang, Aisyah Puspasari, Numerical simulation of scouring around four cylindrical piles with different inclination angles arrangements, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology (ICATECH), 1; pp. 139-145, 2023. doi.org/10.5220/0012115500003680

152-23 Yasser El-Saie, Osama Saleh, Marihan El-Sayed, Abdelazim Ali, Eslam El-Tohamy, Yasser Mohamed Sadek, Dissipation of water energy by using a special stilling basin via three-dimensional numerical model, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 17; 2023.

150-23 Shelby J. Koldewyn, Using computational fluid dynamics for predicting hydraulic performance of arced labyrinth weirs, Thesis, Utah State University, 2023.

146-23 Lav Kumar Gupta, Manish Pandey, P. Anand Raj, Numerical modeling of scour and erosion processes around spur dike, CLEAN Soil Air Water, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/clen.202300135

145-23 Nariman Mehranfar, Morteza Kolahdoozan, Shervin Faghihirad, Development of multiphase solver for the modeling of turbidity currents (the case study of Dez Dam), International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 168; 104586, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104586

143-23 Fei Ma, Lei You, Jin Liu, Estimation in jet deflection angle of deflector on the chutes, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2023.2241416

142-23 Ali Emre Ulu, M. Cihan Aydin, Fevzi Önen, Energy dissipation potentials of grouped spur dikes in an open channel, Water Resources Management, 37; pp. 4491-4506, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03571-4

141-23 Haofei Feng, Shengtao Du, David Z. Zhu, Numerical study of effects of flushing gate height and sediment bed properties on cleaning efficiency in a simplified self-cleaning device, Water Science & Technology, 88.3; pp. 542-555, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/wst.2023.245

140-23 Brian Fox, 3D CFD modeling with FLOW-3D HYDRO, Proceedings, SEDHYD, 2023.

139-23 Masoumeh (Negar) Ghahramani, Improved empirical and numerical predictive modelling of potential tailings dam breaches and their downstream impacts, Thesis, The University of British Columbia, 2023.

138-23 Rui-Tao Yin, Bing Zhu, Shuai-Wei Yuan, Jun-Nan Li, Zhen-Yu Yang, Zhi-Ying Yang, Dynamic analyses of long-span cable-stayed and suspension cooperative system bridge under combined actions of wind and regular wave loads, Applied Ocean Research, 138; 103683, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2023.103683

137-23 Xuefeng Chen, Shikang Liu, Yuanming Wang, Yuetong Hao, Kefeng Li, Hongtao Wang, Ruifeng Liang, Restoration of a fish-attracting flow field downstream of a dam based on the swimming ability of endemic fishes: A case study in the upper Yangtze River basin, Journal of Environmental Management, 345; 118694, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118694

135-23 Nelson Cely Calixto, Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano, Alberto Galvis Castaño, Gustavo Carrillo Soto, Analysis of a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for predicting scour processes in longitudinal walls of granular bedding rivers, EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 4; 2023. doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002682

134-23 Tarek Selim, Abdelrahman Kamal Hamed, Mohamed Elkiki, Mohamed Galal Eltarabily, Numerical investigation of flow characteristics and energy dissipation over piano key and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs under free-flow conditions, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01844-w

132-23 Gang Lei, Hongbao Huang, Xiongan Fan, Junan Su, Qingxiang Wang, Xiaoliang Wang, Kai Peng, Jianmin Zhang, Influence of the transition section shape on the cavitation characteristics of the bottom outlet, Water Supply, 23.8; pp. 3061-3077, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.181

129-23 Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, John Patrick Abraham, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Behnaz Akhondi, Maryam Abar, Determination of flow characteristics over sharp-crested triangular plan form weirs using numerical simulation, Water Science, 37.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2023.2236384

124-23 Imad Habeeb Obead, Ahmed Rahim Sahib, Mathematical models for simulating the hydraulic behavior of flow deflectors: laboratory and CFD-based study, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8; 213, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01170-1

120-23 Kwang-Su Kim, Jong-Song Jo, Improving the power output estimation for a tidal power plant: a case study, Energy, 2023. doi.org/10.1680/jener.23.00007

119-23 Hanif Pourshahbaz, Tadros Ghobrial, Ahmad Shakibaeinia, Evaluating a CFD model for three-dimensional simulation of ice structure interaction, CGU HS Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE), 22nd Workshop on the Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers, 2023.

118-23 Sruthi T. Kalathil, Venu Chandra, Experimental and numerical investigation on the hydraulic design criteria for a step-pool nature-like fishway, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1177/03091333231187619

117-23 Lav Kumar Gupta, Manish Pandey, P. Anand Raj, Numerical simulation of local scour around the pier with and without airfoil collar (AFC) using FLOW-3D, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-023-09932-2

116-23 Paolo Peruzzo, Matteo Cappozzo, Nicola Durighetto, Gianluca Botter, Local processes with a global impact: unraveling the dynamics of gas evasion in a step-and-pool configuration, Biogeosciences, 20; pp. 3261-3271, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3261-2023

114-23 Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Numerical investigation of hydraulic jump for different stilling basins using FLOW-3D, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.7; pp. 1320-1343, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.290

112-23 J. Chandrashekhar Iyer, E.J. James, Indispensability of model studies in the design of settling basins of hydropower projects in river basins with high sediment yield, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, pp. 367-381, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9151-6_30

110-23 Ehsan Afaridegan, Nosratollah Amanian, Abbas Parsaie, Amin Gharehbaghi, Hydraulic investigation of modified semi-cylindrical weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 93; 102405, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102405

103-23 Jin Yang, Weqiang Su, Binhua Li, Calculation of natural alluvial separation of sandy tailings slurry based on FLOW-3D, Mechanics in Engineering, 45.3; pp. 559-564, 2023.

101-23 Tutku Ezgi Yönter, Modeling of river flow and flow dynamics near junctions, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, 2023.

99-23 Mohammad Sadeghpour, Mohammad Vaghefi, Seyed Hamed Meraji, Artificial roughness dimensions and their influence on bed topography variations downstream of a culvert: An experimental study, Water Resources Management, 37; pp. 4143-4157, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03543-8

98-23 M. Aksel, Numerical analysis of the flow structure around inclined solid cylinder and its effect on bed shear stress distribution, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 16.8; pp. 1627-1639, 2023. doi.org/10.47176/jafm.16.08.1697

96-23 Waqed H. Hassan, Nidaa Ali Shabat, Numerical investigation of the optimum angle for open channel junction, Civil Engineering Journal, 9.5; 2023. doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-07

94-23 Emad Khanahmadi, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Seyed Nasrollah Alenabi, Navid Dehghani, Edward Barry, Hydraulic of curved type-B piano key weirs characteristics under free flow conditions, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01790-7

93-23 Laura-Louise Alicke, Improved priming of a siphon spillway with the use of a flexible membrane researched through numerical modeling, Thesis, Idaho State University, 2023.

91-23 Wahidullah Hakim Safi, Pranab K. Mohapatra, Flow past: An artificial channel confluence with mobile bed, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, 2023. doi.org/10.1061/9780784484852.023

86-23 Ghasem Aghashirmohammadi, Mohammad Heidarnejad, Mohammad Hossein Purmohammadi, Alireza Masjedi, Experimental and numerical study the effect of flow splitters on trapezoidal and triangular labyrinth weirs, Water Science, 37.1; 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2023.2210391

84-23 Nikolaos Xafoulis, Evangelia Farsirotou, Spyridon Kotsopoulos, Three-dimensional computational flow dynamics analysis of free-surface flow in a converging channel, Energy Systems, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s12667-023-00575-2

83-23 Navid Zarrabi, Mohammad Navid Moghim, Mohammad Reza Eftakhar, A semi-analytical study of fiber reinforced concrete abrasion-erosion through water-borne sand-jet flow in hydraulic structures, Tribology International, 185; 108568, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108568

82-23 Somayyeh Saffar, Abbas Safaei, Farnoush Aghaee Daneshvar, Mohsen Solimani Babarsad, FLOW-3D numerical modeling of converged side weir, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-023-01077-y

79-23 Wangshu Wei, Optimization of the mixing in a produced water storage tank using CFD, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Eds. Sajjad Ahmad, Regan Murray, 2023. doi.org/10.1061/9780784484852

77-23   Paolo Peruzzo, Matteo Cappozzo, Nicola Durighetto, Gianluca Botter, Local processes with global impact: unraveling the dynamics of gas evasion in a step-and-pool configuration, Biogeosciences, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-68

74-23   Kaywan Othman Ahmed, Nazim Nariman, Dara Muhammad Hawez, Ozgur Kisi, Ata Amini, Predicting and optimizing the influenced parameters for culvert outlet scouring utilizing coupled FLOW 3D-surrogate modeling, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 47; pp. 1763-1776, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-023-01096-9

73-23   Ashkan Pilbala, Mahmood Shafai Bejestan, Seyed Mohsen Sajjadi, Luigi Fraccarollo, Investigation of the different models of elliptical-Lopac gate performance under submerged flow conditions, Water Resources Management, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03512-1

69-23   Chonoor Abdi Chooplou, Masoud Ghodsian, Davoud Abediakbar, Aram Ghafouri, An experimental and numerical study on the flow field and scour downstream of rectangular piano key weirs with crest indentations, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8; 140, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01108-7

68-23   Mahmood Shafai Bajestan, Mostafa Adineh, Hesam Ghodousi, Numerical modeling of sediment washing (flushing) in dams (Case study of Sefidrood dam), Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 2023.

65-23   Charles R. Ortloff, CFD investigations of water supply and distribution systems of ancient old and new world archaeological sites to recover ancient water engineering technologies, Water, 15.7; 1363, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/w15071363

63-23   Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Alban Kuriqi, Effect of geometric shapes of chimney weir on discharge coefficient, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2023.2192977

59-23   Hongbo Mi, Chuan Wang, Xuanwen Jia, Bo Hu, Hongliang Wang, Hui Wang, Yong Zhu, Hydraulic characteristics of continuous submerged jet impinging on a wall by using numerical simulation and PIV experiment, Sustainability, 15.6; 5159, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15065159

58-23   O.P. Maurya, K.K. Nandi, S. Modalavalasa, S. Dutta, Flow hydrodynamics influences due to flood plain sand mining in a meandering channel, Sustainable Environment (NERC 2022), Eds. D. Deka, S.K. Majumder, M.K., Purkait, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8464-8_16

57-23   Harshvardhan Harshvardhan, Deo Raj Kaushal, CFD modelling of local scour and flow field around isolated and in-line bridge piers using FLOW-3D, EGU General Assembly, EGU23-3820, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-3820

54-23   Reza Nematzadeh, Gholam-Abbas Barani, Ehsan Fadaei-Kermani, Numerical investigation of bed-load changes on sediment flushing cavity, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, 4; 2023. doi.org/10.22055/jhs.2023.42542.1237

53-23   Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Alban Kuriqi, Influence of sill integration in labyrinth sluice gate hydraulic performance, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 8.118; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01083-z

52-23   Shu Jiang, Yutong Hua, Mengxing He, Ying-Tien Lin, Biyun Sheng, Effect of a circular cylinder on hydrodynamic characteristics over a strongly curved channel, Sustainability, 15.6; 4890, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15064890

51-23   Ehsan Aminvash, Kiyoumars Roushangar, Numerical investigation of the effect of the frontal slope of simple and blocky stepped spillway with sem-circular crest on its hydraulic parameters, Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 17.1; pp. 102-116, 2023.

50-23   Shizhuang Chen, Anchi Shi, Weiya Xu, Long Yan, Huanling Wang, Lei Tian, Wei-Chau Xie, Numerical investigation of landslide-induced waves: a case study of Wangjiashan landslide in Baihetan Reservoir, China, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 82.110; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03148-w

49-23   Jiří Procházka, Modelling flow distribution in inlet galleries, VTEI, 1; 2023. doi.org/10.46555/VTEI.2022.11.002

47-23   M. Cihan Aydin, Ali Emre Ulu, Numerical investigation of labyrinth‑shaft spillway, Applied Water Science, 13.89; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01896-4

46-23   Guangwei Lu, Jinxin Liu, Zhixian Cao, Youwei Li, Xueting Lei, Ying Li, A computational study of 3D flow structure in two consecutive bends subject to the influence of tributary inflow in the middle Yangtze River, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 17.1; 2183901, 2023. doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2023.2183901

44-23   Xun Huang, Zhijian Zhang, Guoping Xiang, Sensitivity analysis of a built environment exposed to the synthetic monophasic viscous debris flow impacts with 3-D numerical simulations, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 23; pp. 871-889, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-871-2023

43-23   Yisheng Zhang, Jiangfei Wang, Qi Zhou, Haisong Li, Wei Tang, Investigation of the reduction of sediment deposition and river flow resistance around dimpled surface piers, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26034-0

41-23   Nejib Hassen Abdullahi, Zulfequar Ahmad, Experimental and CFD studies on the flow field and bed morphology in the vicinity of a sediment mining pit, EGU General Assembly, 2023. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-446

40-23   Seonghyeon Ju, Jongchan Yi, Junho Lee, Jiyoon Kim, Chaehwi Lim, Jihoon Lee, Kyungtae Kim, Yeojoon Yoon, High-efficiency microplastic sampling device improved using CFD analysis, Sustainability, 15.5; 3907, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15053907

37-23   Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Hydraulic investigation of stilling basins of the barrage before and after remodelling using FLOW-3D, Water Supply, 23.2; pp. 796-820, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.032

35-23   Mehmet Cihan, Ali Emre Ulu, Developing and testing a novel pressure-controlled hydraulic profile for siphon-shaft spillways, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 90; 102332, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2023.102332

28-23   Yuhan Li, Deshen Chen, Yan Zhang, Hongliang Qian, Jiangyang Pan, Yinghan Huang, Boo Cheong Khoo, Thermal structure and hydrodynamic analysis for a new type of flexible temperature-control curtain, Journal of Hydrology, 618; 129170, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129170

22-23   Rong Lu, Wei Jiang, Jingjing Xiao, Dongdong Yuan, Yupeng Li, Yukai Hou, Congcong Liu, Evaluation of moisture migration characteristics of permeable asphalt pavement: Field research, Journal of Environmental Management, 330; 117176, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117176

18-23   Thu Hien-T. Le, Van Chien Nguyen, Cong Phuc Dang, Thanh Thin-T. Nguyen, Bach Quynh-T. Pham, Ngoc Thoa Le, Numerical assessment on hydraulic safety of existing conveyance structures, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01685-z

17-23   Meysam Nouri, Parveen Sihag, Ozgur Kisi, Mohammad Hemmati, Shamsuddin Shahid, Rana Muhammad Adnan, Prediction of the discharge coefficient in compound broad-crested weir gate by supervised data mining techniques, Sustainability, 15.1; 433, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su15010433

16-23   Mohammad Bananmah, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Mehrdad Ghorbani Mooselu, Amir H. Gandomi, Optimum design of the chute-flip bucket system using evolutionary algorithms considering conflicts between decision-makers, Expert Systems with Applications, 216; 119480, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.119480

13-23   Xiaoyu Yi, Wenkai Feng, Botao Li, Baoguo Yin, Xiujun Dong, Chunlei Xin, Mingtang Wu, Deformation characteristics, mechanisms, and potential impulse wave assessment of the Wulipo landslide in the Baihetan reservoir region, China, Landslides, 20; pp. 615-628, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-02010-6

11-23 Şebnem Elçi, Oğuz Hazar, Nisa Bahadıroğlu, Derya Karakaya, Aslı Bor, Destratification of thermally stratified water columns by air diffusers, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 46; pp. 44-59, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.12.001

7-23 Shikang Liu, Yuxiang Jian, Pengcheng Li, Ruifeng Liang, Xuefeng Chen, Yunong Qin, Yuanming Wang, Kefeng Li, Optimization schemes to significantly improve the upstream migration of fish: A case study in the lower Yangtze River basin, Ecological Engineering, 186; 106838, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106838

6-23 Maryam Shahabi, Javad Ahadiyan, Mehdi Ghomeshi, Marjan Narimousa, Christos Katopodis, Numerical study of the effect of a V-shaped weir on turbulence characteristics and velocity in V-weir fishways, River Research and Applications, 2023. doi.org/10.1002/rra.4064

5-23 Muhammad Nur Aiman Bin Roslan, Hee Min Teh, Faris Ali Hamood Al-Towayti, Numerical simulations of wave diffraction around a low-crested semicircular breakwater, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 421-433, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_34

4-23 V.K. Krishnasamy, M.H. Jamal, M.R. Haniffah, Modelling of wave runup and overtopping over Accropode II breakwater, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 435-444, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_35

3-23 Anas S. Ghamam, Mohammed A. Abohatem, Mohd Ridza Bin Mohd Haniffah, Ilya K. Othman, The relationship between flow and pressure head of partially submerged orifice through CFD modelling using Flow-3D, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 235-250, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_20

2-23 M.Y. Zainab, A.L.S. Zebedee, A.W. Ahmad Khairi, I. Zulhilmi, A. Shahabuddin, Modelling of an embankment failure using Flow-3D, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Water Resources (ICWR), Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 293.1; pp. 273-282, 2023. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5947-9_23

1-23 Gaetano Crispino, David Dorthe, Corrado Gisonni, Michael Pfister, Hydraulic capacity of bend manholes for supercritical flow, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 149.2; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/JIDEDH.IRENG-10014

178-22 Greg Collecutt, Urs Baeumer, Shuang Gao, Bill Syme, Bridge deck afflux modelling — benchmarking of CFD and SWE codes to real-world data, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

177-22 Kyle Thomson, Mitchell Redenbach, Understanding cone fishway flow regimes with CFD, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

176-22 Kyle Thomson, Practical application of CFD for fish passage design, Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 2022.

173-22 Melquisedec Cortés Zambrano, Helmer Edgardo Monroy González, Wilson Enrique Amaya Tequia, Three-dimensional numerical evaluation of hydraulic efficiency and discharge coefficient in grate inlets, Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 78.4; 2022. doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.4.31243

168-22 Mohammad Javadi Rad, Pedram Eshaghieh Firoozbadi, Fatemeh Rostami, Numerical investigation of the effect dimensions of rectangular sedimentation tanks on its hydraulic efficiency using Flow-3D Software, Acta Technica Jaurinensis, 15.4; 2022. doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00672

165-22 Saman Mostafazadeh-Fard, Zohrab Samani, Dissipating culvert end design for erosion control using CFD platform FLOW-3D numerical simulation modeling, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 14.1; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/JPSEA2.PSENG-1373

164-22 Mohammad Ahmadi, Alban Kuriqi, Hossein Mohammad Nezhad, Amir Ghaderi, Mirali Mohammadi, Innovative configuration of vertical slot fishway to enhance fish swimming conditions, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 34; pp. 917-933, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-022-0071-y

160-22 Serife Yurdagul Kumcu, Kamil Ispir, Experimental and numerical modeling of various energy dissipator designs in chute channels, Applied Water Science, 12; 266, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01792-3

154-22 Usama Majeed, Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Numerical analysis of energy dissipator options using computational fluid dynamics modeling — a case study of Mirani Dam, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 1614, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10888-8

151-22 Meibao Chen, Xiaofei Jing, Xiaohua Liu, Xuewei Huang, Wen Nie, Multiscale investigations of overtopping erosion in reinforced tailings dam induced by mud-water mixture overflow, Geofluids, 7209176, 2022. doi.org/10.1155/2022/7209176

150-22   Daniel Damov, Francis Lepage, Michel Tremblay, Arian Cueto Bergner, Marc Villaneuve, Frank Scarcelli, Gord McPhail, Calabogie GS redevelopment—Capacity upgrade and hydraulic design, CDA Annual Conference, Proceedings, 2022.

147-22   Hien T.T. Le, Chien Van Nguyen, Duc-Hau Le, Numerical study of sediment scour at meander flume outlet of boxed culvert diversion work, PLoS One, 17.9; e0275347, 2022. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275347

140-22   Jackson Tellez-Alvarez, Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Numerical simulation of the hydraulic behavior of stepped stairs in a metro station, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Eds. P. Gourbesville, G. Caignaert, pp. 1001-1009, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1600-7_62

139-22   Juan Yu, Keyao Liu, Anbin Li, Mingfei Yang, Xiaodong Gao, Xining Zhao, Yaohui Cai, The effect of plug height and inflow rate on water flow characteristics in furrow irrigation, Agronomy, 12; 2225, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092225

138-22   Nejib Hassen Abdullahi, Zulfequar Ahmad, Flow and morphological characteristics in mining pits of a river through numerical and experimental modeling, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01530-3

137-22   Romain N.H.M. Van Mol, Christian Mörtl, Azin Amini, Sofia Siachou, Anton Schleiss, Giovanni De Cesare, Plunge pool scour and bank erosion: assessment of protection measures for Ilarion dam by physical and numerical modelling, HYDRO 2022, Proceedings, 27.02, 2022.

136-22   Yong Cheng, Yude Song, Chunye Liu, Wene Wang, Xiaotao Hu, Numerical simulation research on the diversion characteristics of a trapezoidal channel, Water, 14.17; 2706, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14172706

135-22   Zegao Yin, Yao Li, Jiahao Li, Zihan Zheng, Zihan Ni, Fuxiang Zheng, Experimental and numerical study on hydrodynamic characteristics of a breakwater with inclined perforated slots under regular waves, Ocean Engineering, 264; 112190, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.112190

133-22   Azin Amini, Martin Wickenhauser, Azad Koliji, Three-dimensional numerical modelling of Al-Salam storm water pumping station in Saudi Arabia, 39th IAHR World Congress, 2022. doi.org/10.3850/IAHR-39WC2521716X20221013

131-22   Alireza Koshkonesh, Mohammad Daliri, Khuram Riaz, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Silvia Di Francesco, Dam-break flow dynamics over a stepped channel with vegetation, Journal of Hydrology, 613.A; 128395, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128395

129-22   Leona Repnik, Samuel Vorlet, Mona Seyfeddine, Asin Amini, Romain Dubuis, Giovanni De Cesare, Pierre Bourqui, Pierre-Adil Abdelmoula, Underground flow section modification below the new M3 Flon Metro station in Lausanne, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Eds. P. Gourbesville, G. Caignaert, pp. 979-999, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1600-7_61

127-22   Qin Panpan, Huang Bolin, Li Bin, Chen Xiaoting, Jiang Xiannian, Hazard analysis of landslide blocking a river in Guang’an Village, Wuxi County, Chongqing, China, Landslides, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01943-2

124-22   Vaishali P. Gadhe, S.R. Patnaik, M.R. Bhajantri, V.V. Bhosekar, Physical and numerical modeling of flow pattern near upstream guide wall of Jigaon Dam spillway, Maharashtra, River and Coastal Engineering, Water Science and Technology Library 117; pp. 237-247, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05057-2_21

123-22   M.Z. Qamar, M.K. Verma, A.P. Meshram, Neena Isaac, Numerical simulation of desilting chamber using Flow 3D, River and Coastal Engineering, Water Science and Technology Library 117; pp. 177-186, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05057-2_16

122-22   Abbas Parsaie, Saleh Jaafer Suleiman Shareef, Amir Hamzeh Haghiabi, Raad Hoobi Irzooki, Rasul M. Khalaf, Numerical simulation of flow on circular crested stepped spillway, Applied Water Science, 12; 215, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01737-w

121-22   Kazuki Kikuchi, Hajime Naruse, Morphological function of trace fossil Paleodictyon: An approach from fluid simulation, Paleontological Research, 26.4; pp. 378-389, 2022. doi.org/10.2517/PR210001

120-22   Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Huali Pan, Guoqiang Ou, Numerical investigation of pressure profiles and energy dissipation across the stepped spillway having curved treads using FLOW 3D, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 1363, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10505-8

116-22   Ayşegül Özgenç Aksoy, Mustafa Doğan, Semire Oğuzhan Güven, Görkem Tanır, Mehmet Şükrü Güney, Experimental and numerical investigation of the flood waves due to partial dam break, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00919-5

115-22   Abdol Mahdi Behroozi, Mohammad Vaghefi, Experimental and numerical study of the effect of zigzag crests with various geometries on the performance of A-type piano key weirs, Water Resources Management, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03261-7

114-22   Xun Huang, Zhijian Zhang, Guoping Xiang, Sensitivity analysis of a built environment exposed to debris flow impacts with 3-D numerical simulations, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2022-173

113-22   Ahmad Ferdowsi, Mahdi Valikhan-Anaraki, Saeed Farzin, Sayed-Farhad Mousavi, A new combination approach for optimal design of sedimentation tanks based on hydrodynamic simulation model and machine learning algorithms, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 103201, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103201

103-22   Wangshu Wei, Optimization of the mixing in produced water (PW) retention tank with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, Produced Water Society Permian Basin, 2022.

100-22   Michael Rasmussen, Using computational fluid dynamics to predict flow through the West Crack Breach of the Great Salt Lake railroad causeway, Thesis, Utah State University, 2022.

99-22   Emad Khanahmadi, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Mehdi Meftah Halaghi, Esmaeil Kordi, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Investigating the characteristic of hydraulic T-jump on rough bed based on experimental and numerical modeling, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01434-2

97-22   Andrea Franco, A multidisciplinary approach for landslide-generated impulse wave assessment in natural mountain basins from a cascade analysis perspective, Thesis, University of Innsbruck, 2022.

96-22   Geng Li, Binbin Wang, Simulation of the flow field and scour evolution by turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 43; pp. 22-32, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.06.002

95-22   Philippe April LeQuéré, Ioan Nistor, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Stefan Schimmels, Hydrodynamics and associated scour around a free-standing structure due to turbulent bores, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148.5; 2022.

94-22   Ramtin Sobhkhiz Foumani, Alireza Mardookhpour, Numerical simulation of geotechnical effects on local scour in inclined pier group with Flow-3D software, Water Resources Engineering Journal, 15.52; 2022. doi.org/10.30495/wej.2021.20404.2114

92-22   Geng Li, Binbin Wang, Caroline M. Elliott, Bruce C.Call, Duane C. Chapman, Robert B. Jacobson, A three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking model for predicting transport of eggs of rheophilic-spawning carps in turbulent rivers, Ecological Modelling, 470; 110035, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110035

91-22   Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Yasser El-Husseini, A numerical approach to understand the responses of passenger vehicles moving through floodwaters, Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2022. doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12828

90-22   Jafar Chabokpour, Hazi Md Azamathulla, Numerical simulation of pollution transport and hydrodynamic characteristics through the river confluence using FLOW 3D, Water Supply, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.237

88-22   Michael Rasmussen, Som Dutta, Bethany T. Neilson, Brian Mark Crookston, CFD model of the density-driven bidirectional flows through the West Crack Breach in the Great Salt Lake causeway, Water, 13.17; 2423, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w13172423

84-22   M. Sobhi Alasta, Ahmed Shakir Ali Ali, Saman Ebrahimi, Muhammad Masood Ashiq, Abubaker Sami Dheyab, Adnan AlMasri, Anass Alqatanani, Mahdis Khorram, Modeling of local scour depth around bridge pier using FLOW 3D, CPRASE: Transactions of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8.2; 2781, 2022.

83-22   Mostafa Taherian, Seyed Ahmad Reza Saeidi Hosseini, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Overview of outfall discharge modeling with a focus on turbulence modeling approaches, Advances in Fluid Mechanics: Modelling and Simulations, Eds. Dia Zeidan, Eric Goncalves Da Silva, Jochen Merker, Lucy T. Zhang, 2022.

80-22   Soraya Naderi, Mehdi Daryaee, Seyed Mahmood Kashefipour, Mohammadreza Zayeri, Numerical and experimental study of flow pattern due to a plate installed upstream of orifice in pressurized flushing of dam reservoirs, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00896-9

79-22   Mahmood Nemati Qalee Maskan, Khosrow Hosseini, Effects of the simultaneous presence of bridge pier and abutment on the change of erodible bed using FLOW-3D, Journal of Iranian Water Engineering Research, 1.1; pp. 57-69, 2022. doi.org/10.22034/IJWER.2022.312074.1012

75-22   Steven Matthew Klawitter, L-shaped spillway crest leg interface geometry impacts, Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2022.

72-22   Md. Mukdiul Islam, Md. Samiun Basir, Badal Mahalder, Local scour analysis around single pier and group of piers in tandem arrangement using FLOW 3D, 6th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICCESD 2022), Khulna, Bangladesh, February 10-12, 2022.

69-22   Kuo-Wei Liao, Zhen-Zhi Wang, Investigation of air-bubble screen on reducing scour in river facility, EGU General Assembly, EGU22-1137, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1137

68-22   Cüneyt Yavuz, Energy dissipation scale for dam prototypes, ADYU Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi (Adıyaman University Journal of Engineering Sciences), 16; pp. 105-116, 2022.

66-22   Ji-jian Lian, Shu-guang Zhang, Jun-ling He, An improved numerical model of ski-jump flood discharge atomization, Journal of Mountain Science, 19; pp. 1263-1273, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7158-8

62-22   Ali Montazeri, Amirabbas Abedini, Milad Aminzadeh, Numerical investigation of pollution transport around a single non-submerged spur dike, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 248; 104018, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104018

61-22   Junhao Zhang, Yining Sun, Zhixian Cao, Ji Li, Flow structure at reservoir-tributary confluence with high sediment load, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 23-27, 2022. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-1419

60-22   S. Modalavalasa, V. Chembolu, V. Kulkarni, S. Dutta, Numerical and experimental investigation of effect of green river corridor on main channel hydraulics, Recent Trends in River Corridor Management, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 229, pp. 165-176, 2022.

59-22   Philippe April LeQuéré, Scouring around multiple structures in extreme flow conditions, Thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2022.

51-22   Xianzheng Zhang, Chenxiao Tang, Yajie Yu, Chuan Tang, Ning Li, Jiang Xiong, Ming Chen, Some considerations for using numerical methods to simulate possible debris flows: The case of the 2013 and 2020 Wayao debris flows (Sichuan, China), Water, 14.7; 1050, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14071050

50-22   Daniel Valero, Daniel B. Bung, Sebastien Erpicum, Yann Peltier, Benjamin Dewals, Unsteady shallow meandering flows in rectangular reservoirs: A modal analysis of URANS modelling, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 42; pp. 12-20, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.03.002

49-22   Behzad Noroozi, Jalal Bazargan, Comparing the behavior of ogee and piano key weirs under unsteady flows, Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering, 12.3; pp. 97-120. doi.org/10.22125/iwe.2022.146390

47-22   Chen Xiaoting, Huang Bolin, Li Bin, Jiang Xiannian, Risk assessment study on landslide-generated impulse waves: case study from Zhongliang Reservoir in Chongqing, China, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81; 158, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02629-8

45-22   Mehmet Cihan Aydin, Havva Seda Aytemur, Ali Emre Ulu, Experimental and numerical investigation on hydraulic performance of slit-check dams in subcritical flow condition, Water Resources Management, 36; pp. 1693-1710, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03103-6

43-22   Suresh Modalavalasa, Vinay Chembolu, Subashisa Dutta, Vinayak Kulkarni, Combined effect of bridge piers and floodplain vegetation on main channel hydraulics, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 136; 110669, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2022.110669

40-22   Mohammad Bagherzadeh, Farhad Mousavi, Mohammad Manafpour, Reza Mirzaee, Khosrow Hoseini, Numerical simulation and application of soft computing in estimating vertical drop energy dissipation with horizontal serrated edge, Water Supply, 127, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.127

39-22   Masumeh Rostam Abadi, Saeed Kazemi Mohsenabadi, Numerical study of the weir angle on the flow pattern and scour around the submerged weirs, International Journal of Modern Physics C, 2022. doi.org/10.1142/S0129183122501108

38-22   Vahid Hassanzadeh Vayghan, Mirali Mohammadi, Behzad Shakouri, Experimental and numerical examination of flow resistance in plane bed streams, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15; 483, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09691-2

36-22   Kyong Oh Baek, Byong Jo Min, Investigation for flow characteristics of ice-harbor type fishway installed at mid-sized streams in Korea, Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, 55.1; pp. 33-42, 2022. 

34-22   Kyong Oh Baek, Jeong-Min Lee, Eun-Jin Han, Young-Do Kim, Evaluating attraction and passage efficiencies of pool-weir type fishways based on hydraulic analysis, Applied Sciences, 12.4; 1880, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/app12041880

33-22   Christopher Paschmann, David F. Vetsch, Robert M. Boes, Design of desanding facilities for hydropower schemes based on trapping efficiency, Water, 14.4; 520, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/w14040520

29-22   Mehdi Heyrani, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, Ioan Nistor, Omerul Faruk Dursun, Application of numerical and experimental modeling to improve the efficiency of Parshall flumes: A review of the state-of-the-art, Hydrology, 9.2; 26 2022. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9020026

28-22   Kiyoumars Roushangar, Samira Akhgar, Saman Shanazi, The effect of triangular prismatic elements on the hydraulic performance of stepped spillways in the skimming flow regime: An experimental study and numerical modeling, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2022.031

26-22   Jorge Augusto Toapaxi Alvarez, Roberto Silva, Cristina Torres, Modelación numérica tridimensional del medidor de caudal Palmer-Bowlus aplicando el programa FLOW-3D (Three-dimensional numerical modeling of the Palmer-Bowlus measuring flume applying the FLOW-3D program), Revista Politécnica, 49.1; 2022. doi.org/10.33333/rp.vol49n1.04 

25-22   Shubing Dai, Sheng Jin, Numerical investigations of unsteady critical flow conditions over an obstacle using three models, Physics of Fluids, 34.2; 2022. doi.org/10.1063/5.0077585

23-22   Negar Ghahramani, H. Joanna Chen, Daley Clohan, Shielan Liu, Marcelo Llano-Serna, Nahyan M. Rana, Scott McDougall, Stephen G. Evans, W. Andy Take, A benchmarking study of four numerical runout models for the simulation of tailings flows, Science of the Total Environment, 827; 154245, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154245

22-22   Bahador Fatehi-Nobarian, Razieh Panahi, Vahid Nourani, Investigation of the Effect of Velocity on Secondary Currents in Semicircular Channels on Hydraulic Jump Parameters, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology: Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00800-x

21-22   G. Viccione, C. Izzo, Three-dimensional CFD modelling of urban flood forces on buildings: A case study, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2162; 012020, 2022. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2162/1/012020

20-22   Tohid Jamali Rovesht, Mohammad Manafpour, Mehdi Lotfi, Effects of flow condition and chute geometry on the shockwaves formed on chute spillway, Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 71.2; pp. 312-329, 2022. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.139

17-22   Yansong Zhang, Jianping Chen, Fujun Zhou, Yiding Bao, Jianhua Yan, Yiwei Zhang, Yongchao Li, Feifan Gu, Qing Wang, Combined numerical investigation of the Gangda paleolandslide runout and associated dam breach flood propagation in the upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau, Landslides, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01768-5

16-22   I.A. Hernández-Rodríguez, J. López-Ortega, G. González-Blanco, R. Beristain-Cardoso, Performance of the UASB reactor during wastewater treatment and the effect of the biogas bubbles on its hydrodynamics, Environmental Technology, pp. 1-21, 2022. doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2022.2028015

15-22   Xu Deng, Sizhong He, Zhouhong Cao, Numerical investigation of the local scour around a coconut tree root foundation under wave-current joint actions, Ocean Engineering, 245; 110563, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.110563

14-22   Rasool Kosaj, Rafid S. Alboresha, Sadeq O. Sulaiman, Comparison between numerical Flow3d software and laboratory data, for sediment incipient motion, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 961; 012031, 2022. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012031

13-22   Joseph M. Sinclair, S. Karan Venayagamoorthy, Timothy K. Gates, Some insights on flow over sharp-crested weirs using computational fluid dynamics: Implications for enhanced flow measurement, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 148.6; 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001652

12-22   Mete Koken, Ismail Aydin, Serhan Ademoglu, An iterative hydraulic design methodology based on numerical modeling for piano key weirs, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 40; pp. 131-141, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2022.01.002

11-22   Najam us Saqib, Muhammad Akbar, Huali Pan, Guoqiang Ou, Muhammad Mohsin, Assad Ali, Azka Amin, Numerical analysis of pressure profiles and energy dissipation across stepped spillways having curved risers, Applied Sciences, 12.1; 448, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/app12010448

9-22   Amir Bordbar, Soroosh Sharifi, Hassan Hemida, Investigation of scour around two side-by-side piles with different spacing ratios in live-bed, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 208; pp. 302-309, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7735-9_33

8-22    Jian-cheng Li, Wei Wang, Yan-ming Zheng, Xiao-hao Wen, Jing Feng, Li Sheng, Chen Wang, Ming-kun Qiu, Using computational fluid dynamic simulation with Flow-3D to reveal the origin of the mushroom stone in the Xiqiao Mountain of Guangdong, China, Journal of Mountain Science, 19; pp. 1-15, 2022. doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7019-5

4-22   Ankur Kapoor, Aniruddha D. Ghare, Avinash M. Badar, CFD simulations of conical central baffle flumes, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 148.2, 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001653

2-22   Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Numerical simulations of tsunami wave generation by submarine landslides: Validation and sensitivity analysis to landslide parameters, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148.2; 05021016, 2022. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000694

1-22   Juan Francisco Fuentes-Pérez, Ana L. Quaresma, Antonio Pinheiro, Francisco Javier Sanz-Ronda, OpenFOAM vs FLOW-3D: A comparative study of vertical slot fishway modelling, Ecological Engineering, 174, 2022.

145-21   Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Abdurrasheed S. Abdurrasheed, Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah, Numerical simulation to assess floating instability of small passenger vehicle under sub-critical flow, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 132; pp. 258-265, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6311-3_30

140-21   J. Zulfan, B.M.Ginting, Investigation of spillway rating curve via theoretical formula, laboratory experiment, and 3D numerical modeling: A case study of the Riam Kiwa Dam, Indonesia, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 930; 012030, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012030

130-21   A.S.N. Amirah, F.Y. Boon, K.A. Nihla, Z.M. Salwa, A.W. Mahyun, N. Yaacof, Numerical simulation of flow within a storage area of HDPE modular pavement, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 920; 012044, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012044

129-21   Z.M. Yusof, Z.A.L. Shirling, A.K.A. Wahab, Z. Ismail, S. Amerudin, A hydrodynamic model of an embankment breaching due to overtopping flow using FLOW-3D, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 920; 012036, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012036

125-21   Ketaki H. Kulkarni, Ganesh A. Hinge, Comparative study of experimental and CFD analysis for predicting discharge coefficient of compound broad crested weir, Water Supply, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.403

119-21   Yan Liang, Yiqun Hou, Wangbin Hu, David Johnson, Junxing Wang, Flow velocity preference of Schizothorax oconnori Lloyd swimming upstream, Global Ecology and Conservation, 32; e01902, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01902

116-21   Atabak Feizi, Aysan Ezati, Shadi Alizadeh Marallo, Investigation of hydrodynamic characteristics of flow caused by dam break around a downstream obstacle considering different reservoir shapes, Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 6.2; pp. 36-48, 2021.

114-21   Jackson Tellez-Alvarez, Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Marko Amezaga-Kutija, Numerical and experimental approaches toestimate discharge coefficients and energy loss coefficients in pressurized grated inlets, Hydrology, 8.4; 162, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040162

113-21   Alireza Khoshkonesh, Blaise Nsom, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Payam Heidarian, Khuram Riaz, Comparison of the SWE and 3D models in simulation of the dam-break flow over the mobile bed, 5th Scientific Conference of Applied Research in Science and Technology of Iran, 2021.

103-21   Farshid Mosaddeghi, Numerical modeling of dam breach in concrete gravity dams, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 2021.

102-21   Xu Deng, Sizhong He, Zhouhong Cao, Tao Wu, Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic response of an impermeable sea-wall subjected to artificial submarine landslide-induced tsunamis, Landslides, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01773-8

100-21   Jinmeng Yang, Zhenzhong Shen, Jing Zhang, Xiaomin Teng, Wenbing Zhang, Jie Dai, Experimental and numerical investigation of flow over a spillway bend with different combinations of permeable spur dikes, Water Supply, ws2021335, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.335

99-21   Nigel A. Temple, Josh Adams, Evan Blythe, Zidane Twersky, Steve Blair, Rick Harter, Investigating the performance of novel oyster reef materials in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, ASBPA National Coastal Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA, September 28-October 1, 2021.

94-21   Xiaoyang Shen, Mario Oertel, Comparitive study of nonsymmetrical trapezoidal and rectangular piano key weirs with varying key width ratios, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.11, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001942

93-21   Aysar Tuama Al-Awadi, Mahmoud Saleh Al-Khafaji, CFD-based model for estimating the river bed morphological characteristics near cylindrical bridge piers due to debris accumulation, Water Resources, 48; pp. 763-773, 2021. doi.org/10.1134/S0097807821050031

92-21   Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Francisco José Vallés-Morán, Rafael García-Bartual, Assessment of the performance of a modified USBR Type II stilling basin by a validated CFD model, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering , 147.11, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001623

91-21   Ali Yıldız, Ali İhsan Martı, Mustafa Göğüş, Numerical and experimental modelling of flow at Tyrolean weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 81; 102040, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.102040

90-21   Yasamin Aghaei, Fouad Kilanehei, Shervin Faghihirad, Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Dynamic pressure at flip buckets of chute spillways: A numerical study, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00670-4

88-21   Shang-tuo Qian, Yan Zhang, Hui Xu, Xiao-sheng Wang, Jian-gang Feng, Zhi-xiang Li, Effects of surface roughness on overflow discharge of embankment weirs, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 33; pp. 773-781, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-021-0068-y

86-21   Alkistis Stergiopoulou, Vassilios Stergiopoulos, CFD simulations of tubular Archimedean screw turbines harnessing the small hydropotential of Greek watercourses, International Journal of Energy and Environment, 12.1; pp. 19-30, 2021.

85-21   Jun-tao Ren, Xue-fei Wu, Ting Zhang, A 3-D numerical simulation of the characteristics of open channel flows with submerged rigid vegetation, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 33; pp. 833-843, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42241-021-0063-3

84-21   Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Amir Ghaderi, Maryam Sattariyan, Babak Alinejad, Mahdi Majedi Asl, Silvia Di Francesco, Investigation of local scouring around hydrodynamic and circular pile groups under the influence of river material harvesting pits, Water, 13.6; 2192, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13162192

83-21   Mahdi Feizbahr, Navid Tonekaboni, Guang-Jun Jiang, Hong-Xia Chen, Optimized vegetation density to dissipate energy of flood flow in open canals, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021; 9048808, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/9048808

80-21   Wenjun Liu, Bo Wang, Yakun Guo, Numerical study of the dam-break waves and Favre waves down sloped wet rigid-bed at laboratory scale, Journal of Hydrology, 602; 126752, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126752

79-21   Zhen-Dong Shen, Yang Zhang, The three-dimensional simulation of granular mixtures weir, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 820; 012024, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/820/1/012024

75-21   Mehrdad Ghorbani Mooselu, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Parnian Hashempour Bakhtiari, Nooshin Bakhtiari Rayani, Azizallah Izady, Conflict resolution in the multi-stakeholder stepped spillway design under uncertainty by machine learning techniques, Applied Soft Computing, 110; 107721, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107721

73-21   Romain Van Mol, Plunge pool rehabilitation with prismatic concrete elements – Case study and physical model of Ilarion dam in Greece, Infoscience (EPFL Scientific Publications), 2021.

70-21   Khosro Morovati, Christopher Homer, Fuqiang Tian, Hongchang Hu, Opening configuration design effects on pooled stepped chutes, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.9, 2021. doi.org/10.1061%2F(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001897

68-21   R. Daneshfaraz, E. Aminvash, S. Di Francesco, A. Najibi, J. Abraham, Three-dimensional study of the effect of block roughness geometry on inclined drop, Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 6.1; pp. 1-9, 2021. 

66-21   Benjamin Hohermuth, Lukas Schmoker, Robert M. Boes, David Vetsch, Numerical simulation of air entrainment in uniform chute flow, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 59.3; pp. 378-391, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2020.1780492

65-21   Junjun Tan, Honglin Tan, Elsa Goerig, Senfan Ke, Haizhen Huang, Zhixiong Liu, Xiaotao Shi, Optimization of fishway attraction flow based on endemic fish swimming performance and hydraulics, Ecological Engineering, 170; 106332, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106332

63-21   Erdinc Ikinciogullari, Muhammet Emin Emiroglu, Mehmet Cihan Aydin, Comparison of scour properties of classical and trapezoidal labyrinth weirs, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05832-z

59-21   Elias Wehrmeister, José J. Ota, Separation in overflow spillways: A computational analysis, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 59, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2021.1908438

53-21   Zongxian Liang, John Ditter, Riadh Atta, Brian Fox, Karthik Ramaswamy, Numerical modeling of tailings dam break using a Herschel-Bulkley rheological model, USSD Annual Conference, online, May 11-21, 2021. 

51-21   Yansong Zhang, Jianping Chen, Chun Tan, Yiding Bao, Xudong Han, Jianhua Yan, Qaiser Mehmood, A novel approach to simulating debris flow runout via a three-dimensional CFD code: A case study of Xiaojia Gully, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80.5, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02270-x

49-21   Ramtin Sabeti, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Preliminary results of numerical simulation of submarine landslide-generated waves, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, April 19-30, 2021. doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-284

48-21   Anh Tuan Le, Ken Hiramatsu, Tatsuro Nishiyama, Hydraulic comparison between piano key weir and rectangular labyrinth weir, International Journal of GEOMATE, 20.82; pp. 153-160, 2021. doi.org/10.21660/2021.82.j2106

46-21   Maoyi Luo, Faxing Zhang, Zhaoming Song, Liyuan Zhang, Characteristics of flow movement in complex canal system and its influence on sudden pollution accidents, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 6617385, 2021. doi.org/10.1155/2021/6617385

42-21   Jakub Major, Martin Orfánus, Zbyněk Zachoval, Flow over broad-crested weir with inflow by approach shaft – Numerical model, Civil Engineering Journal, 30.1; 19, 2021. doi.org/10.14311/CEJ.2021.01.0019 

41-21   Amir Ghaderi, Saeed Abbasi, Experimental and numerical study of the effects of geometric appendance elements on energy dissipation over stepped spillway, Water, 13.7; 957, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13070957

38-21   Ana L. Quaresma, António N. Pinheiro, Modelling of pool-type fishways flows: Efficiency and scale effects assessment, Water, 13.6; 851, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13060851

37-21   Alireza Khoshkonesh, Blaise Nsom, Farhad Bahmanpouri, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid, Atefah Adeli, Numerical study of the dynamics and structure of a partial dam-break flow using the VOF Method, Water Resources Management, 35; pp. 1513-1528, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02799-2

36-21   Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Francesco Aristodemo, Constanza Aricò, Numerical simulations of the flow field of a submerged hydraulic jump over triangular macroroughnesses, Water, 13.5; 674, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13050674

35-21   Hongliang Qi, Junxing Zheng, Chenguang Zhang, Modeling excess shear stress around tandem piers of the longitudinal bridge by computational fluid dynamics, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2021.1884614

31-21   Seth Siefken, Robert Ettema, Ari Posner, Drew Baird, Optimal configuration of rock vanes and bendway weirs for river bends: Numerical-model insights, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 147.5, 2021. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001871

29-21   Débora Magalhães Chácara, Waldyr Lopes Oliveira Filho, Rheology of mine tailings deposits for dam break analyses, REM – International Engineering Journal, 74.2; pp. 235-243, 2021. doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672020740098

27-21   Ling Peng, Ting Zhang, Youtong Rong, Chunqi Hu, Ping Feng, Numerical investigation of the impact of a dam-break induced flood on a structure, Ocean Engineering, 223; 108669, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108669

26-21   Qi-dong Hou, Hai-bo Li, Yu-Xiang Hu, Shun-chao Qi, Jian-wen Zhou, Overtopping process and structural safety analyses of the earth-rock fill dam with a concrete core wall by using numerical simulations, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14; 234, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06639-w

25-21   Filipe Romão, Ana L. Quaresma, José M. Santos, Susana D. Amaral, Paulo Branco, António N. Pinheiro, Performance and fish transit time over vertical slots, Water, 13.3; 275, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13030275

23-21   Jiahou Hu, Chengwei Na, Yi Wang, Study on discharge velocity of tailings mortar in dam break based on FLOW-3D, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 6th International Conference on Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xi’an, China, December 11-13, 2020, 643; 012052, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/643/1/012052

21-21   Asad H. Aldefae, Rusul A. Alkhafaji, Experimental and numerical modeling to investigate the riverbank’s stability, SN Applied Sciences, 3; 164, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04168-5

20-21   Yangliang Lu, Jinbu Yin, Zhou Yang, Kebang Wei, Zhiming Liu, Numerical study of fluctuating pressure on stilling basin slabwith sudden lateral enlargement and bottom drop, Water, 13.2; 238, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13020238

18-21   Prashant Prakash Huddar, Vishwanath Govind Bhave, Hydraulic structure design with 3D CFD model, Proceedings, 25th International Conference on Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering (HYDRO 2020), Odisha, India, March 26-28, 2021.

17-21   Morteza Sadat Helbar, Atefah Parvaresh Rizi, Javad Farhoudi, Amir Mohammadi, 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14; 90, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06378-4

15-21   Charles R. Ortloff, Roman hydraulic engineering: The Pont du Gard Aqueduct and Nemausus (Nîmes) Castellum, Water, 13.1; 54, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13010054

12-21   Mehdi Karami Moghadam, Ata Amini, Ehsan Karami Moghadam, Numerical study of energy dissipation and block barriers in stepped spillways, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 23.2; pp. 284-297, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.245

08-21   Prajakta P. Gadge, M. R. Bhajantri, V. V. Bhosekar, Numerical simulations of air entraining characteristics over high head chute spillway aerator, Proceedings, ICOLD Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins, New Dehli, India, February 24 – 27, 2021.

07-21   Pankaj Lawande, Computational fluid dynamics simulation methodologies for stilling basins, Proceedings, ICOLD Symposium on Sustainable Development of Dams and River Basins, New Dehli, India, February 24 – 27, 2021.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Water & Environmental Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Water & Environmental Industry.

02-21   Aytaç Güven, Ahmed Hussein Mahmood, Numerical investigation of flow characteristics over stepped spillways, Water Supply, in press, 2021. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.283

01-21   Le Thi Thu Hien, Nguyen Van Chien, Investigate impact force of dam-break flow against structures by both 2D and 3D numerical simulations, Water, 13.3; 344, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/w13030344

125-20   Farhad Bahmanpouri, Mohammad Daliri, Alireza Khoshkonesh, Masoud Montazeri Namin, Mariano Buccino, Bed compaction effect on dam break flow over erodible bed; experimental and numerical modeling, Journal of Hydrology, in press, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125645

209-23   Cong Trieu Tran, Cong Ty Trinh, Prediction of the vortex evolution and influence analysis of rough bed in a hydraulic jump with the Omega-Liutex method, Tehnički Vjesnik, 30.6; 2023. doi.org/10.17559/TV-20230206000327

203-23   Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali, Kaleem Sarwar, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad Taimoor Mustafa, Faizan Ahmed Waris, Numerical investigation of hydraulic jumps with USBR and wedge-shaped baffle block basins for lower tailwater, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.11; 2081, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.261

201-23   E.F.R. Bollaert, Digital cloud-based platform to predict rock scour at high-head dams, Role of Dams and Reservoirs in a Successful Energy Transition, Eds. Robert Boes, Patrice Droz, Raphael Leroy, 2023. doi.org/10.1201/9781003440420

200-23   Iacopo Vona, Oysters’ integration on submerged breakwaters as nature-based solution for coastal protection within estuarine environments, Thesis, University of Maryland, 2023.

198-23   Hao Chen, Xianbin Teng, Zhibin Zhang, Faxin Zhu, Jie Wang, Zhaohao Zhang, Numerical analysis of the influence of the impinging distance on the scouring efficiency of submerged jets, Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, 20.2; pp. 429-445, 2023. doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2023.030585

193-23   Chen Peng, Liuweikai Gu, Qiming Zhong, Numerical simulation of dam failure process based on FLOW-3D, Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, pp. 545-550, 2023. doi.org/10.3233/ATDE230245

189-23   Rebecca G. Englert, Age J. Vellinga, Matthieu J.B. Cartigny, Michael A. Clare, Joris T. Eggenhuisen, Stephen M. Hubbard, Controls on upstream-migrating bed forms in sandy submarine channels, Geology, 51.12; PP. 1137-1142, 2023. doi.org/10.1130/G51385.1

187-23   J.W. Kim, S.B. Woo, A numerical approach to the treatment of submerged water exchange processes through the sluice gates of a tidal power plant, Renewable Energy, 219.1; 119408, 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119408

186-23   Chan Jin Jeong, Hyung Jun Park, Hyung Suk Kim, Seung Oh Lee, Study on fish-friendly flow characteristic in stepped fishway, Proceedings of the Korean Water Resources Association Conference, 2023. (In Korean)

185-23   Jaehwan Yoo, Sedong Jang, Byunghyun Kim, Analysis of coastal city flooding in 2D and 3D considering extreme conditions and climate change, Proceedings of the Korean Water Resources Association Conference, 2023. (In Korean)

180-23   Prathyush Nallamothu, Jonathan Gregory, Jordan Leh, Daniel P. Zielinski, Jesse L. Eickholt, Semi-automated inquiry of fish launch angle and speed for hazard analysis, Fishes, 8.10; 476, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100476

179-23   Reza Norouzi, Parisa Ebadzadeh, Veli Sume, Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Upstream vortices of a sluice gate: an experimental and numerical study, AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 72.10; 1906, 2023. doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.269

178-23   Bai Hao Li, How Tion Puay, Muhammad Azfar Bin Hamidi, Influence of spur dike’s angle on sand bar formation in a rectangular channel, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1238; 012027, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012027

177-23   Hao Zhe Khor, How Tion Puay, Influence of gate lip angle on downpull forces for vertical lift gates, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1238; 012019, 2023. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1238/1/012019

175-23   Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Rafael García-Bartual, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, Francisco José Vallés-Morán, Numerical modeling of hydraulic jumps at negative steps to improve energy dissipation in stilling basins, Applied Water Science, 13.203; 2023. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01985-4

174-23   Ahintha Kandamby, Dusty Myers, Narrows bypass chute CFD analysis, Dam Safety, 2023.

173-23   H. Jalili, R.C. Mahon, M.F. Martinez, J.W. Nicklow, Sediment sluicing from the reservoirs with high efficiency, SEDHYD, 2023.

170-23   Ramith Fernando, Gangfu Zhang, Beyond 2D: Unravelling bridge hydraulics with CFD modelling, 24th Queensland Water Symposium, 2023.

169-23   K. Licht, G. Lončar, H. Posavčić, I. Halkijević, Short-time numerical simulation of ultrasonically assisted electrochemical removal of strontium from water, 18th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (CEST), 2023.

166-23   Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Wawan Septiawan Damanik, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Understanding the stability of passenger vehicles exposed to water flows through 3D CFD modelling, Sustainability, 15.17; 13262, 2023. doi.org/10.3390/su151713262

165-23   Ebrahim Hamid Hussein Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Wawan Septiawan Damanik, Zahiraniza Mustaffa, Eduardo Martinez-Gomariz, Fang Yenn Teo, Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, 3-dimensional numerical study on the critical orientation of the flooded passenger vehicles, Engineering Letters, 31.3; 2023.

124-20   John Petrie, Yan Qi, Mark Cornwell, Md Al Adib Sarker, Pranesh Biswas, Sen Du, Xianming Shi, Design of living barriers to reduce the impacts of snowdrifts on Illinois freeways, Illinois Center for Transportation Series No. 20-019, Research Report No. FHWA-ICT-20-012, 2020. doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-019

123-20   Mohammad Reza Namaee, Jueyi Sui, Yongsheng Wu, Natalie Linklater, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of local scour in the vicinity of circular side-by-side bridge piers with ice cover, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2020. doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0360

119-20   Tuğçe Yıldırım, Experimental and numerical investigation of vortex formation at multiple horizontal intakes, Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, , 2020.

118-20   Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Francesco Aristodemo, Ali Ghahramanzadeh, Characteristics of free and submerged hydraulic jumps over different macroroughnesses, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 22.6; pp. 1554-1572, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.298

117-20   Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Amir Ghaderi, Aliakbar Akhtari, Silvia Di Francesco, On the effect of block roughness in ogee spillways with flip buckets, Fluids, 5.4; 182, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040182

115-20   Chi Yao, Ligong Wu, Jianhua Yang, Influences of tailings particle size on overtopping tailings dam failures, Mine Water and the Environment, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00725-3

114-20  Rizgar Ahmed Karim, Jowhar Rasheed Mohammed, A comparison study between CFD analysis and PIV technique for velocity distribution over the Standard Ogee crested spillways, Heliyon, 6.10; e05165, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05165

113-20   Théo St. Pierre Ostrander, Analyzing hydraulics of broad crested lateral weirs, Thesis, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, 2020.

111-20   Mahla Tajari, Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Mehdi Meftah Halaghi, Hazi Azamathulla, Use of bottom slots and submerged vanes for controlling sediment upstream of duckbill weirs, Water Supply, 20.8; pp. 3393-3403, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.238

110-20   Jian Zhou, Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, How does three-dimensional canopy geometry affect the front propagation of a gravity current?, Physics of Fluids, 32.9; 096605, 2020. doi.org/10.1063/5.0019760

106-20   Juan Francisco Macián-Pérez, Arnau Bayón, Rafael García-Bartual, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, Characterization of structural properties in high reynolds hydraulic jump based on CFD and physical modeling approaches, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146.12, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001820

105-20   Bin Deng, He Tao, Changbo Jian, Ke Qu, Numerical investigation on hydrodynamic characteristics of landslide-induced impulse waves in narrow river-valley reservoirs, IEEE Access, 8; pp. 165285-165297, 2020. doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3022651

102-20   Mojtaba Mehraein, Mohammadamin Torabi, Yousef Sangsefidi, Bruce MacVicar, Numerical simulation of free flow through side orifice in a circular open-channel using response surface method, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 76; 101825, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101825

101-20   Juan Francisco Macián Pérez, Numerical and physical modelling approaches to the study of the hydraulic jump and its application in large-dam stilling basins, Thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, 2020.

99-20   Chen-Shan Kung, Pin-Tzu Su, Chin-Pin Ko, Pei-Yu Lee, Application of multiple intake heads in engineering field, Proceedings, 30th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Online, October 11-17,  ISOPE-I-20-3116, 2020.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Water & Environmental Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Water & Environmental Industry.

91-20      Selahattin Kocaman, Stefania Evangelista, Giacomo Viccione, Hasan Güzel, Experimental and numerical analysis of 3D dam-break waves in an enclosed domain with a single oriented obstacle, Environmental Science Proceedings, 2; 35, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002035

89-20      Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Michael Strasser, Bernhard Gems, The 1958 Lituya Bay tsunami – pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software Flow-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, 20; pp. 2255–2279, 2020. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2255-2020

88-20      Cesar Simon, Eddy J. Langendoen, Jorge D. Abad, Alejandro Mendoza, On the governing equations for horizontal and vertical coupling of one- and two-dimensional open channel flow models, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 58.5; pp. 709-724, 2020. doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1671507

87-20       Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Moses Karakouzian, Donald Hayes, Flow topology in the confluence of an open channel with lateral drainage pipe, Hydrology, 7.3; 57, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030057

84-20       Naohiro Takeichi, Takeshi Katagiri, Harumi Yoneda, Shusaku Inoue, Yusuke Shintani, Virtual Reality approaches for evacuation simulation of various disasters, Collective Dynamics (originally presented in Proceedings from the 9th International Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (PED2018), Lund, Sweden, August 21-23, 2018), 5, 2020. doi.org/10.17815/CD.2020.93

83-20       Eric Lemont, Jonathan Hill, Ryan Edison, A problematic installation: CFD modelling of waste stabilisation pond mixing alternatives, Ozwater’20, Australian Water Association, Online, June 2, 2020, 2020.

77-20       Peng Yu, Ruigeng Hu, Jinmu Yang, Hongjun Liu, Numerical investigation of local scour around USAF with different hydraulic conditions under currents and waves, Ocean Engineering, 213; 107696, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107696

76-20       Alireza Mojtahedi, Nasim Soori, Majid Mohammadian, Energy dissipation evaluation for stepped spillway using a fuzzy inference system, SN Applied Sciences, 2; 1466, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03258-0

74-20       Jackson D., Tellez Alvarez E., Manuel Gómez, Beniamino Russo, Modelling of surcharge flow through grated inlet, Advances in Hydroinformatics: SimHydro 2019 – Models for Extreme Situations and Crisis Management, Nice, France, June 12-14, 2019, pp. 839-847, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5436-0_65

73-20       Saurav Dulal, Bhola NS Ghimire, Santosh Bhattarai, Ram Krishna Regmi, Numerical simulation of flow through settling basin: A case study of Budhi-Ganga Hydropower Project (BHP), International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 9.7; pp. 992-998, 2020.

70-20       B. Nandi, S. Das, A. Mazumdar, Experimental analysis and numerical simulation of hydraulic jump, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020 6th International Conference on Environment and Renewable Energy, Hanoi, Vietnam, February 24-26, 505; 012024, 2020. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/505/1/012024

69-20       Amir Ghaderi, Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Mehdi Dasineh, Silvia Di Francesco, Energy dissipation and hydraulics of flow over trapezoidal–triangular labyrinth weirs, Water (Special Issue: Combined Numerical and Experimental Methodology for Fluid–Structure Interactions in Free Surface Flows), 12.7; 1992, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12071992

68-20       Jia Ni, Linwei Wang, Xixian Chen, Luan Luan Xue, Isam Shahrour, Effect of the fish-bone dam angle on the flow mechanisms of a fish-bone type dividing dyke, Marine Technology Society Journal, 54.3; pp. 58-67, 2020. doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.54.3.9

67-20       Yu Zhuang, Yueping Yin, Aiguo Xing, Kaiping Jin, Combined numerical investigation of the Yigong rock slide-debris avalanche and subsequent dam-break flood propagation in Tibet, China, Landslides, 17; pp. 2217-2229, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01449-9

66-20       A. Ghaderi, R. Daneshfaraz, S. Abbasi, J. Abraham, Numerical analysis of the hydraulic characteristics of modified labyrinth weirs, International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 4.2, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s42108-020-00082-5

65-20      D.P. Zielinski, S. Miehls, G. Burns, C. Coutant, Adult sea lamprey espond to induced turbulence in a low current system, Journal of Ecohydraulics, 5, 2020. doi.org/10.1080/24705357.2020.1775504

63-20       Raffaella Pellegrino, Miguel Ángel Toledo, Víctor Aragoncillo, Discharge flow rate for the initiation of jet flow in sky-jump spillways, Water, Special Issue: Planning and Management of Hydraulic Infrastructure, 12.6; 1814, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061814

59-20       Nesreen Taha, Maged M. El-Feky, Atef A. El-Saiad, Ismail Fathy, Numerical investigation of scour characteristics downstream of blocked culverts, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 59.5; pp. 3503-3513, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.05.032

57-20       Charles Ortloff, The Hydraulic State: Science and Society in the Ancient World, Routledge, London, UK, eBook ISBN: 9781003015192, 2020. doi.org/10.4324/9781003015192

54-20       Navid Aghajani, Hojat Karami, Hamed Sarkardeh, Sayed‐Farhad Mousavi, Experimental and numerical investigation on effect of trash rack on flow properties at power intakes, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (ZAMM), online pre-issue, 2020. doi.org/10.1002/zamm.202000017

53-20     Tian Zhou, Theodore Endreny, The straightening of a river meander leads to extensive losses in flow complexity and ecosystem services, Water (Special Issue: A Systems Approach of River and River Basin Restoration), 12.6; 1680, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061680

50-20       C.C. Battiston, F.A. Bombardelli, E.B.C. Schettini, M.G. Marques, Mean flow and turbulence statistics through a sluice gate in a navigation lock system: A numerical study, European Journal of Mechanics – B/Fluids, 84; pp.155-163, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2020.06.003

47-20       Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian, Aliasghar Nazari-Sharabian, Moses Karakouzian, Mehrdad Karami, Sacrificial piles as scour countermeasures in river bridges: A numerical study using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal, 6.6; pp. 1091-1103, 2020. doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091531

44-20    Leena Jaydeep Shevade, L. James Lo, Franco A. Montalto, Numerical 3D model development and validation of curb-cut inlet for efficiency prediction, Water, 12; 1791, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12061791

43-20       Vitor Hugo Pereira de Morais, Tiago Zenker Gireli, Paulo Vatavuk, Numerical and experimental models applied to an ogee crest spillway and roller bucket stilling basin, Brazilian Journal of Water Resources, 2020. doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.252020190005

42-20       Chen Xie, Qin Chen, Gang Fan, Chen Chen, Numerical simulation of the natural erosion and breaching process of the “10.11” Baige Landslide Dam on the Jinsha River, Dam Breach Modelling and Risk Disposal, pp. 376-377, International Conference on Embankment Dams (ICED), Beijing, China, June 5 – 7, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46351-9_40

41-20       Niloofar Aghili Mahabadi, Hamed Reza Zarif Sanayei, Performance evaluation of bilateral side slopes in piano key weirs by numerical simulation, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 6; pp. 1477-1486, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00764-3

40-20       P. April Le Quéré, I. Nistor, A. Mohammadian, Numerical modeling of tsunami-induced scouring around a square column: Performance assessment of FLOW-3D and Delft3D, Journal of Coastal Research (preprint), 2020. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00181

39-20       Jian Zhou, Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Impact of ambient stable stratification on gravity currents propagating over a submerged canopy, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 898; A15, 2020. doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.418

37-20     Aliasghar Azma, Yongxiang Zhang, The effect of variations of flow from tributary channel on the flow behavior in a T-shape confluence, Processes, 8; 614, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/pr8050614

35-20     Selahattin Kocaman, Hasan Güzel, Stefania Evangelista, Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Giacomo Viccione, Experimental and numerical analysis of a dam-break flow through different contraction geometries of the channel, Water, 12; 1124, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12041124

32-20       Adriano Henrique Tognato, Modelagem CFD da interação entre hidrodinâmica costeira e quebra-mar submerso: estudo de caso da Ponta da Praia em Santos, SP (CFD modeling of interaction between sea waves and submerged breakwater at Ponta de Praia – Santos, SP: a case study, Thesis, Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, 2020.

31-20   Hamidreza Samma, Amir Khosrojerdi, Masoumeh Rostam-Abadi, Mojtaba Mehraein and Yovanni Cataño-Lopera, Numerical simulation of scour and flow field over movable bed induced by a submerged wall jet, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 22.2, pp. 385-401, 2020. doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.091

28-20   Halah Kais Jalal and Waqed H. Hassan, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of local scour around circular bridge pier using FLOW-3D software, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012150, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019745. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012150

25-20   Faizal Yusuf and Zoran Micovic, Prototype-scale investigation of spillway cavitation damage and numerical modeling of mitigation options, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146.2, 2020. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001671

24-20   Huan Zhang, Zegao Yin, Yipei Miao, Minghui Xia and Yingnan Feng, Hydrodynamic performance investigation on an upper and lower water exchange device, Aquacultural Engineering, 90, art. no. 102072, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2020.102072

22-20   Yu-xiang Hu, Zhi-you Yu and Jian-wen Zhou, Numerical simulation of landslide-generated waves during the 11 October 2018 Baige landslide at the Jinsha River, Landslides, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01382-x

19-20   Amir Ghaderi, Mehdi Dasineh, Saeed Abbasi and John Abraham, Investigation of trapezoidal sharp-crested side weir discharge coefficients under subcritical flow regimes using CFD, Applied Water Science, 10, art. no. 31, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1112-8

18-20   Amir Ghaderi, Saeed Abbasi, John Abraham and Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla, Efficiency of trapezoidal labyrinth shaped stepped spillways, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 72, art. no. 101711, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101711

16-20   Majid Omidi Arjenaki and Hamed Reza Zarif Sanayei, Numerical investigation of energy dissipation rate in stepped spillways with lateral slopes using experimental model development approach, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00714-z

15-20   Bo Wang, Wenjun Liu, Wei Wang, Jianmin Zhang, Yunliang Chen, Yong Peng, Xin Liu and Sha Yang, Experimental and numerical investigations of similarity for dam-break flows on wet bed, Journal of Hydrology, 583, art. no. 124598, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124598

14-20   Halah Kais Jalal and Waqed H. Hassan, Effect of bridge pier shape on depth of scour, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012001, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019671. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012001

13-20   Shahad R. Mohammed, Basim K. Nile and Waqed H. Hassan, Modelling stilling basins for sewage networks, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, art. no. 012111, 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences, Kerbala, Iraq, November 4-6, 2019671. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/671/1/012111

11-20   Xin Li, Liping Jin, Bernie A. Engel, Zeng Wang, Wene Wang, Wuquan He and Yubao Wang, Influence of the structure of cylindrical mobile flumes on hydraulic performance characteristics in U-shaped channels, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 72, art. no. 101708, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101708

10-20   Nima Aein, Mohsen Najarchi, Seyyed Mohammad Mirhosseini Hezaveh, Mohammad Mehdi Najafizadeh and Ehsanollah Zeigham, Simulation and prediction of discharge coefficient of combined weir–gate structure, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Water Management (ahead of print), 2020. doi.org/10.1680/jwama.19.00047

03-20   Agostino Lauria, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi, and Antonino D’Ippolito, Discharge coefficients for sluice gates set in weirs at different upstream wall inclinations, Water, 12, art. no. 245, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/w12010245

113-19   Ruidong An, Jia Li, Typical biological behavior of migration and flow pattern creating for fish schooling, E-Proceedings, 38th IAHR World Congress, Panama City, Panama, September 1-6, 2019.

112-19   Wenjun Liu, Bo Wang, Hang Wang, Jianmin Zhang, Yunliang Chen, Yong Peng, Xin Liu, Sha Yang, Experimental and numerical modeling of dam-break flows in wet downstream conditions, E-Proceedings, 38th IAHR World Congress, Panama City, Panama, September 1-6, 2019.

111-19   Zhang Chendi, Liu Yingjun, Xu Mengzhen, Wang Zhaoyin, The 3D numerical study on flow properties of individual step-pool, Proceedings: 14th International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Chengdu, China, September 16-19, 2019.

110-19   Mason Garfield, The effects of scour on the flow field at a bendway weir, Thesis: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

109-19   Seth Siefken, Computational fluid dynamics models of Rio Grande bends fitted with rock vanes or bendway weirs, Thesis: Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

108-19   Benjamin Israel Devadason and Paul Schweiger, Decoding the drowning machines: Using CFD modeling to predict and design solutions to remediate the dangerous hydraulic roller at low head dams, The Journal of Dam Safety, 17.1, pp. 20-31, 2019.

106-19   Amir Ghaderi and Saeed Abbasi, CFD simulations of local scouring around airfoil-shaped bridge piers with and without collar, Sādhanā, art. no. 216, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s12046-019-1196-8

105-19   Jacob van Alwon, Numerical and physical modelling of aerated skimming flows over stepped spillways, Thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, 2019.

100-19   E.H. Hussein Al-Qadami, A.S. Abdurrasheed, Z. Mustaffa, K.W. Yusof, M.A. Malek and A. Ab Ghani, Numerical modelling of flow characteristics over sharp crested triangular hump, Results in Engineering, 4, art. no. 100052, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100052

99-19   Agostino Lauria, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi, and Antonino D’Ippolito, Discharge coefficients for sluice gates set in weirs at different upstream wall inclinations, Water, 12.1, art. no. 245, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w12010245

98-19   Redvan Ghasemlounia and M. Sedat Kabdasli, Surface suspended sediment distribution pattern for an unexpected flood event at Lake Koycegiz, Turkey, Proceedings, 14th National Conference on Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering, Urmia, Iran, July 16-17, 2019.

97-19   Brian Fox, Best practices for simulating hydraulic structures with CFD, Proceedings, Dam Safety 2019, Orlando, Florida, USA, September 8-12, 2019.

96-19   John Wendelbo, Verification of CFD predictions of self-aeration onset on stepped chute spillways, Proceedings, Dam Safety 2019, Orlando, Florida, USA, September 8-12, 2019.

95-19   Pankaj Lawande, Anurag Chandorkar and Adhirath Mane, Predicting discharge rating curves for tainter gate controlled spillway using CFD simulations, Proceedings, 24th HYDRO 2019, International Conference, Hyderabad, India, December 18-20, 2019.

91-19   Gyeong-Bo Kim, Wei Cheng, Richards C. Sunny, Juan J. Horrillo, Brian C. McFall, Fahad Mohammed, Hermann M. Fritz, James Beget, and Zygmunt Kowalik , Three Dimensional Landslide Generated Tsunamis: Numerical and Physical Model Comparisons, Landslides, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01308-2

85-19   Susana D. Amaral, Ana L. Quaresma, Paulo Branco, Filipe Romão, Christos Katopodis, Maria T. Ferreira, António N. Pinheiro, and José M. Santos, Assessment of retrofitted ramped weirs to improve passage of potamodromous fish, Water, 11, art. no. 2441, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11122441

82-19   Shubing Dai, Yong He, Jijian Yang, Yulei ma, Sheng Jin, and Chao Liang, Numerical study of cascading dam-break characteristics using SWEs and RANS, Water Supply, 2019. doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.168

81-19   Kyong Oh Baek, Evaluation technique for efficiency of fishway based on hydraulic analysis, Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, 52.spc2, pp. 855-863, 2019. doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2019.52.S-2.855

80-19   Yongye Li, Yuan Gao, Xiaomeng Jia, Xihuan Sun, and Xuelan Zhang, Numerical simulations of hydraulic characteristics of a flow discharge measurement process with a plate flowmeter in a U-channel, Water, art. no. 2392, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11112382

76-19   Youtong Rong, Ting Zhang, Yanchen Zheng, Chunqi Hu, Ling Peng, and Ping Feng, Three-dimensional urban flood inundation simulation based on digital aerial photogrammetry, Journal of Hydrology, in press, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124308

74-19   Youtong Rong, Ting Zhang, Ling Peng, and Ping Feng, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of dam discharge and flood routing in Wudu Reservoir, Water, 11, art. no. 2157, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11102157

70-19   Le Thi Thu Hien, Study the flow over chute spillway by both numerical and physical models, Proceedings, pp. 845-851, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_116

69-19   T. Vinh Cuong, N. Thanh Hung, V. Thanh Te, P. Anh Tuan, Analysis of spur dikes spatial layout to river bed degradation under reversing tidal flow, Proceedings, pp. 737-744, 10th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2019), Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0291-0_101

67-19   Zongshi Dong, Junxing Wang, David Florian Vetsch, Robert Michael Boes, and Guangming Tan, Numerical simulation of air–water two-phase flow on stepped spillways behind X-shaped flaring gate piers under very high unit discharge, Water, 11, art. no. 1956, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11101956

66-19   Tony L. Wahl, Effect of boundary layer conditions on uplift pressures at open offset spillway joints, Sustainable and Safe Dams Around the World: Proceedings, 2019. doi.org/10.1201/9780429319778-182

65-19   John Petrie, Kun Zhang, and Mahmoud Shehata, Numerical simulation of snow deposition around living snow fences, Community Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in Cold Climates (CESTiCC), Project Report, 2019.

64-19   Andrea Franco, Jasper Moernaut, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Markus Aufleger, Michael Strasser, and Bernhard Gems, Lituya Bay 1958 Tsunami – detailed pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D-numerical modelling utilizing the CFD software FLOW-3D, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, under review, 2019. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-285

63-19   J. Patarroyo, D. Damov, D. Shepherd, G. Snyder, M. Tremblay, and M. Villeneuve, Hydraulic design of stepped spillway using CFD supported by physical modelling: Muskrat Falls hydroelectric generating facility, Sustainable and Safe Dams Around the World: Proceedings, , pp. 205-219, 2019. doi.org/10.1201/9780429319778-19

61-19   A.S. Abdurrasheed, K.W. Yusof, E.H. Hussein Alqadami, H. Takaijudin, A.A. Ghani, M.M. Muhammad, A.T. Sholagberu, M.K. Zainalfikry, M. Osman, and M.S. Patel, Modelling of flow parameters through subsurface drainage modules for application in BIOECODS, Water, 11, art. no. 1823, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/w11091823

59-19     Brian Fox and Robert Feurich, CFD analysis of local scour at bridge piers, Proceedings of the Federal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydraulic Modeling Conference (SEDHYD), Reno, Nevada, June 24-28, 2019.

56-19     Pankaj Lawande, Brian Fox, and Anurag Chandorkar, Three dimensional CFD modeling of flow over a tainter gate spillway, International Dam Safety Conference, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, February 13-14, 2019.

49-19     Yousef Sangsefidi, Bruce MacVicar, Masoud Ghodsian, Mojtaba Mehraein, Mohammadamin Torabi, and Bruce M. Savage, Evaluation of flow characteristics in labyrinth weirs using response surface methodology, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, Vol. 69, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.101617

43-19     Gongyun Liao, Zancheng Tang, and Fei Zhu, Self-cleaning performance of double-layer porous asphalt pavements with different granular diameters and layer combinations, 19th COTA International Conference of Transportation, Nanjing, China, July 6-8, 2019.

42-19     Tsung-Chun Ho, Gwo-Jang Hwang, Kao-Shu Hwang, Kuo-Cheng Hsieh, and Lung-Wei Chen, Experimental and numerical study on desilting efficiency of the bypassing tunnel for Nan-Hua reservoir, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

41-19     Chang-Ting Hsieh, Sheng-Yung Hsu, and Chin-Pin Ko, Planning of sluicing tunnel in front of the Wushe dam – retrofit the existing water diversion tunnel as an example, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

40-19     Chi-Lin Yang, Pang-ku Yang, Fu-June Wang, and Kuo-Cheng Hsieh, Study on the transportation of high-concentration sediment flow and the operation of sediment de-silting in Deji Reservoir, 3rd International Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, Taipei, Taiwan, April 9-12, 2019.

39-19   Sam Glovik and John Wendelbo, Advanced CFD air entrainment capabilities for baffle drop structure design, NYWEA 91st Annual Meeting, New York, NY, February 3-6, 2019.

36-19     Ahmed M. Helmi, Heba T. Essawy, and Ahmed Wagdy, Three-dimensional numerical study of stacked drop manholes, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 145, No. 9, 2019. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001414

33-19     M. Cihan Aydin, A. Emre Ulu, and Çimen Karaduman, Investigation of aeration performance of Ilısu Dam outlet using two-phase flow model, Applied Water Science, Vol. 9, No. 111, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s13201-019-0982-0

16-19     Bernard Twaróg, The analysis of the reactive work of the Alden Turbine, Technical Transactions I, Environmental Engineering, 2019. doi: 10.4467/2353737XCT.19.010.10050

14-19     Guodong Li, Xingnan Li, Jian Ning, and Yabing Deng, Numerical simulation and engineering application of a dovetail-shaped bucket, Water, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2019. doi: 10.3390/w11020242

13-19     Ilaria Rendina, Giacomo Viccione, and Leonardo Cascini, Kinematics of flow mass movements on inclined surfaces, Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 107-123, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s00162-019-00486-y

10-19     O.K. Saleh, E.A. Elnikhely, and Fathy Ismail, Minimizing the hydraulic side effects of weirs construction by using labyrinth weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, Vol. 66, pp. 1-11, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.01.016

05-19   Hakan Ersoy, Murat Karahan, Kenan Gelişli, Aykut Akgün, Tuğçe Anılan, M. Oğuz Sünnetci, Bilgehan Kul Yahşi, Modelling of the landslide-induced impulse waves in the Artvin Dam reservoir by empirical approach and 3D numerical simulation, Engineering Geology, Vol. 249, pp. 112-128, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.12.025

96-18     Kyung-Seop Sin, Robert Ettema, Christopher I. Thornton, Numerical modeling to assess the influence of bendway weirs on flow distribution in river beds, Task 4 of Study: Native Channel Topography and Rock-Weir Structure Channel-Maintenance Techniques, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. CSU-HYD Report No. 2018-1, 2018.

95-18   Thulfikar Razzak Al-Husseini, Hayder A. Al-Yousify and Munaf A. Al-Ramahee, Experimental and numerical study of the effect of the downstream spillway face’s angle on the stilling basin’s energy dissipation, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9.8, pp. 1327-1337, 2018.

94-18   J. Michalski and J. Wendelbo, Utilizing CFD methods as a forensic tool in pipeline systems to assess air/water transient issues, Proceedings, 7, pp. 5519-5527, 91st Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition & Conference (WEFTEC), New Orleans, LA, United States, September 29 – October 3, 2018. doi.org/10.2175/193864718825138817

79-18 Harold Alvarez and John Wendelbo, Estudio de 3 modelos matemáticos para similar olas producidas por derrumbes en embalses y esfuerzos en compuertas, XXVIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Hidráulica, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 2018. (In Spanish)

70-18   Michael Pfister, Gaetano Crispino, Thierry Fuchsmann, Jean-Marc Ribi and Corrado Gisonni, Multiple inflow branches at supercritical-type vortex drop shaft, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 144, No. 11, 2018. doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001530

67-18   F. Nunes, J. Matos and I. Meireles, Numerical modelling of skimming flow over small converging spillways, 3rd International Conference on Protection against Overtopping, June 6-8, 2018, Grange-over-Sands, UK, 2018.

66-18   Maria João Costa, Maria Teresa Ferreira, António N. Pinheiro and Isabel Boavida, The potential of lateral refuges for Iberian barbel under simulated hydropeaking conditions, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 124, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.07.029

63-18   Michael J. Seluga, Frederick Vincent, Samuel Glovick and Brad Murray, A new approach to hydraulics in baffle drop shafts to address dry and wet weather flow in combined sewer tunnels, North American Tunneling Conference Proceedings, June 24-27, 2018, Washington, D.C. pp. 448-461, 2018. © Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration

62-18   Ana Quaresma, Filipe Romão, Paulo Branco, Maria Teresa Ferreira and António N. Pinheiro, Multi slot versus single slot pool-type fishways: A modelling approach to compare hydrodynamics, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 122, pp. 197-206, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.08.006

57-18   Amir Isfahani, CFD modeling of piano key weirs using FLOW-3D, International Dam Safety Conference, January 23-24, 2018, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Technical Session 1A, Uncertainties and Risk Management in Dams, 2018.

49-18   Jessica M. Thompson, Jon M. Hathaway and John S. Schwartz, Three-dimensional modeling of the hydraulic function and channel stability of regenerative stormwater conveyances, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, vol. 4, no.3, 2018. doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000861

46-18   A.B. Veksler and S.Z. Safin, Hydraulic regimes and downstream scour at the Kama Hydropower Plant, Power Technology and Engineering, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2-13, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s10749-018-0862-z

45-18   H. Omara and A. Tawfik, Numerical study of local scour around bridge piers, 9th Annual Conference on Environmental Science and Development, Paris, France, Feb. 7-9, 2018; IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol. 151, 2018. doi.org:10.1088/1755-1315/151/1/012013

40-18   Vincent Libaud, Christophe Daux and Yanis Oukid, Practical Capacities and Challenges of 3D CFD Modelling: Feedback Experience in Engineering Projects, Advances in Hydroinformatics, pp. 767-780, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7218-5_55

39-18   Khosro Morovati and Afshin Eghbalzadeh, Study of inception point, void fraction and pressure over pooled stepped spillways using FLOW-3D, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 28, no. 4, pp.982-998, 2018. doi.org/10.1108/HFF-03-2017-0112

34-18   Tomasz Siuta, The impact of deepening the stilling basin on the characteristics of hydraulic jump, Technical Transactions, vol. 3, pp. 173-186, 2018.

32-18   Azin Movahedi, M.R. Kavianpour, M. R and Omid Aminoroayaie Yamini, Evaluation and modeling scouring and sedimentation around downstream of large dams, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 320, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7487-2

31-18   Yang Song, Ling-Lei Zhang, Jia Li, Min Chen and Yao-Wen Zhang, Mechanism of the influence of hydrodynamics on Microcystis aeruginosa, a dominant bloom species in reservoirs, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 636, pp. 230-239, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.257

30-18   Shaolin Yang, Wanli Yang, Shunquan Qin, Qiao Li and Bing Yang, Numerical study on characteristics of dam-break wave, Ocean Engineering, vol. 159, pp.358-371, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.04.011

27-18   Rachel E. Chisolm and Daene C. McKinney, Dynamics of avalanche-generated impulse waves: three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations and sensitivity analysis, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, vol. 18, pp. 1373-1393, 2018. doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1373-2018.

24-18   Han Hu, Zhongdong Qian, Wei Yang, Dongmei Hou and Lan Du, Numerical study of characteristics and discharge capacity of piano key weirs, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol. 62, pp. 27-32, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.05.004

23-18   Manoochehr Fathi-Moghaddam, Mohammad Tavakol Sadrabadi and Mostafa Rahmanshahi, Numerical simulation of the hydraulic performance of triangular and trapezoidal gabion weirs in free flow condition, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol. 62, pp. 93-104, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.05.005

22-18   Anastasios I.Stamou, Georgios Mitsopoulos, Peter Rutschmann and Minh Duc Bui, Verification of a 3D CFD model for vertical slot fish-passes, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, June 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s10652-018-9602-z

17-18   Nikou Jalayeri, John Wendelbo, Joe Groeneveld, Andrew John Bearlin, and John Gulliver, Boundary dam total dissolved gas analysis using a CFD model, Proceedings from the U.S. Society on Dams Annual Conference, April 30 – May 4, 2018, © 2018 U.S. Society on Dams.

12-18   Bernard Twaróg, Interaction between hydraulic conditions and structures – fluid structure interaction problem solving. A case study of a hydraulic structure, Technical Transactions 2/2018, Environmental Engineering, DOI: 10.4467/2353737XCT.18.029.8002

06-18   Oscar Herrera-Granados, Turbulence Flow Modeling of One-Sharp-Groyne Field, © Springer International Publishing AG 2018, M. B. Kalinowska et al. (eds.), Free Surface Flows and Transport Processes, GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70914-7_12

05-18  Shangtuo Qian, Jianhua Wu, Yu Zhou and Fei Ma, Discussion of “Hydraulic Performance of an Embankment Weir with Rough Crest” by Stefan Felder and Nushan Islam, J. Hydraul. Eng., 2018, 144(4): 07018003, © ASCE.

04-18   Faezeh Tajabadi, Ehsan Jabbari and Hamed Sarkardeh, Effect of the end sill angle on the hydrodynamic parameters of a stilling basin, DOI 10.1140/epjp/i2018-11837-y, Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2018) 133: 10

03-18   Dhemi Harlan, Dantje K. Natakusumah, Mohammad Bagus Adityawan, Hernawan Mahfudz and Fitra Adinata, 3D Numerical Modeling of Flow in Sedimentation Basin, MATEC Web of Conferences 147, 03012 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814703012 SIBE 2017

02-18   ARKAN IBRAHIM, AZHEEN KARIM and Mustafa GÜNAL, Simulation of local scour development downstream of broad-crested weir with inclined apron, European Journal of Science and Technology Special Issue, pp. 57-61, January 2018, Copyright © 2017 EJOSAT.

62-17   Abbas Mansoori, Shadi Erfanian and Farhad Khamchin Moghadam, A study of the conditions of energy dissipation in stepped spillways with A-shaped step using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal, 3.10, 2017.

57-17   Ben Modra, Brett Miller, Nigel Moon and Andrew Berghuis, Physical model testing of a bespoke articulated concrete block (ACB) fishway, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney, Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 301-309, 2017.

53-17   C. Gonzalez, U. Baeumer and C. Russell, Natural disaster relief and recovery arrangements Fitzroy project, bridge scour remediation, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney. Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 274-281, 2017.

52-17   Nigel Moon, Russell Merz, Sarah Luu and Daley Clohan, Utilising CFD modelling to conceptualise a novel rock ramp fishway design, 13th Hydraulics in Water Engineering Conference, Sydney, Nov. 13-18, 2017; Engineers Australia, pp. 382-389, 2017.

50-17   B.M. Crookston, R.M. Anderson and B.P. Tullis, Free-flow discharge estimation method for Piano Key weir geometries, Journal of Hydro-environment Research (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2017.10.003.

48-17   Jian Zhou, Physics of Environmental Flows Interacting with Obstacles, PhD Thesis: Colorado State University, Copyright by Jian Zhou 2017, All Rights Reserved.

46-17   Michael Sturn, Bernhard Gems, Markus Aufleger, Bruno Mazzorana, Maria Papathoma-Köhle and Sven Fuchs, Scale Model Measurements of Impact Forces on Obstacles Induced by Bed-load Transport Processes, Proceedings of the 37th IAHR World Congress August 13 – 18, 2017, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

43-17   Paula Beceiro, Maria do Céu Almeida and Jorge Matos, Numerical modelling of air-water flows in sewer drops, Available Online 28 April 2017, wst2017246; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.246

42-17   Arnau Bayon, Juan Pablo Toro,  Fabián A.Bombardelli, Jorge Matose and Petra Amparo López-Jiménez, Influence of VOF technique, turbulence model and discretization scheme on the numerical simulation of the non-aerated, skimming flow in stepped spillways, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Available online 26 October 2017

40-17   Sturm M, Gems B, Mazzorana B, Gabl R and Aufleger M, Validation of physical and 3D numerical modelling of hydrodynamic flow impacts on objects (Validierung experimenteller und 3-D-numerischer Untersuchungen zur Einwirkung hydrodynamischer Fließprozesse auf Objekte), Bozen-Bolzano Institutional Archive (BIA), ISSN: 0043-0978, https://bia.unibz.it/handle/10863/3893, 2017

38-17   Tsung-Hsien Huang, Chyan-Deng Jan, and Yu-Chao Hsu, Numerical Simulations of Water Surface Profiles and Vortex Structure in a Vortex Settling Basin by using FLOW-3D, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 531-542 (2017) 531, DOI: 10.6119/JMST-017-0509-1

36-17   Jacob van Alwon, Duncan Borman and Andrew Sleigh, Numerical Modelling of Aerated Flows Over Stepped Spillways, 37th IAHR World Congress, 2017.

35-17   Abolfazl Nazari Giglou, John Alex Mccorquodale and Luca Solari, Numerical study on the effect of the spur dikes on sedimentation pattern, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Available online 8 March 2017.

33-17   Giovanni De Cesare, Khalid Essyad, Paloma Furlan, Vu Nam Khuong, Sean Mulligan, Experimental study at prototype scale of a self-priming free surface siphon, Congrès SHF : SIMHYDRO 2017, Nice, 14-16 June

32-17   Kathryn Plymesser and Joel Cahoon, Pressure gradients in a steeppass fishway using a computational fluid dynamics model, Ecological Engineering 108 (2017) 277–283.

31-17   M. Ghasemi, S. Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi, The Scour Bridge Simulation around a Cylindrical Pier Using FLOW-3D, Journal of Hydrosciences and Environment 1(2): 2017 46-54

27-17   John Wendelbo and Brian Fox, CFD modeling of Piano Key weirs: validation and numerical parameter space analysis, 2017 Dam Safety, San Antonio, September 10-14, 2017, Copyright © 2017 Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26-17   Brian Fox and John Wendelbo, Numerical modeling of Piano Key Weirs using FLOW-3D, USSD Annual Conference, Anaheim, CA, April 3- 7, 2017

25-17   Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Sina Sadeghfam and Ali Ghahramanzadeh, Three-dimensional Numerical Investigation of Flow through Screens as Energy Dissipators, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0273

23-17   J.M, Duguay, R.W.J. Lacey and J. Gaucher, A case study of a pool and weir fishway modeled with OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D, Ecological Engineering, Volume 103, Part A, June 2017, Pages 31-42

22-17   Hanif Pourshahbaz, Saeed Abbasi and Poorya Taghvaei, Numerical scour modeling around parallel spur dikes in FLOW-3D, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-2017-21, Drinking Water Engineering and Science, © Author(s) 2017

21-17   Hamid Mirzaei, Zohreh Heydari and Majid Fazli, The effect of meshing and comparing different models of turbulence in topographic prediction of bed and amplitude of flow around the groin in 90-degree arc with movable bed, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, pp 1–16, July 2017

13-17   Lan Qi, Hui Chen, Xiao Wang, Wencai Fei and Donghai Liu, Establishment and application of three-dimensional realistic river terrain in the numerical modeling of flow over spillways, Water Science & Technology: Water Supply | in press | 2017.

11-17   Allison, M.A., Yuill, B.T., Meselhe, E.A., Marsh, J.K., Kolker, A.S., Ameen, A.D., Observational and numerical particle tracking to examine sediment dynamics in a Mississippi River delta diversion, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2017.06.004.

09-17   Hamid Mirzaei, Zohreh Heydari and Majid Fazli, The effect of meshing and comparing different turbulence models in predicting the topography of bed and flow field in the 90 degree bend with moving bed, M. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. (2017). doi:10.1007/s40808-017-0336-6

03-17   Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Comparison of methods to estimate the scour downstream of a ski jump, Civil Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, UPCT Paseo Alfonso XIII, 52 – 30203 Cartagena, Spain, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 92 (2017) 171–180.

103-16 Daniel Valero and Rafael Garcia-Bartual, Calibration of an Air Entrainment Model for CFD Spillway Applications, Advances in Hydroinformatics, P. Gourbesville et al. (eds), pp. 571-582, 2016. doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-615-7_38

97-16   M. Taghavi and H. Ghodousi, A Comparison on Discharge Coefficients of Side and Normal Weirs with Suspended Flow Load using FLOW-3D, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(3), doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i3/78537, January 2016.

96-16   Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Scour, Velocities and Pressures Evaluations Produced by Spillway and Outlets of Dam, Water 2016, 8(3), 68; doi.org/10.3390/w8030068.

95-16   Majid Heydari and Alireza KhoshKonesh, The Comparison of the Performance of Prandtl Mixing Length, Turbulence Kinetic Energy, K-e, RNG and LES Turbulence Models in Simulation of the Positive Wave Motion Caused by Dam Break on the Erodible Bed, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(7), 2016. doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i7/87856

93-16   Saleh I. Khassaf, Ali N. Attiyah and Hayder A. Al-Yousify, Experimental investigation of compound side weir with modeling using computational fluid dynamic, International Journal of Energy and Environment, Volume 7, Issue 2, 2016 pp.169-178

92-16   Jason Duguay and Jay Lacey, Modeling: OpenFOAM CFD Modeling Case Study of a Pool and Weir Fishway with Implications for Free-Surface Flows, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage 2016

90-16   Giacomo Viccione, Vittorio Bovolin and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, A numerical investigation of liquid impact on planar surfaces, ECCOMAS Congress 2016 VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Greece, June 2016.

89-16   Giacomo Viccione, A numerical investigation of flow dynamics over a trapezoidal smooth open channel, ECCOMAS Congress 2016 VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Greece, June 2016.

87-16  Jian Zhou and Subhas K. Venayagamoorthy, Numerical simulations of intrusive gravity currents interacting with a bottom-mounted obstacle in a continuously stratified ambient, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 17; 191–209, 2016. doi: 10.1007/s10652-016-9454-3

86-16   Charles R. Ortloff, Similitude in Archaeology: Examining Agricultural System Science in PreColumbian Civilizations of Ancient Peru and Bolivia, Hydrol Current Res 7:259. doi: 10.4172/2157-7587.1000259, October 2016.

85-16   Charles R. Ortloff, New Discoveries and Perspectives on Water Management at 300 Bc – Ad 1100 Tiwanaku’s Urban Center (Bolivia), MOJ Civil Eng 1(3): 00014. DOI: 10.15406/mojce.2016.01.00014.

82-16   S. Paudel and N. Saenger, Grid refinement study for three dimensional CFD model involving incompressible free surface flow and rotating object, Computers & Fluids, Volume 143, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.10.025, 17 January 2017, Pages 134–140

77-16   José A. Vásquez, Daniel M. Robb, MODELACIÓN CFD DE ROTURA DE PRESAS EN PRESENCIA DE OBSTÁCULOS, XXVII CONGRESO LATINOAMERICANO DE HIDRÁULICA, LIMA, PERÚ, 28 AL 30 DE SETIEMBRE DE 2016.

76-16   José A. Vásquez and Guilherme de Lima, MODELACIÓN CFD DE ONDAS TSUNAMI EN RESERVORIOS, LAGOS Y MINAS CAUSADAS POR DESLIZAMIENTOS DE LADERAS, XXVII CONGRESO LATINOAMERICANO DE HIDRÁULICA, LIMA, PERÚ, 28 AL 30 DE SETIEMBRE DE 2016.

75-16   Bernhard Gems, Bruno Mazzorana, Thomas Hofer, Michael Sturm, Roman Gabl and Markus Aufleger, 3-D hydrodynamic modelling of flood impacts on a building and indoor flooding processes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1351-1368, 2016, http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/16/1351/2016/, doi:10.5194/nhess-16-1351-2016 © Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

74-16   Roman Gabl, Jakob Seibl, Manfred Pfeifer, Bernhard Gems and Markus Aufleger, 3D-numerische Modellansätze für die Berechnung von Lawineneinstößen in Speicher (Concepts to simulate avalanche impacts into a reservoir based on 3D-numerics), Österr Wasser- und Abfallw (2016). doi:10.1007/s00506-016-0346-z.

73-16   Sebastian Krzyzagorski, Roman Gabl, Jakob Seibl, Heidi Böttcher and Markus Aufleger, Implementierung eines schräg angeströmten Rechens in die 3D-numerische Berechnung mit FLOW-3D (Implementation of an angled trash rack in the 3D-numerical simulation with FLOW-3D), Österr Wasser- und Abfallw (2016) 68: 146. doi:10.1007/s00506-016-0299-2.

71-16   Khosro Morovati, Afshin Eghbalzadeh and Saba Soori, Numerical Study of Energy Dissipation of Pooled Stepped Spillways, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 2, No. 5, May, 2016.

66-16   Sooyoung Kim, Seo-hye Choi and Seung Oh Lee, Analysis of Influence for Breach Flow According to Asymmetry of Breach Cross-section, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol. 17, No. 5 pp. 557-565, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2016.17.5.557, ISSN 1975-4701 / eISSN 2288-4688.

65-16   Dae-Geun Kim, Analysis of Overflow Characteristics around a Circular-Crested Weir by Using Numerical Model, Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater Vol. 30, No. 2, April 2016.

63-16   Farzad Ferdos and Bijan Dargahi, A study of turbulent flow in largescale porous media at high Reynolds numbers. Part II: flow physics, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2016, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2016.1211185.

62-16   Farzad Ferdos and Bijan Dargahi, A study of turbulent flow in largescale porous media at high Reynolds numbers. Part I: numerical validation, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 2016, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2016.1211184.

60-16   Chia-Lin Chiu, Chia-Ming Fan and Shun-Chung Tsung, Numerical modeling for  periodic oscillation of free overfall in a vertical drop pool, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001236. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.

54-16   Serife Yurdagul Kumcu, Investigation of Flow Over Spillway Modeling and Comparison between Experimental Data and CFD Analysis, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, (0000) 00(0):1-10, Copyright 2016 Korean Society of Civil Engineers, DOI 10.1007/s12205-016-1257-z.

52-16   Gharehbaghi, A., Kaya, B. and Saadatnejadgharahassanlou, Two-Dimensional Bed Variation Models Under Non-equilibrium Conditions in Turbulent Streams, H. Arab J Sci Eng (2016). doi:10.1007/s13369-016-2258-4

48-16   M. Mohsin Munir, Taimoor Ahmed, Javed Munir and Usman Rasheed, Application of Computational Flow Dynamics Analysis for Surge Inception and Propagation for Low Head Hydropower Projects, Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: Pakistan Academy of Sciences, A. Physical and Computational Sciences 53 (2): 177–185 (2016), Copyright © Pakistan Academy of Sciences

46-16   Manuel Gómez, Joan Recasens, Beniamino Russo and Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz, Assessment of inlet efficiency through a 3D simulation: numerical and experimental comparison, wst2016326; DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.326, August 2016

45-16   Chia-Ying Chang, Frederick N.-F. Chou, Yang-Yih Chen, Yi-Chern Hsieh, Chia-Tzu Chang, Analytical and experimental investigation of hydrodynamic performance and chamber optimization of oscillating water column system, Energy 113 (2016) 597-614

42-16   Bung, D. and Valero, D., Application of the Optical Flow Method to Velocity Determination, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T3150628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

41-16   Valero, D., Bung, D., Crookston, B. and Matos, J., Numerical investigation of USBR type III stilling basin performance downstream of smooth and stepped spillways, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management. 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T340628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

40-16   Bruce M. Savage, Brian M. Crookston and Greg S. Paxson, Physical and Numerical Modeling of Large Headwater Ratios for a 15° Labyrinth Spillway, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001186, 04016046.

36-16   Kai-Wen Hsiao, Yu-Chao Hsu, Chyan-Deng Jan, and Yu-Wen Su, Characteristics of Hydraulic Shock Waves in an Inclined Chute Contraction by Using Three Dimensional Numerical Model, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU 2016-11505, 2016, EGU General Assembly 2016, © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

34-16   Dunlop, S., Willig, I., Paul, G., Cabinet Gorge Dam Spillway Modifications for TDG Abatement – Design Evolution and Field Performance, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management. 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3650628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

33-16   Crispino, G., Dorthe, D., Fuchsmann, T., Gisonni, C., Pfister, M., Junction chamber at vortex drop shaft: case study of Cossonay, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June 2016, doi:10.15142/T350628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

32-16  Brown, K., Crookston, B., Investigating Supercritical Flows in Curved Open Channels with Three Dimensional Numerical Modeling, In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3580628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

31-16  Cicero, G, Influence of some geometrical parameters on Piano Key Weir discharge efficiency,In B. Crookston & B. Tullis (Eds.), Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management, 6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Portland, OR, 27-30 June, 2016, doi:10.15142/T3320628160853 (ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).

28-16   Anthoula Gkesouli, Maria Nitsa, Anastasios I. Stamou, Peter Rutschmann and Minh Duc Bui, Modeling the effect of wind in rectangular settling tanks for water supply, DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2016.1195290, Desalination and Water Treatment, June 22, 2016.

27-16   Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli, Giacomo Viccione and Vittorio Bovolin, Free surface flow impact on a vertical wall: a numerical assessment, Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn., DOI 10.1007/s00162-016-0386-9, February 2016.

25-16   Daniel Valero and Daniel B. Bung, Sensitivity of turbulent Schmidt number and turbulence model to simulations of jets in crossflow, Environmental Modelling & Software 82 (2016) 218e228.

24-16   Il Won Seo, Young Do Kim, Yong Sung Park and Chang Geun Song, Spillway discharges by modification of weir shapes and overflow surroundings, Environmental Earth Sciences, March 2016, 75:496, 14 March 2016

23-16   Du Han Lee, Myounghwan Kim and Dong Sop Rhee, Evacuation Safety Evaluation of Inundated Stairs Using 3D Numerical Simulation, International Journal of Smart Home Vol. 10, No. 3, (2016), pp.149-158 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.3.15

22-16   Arnau Bayon, Daniel Valero, Rafael García-Bartual, Francisco Jose Valles-Moran and Amparo Lopez-Jimenez, Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump, Environmental Modelling & Software 80 (2016) 322e335.

21-16   Shima Bahadori and Mehdi Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating the Effect of Relative Width on Momentum Transfer between Main Channel and Floodplain in Rough Rectangular Compound Channel Sunder Varius Relative Depth Condition, Open Journal of Geology, 2016, 6, 225-231, Published Online April 2016 in SciRes.

18-16   Ali Ahrari,  Hong Lei, Montassar Aidi Sharif, Kalyanmoy Deb and  Xiaobo Tan, Optimum Design of Artificial Lateral Line Systems for Object Tracking under Uncertain Conditions, COIN Report Number: 2016006

16-16   Elena Battisacco, Giovanni De Cesare and Anton J. Schleiss, Re-establishment of a uniform discharge on the Olympic fountain in Lausanne, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, (2016) DOI: 10.1080/23249676.2016.1163648.

14-16   Shima Bahadori, Mehdi and Behdarvandi Askar, Investigating the Simultaneous Effect of Relative Width and Relative Roughness on Apparent Shear Stress in Symmetric Compound Rectangular Channels, JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENCE, ISSN 2322-5009 CODEN (USA): JCRSDJ, S (1), 2016: 654-660

12-16   Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering Innovations at 100 BC- AD 300 Nabataean Petra (Jordan), In conference proceedings: De Aquaeductu atque Aqua Urbium Lyciae Pamphyliae Pisidiae. The Legacy of Sextus Julius Frontinus, Antalya, Turkey, G. Wiplinger, ed.  ISBN: 978-90-429-3361-3, 2016 Peeters Publisher, Leuven, Belgium.

11-16 G. Robblee, S. Kees and B.M. Crookston, Schnabel Engineering; and K. Keel, Town of Hillsborough, Ensuring Water Supply Reliability with Innovative PK Weir Spillway Design, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

10-16 Tina Stanard and Victor Vasquez, Freese and Nichols, Inc.; Ruth Haberman, Upper Brushy Creek Water Control and Improvement District; Blake Tullis, Utah State University; and Bruce Savage, Idaho State University, Importance of Site Considerations for Labyrinth Spillway Hydraulic Design — Upper Brushy Creek Dam 7 Modernization, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

09-16 James R. Crowder, Brian M. Crookston, Bradley T. Boyer and J. Tyler Coats, Schnabel Engineering, Cultivating Ingenuity and Safety in Alabama: The Taming of Lake Ogletree Reservoir, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

08-16 Frank Lan, Robert Waddell and Michael Zusi, AECOM; and Brian Grant, Montana DNRC, Replacing Ruby Dam Outlet Uses Computational Fluid Dynamics to Model Energy Dissipation, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

07-16 Elise N. Dombeck, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Applications of FLOW-3D for Stability Analyses of Concrete Spillways at FERC Projects, 36th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, Denver, CO, April 11-15, 2016

06-16   Farhad Ghazizadeh and M. Azhdary Moghaddam, An Experimental and Numerical Comparison of Flow Hydraulic Parameters in Circular Crested Weir Using FLOW-3D, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 2, No. 1, January, 2016

05-16   Sadegh Dehdar-behbahani and Abbas Parsaie, Numerical modeling of flow pattern in dam spillway’s guide wall. Case study: Balaroud dam, Iran, doi:10.1016/j.aej.2016.01.006, February 2016.

04-16   Oscar Herrera-Granados and Stanisław W. Kostecki, Numerical and physical modeling of water flow over the ogee weir of the new Niedów barrage, DOI: 10.1515/johh-2016-0013, J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 64, 2016, 1, 67–74

03-16   B. Gems, B. Mazzorana, T. Hofer, M. Sturm, R. Gabl, M. Aufleger, 3D-hydrodynamic modelling of flood impacts on a building and indoor flooding processes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2015-326, 2016, Manuscript under review for journal Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., Published: 19 January 2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License.

124-15 Yousef Sangsefidi, Mojtaba Mehraein, and Masoud Ghodsian, Numerical simulation of flow over labyrinth spillways, Scientia Iranica, Transaction A, 22(5), 1779–1787, 2015.

120-15   Du Han Lee, Myounghwan Kim and Dong Sop Rhee, Analysis of Critical Evacuation Condition on Inundated Stairs Using Numerical Simulation, Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.120 (GST 2015), pp.522-525 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.120.104

119-15  Shiqiang Ye and Paul Toth, Bank Erosion Control at Frederickhouse Dam, Ontario, CDA 2015 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2015 de l’ACB, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2015 Oct 5-8

118-15  D.M. Robb and J.A. Vasquez, Numerical simulation of dam-break flows using depth-averaged hydrodynamic and three-dimensional CFD models, 22nd Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, Montreal, Quebec, April 29 – May 2, 2015

117-15 Ashkan. Reisi, Parastoo. Salah, and Mohamad Reza. Kavianpour, Impact of Chute Walls Convergence Angle on Flow Characteristics of Spillways using Numerical Modeling, International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), Volume 3, Issue 3 (2015) ISSN 2320–4087 (Online)

115-15  Ivana Vouk, Field and Numerical Investigation of Mixing and Transport of Ammonia in the Ottawa River, Master’s Thesis: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, August 2015, © Ivana Vouk, Canada 2016.

113-15   J. Amblard, C. Pams Capoccioni, D. Nivon, L. Mellal, G. De Cesare, T. Ghilardi, M. Jafarnejad and E. Battisacco, Analysis of Ballast Transport in the Event of Overflowing of the Drainage System on High Speed Lines, International Journal of Railway Technology, Volume 4, 2015. doi:10.4203/ijr, t.4.xx.xx , ©Saxe-Coburg Publications, 2015

111-15   Y. Oukid, V. Libaud and C. Daux, 3D CFD modelling of spillways -Practical feedback on capabilities and challenges, Hydropower & Dams Issue Six, 2015

110-15  Zhiyong Zhang and Yuanping Yang, Numerical Study on Onset Condition of Scour Below Offshore Pipeline Under Reversing Tidal Flow, © EJGE, Vol. 20 [2015], Bund. 25

109-15  He Baohua, Numerical Simulation Analysis of Karst Tunnel Water Bursting Movement, © EJGE, Vol. 20 [2015], Bund. 25

105-15   Ali Yıldız and A. İhsan Martı, Comparison of Experimental Study and CFD Analysis of the Flow Under a Sluice Gate, Proceedings of International Conference on Structural Architectural and Civil Engineering Held on 21-22, Nov, 2015, in Dubai, ISBN:9788193137321

104-15  Yehui Zhu and Liquan Xie, Numerical Analysis of Flow Effects on Water Interface over a Submarine Pipeline, Resources, Environment and Engineering II: Proceedings of the 2nd Technical Congress on Resources, Environment and Engineering (CREE 2015, Hong Kong, 25-26 September 2015), Edited by Liquan Xie, CRC Press 2015, Pages 99–104, DOI: 10.1201/b19136-16.

100-15  Yizhou Xiao, Wene Wang, Xiaotao Hu, and Yan Zhou, Experimental and numerical research on portable short-throat flume in the field, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, doi:10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2015.11.003, Available online December 8, 2015

99-15   Mehdi Taghavi and Hesam Ghodousi, Simulation of Flow Suspended Load in Weirs by Using FLOW-3D Model, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, November 2015

98-15   Azin Movahedi, Ali Delavari and Massoud Farahi, Designing Manhole in Water Transmission Lines Using FLOW-3D Numerical Model, Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, November 2015

97-15   R. Gabl, J. Seibl, B. Gems, and M. Aufleger, 3-D numerical approach to simulate the overtopping volume caused by an impulse wave comparable to avalanche impact in a reservoir, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2617-2630, doi:10.5194/nhess-15-2617-2015, 2015.

94-15   Jason Matthew Duguay and Jay Lacey, Numerical Study of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design for Perched Culverts, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1139/cjce-2014-0436, November 2015

92-15   H. A. Hussein, R. Abdulla and  M. A. Md Said, Computational Investigation of Inlet Baffle Height on the Flow in a Rectangular Oil/Water Separator Tanks, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 802, pp. 587-592, Oct. 2015

91-15   Mahmoud Mohammad Rezapour Tabari and Shiva Tavakoli, Effects of Stepped Spillway Geometry on Flow Pattern and Energy Dissipation, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, October 2015

87-15   Erin R. Ryan, Effects of Hydraulic Structures on Fish Passage – An Evaluation of 2D vs 3D Hydraulic Analysis Methods, Master’s Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Summer 2015, Copyright by Erin Rose Ryan 2015

79-15   Ana L. Quaresma, Is CFD an efficient tool to develop pool type fishways? International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage. Paper 20, June 24, 2015

78-15   Amir Alavi, Don Murray, Claude Chartrand and Derek McCoy, CFD Modeling Provides Value Engineering, Hydro Review, October 2015

75-15   Rebekka Czerny, Classification of flow patterns in a nature-oriented fishway based on 3D hydraulic simulation results, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage. Paper 39, June 22, 2015

73-15   Frank Seidel, Hybrid model approach for designing fish ways – example fish lift system at Baldeney/Ruhr and fishway at Geesthacht /Elbet, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage 2015

72-15   G. Guyot, B. Huber, and A. Pittion-Rossillon, Assessment of a numerical method to forecast vortices with a scaled model, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

71-15   Abbas Parsaie, Amir Hamzeh Haghiabi and Amir Moradinejad, CFD modeling of flow pattern in spillway’s approach channel, Sustainable Water Resources Management, September 2015, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp 245-251

70-15   T. Liepert, A. Kuhlmann, G. Haimer, M.D. Bui and P. Rutschmann, Optimization of Fish Pass Entrance Location at a Hydropower Plant Considering Site-Specific Constraints, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes, Greece, 3-5 September 2015

67-15   Alkistis Stergiopoulou and Efrossini Kalkani, Towards a first CFD study of modern horizontal axis Archimedean water current turbines, Volume: 02 Issue: 04, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal © 2015, IRJET, July 2015

66-15   Won Choi, Jeongbae Jeon, Jinseon Park, Jeong Jae Lee and Seongsoo Yoon, System reliability analysis of downstream spillways based on collapse of upstream spillways, Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2015; 8(4): 140－150.

64-15   Szu-Hsien Peng and Chuan Tang, Development and Application of Two-Dimensional Numerical Model on Shallow Water Flows Using Finite Volume Method, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2015, 3, 989-996, Published Online August 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp, http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2015.38121

62-15   Cuneyt Yavuz, Ali Ersin Dincer, Kutay Yilmaz and Samet Dursun, Head Loss Estimation of Water Jets from Flip Bucket of Cakmak-1 Diversion Weir and HEPP, RESEARCH GATE, August 2015 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3650.5440

54-15   Guo-bin Xu, Li-na Zhao, and Chih Ted Yang, Derivation and verification of minimum energy dissipation rate principle of fluid based on minimum entropy production rate principle, International Journal of Sediment Research, August 2015

50-15   Vafa Khoolosi, Sedat Kabdaşli, and Sevda Farrokhpour, Modeling and Comparison of Water Waves Caused by Landslides into Reservoirs, Watershed Management 2015 © ASCE 2015.

48-15   Mohammad Rostami and Maaroof Siosemarde, Human Life Saving by Simulation of Dam Break using FLOW-3D (A Case Study: Upper Gotvand Dam), www.sciencejournal.in, Volume- 4 Issue- 3 (2015) ISSN: 2319–4731 (p); 2319–5037 (e) © 2015 DAMA International. All rights reserved.

47-15   E. Kolden, B. D. Fox, B. P. Bledsoe and M. C. Kondratieff, Modelling Whitewater Park Hydraulics and Fish Habitat in Colorado, River Res. Applic., doi: 10.1002/rra.2931, 2015

43-15   Firouz Ghasemzadeh, Behzad Parsa, and Mojtaba Noury, Numerical Study of Overflow Capacity of Spillways, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

42-15   Mario Oertel, Numerical Modeling of Free-Surface Flows in Practical Applications, Chapter 8 in Rivers – Physical, Fluvial and Environmental Processes (GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences), by Pawel Rowiński and Artur Radecki-Pawlik, July 2, 2015

39-15   R. Gabl, J. Seibl, B. Gems, and M. Aufleger, 3-D-numerical approach to simulate an avalanche impact into a reservoir, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 3, 4121–4157, 2015, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/4121/2015/, doi:10.5194/nhessd-3-4121-2015, © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

37-15   Mario Oertel, Discharge Coefficients of Piano Key Weirs from Experimental and Numerical Models, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

36-15   Jessica Klein and Mario Oertel, Comparison between Crossbar Block Ramp and Vertical Slot Fish Pass via Numerical 3D CFD Simulation, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

35-15   Mario Oertel, Jan P. Balmes and Daniel B. Bung, Numerical Simulation of Erosion Processes on Crossbar Block Ramps, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

33-15   Daniel Valero and Daniel B. Bung, Hybrid Investigation of Air Transport Processes in Moderately Sloped Stepped Spillway Flows, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

32-15   Deniz Velioglu, Nuray Denli Tokyay, and Ali Ersin Dincer, A Numerical and Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Hydraulic Jumps on Rough Beds, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

31-15   J.C.C. Amorim, R.C.R. Amante, and V.D. Barbosa, Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Flow in a Stilling Basin, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

30-15   Luna B.J. César, Salas V. Christian, Gracia S. Jesús, and Ortiz M. Victor, Comparative Analysis of the Modification of Turbulence and Its Effects on a Trapezoidal Section Stilling Basin, E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress, 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands

27-15   L. Castillo, J. Carrillo, and M. Álvarez, Complementary Methods for Determining the Sedimentation and Flushing in a Reservoir, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001050 , 05015004, 2015.

22-15   Mohammad Vaghefi, Mohammad Shakerdargah and Maryam Akbari, Numerical investigation of the effect of Froude number on flow pattern around a submerged T-shaped spur dike in a 90º bend, © Turkish Journal of Engineering & Environmental Sciences, 03.04.2015, doi:10.3906/muh-1405-2

18-15   S. Michael Scurlock, Amanda L. Cox, Drew C. Baird, Christopher I. Thornton and Steven R. Abt, Hybrid Modeling of River Training Structures in Sinuous Channels, SEDHYD 2015, Joint 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, April 19-23, 2015, Reno, Nevada

13-15   Selahattin Kocaman and Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Investigation of dam-break induced shock waves impact on a vertical wall, Journal of Hydrology (2015), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.040.

12-15   Nguyen Cong Thanh and Wang Ling-Ling, Physical and Numerical Model of Flow through the Spillways with a Breast Wall, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (0000) 00(0):1-8, Copyright 2015 Korean Society of Civil Engineers, DOI 10.1007/s12205-015-0742-0, April 10, 2015.

10-15   Yueping Yin, Bolin Huang, Guangning Liu and Shichang Wang, Potential risk analysis on a Jianchuandong dangerous rockmass-generated impulse wave in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, Environ Earth Sci, DOI 10.1007/s12665-015-4278-x, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

08-15   Yue-ping Yin, Bolin Huang, Xiaoting Chen, Guangning Liu and Shichang Wang, Numerical analysis on wave generated by the Qianjiangping landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir, China, 10.1007/s10346-015-0564-7, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

07-15   M. Vaghefi, A. Ahmadi and B. Faraji, The Effect of Support Structure on Flow Patterns Around T-Shape Spur Dike in 90° Bend Channel, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, February 2015,

06-15   Sajjad Mohammadpour Zalaki, Hosein Fathian, Ebrahim Zalaghi and Farhad Kalantar Hormozi, Investigation of hydraulic parameters and cavitation in Kheir Abad flood release structure, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, February 2015

04-15  Der-Chang Lo, Jin-Shuen Liou, and Shyy Woei Chang, Hydrodynamic Performances of Air-Water Flows in Gullies with and without Swirl Generation Vanes for Drainage Systems of Buildings, Water 2015, 7(2), 679-696; doi:10.3390/w7020679

01-15   William Daley Clohan, Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Subaerial Landslide Generated Waves, Master’s Thesis: Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia (Vancouver), January 2015 © William Daley Clohan, 2015. Available upon request.

136-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in 300 BCE- CE 300 Petra (Jordan), Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

135-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Land, Labor, Water and Technology in Precolumbian South America, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

134-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Hydrologic Engineering of the 300 BCE- CE 1100 Precolumbian Tiwanaku State (Bolivia), Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

133-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Water engineering at Petra (Jordan): Recreating the decision process underlying hydraulic engineering of the Wadi Mataha pipeline system, Journal of Archaeological Science, April 2014. 44. 91–97. 10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.015.

132-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Ancient Peru and Bolivia, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

131-14    Charles R. Ortloff, Water Management in Ancient Peru, Living Reference Work Entry, Encyclopedia of Ancient Science, Technology and Medicine in Nonwestern Cultures, Springer Publishing, Berlin Germany, 2014.

130-14  Kordula Schwarzwälder and Peter Rutschmann, Sampling bacteria with a laser, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-15144, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

129-14   Kordula Schwarzwälder, Eve Walters and Peter Rutschmann, Bacteria fate and transport in a river, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-14022, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

127-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Petra, Living Reference Work Entry, Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, pp 1-13, 03 July 2014

124-14  G. Wei. M. Grünzner and F. Semler, Combination of 2D shallow water and full 3D numerical modeling for sediment transport in reservoirs and basins, Reservoir Sedimentation – Schleiss et al. (Eds) © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02675-9.

121-14    A. Bayón-Barrachina, D. Valero, F. Vallès-Morán, and P.A. López-Jiménez, Comparison of CFD Models for Multiphase Flow Evolution in Bridge Scour Processes, 5th International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Spa, Belgium, 28-30 August 2014

120-14  D. Valero, R. García-Bartual and J. Marco, Optimisation of Stilling Basin Chute Blocks Using a Calibrated Multiphase RANS Model, 5th International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Spa, Belgium, 28-30 August 2014

119-14   R. Gabl, B. Gems, M. Plörer, R. Klar, T. Gschnitzer, S. Achleitner, and M. Aufleger, Numerical Simulations in Hydraulic Engineering, Computational Engineering, 2014, pp 195-224, April 2014

118-14  Kerilyn Ambrosini, Analysis of Flap Gate Design and Implementations for Water Delivery Systems in California and Nevada, BioResource and Agricultural Engineering, BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, 2014

117-14  Amir Moradinejad, Abas Parssai, Mohamad Noriemamzade, Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern In Kamal Saleh Dam Spillway Approach Channel, App. Sci. Report.10 (2), 2014: 82-89, © PSCI Publications

116-14  Luis G. Castillo and José M. Carrillo, Characterization of the Dynamic Actions and Scour Estimation Downstream of a Dam, 1st International Seminar on Dam Protection against Overtopping and Accidental Leakage, M.Á. Toledo, R. Morán, E. Oñate (Eds), Madrid, 24-25 November 2014

115-14  Luis G. Castillo, José M. Carrillo, Juan T. García, Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez, Numerical Simulations and Laboratory Measurements in Hydraulic Jumps, 11th International Conference on Hydroinformatics, HIC 2014, New York City, USA

114-14  Du Han Lee, Young Joo Kim, and Samhee Lee, Numerical modeling of bed form induced hyporheic exchange, Paddy and Water Environment, August 2014, Volume 12, Issue 1 Supplement, pp 89-97

112-14  Ed Zapel, Hank Nelson, Brian Hughes, Steve Fry, Options for Reducing Total Dissolved Gas at the Long Lake Hydroelectric Facility, Hydrovision International, July 22-24, 2014, Nashville, TN

111-14  Jason Duguay, Jay Lace, Dave Penny and Ken Hannaford, Evolution of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design to Address Issues of Perched Culverts, 2014 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Montreal, Quebec

106-14   Manuel Gomez and Eduardo Martinez, 1D, 2D and 3D Modeling of a PAC-UPC Laboratory Canal Bend, SimHydro 2014: Modelling of rapid transitory flows, 11-13 June 2014, Sophia Antipolis

105-14 Jason Duguay and Jay Lacey, Numerical Validation of an Innovative Fish Baffle Design in Response to Fish Passage Issues at Perched Culverts, CSPI Technical Bulletin, January 14, 2014

104-14  Di Ning, Di,  A Computational Study on Hydraulic Jumps, including Air Entrainment, Master’s Thesis: Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 2014, 1569799, Copyright ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing 2014

103-14  S. M. Sayah, S. Bonanni, Ph. Heller, and M. Volpato, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Cerro del Águila Dam -Hydraulic and Sedimentation, DOI: 10.13140/2.1.5042.1122 Conference: Hydro 2014

102-14   Khosrow Hosseini, Shahab Rikhtegar, Hojat Karami, Keivan Bina, Application of Numerical Modeling to Assess Geometry Effect of Racks on Performance of Bottom Intakes, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, December 2014

98-14  Aysel Duru, Numerical Modelling of Contracted Sharp Crested Weirs, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, November 2014

97-14  M Angulo, S Liscia, A Lopez and C Lucino, Experimental validation of a low-head turbine intake designed by CFD following Fisher and Franke guidelines, 27th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems (IAHR 2014), IOP Publishing, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 22 (2013) 042014 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/22/4/042014

94-14   Hamidreza Babaali, Abolfazl Shamsai, and Hamidreza Vosoughifar, Computational Modeling of the Hydraulic Jump in the Stilling Basin with ConvergenceWalls Using CFD Codes, Arab J Sci Eng, DOI 10.1007/s13369-014-1466-z, October 2014

93-14   A.J. Vellinga, M.J.B. Cartigny, J.T. Eggenhuisen, E.W.M. Hansen, and R. Rouzairol, Morphodynamics of supercritical-flow bedforms using depth-resolved computational fluid dynamics model, International Association of Sedimentologists, Geneva, 2014.

88-14   Marcelo A. Somos-Valenzuela, Rachel E. Chisolm, Daene C. McKinney, and Denny Rivas, Inundation Modeling of a Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Huaraz, Peru, CRWR Online Report 14-01, March 2014

84-14   Hossein Shahheydari, Ehsan Jafari Nodoshan, Reza Barati, and Mehdi Azhdary Moghadam, Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation over stepped spillway under skimming flow regime, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 10.1007/s12205-013-0749-3, November 2014

81-14   Gaël Epely-Chauvin, Giovanni De Cesare and Sebastian Schwindt, Numerical Modelling of Plunge Pool Scour Evolution in Non-Cohesive Sediments, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 477–487 (2014).

79-14   Liquan Xie, Yanhui Xu, and Wenrui Huang, Numerical Study on Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Sediment Trapping by Geotextile Mattress with Sloping Curtain (GMSC), Proceedings of the Eleventh (2014) Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium Shanghai, China, October 12-16, 2014 Copyright © 2014 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, ISBN 978–1 880653 90-6: ISSN 1946-004X.

78-14  D. N. Powell and A. A. Khan, Flow Field Upstream of an Orifice under Fixed Bed and Equilibrium Scour Conditions, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000960, 04014076, 2014.

76-14   Berk Sezenöz, Numerical Modelling of Continuous Transverse Grates for Hydraulic Efficiency, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, October 2014

75-14   Francesco Calomino and Agostino Lauria, 3-D Underflow of a Sluice Gate at a Channel Inlet; Experimental Results and CFD Simulations, Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, Volume 4, Issue 5: 501-508 (2014)

73-14   Som Dutta, Talia E. Tokyay, Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera, Sergio Serafinod and Marcelo H. Garcia, Application of computational fluid dynamic modeling to improve flow and grit transport in Terence J. O’Brien Water Reclamation Plant, Chicago, Illinois, Journal of Hydraulic Research, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2014.949883, October 2014

72-14   Ali Heidari, Poria Ghassemi, Evaluation of step’s slope on energy dissipation in stepped spillway, International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 3 (4) (2014) 501-505, ©Science Publishing Corporation, www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET, doi: 10.14419/ijet.v3i4.3561

70-14   M. Tabatabai, M. Heidarnejad, A. Bordbar, Numerical Study of Flow Patterns in Stilling Basin with Sinusoidal Bed using FLOW-3D Model, Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(13) August 2014, Pages: 787-792

66-14   John S. Schwartz, Keil J. Neff, Frank E. Dworak, Robert R. Woockman, Restoring riffle-pool structure in an incised, straightened urban stream channel using an ecohydraulic modeling approach, Ecol. Eng. (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.002

65-14  Laura Rozumalski and Michael Fullarton, CFD Modeling to Design a Fish Lift Entrance, Hydro Review, July 2014

64-14   Pam Waterman, Scaled for Success: Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Prompts Swift Stormwater System Improvements in Indianapolis, WaterWorld, August 2014.

63-14   Markus Grünzner and Peter Rutschmann, Large Eddy Simulation  – Ein Beitrag zur Auflösung turbulenter Strömungsstrukturen in technischen Fischaufstiegshilfen; (LES – resolving turbulent flow in technical fish bypasses), Tagungsband Internationales Symposium in Zurich, Wasser- und Flussbau im Alpenraum, Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zurich. In German.

62-14   Jason Duguay, Jay Lace, Dave Penny, and Ken Hannaford, Evolution of an Innovative Fish Ladder Design to Address Issues of Perched Culverts, 2014 Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Montreal, Quebec

60-14   Kordula Schwarzwälder, Minh Duc Bui, and Peter Rutschmann, Simulation of bacteria transport processes in a river with FLOW-3D, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 16, EGU2014-12993, 2014, EGU General Assembly 2014, © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

58-14   Eray Usta, Numercial Investigation of Hydraulic Characteristics of Laleili Dam Spillway and Comparison with Physical Model Study, Master’s Thesis: The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, May 2014

57-14   Selahattin Kocaman, Prediction of Backwater Profiles due to Bridges in a Compound Channel Using CFD, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Volume 2014, Article ID 905217, 9 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/905217

54-14   Ines C. Meireles, Fabian A. Bombardelli, and Jorge Matos, Air entrainment onset in skimming flows on steep stepped spillways: an analysis, (2014) Journal of Hydraulic Research, 52:3, 375-385, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2013.878401

53-14   Charles R Ortloff, Groundwater Management in the 300 bce-1100ce Pre-Columbian City of Tiwanaku (Bolivia), Hydrol Current Res 5: 168. doi:10.4172/2157-7587.1000168, 2014

50-14   Mohanad A. Kholdier, Weir-Baffled Culvert Hydrodynamics Evaluation for Fish Passage using Particle Image Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques, Ph.D. Thesis: Utah State University (2014). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3078. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3078

48-14   Yu-Heng Lin, Study on raceway pond for microalgae culturing system, Master Thesis: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, August 2014. In Chinese

38-14   David Ingram, Robin Wallacey, Adam Robinsonz and Ian Bryden, The design and commissioning of the first, circular, combined current and wave test basin, Proceedings of Oceans 2014 MTS/IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, IEEE, April 2014

36-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Precolumbian Peru and Bolivia, The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

35-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in BC 100- AD 300 Petra (Jordan), The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

34-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Engineering in Precolumbian Peru and Bolivia, The Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer-Verlag, Volumes II and III, Heidelberg, Germany, 2014.

33-14   Roman Gabl, Bernhard Gems, Giovanni De Cesare, and Markus Aufleger, Contribution to Quality Standards for 3D-Numerical Simulations with FLOW-3D, Wasserwirtschaft (ISSN: 0043-0978), vol. 104, num. 3, p. 15-20, Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg-Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Gmbh, 2014. Available for download at the University of Innsbruck. In German.

31-14   E. Fadaei-Kermani and G.A. Barani, Numerical simulation of flow over spillway based on the CFD method, Scientia Iranica A, 21(1), 91-97, 2014

30-14   Luis G. Castillo  and José M. Carrillo, Scour Analysis Downstream of Paute-Cardenillo Dam, © 3rd IAHR Europe Congress, Book of Proceedings, 2014, Porto, Portugal.

29-14    L. G. Castillo, M. A. Álvarez, and J. M. Carrillo, Numerical modeling of sedimentation and flushing at the Paute-Cardenillo Reservoir, ASCE-EWRI. International Perspective on Water Resources and Environment Quito, January 8-10, 2014

28-14   L. G. Castillo and J. M. Carrillo, Scour estimation of the Paute-Cardenillo Dam, ASCE-EWRI. International Perspective on Water Resources and Environment Quito, January 8-10, 2014.

27-14   Luis G. Castillo, Manual A. Álvarez and José M. Carrillo, Analysis of Sedimentation and Flushing into the Reservoir Paute-Cardenillo, © 3rd IAHR Europe Congress, Book of Proceedings, 2014, Porto, Portugal.

24-14   Carter R. Newell and John Richardson, The Effects of Ambient and Aquaculture Structure Hydrodynamics on the Food Supply and Demand of Mussel Rafts, Journal of Shellfish Research, 33(1):257-272, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.033.0125, 0125, 2014.

16-14   Han Hu, Jiesheng Huang, Zhongdong Qian, Wenxin Huai, and Genjian Yu, Hydraulic Analysis of Parabolic Flume for Flow Measurement, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.03.002, 2014.

14-14   Seung Oh Lee, Sooyoung Kim, Moonil Kim, Kyoung Jae Lim and Younghun Jung, The Effect of Hydraulic Characteristics on Algal Bloom in an Artificial Seawater Canal: A Case Study in Songdo City, South Korea, Water 2014, 6, 399-413; doi:10.3390/w6020399, ISSN 2073-4441, www.mdpi.com/journal/water

13-14   Kathryn Elizabeth Plymesser, Modeling Fish Passage and Energy Expenditure for American Shad in a Steeppass Fishway using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Ph.D. Thesis: Montana State University, January 2014, © Kathryn Elizabeth Plymesser, 2014, All Rights Reserved.

12-14   Sangdo An and Pierre Y. Julien, Three-Dimensional Modeling of Turbid Density Currents in Imha Reservoir, J. Hydraul. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000851, 05014004, 2014.

09-14   B. Gems, M. Wörndl, R. Gabl, C. Weber, and M. Aufleger, Experimental and numerical study on the design of a deposition basin outlet structure at a mountain debris cone, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 175–187, 2014, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/175/2014/, doi:10.5194/nhess-14-175-2014, © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.

07-14   Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering at Petra (Jordan): Recreating the Decision Process underlying Hydraulic Engineering of the Wadi Mataha Pipeline System, Journal of Archaeological Science, Available online January 2014.

06-14   Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay, Selahattin Kocaman, Hasan Guzel, Investigation of dam-break flood waves in a dry channel with a hump, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Available online January 2014.

05-14   Shawn P. Clark, Jonathan Scott Toews, and Rob Tkach, Beyond average velocity: Modeling velocity distributions in partially-filled culverts to support fish passage guidelines, International Journal of River Basin Management, DOI: 10.1080/15715124.2013.879591, January 2014.

04-14   Giovanni De Cesare, Martin Bieri, Stéphane Terrier, Sylvain Candolfi, Martin Wickenhäuser and Gaël Micoulet, Optimization of a Shared Tailrace Channel of Two Pumped-Storage Plants by Physical and Numerical Modeling, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 291-305.

03-14   Grégory Guyot, Hela Maaloul and Antoine Archer, A Vortex Modeling with 3D CFD, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 433-444.

02-14   Géraldine Milési and Stéphane Causse, 3D Numerical Modeling of a Side-Channel Spillway, Advances in Hydroinformatics Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 487-498.

01-14   Mohammad R. Namaee, Mohammad Rostami, S. Jalaledini and Mahdi Habibi, A 3-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Flow Over a Broad-Crested Side Weir, Advances in Hydroinformatics, Springer Hydrogeology 2014, pp 511-523.

104-13   Alireza Nowroozpour, H. Musavi Jahromi and A. Dastgheib, Studying different cases of wedge shape deflectors on energy dissipation in flip bucket using CFD model, Proceedings, 6th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment Conference (IPWE), Izmir, Turkey, January 7-9, 2013.

102-13   Shari Dunlop, Isaac Willig and Roger L. Kay, Emergency Response to Erosion at Fort Peck Spillway: Hydraulic Analysis and Design, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

101-13   Taeho Kang and Heebeom Shin, Dam Emergency Action Plans in Korea, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

100-13   John Hess, Jeffrey Wisniewski, David Neff and Mike Forrest, A New Auxiliary Spillway for Folsom Dam, ICOLD 2013 International Symposium, Seattle, WA.

98-13   Neda Sharif and Amin Rostami Ravori, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effect of Flow Separation on Dissipating Energy in Compound Bucket, 2013 5th International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (ICBEE 2013); 2013 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering (ICCEN 2013)

97-13  A. Stergiopoulou, V. Stergiopoulos, and E. Kalkani, Contributions to the Study of Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Innovative Archimedean Screw Turbines Recovering the Hydropotential of Watercourses and of Coastal Currents, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Athens, Greece, 5-7 September 2013

96-13   Shokry Abdelaziz, Minh Duc Bui, Namihira Atsushi, and Peter Rutschmann, Numerical Simulation of Flow and Upstream Fish Movement inside a Pool-and-Weir Fishway, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR World Congress, Chengdu, China

95-13  Guodong Li, Lan Lang, and Jian Ning, 3D Numerical Simulation of Flow and Local Scour around a Spur Dike, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR World Congress, Chengdu, China

93-13   Matthew C. Kondratieff and Eric E. Richer, Stream Habitat Investigations and Assistance, Federal Aid Project F-161-R19, Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration, Job Progress Report, Colorado Parks & Wildlife, Aquatic Wildlife Research Section, Fort Collins, Colorado, August 2013. Available upon request

92-13   Matteo Tirindelli, Scott Fenical and Vladimir Shepsis, State-of-the-Art Methods for Extreme Wave Loading on Bridges and Coastal Highways, Seventh National Seismic Conference on Bridges and Highways (7NSC), May 20-22, 2013, Oakland, CA

91-13   Cecia Millán Barrera, Víctor Manuel Arroyo Correa, Jorge Armando Laurel Castillo, Modeling contaminant transport with aerobic biodegradation in a shallow water body, Proceedings of 2013 IAHR Congress © 2013 Tsinghua University Press, Beijing

80-13  Brian Fox, Matthew Kondratieff, Brian Bledsoe, Christopher Myrick, Eco-Hydraulic Evaluation of Whitewater Parks as Fish Passage Barriers, International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage, June 25-27, 2013, Oregon State University. Presentation available for download on the Scholarworks site.

79-13  Changsung Kim, Jongtae Kim, Joongu Kang, Analysis of the Cause for the Collapse of a Temporary Bridge Using Numerical Simulation, Engineering, 2013, 5, 997-1005, (http://www.scirp.org/journal/eng), Copyright © 2013 Changsung Kim et al. Published Online December 2013

76-13   Riley J. Olsen, Michael C. Johnson, and Steven L. Barfuss, Low-Head Dam Reverse Roller Remediation Options, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, November 2013; doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000848.

72-13  M. Pfister, E. Battisacco, G. De Cesare, and A.J. Schleiss, Scale effects related to the rating curve of cylindrically crested Piano Key weirs, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

71-13  F. Laugier, J. Vermeulen, and V. Lefebvre, Overview of Piano KeyWeirs experience developed at EDF during the past few years, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

70-13   G.M. Cicero, J.R. Delisle, V. Lefebvre, and J. Vermeulen, Experimental and numerical study of the hydraulic performance of a trapezoidal Piano Key weir, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds, © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

69-13   V. Lefebvre, J. Vermeulen, and B. Blancher, Influence of geometrical parameters on PK-Weirs discharge with 3D numerical analysis, Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II – PKW 2013 – Erpicum et al. (eds), © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00085-8.

65-13 Alkistis Stergiopoulou and Efrossini Kalkani, Towards a First CFD Study of Innovative Archimedean Inclined Axis Hydropower Turbines, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2013.

58-13  Timothy Sassaman, Andrew Johansson, Ryan Jones, and Marianne Walter, Hydraulic Analysis of a Pumped Storage Pond Using Complementary Methods, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, July 2013.

57-13  Jose Vasquez, Kara Hurtig, and Brian Hughes, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling of Run-of-River Intakes, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO July 2013.

56-13  David Souders, Jayesh Kariya, and Jeff Burnham, Validation of a Hybrid 3-Dimensional and 2-Dimensional Flow Modeling Technique for an Instanenous Dam-Break, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO July 2013.

55-13  Keith Moen, Dan Kirschbaum, Joe Groeneveld, Steve Smith and Kimberly Pate, Sluiceway Deflector Design as part of the Boundary TDG Abatement Program, Hydrovision 2013 Conference Proceedings, Denver, CO, July 2013.

54-13  S. Temeepattanapongsa, G. P. Merkley, S. L. Barfuss and B. Smith, Generic unified rating for Cutthroat flumes, Irrig Sci, DOI 10.1007/s00271-013-0411-3, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013, August 2013.

53-13 Hossein Afshar and Seyed Hooman Hoseini, Experimental and 3-D Numerical Simulation of Flow over a Rectangular Broad-Crested Weir, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume 2, Issue 6, August 2013

52-13  Abdulmajid Matinfard (Kabi), Mohammad Heidarnejad, Javad Ahadian, Effect of Changes in the Hydraulic Conditions on the Velocity Distribution around a L-Shaped Spur Dike at the River Bend, Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Available online at www.tjeas.com ©2013 TJEAS Journal-2013-3-16/1862-1868 ISSN 2051-0853 ©2013 TJEAS

51-13  Elham Radaei, Sahar Nikbin, and Mahdi Shahrokhi, Numerical Investigation of Angled Baffle on the Flow Pattern in a Rectangular Primary Sedimentation Tank, RCEE, Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering 1 (2013) 79-91.

48-13   Mohammad Kayser, Mohammed A. Gabr, Assessment of Scour on Bridge Foundations by Means of In Situ Erosion Evaluation Probe, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 0361-1981 (Print), Volume 2335 / 2013, pp 72-78. 10.3141/2335-08, August 2013.

47-13  Wei Ping Yin et al., 2013, Three-Dimensional Water Temperature and Hydrodynamic Simulation of Xiangxi River Estuary, Advanced Materials Research, 726-731, 3212, August, 2013.

41-13   N. Nekoue, R. Mahajan, J. Hamrick, and H. Rodriguez, Selective Withdrawal Hydraulic Study Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013: pp. 1808-1813. doi: 10.1061/9780784412947.177.

40-13  Eleanor Kolden, Modeling in a three-dimensional world: whitewater park hydraulics and their impact on aquatic habitat in Colorado, Thesis: Master of Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University. Full thesis available online at Colorado State University.

38-13  Prashant Huddar P.E. and Yashodhan Dhopavkar, CFD Use in Water – Insight, Foresight, and Efficiency, CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013.

37-13 B. Gems, M. Wörndl, R. Gabl, C. Weber, and M. Aufleger, Experimental and numerical study on the design of a deposition basin outlet structure at a mountain debris cone, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1, 3169–3200, 2013, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/1/3169/2013/, doi:10.5194/nhessd-1-3169-2013, © Author(s) 2013. Full paper online at: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences.

33-13   Tian Zhou and Theodore A. Endreny, Reshaping of the hyporheic zone beneath river restoration structures: Flume and hydrodynamic experiments, Water Resources Research, DOI: 10.1002/wrcr.20384, ©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

31-13  Francesco Calomino and Agostino Lauria, MOTO ALL’IMBOCCO DI UN CANALE RETTANGOLARE CONTROLLATO DA PARATOIA PIANA. Analisi sperimentale e modellazione numerica 3D; FLOW AT THE INTAKE OF THE RECTANGULAR CHANNEL ;CONTROLLED BY A FLAT SLUICE GATE. Experimental and Numerical 3D Model, L’acqua, pp. 29-36, © Idrotecnica Italiana, 2013. In Italian and English.

30-13  Vinod V. Nair and S.K. Bhattacharyya, Numerical Study of Water Impact of Rigid Sphere under the Action of Gravity CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013. Abstract only.

29-13   Amar Pal Singh, Faisal Bhat, Ekta Gupta, 3-D Spillway Simulations of Ratle HEP (J&K) for the Assessment of Design Alternatives to be Tested in Model Studies, CFD Application in Water Engineering, Bangalore, India, June 2013.

28-13  Shun-Chung Tsung, Jihn-Sung Lai, and Der-Liang Young, Velocity distribution and discharge calculation at a sharp-crested weir, Paddy Water Environ, DOI 10.1007/s10333-013-0378-y, © Springer Japan 2013, May 2013.

27-13  Karen Riddette and David Ho, Assessment of Spillway Modeling Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, ANCOLD Proceedings of Technical Groups, 2013.

21-13  Tsung-Hsien Huang and Chyan-Deng Jan, Simulation of Velocity Distribution for Water Flow in a Vortex-Chamber-Type Sediment Extractor, EGU General Assembly 2013, held 7-12 April, 2013 in Vienna, Austria, id. EGU2013-7061. Online at: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7061H

19-13  Riley J. Olsen, Hazard Classification and Hydraulic Remediation Options for Flat-Topped and Ogee-Crested Low- Head Dams, Thesis: Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1538. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1538, 2013.

17-13  Mohammad-Hossein Erfanain-Azmoudeh and Amir Abbas Kamanbedast, Determine the Appropriate Location of Aerator System on Gotvandolia Dam’s Spillway Using FLOW-3D, American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 13 (3): 378-383, 2013, ISSN 1818-6769, © IDOSI Publications, 2013.

13-13   Chia-Cheng Tsai, Yueh-Ting Lin, and Tai-Wen Hsu, On the weak viscous effect of the reflection and transmission over an arbitrary topography, Phys. Fluids 25, 043103 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4799099 (21 pages).

07-13  M. Kayser and M. A. Gabr, Scour Assessment of Bridge Foundations Using an In Situ Erosion Evaluation Probe (ISEEP), 92nd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, January 13-17, 2013, Washington, D.C.

06-13   Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera, Blake J. Landry, Jorge D. Abad, and Marcelo H. García, Experimental and Numerical Study of the Flow Structure around Two Partially Buried Objects on a Deformed Bed, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE /March 2013, 269-283.

04-13  Safinaz El-Solh, SPH Modeling of Solitary Waves and Resulting Hydrodynamic Forces on Vertical and Sloping Walls, Thesis: Master of Applied Science in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, October 2012, © Safinaz El-Solh, Ottawa, Canada, 2013. Full paper available online at uOttawa.

108-12  Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Investigation of Dam-Break Flow Over Abruptly Contracting Channel With Trapezoidal-Shaped Lateral Obstacles, Journal of Fluids Engineering © 2012 by ASME August 2012, Vol. 134 / 081204-1

102-12 B.M. Crookston, G.S. Paxson, and B.M. Savage, Hydraulic Performance of Labryinth Weirs for High Headwater Ratios, 4th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, 9-11 February 2012, Porto, Portugal, ISBN: 978-989-8509-01-7.

101-12 Jungseok Ho and Wonil Kim, Discrete Phase Modeling Study for Particle Motion in Storm Water Retention, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (2012) 16(6):1071-1078, DOI 10.1007/s12205-012-1304-3.

99-12  Charles R. Ortloff and Michael E. Mosely, Environmental change at a Late Archaic period site in north central coast Perú, Ñawpa Pacha, Journal of Andean Archaeology, Volume 32, Number 2 / December 2012, ISSN: 0077-6297 (Print); 2051-6207 (Online), Left Coast Press, Inc.

98-12  Tao Wang and Vincent H. Chu, Manning Friction in Steep Open-channel Flow, Seventh International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICCFD7), Big Island, Hawaii, July 9-13, 2012.

96-12  Zhi Yong Dong, Qi Qi Chen, Yong Gang, and Bin Shi, Experimental and Numerical Study of Hydrodynamic Cavitation of Orifice Plates with Multiple Triangular Holes, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Volumes 256-259, Advances in Civil Engineering, December 2012.

95-12  Arjmandi H., Ghomeshi M.,  Ahadiayn J., and Goleij G., Prediction of Plunge Point in the Density Current using RNG Turbulence Modeling, Water and Soil Science (Agricultural Science) Spring 2012; 22(1):171-185. Abstract available online at the Scientific Online Database.

84-12  Li Ping Zhao, Jian Qiu Zhang, Lei Chen, Xuan Xie, Jun Qiang Cheng, Study of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the Sloping Breakwater of Circular Protective Facing, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 588 – 589), Advances in Mechanics Engineering, 1781-1785, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.588-589.1781.

83-12 Parviz Ghadimi, Abbas Dashtimanesh, and Seyed Reza Djeddi, Study of water entry of circular cylinder by using analytical and numerical solutions, J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. & Eng. 2012, vol.34, n.3, pp. 225-232 . ISSN 1678-5878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782012000300001.

81-12  R. Gabl, S. Achleitner, A. Sendlhofer, T. Höckner, M. Schmitter and M. Aufleger, Side-channel spillway – Hybrid modeling, Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2012, EWRI/ASCE, August 12-15, 2012, Snowbird, Utah.

80-12  Akin Aybar, Computational Modelling of Free Surface Flow in Intake Structures using FLOW-3D Software, Thesis: MS in Civil Engineering, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University, June 2012.

74-12  Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Saeed Reza Sabbagh Yazdi, and Syafalni Syafalni, Computational investigations of baffle configuration effects on the performance of primary sedimentation tanks, Water and Environment Journal, 22 October 2012, © 2012 CIWEM.

68-12  Jalal Attari and Mohammad Sarfaraz, Transitional Steps Zone in Steeply Stepped Spillways, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

67-12  Mohammad Sarfaraz, Jalal Attari and Michael Pfister, Numerical Computation of Inception Point Location for Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillways, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

64-12  Anders Wedel Nielsen, Xiaofeng Liu, B. Mutlu Sumer, Jørgen Fredsøe, Flow and bed shear stresses in scour protections around a pile in a current, Coastal Engineering, Volume 72, February 2013, Pages 20–38.

62-12  Ehab A. Meselhe, Ioannis Georgiou, Mead A. Allison, John A McCorquodale, Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport in Lower Mississippi at a Proposed Delta Building Diversion, Journal of Hydrology, October 2012.

60-12  Markus Grünzner and Gerhard Haimerl, Numerical Simulation Downstream Attraction Flow at Danube Weir Donauwörth, 9th ISE 2012, Vienna, Austria.

59-12 M. Grünzner, A 3 Dimensional Numerical (LES) and Physical ‘Golf Ball’ Model in Comparison to 1 Dimensional Approach, Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2012, EWRI/ASCE, August 12-15, 2012, Snowbird, Utah

58-12  Shawn P. Clark, Jonathan S. Toews, Martin Hunt and Rob Tkach, Physical and Numerical Modeling in Support of Fish Passage Regulations, 9th ISE 2012, Vienna, Austria.

57-12  Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Syafalni, Numerical Modeling of Baffle Location Effects on the Flow Pattern of Primary Sedimentation Tanks, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Available online October 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.09.060.

50-12  Gricelda Ramirez, A Virtual Flow Meter to Develop Velocity-Index Ratings and Evaluate the Effect of Flow Disturbances on these Ratings, Master’s Thesis: Department of Civil Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012.

43-12  A. A. Girgidov, A. D. Girgidov and M. P. Fedorov, Use of dispersing springboards to reduce near-bottom velocity in a toe basin, Power Technology and Engineering (formerly Hydrotechnical Construction), Volume 46, Number 2 (2012), 113-115, DOI: 10.1007/s10749-012-0316-y.

40-12  Jong Pil Park, Kyung Sik Choi, Ji Hwan Jeong, Gyung Min Choi, Ju Yeop Park, and Man Woong Kim, Experimental and numerical evaluation of debris transport augmentation by turbulence during the recirculation-cooling phase, Nuclear Engineering and Design 250 (2012) 520-537

39-12  Hossein Basser, Abdollah Ardeshir, Hojat Karami, Numerical simulation of flow pattern around spur dikes series in rigid bed, 9th International Congress on Civil Engineering, May 8-10, 2012 Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Isfahan, Iran

38-12  Sathaporn Temeepattanapongsa, Unified Equations for Cutthroat Flumes Derived from a Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Model, (2012). Thesis: Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1308. Available online at: http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1308

36-12 Robert Feurich, Jacques Boubée, Nils Reidar B. Olsen, Improvement of fish passage in culverts using CFD, Ecological Engineering, Volume 47, October 2012, Pages 1–8.

35-12 Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera and Jorge D. Abad, Flow Structure around a Partially Buried Object in a Simulated River Bed, World Environmental And Water Resources Congress 2012, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, May 20-24, 2012.

33-12  Fatemeh Rostami, Saeed Reza Sabbagh Yazdi, Md Azlin Md Said and Mahdi Shahrokhi, Numerical simulation of undular jumps on graveled bed using volume of fluid method, Water Science & Technology Vol 66 No 5 pp 909–917 © IWA Publishing 2012 doi:10.2166/wst.2012.213.

30-12  Saman Abbasi and Amir Abbas Kamanbedast, Investigation of Effect of Changes in Dimension and Hydraulic of Stepped Spillways for Maximization Energy Dissipation, World Applied Sciences Journal 18 (2): 261-267, 2012, ISSN 1818-4952, © IDOSI Publications, 2012, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.02.492

24-12  Mario Oertel, Jan Mönkemöller and Andreas Schlenkhoff, Artificial stationary breaking surf waves in a physical and numerical model, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 50:3, 338-343, 2012.

23-12  Mario Oertel, Cross-bar block ramps:Flow regimes – flow resistance – energy dissipation – stability, thesis, Bericht Nr. 20, 2012, © 2011/12 Dr. Mario Oertel, Hydraulic Engineering Section, Bergische University of Wuppertal. Duplication only with author’s permission.

20-12  M. Oertel and A. Schlenkhoff, Crossbar Block Ramps: Flow Regimes, Energy Dissipation, Friction Factors, and Drag Forces, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, May 2012, pp. 440-448.

19-12  Mohsen Maghrebi, Saeed Alizadeh, and Rahim Lotfi, Numerical Simulation of Flow Over Rectangular Broad Crested Weir, 1st International and 3rd National Conference on Dams and Hydropower in Iran, Tehran, Iran, February 8 – February 9, 2012

18-12  Alireza Daneshkhah and Hamidreza Vosoughifar, Solution of Flow Field Equations to Investigate the Best Turbulent Model of Flow over a Standard Ogee Spillway, 1st International and 3rd National Conference on Dams and Hydropower in Iran, Tehran, Iran, February 8 – February 9, 2012

03-12  Hamed Taghizadeh, Seyed Ali Akbar Salehi Neyshabour and Firouz Ghasemzadeh, Dynamic Pressure Fluctuations in Stepped Three-Side Spillway, Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 3 (1): 95-104, 2012, ISSN 2079-2115

02-12   Kim, Seojun, Yu, Kwonkyu, Yoon, Byungman, and Lim, Yoonsung, A numerical study on hydraulic characteristics in the ice Harbor-type fishway, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012-02-01, Issn: 1226-7988, pp 265- 272, Volume: 16, Issue: 2, Doi: 10.1007/s12205-012-0010-5.

105-11 Hatice Ozmen Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Dam-break Flow in the Presence of Obstacle: Experiment and CFD Simulation, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechancis, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 541-552, 2011

102-11 Sang Do An, Interflow Dynamics and Three-Dimensional Modeling of Turbid Density Currents in IMHA Reservoir, South Korea, thesis: Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Colorado State University, 2011.

101-11 Tsunami – A Growing Disaster, edited by Mohammad Mokhtari, ISBN 978-953-307-431-3, 232 pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published December 16, 2011 under CC BY 3.0 license, DOI: 10.5772/922. Available for download at Intech.

98-11  Selahattin Kocaman and Hasan Guzel, Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Dam-Break Wave on a Single Building Situated Downstream, Epoka Conference Systems, 1st International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil Engineering, 19-21 May 2011, EPOKA University, Tirana, Albania.

97-11   T. Endreny, L. Lautz, and D. I. Siegel, Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps: Flume and hydrodynamic models, WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 47, W02517, doi:10.1029/2009WR008631, 2011.

96-11   Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said and Syafalni, Numerical Simulation of Influence of Inlet Configuration on Flow Pattern in Primary Rectangular Sedimentation Tanks, World Applied Sciences Journal 15 (7): 1024-1031, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952, © IDOSI Publications, 2011. Full article available online at IODSI.

94-11  Kathleen H. Frizell, Summary of Hydraulic Studies for Ladder and Flume Fishway Design- Nimbus Hatchery Fish Passage Project, Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2010-04, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group, December 2011

88-11   Abdelaziz, S, Bui, MD, Rutschmann, P, Numerical Investigation of Flow and Sediment Transport around a Circular Bridge Pier, Proceedings of the 34th World Congress of the International Association for Hydro- Environment Research and Engineering: 33rd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium and 10th Conference on Hydraulics in Water Engineering, ACT: Engineers Australia, 2011: 2624-2630.

86-11  M. Heidarnejad, D. Halvai and M. Bina, The Proper Option for Discharge the Turbidity Current and Hydraulic Analysis of Dez Dam Reservoir, World Applied Sciences Journal 13 (9): 2052-2056, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2011

84-11  Martina Reichstetter and Hubert Chanson, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Negative Surges in Open Channels, School of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland, Report CH84/11, ISBN No. 9781742720388, © Reichstetter and Chanson, 2011.

83-11  Reda M. Abd El-Hady Rady, 2D-3D Modeling of Flow Over Sharp-Crested Weirs, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(12): 2495-2505, ISSN 1819-544X, 2011.

78-11  S. Abbasi, A. Kamanbedast and J. Ahadian, Numerical Investigation of Angle and Geometric of L-Shape Groin on the Flow and Erosion Regime at River Bends, World Applied Sciences Journal 15 (2): 279-284, 2011, ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2011.

75-11  Mario Oertel and Daniel B. Bung, Initial stage of two-dimensional dam-break waves: laboratory versus VOF, Journal of Hydraulic Research, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2011.639981, Available online: 08 Dec 2011.

73-11  T.N. Aziz and A.A. Khan, Simulation of Vertical Plane Turbulent Jet in Shallow Water, Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2011, Article ID 292904, 10 pages, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/292904.

67-11   Chung R. Song, ASCE, Jinwon Kim, Ge Wang, and Alexander H.-D. Cheng, Reducing Erosion of Earthen Levees Using Engineered Flood Wall Surface, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 137, No. 10, October 2011, pp. 874-881, http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000500.

64-11  Mahdi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, Syafalni, The Effect of Number of Baffles on the Improvement Efficiency of Primary Sedimentation Tanks, Available online 11 November 2011, ISSN 0307-904X, 10.1016/j.apm.2011.11.001.

62-11  Jana Hadler, Klaus Broekel, Low head hydropower – its design and economic potential, World Renewable Energy Congress 2011, Sweden, May 8-13, 2011.

60-11 Md. Imtiaj Hassan and Nahidul Khan, Performance of a Quarter-Pitch Twisted Savonius Turbine, The International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2011, Pattaya City, Thailand, 28-30 September 2011.

59-11   Erin K. Gleason, Ashraful Islam, Liaqat Khan, Darrne Brinker and Mike Miller, Spillway Analysis Techniques Using Traditional and 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

58-11  William Rahmeyer, Steve Barfuss, and Bruce Savage, Composite Modeling of Hydraulic Structures, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

57-11  B. Dasgupta, K. Das, D. Basu, and R. Green, Computational Methodology to Predict Rock Block Erosion in Plunge Pools, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

56-11  Jeff Burnham, Modeling Dams with Computational Fluid Dynamics- Past Success and New Directions, Dam Safety 2011, National Harbor, MD, September 25-29, 2011.

52-11  Madhi Shahrokhi, Fatemeh Rostami, Md Azlin Md Said, and Syafalni, The Computational Modeling of Baffle Configuration in the Primary Sedimentation Tanks, 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology IPCBEE vol 6. (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore.

47-11  Stefan Haun, Nils Reidar B. Olsen and Robert Feurich, Numerical Modeling of Flow over Trapezoidal Broad-Crested Weir, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol 5., No. 3, pp. 397-405, 2011.

42-11  Anu Acharya, Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Flow and Sediment Transport around a Series of Spur Dikes, thesis: The University of Arizona Graduate College, Copyright © Anu Acharya 2011, July 2011.

38-11  Mehdi Shahosseini, Amirabbas Kamanbedast and Roozbeh Aghamajidi, Investigation of Hydraulic Conditions around Bridge Piers and Determination of Shear Stress using Numerical Methods, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011, © ASCE 2011.

35-11  L. Toombes and H. Chanson, Numerical Limitations of Hydraulic Models, 34th IAHR World Congress, 33rd Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium, 10th Hydraulics Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 26 June – 1 July 2011.

34-11  Mohammad Sarfaraz, and Jalal Attari, Numerical Simulation of Uniform Flow Region over a Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillway, 6th National Congress on Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran, April 26-27, 2011.

30-11  John Richardson and Pamela Waterman, Stemming the Flood, Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 133/No.7 July 2011

29-11  G. Möller & R. Boes, D. Theiner & A. Fankhauser, G. De Cesare & A. Schleiss, Hybrid modeling of sediment management during drawdown of Räterichsboden reservoir, Dams and Reservoirs under Changing Challenges – Schleiss & Boes (Eds), © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-68267-1.

24-11  Liaqat A. Khan, Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Emergency Overflows through an Energy Dissipation Structure of a Water Treatment Plant, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)155, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

23-11  Anu Acharya and Jennifer G. Duan, Three Dimensional Simulation of Flow Field around Series of Spur Dikes, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)218, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

22-11  Mehdi Shahosseini, Amirabbas Kamanbedast, and Roozbeh Aghamajidi, Investigation of Hydraulic Conditions around Bridge Piers and Determination of Shear Stress Using Numerical Method, ASCE Conf. Proc. doi:10.1061/41173(414)435, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011.

20-11  Jong Pil Park, Ji Hwan Jeong, Won Tae Kim, Man Woong Kim and Ju Yeop Park, Debris transport evaluation during the blow-down phase of a LOCA using computational fluid dynamics, Nuclear Engineering and Design, June 2011, ISSN 0029-5493, DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.05.017.

13-11 Ehab A. Meselhe, Myrtle Grove Delta Building Diversion Project, The Geological Society of America, South-Central Section – 45th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 2011.

12-11  Bryan Heiner and Steven L. Barfuss, Parshall Flume and Discharge Corrections Wall Staff Gauge and Centerline Measurements, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, posted ahead of print February 1, 2011, DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000355, © 2011 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

06-11  T. Endreny, L. Lautz, and D. Siegel, Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps- Hydrostatic model simulations, Water Resources Research, Vol. 47, W02518, doi: 10.1029/2010WR010014, 2011, © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union, 0043-1397/11/2010WR010014

03-11  Jinwon Kim, Chung R. Song, Ge Wang and Alexander H.-D. Cheng Reducing Erosion of Earthen Levees Using Engineered Flood Wall Surface, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, © ASCE, January 2011.

02-11  F. Montagna, G. Bellotti and M. Di Risio, 3D numerical modeling of landslide-generated tsunamis around a conical island, Springer Link, Earth and Environmental Science, Natural Hazards, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-010-9689-0, Online First™, 7 January 2011.

83-10   S. Abdelaziz, M.D. Bui and P. Rutschmann, Numerical simulation of scour development due to submerged horizontal jet, River Flow 2010, eds. Dittrich, Koll, Aberle & Geisenhainer, © 2010 Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau, ISBN 978-3-939230-00-7.

79-10  Daniel J. Howes, Charles M. Burt, and Brett F. Sanders, Subcritical Contraction for Improved Open-Channel Flow Measurement Accuracy with an Upward-Looking ADVM, J. Irrig. Drain Eng. 2010.136:617-626.

78-10  M. Kaheh, S. M. Kashefipour, and A. Dehghani, Comparison of k-ε and RNG k-ε Turbulent Models for Estimation of Velocity Profiles along the Hydraulic Jump, presented at the 6th International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics, Athens, Greece, June 2010.

75-10  Shahrokh Amiraslani, Jafar Fahimi, Hossein Mehdinezhad, The Numerical Investigation of Free Falling Jet’s Effect on the Scour of Plunge Pool, XVIII International Conference on Water Resources CMWR 2010 J. Carrera (Ed) CIMNE, Barcelona 2010

74-10  M. Ho Ta Khanh, Truong Chi Hien, and Dinh Sy Quat, Study and construction of PK Weirs in Vietnam (2004 to 2011), 78th Annual Meeting of the International Commission on Large Dams,  VNCOLD, Hanoi, Vietnam, May 23-26, 2010.

72-10  DKH Ho and KM Riddette, Application of computational fluid dynamics to evaluate hydraulic performance of spillways in Australia, © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2010, Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol 6 No 1, 2010.

71-10  Cecilia Lucino, Sergio Liscia y Gonzalo Duro, Vortex Detection in Pump Sumps by Means of CFD, XXIV Latin American Congress on Hydraulics, Punta Del Este, Uruguay, November 2010; Deteccion de Vortices en Darsenas de Bombeo Mediante Modelacion Matematica. Available in English and Spanish.

64-10 Jose (Pepe) Vasquez, Assessing Sediment Movement by CFD Particle Tracking, 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1, 2010.

63-10 Sung-Min Cho, Foundation Design of the Incheon Bridge, Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA Vol 41 No.4, ISSN0046-5828, December 2010.

61-10  I. Meireles, F.A. Bombardelli and J. Matos, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Non-Aerated Skimming Flow on Stepped Spillways Over Embankment Dams, Presented at the 2010 IAHR European Congress, Edinburgh, UK, May 4-6, 2010.

60-10  Mario Oertel, G. Heinz and A. Schlenkhoff, Physical and Numerical Modelling of Rough Ramps and Slides, Presented at the 2010 IAHR European Congress, Edinburgh, UK, May 4-6, 2010.

59-10  Fatemeh Rostami, Mahdi Shahrokhi, Md Azlin Md Said, Rozi Abdullah and Syafalni, Numerical modeling on inlet aperture effects on flow pattern in primary settling tanks, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc., DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2010.12.007, December 2010.

56-10  G. B. Sahoo, F Bombardelli, D. Behrens and J.L. Largier, Estimation of Stratification and Mixing of a Closed River System Using FLOW-3D, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract #H31G-1091

50-10  Sung-Duk Kim, Ho-Jin Lee and Sang-Do An, Improvement of hydraulic stability for spillway using CFD model, International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(6), pp. 774-780, June 2010. Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS, ISSN 1992

49-10  Md. Imtiaj Hassan, Tariq Iqbal, Nahidul Khan, Michael Hinchey, Vlastimil Masek, CFD Analysis of a Twisted Savonius Turbine, PKP Open Conference Systems, IEEE Newfoundland and Labrador Section, October 2010

46-10  Hatice Ozmen-Cagatay and Selahattin Kocaman, Dam-break flows during initial stage using SWE and RANS approaches, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol 48, No. 5 (2010), pp. 603-611, doi: 10.108/00221686.2010.507342, © 2010 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research.

44-10  Marie-Hélène Briand, Catherine Tremblay, Yannick Bossé, Julian Gacek, Carola Alfaro, and Richard Blanchet, Ashlu Creek hydroelectric project- Design and optimization of hydraulic structures under construction, CDA 2010 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2010 de l’A CB, Niagra Falls, ON, Canada, 2010 Oct 2-7.

43-10 Gordon McPhail, Justin Lacelle, Bert Smith, and Dave MacMillan, Upgrading of Boundary Dam Spillway, CDA 2010 Annual Conference, Congrès annuel 2010 de l’A CB, Niagra Falls, ON, Canada, 2010 Oct 2-7.

40-10 Selahattin Kocamana; Galip Seckinb; Kutsi S. Erduran, 3D model for prediction of flow profiles around bridges, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.507340, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Volume 48, Issue 4 August 2010, pages 521 – 525. Available online at: informaworld

38-10  Kevin M. Sydor and Pamela J. Waterman, Engineering and Design: The Value of CFD Modeling in Designing a Hydro Plant, Hydro Review, Volume 29, Issue 6, September 2010 Available online at HydroWorld.com

33-10  Fabián A. Bombardelli, Inês Meireles and Jorge Matos, Laboratory measurements and multi-block numerical simulations of the mean flow and turbulence, SpringerLink, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Online First™, 26 August 2010

30-10 Bijan Dargahi, Flow characteristics of bottom outlets with moving gates, IAHR, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2010), pp. 476-482, doi: 10.1080/00221686.20101.507001, © 2010 International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research

24-10 Shuang Ming Wang and Kevin Sydor, Power Intake Velocity Modeling Using FLOW-3D at Kelsey Generating Station, Canadian Dam Association Bulletin, Vol. 21. No. 2, Spring 2010, pp: 16-21

20-10 Jungseok Ho, Todd Marti and Julie Coonrod, Flood debris filtering structure for urban storm water treatment, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.481834, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Volume 48, Issue 3, pages 320 – 328, June 2010.

16-10 J. Jacobsen and N. R. B. Olsen, Three-dimensional numerical modeling of the capacity for a complex spillway, Proceedings of the ICE – Water Management, Volume 163, Issue 6, pages 283 –288, ISSN: 1741-7589, E-ISSN: 1751-7729.

13-10 J. Ho, J. Coonrod, L. J. Hanna, B. W. Mefford, Hydrodynamic modelling study of a fish exclusion system for a river diversion, River Research and Applications Volume 9999, mIssue 9999, Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

12-10 Nils Rüther, Jens Jacobsen, Nils Reidar B. Olsen and Geir Vatne, Prediction of the three-dimensional flow field and bed shear stresses in a regulated river in mid-Norway, Hydrology Research Vol 41 No 2 pp 145–152 © IWA Publishing 2010, doi:10.2166/nh.2010.064.

11-10 Xing Fang, Shoudong Jiang, and Shoeb R. Alam, Numerical Simulations of Efficiency of Curb-Opening Inlets, J. Hydr. Engrg. Volume 136, Issue 1, pp. 62-66 (January 2010).

54-09    K.W. Frizell, J.P. Kubitschek, and R.F. Einhellig, Folsom Dam Joint Federal Project Existing Spillway Modeling – Discharge Capacity Studies, American River Division Central Valley Project Mid-Pacific Region, Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2009-02, US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado, September 2009

50-09  Mark Fabian, Variation in Hyporheic Exchange with Discharge and Slope in a Tropical Mountain Stream, thesis: State University of New York, College of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2009. Available online: http://gradworks.umi.com/14/82/1482174.html.

48-09 Junwoo Choi, Kwang Oh Ko, and Sung Bum Yoon, 3D Numerical Simulation for Equivalent Resistance Coefficient for Flooded Built-Up Areas, Asian and Pacific Coasts 2009 (pp 245-251), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on APAC 2009, Singapore, 13 – 16 October 2009

47-09 Young-Il Kim, Chang-Jin Ahn, Chae-Young Lee, Byung-Uk Bae, Computational Fluid Dynamics for Optimal Design of Horizontal-Flow Baffled-Channel Powdered Activated Carbon Contactors, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. publishers, Volume: 26 Issue 1: January 15, 2009.

43-09 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering in the Ancient World: Archaeological and Climate Perspectives on Societies of Ancient South America, Meso-America, the Middle East and South East Asia, Oxford University Press, ISBN13: 978-0-19-923909-2ISBN10: 0-19-923909-6, December 2009 Available at Oxford University Press (clicking on this link will take you to OUP’s website).

40-09 Ge Wang, Chung R. Song, Jinwon Kim and Alexander, H.-D Cheng, Numerical Study of Erosion-proof of Loose Sand in an Overtopped Plunging Scour Process — FLOW-3D, The 2009 Joint ASCE-ASME-SES Conference on Mechanics and Materials, Blacksburg, Virginia, June 24-27, 2009

39-09 Charles R. Ortloff, Water Engineering in the Ancient World: Archaeological and Climate Perspectives on Societies of Ancient South America, the Middle East, and South-East Asia(Hardcover), Oxford University Press, USA (October 15, 2009), ISBN-10: 0199239096; ISBN-13: 978-0199239092 Buy Water Engineering in the Ancient World on Amazon.com.

38-09 David S. Brown, Don MacDonell, Kevin Sydor, and Nicolas Barnes, An Integrated Computational Fluid Dynamics and Fish Habitat Suitability Model for the Pointe Du Bois Generating Station, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 53-66

37-09 Warren Gendzelevich, Andrew Baryla, Joe Groenveld, and Doug McNeil, Red River Floodway Expansion Project-Design and Construction of the Outlet Structure, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 13-26

36-09 Jose A. Vasquez and Jose J. Roncal, Testing River2D and FLOW-3D for Sudden Dam-Break Flow Simulations, CDA 2009 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2009 de l’A CB, Whistler, BC, Canada, 2009 Oct 3-8, pdf pages: 44-55

33-09 Pamela J. Waterman, Modeling Commercial Aquaculture Systems Employing FLOW-3D, (clicking on this link will take you to Desktop Engineering’s website) Desktop Engineering, November 2009

29-09 Bruce M. Savage, Michael C. Johnson, Brett Towler, Hydrodynamic Forces on a Spillway- Can we calculate them?, Dam Safety 2009, Hollywood, FL, USA, October 2009

27-09 Charles “Chick” Sweeney, Keith Moen, and Daniel Kirschbaum, Hydraulic Design of Total Dissolved Gas Mitigation Measures for Boundary Dam, Waterpower XVI, © PennWell Corporation, Spokane, WA, USA, July 2009

23-09 J.A. Vasquez and B.W. Walsh, CFD simulation of local scour in complex piers under tidal flow, 33rd IAHR Congress: Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment, © 2009 by International Association of Hydraulic Engineering & Research (IAHR), ISBN: 978-94-90365-01-1

15-09 Kaushik Das, Steve Green, Debashis Basu, Ron Janetzke, and John Stamatakos, Effect of Slide Deformation and Geometry on Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides- A Numerical Investigation, Copyright 2009, Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, May 4-7, 2009

5-09 Remi Robbe, Douglas Sparks, Calculation of the Rating Curves for the Matawin Dam’s Bottom Sluice Gates using FLOW-3D, Conference of the Société Hydrotechnique de France (SHF), 20-21 January 2009, Paris, France. (in French)

4-09 Frederic Laugier, Gregory Guyot, Eric Valette, Benoit Blancher, Arnaud Oguic, Lily Lincker, Engineering Use of Hydrodynamic 3D Simulation to Assess Spillway Discharge Capacity, Conference of the Société Hydrotechnique de France (SHF), 20-21 January 2009, Paris, France. (in French)

50-08   H. Avila and R.Pitt, The Calibration and use of CFD Models to Examine Scour from Stormwater Treatment Devices – Hydrodynamic Analysis, 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008

47-08    Greg Paxson, Brian Crookston, Bruce Savage, Blake Tullis, and Frederick Lux III, The Hydraulic Design Toolbox- Theory and Modeling for the Lake Townsend Spillway Replacement Project, Assoc. of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO), Indian Wells, CA, September 2008.

46-08  Sh. Amirslani, M. Pirestani and A.A.S. Neyshabouri, The 3D numerical simulation of scour by free falling jet and compare geometric parameters of scour hole with DOT, River flow 2008-Altinakar, Kokipar, Gogus, Tayfur, Kumcu & Yildirim (eds) © 2008 Kubaba Congress Department and Travel Services ISBN 978-605-601360201

44-08  Paul Guy Chanel, An Evaluation of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Spillway Modeling, thesis: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Copyright © 2008 by Paul Guy Chanel

41-08 Jinwei Qiu, Gravel transport estimation and flow simulation over low-water stream crossings, thesis: Lamar University – Beaumont, 2008, 255 pages; AAT 3415945

37-08 Dae-Geun Kim, Numerical analysis of free flow past a sluice gate, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 11, Number 2 / March, 2007, 127-132.

36-08 Shuang Ming Wang and Kevin Sydor, Power Intake Velocity Modeling using FLOW-3D at Kelsey Generating Station, CDA 2008 Annual Conference, Congres annuel 2008 de l’ACB, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, September 27-October 2, 2008, du 27 septembre au 2 octobre 2008

33-08 Daniel B. Bung, Arndt Hildebrandt, Mario Oertel, Andreas Schlenkhoff and Torsten Schlurmann, Bore Propagation Over a Submerged Horizontal Plate by Physical and Numerical Simulation, ICCE 2008, Hamburg, Germany

32-08 Paul G. Chanel and John C. Doering, Assessment of Spillway Modeling Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 35: 1481-1485 (2008), doi: 10.1139/L08-094 © NRC Canada

31-08 M. Oertel & A. Schlenkhoff, Flood wave propagation and flooding of underground facilities, River Flow 2008, © 2008, International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Izmir, Turkey, September, 2008

18-08 Efrem Teklemariam, Bernie Shumilak, Don Murray, and Graham K. Holder, Combining Computational and Physical Modeling to Design the Keeyask Station, Hydro Review, © HCI Publications, July 2008

15-08 Jorge D. Abad; Bruce L. Rhoads; İnci Güneralp; and Marcelo H. García, Flow Structure at Different Stages in a Meander-Bend with Bendway Weirs, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, August 2008

11-08 Sreenivasa C. Chopakatla, Thomas C. Lippmann and John E. Richardson, Field Verification of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Wave Transformation and Breaking in the Surf Zone, J. Wtrwy., Port, Coast., and Oc. Engrg., Volume 134, Issue 2, pp. 71-80 (March/April 2008) Abstract Only

51-07   Richmond MC, TJ Carlson, JA Serkowski, CB Cook, JP Duncan, and WA Perkins, Characterizing the Fish Passage Environment at The Dalles Dam Spillway: 2001-2004, PNNL-16521, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 2007. Available upon request

46-07 Uplift and Crack Flow Resulting from High Velocity Discharges Over Open Offset Joints, Reclamation, Managing Water in the West, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Report DSO-07-07, December 2007

45-07 Selahattin Kocaman, thesis: Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Çukurova, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Dam Break Problem, 2007. In Turkish. Available on request.

44-07   Saeed-reza Sabbagh-yazdi, Fatemeh Rostami, Habib Rezaei-manizani, and Nikos E. Mastorakis, Comparison of the Results of 2D and 3D Numerical Modeling of Flow over Spillway chutes with Vertical Curvatures, International Journal of Computers, Issue 4, Volume 1, 2007.

43-07    Staša Vošnjak and Jure Mlacnik, Verification of a FLOW-3D mathematical model by a physical hydraulic model of a turbine intake structure, International Conference and exhibition Hydro 2007, 15- 17 October 2007, Granada, Spain. New approaches for a new era: proceedings. [S.l.]: Aqua-Media International Ltd., 2007, 7 str. [COBISS.SI-ID 4991329]

42-07   Merlynn D. Bender, Joseph P. Kubitschek, Tracy B. Vermeyen, Temperature Modeling of Folsom Lake, Lake Natoma, and the Lower American River, Special Report, Sacramento County, California, April 2007

37-07 Heather D. Smith, Flow and Sediment Dynamics Around Three-Dimensional Structures in Coastal Environments, thesis: The Ohio State Unviersity, 2007 (available upon request)

34-07   P.G. Chanel and J.C. Doering, An Evaluation of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Spillway Modeling, 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, December 2007

29-07   J. Groeneveld, C. Sweeney, C. Mannheim, C. Simonsen, S. Fry, K. Moen, Comparison of Intake Pressures in Physical and Numerical Models of the Cabinet Gorge Dam Tunnel, Waterpower XV, Copyright HCI Publications, July 2007

25-07   Jungseok Ho, Hong Koo Yeo, Julie Coonrod, Won-Sik Ahn, Numerical Modeling Study for Flow Pattern Changes Induced by Single Groyne, IAHR Conference Proc., Harmonizing the Demands of Art and Nature in Hydraulics, IAHR, July 2007, Venice, Italy.

24-07   Jungseok Ho, Julie Coonrod, Todd Marti, Storm Water Best Management Practice- Development of Debris Filtering Structure for Supercritical Flow, EWRI Conference Proc. of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, May 2007, Tampa, Florida.

21-07 David S. Mueller, and Chad R. Wagner, Correcting Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Discharge Measurements Biased by Sediment Transport, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Volume 133, Issue 12, pp. 1329-1336 (December 2007), Copyright © 2007, ASCE. All rights reserved.

19-07   A. Richard Griffith, James H. Rutherford, A. Alavi, David D. Moore, J. Groeneveld, Stability Review of the Wanapum Spillway Using CFD Analysis, Canadian Dam Association Bulletin, Fall 2007

06-07   John E. Richardson, CFD Saves the Alewife- Computer simulation helps the Alewife return to its Mt. Desert Island spawning grounds, Desktop Engineering, July 2007; Hatchery International, July/August 2007

39-06    Dae Geun Kim and Hong Yeun Cho, Modeling the buoyant flow of heated water discharged from surface and submerged side outfalls in shallow and deep water with a cross flow, Environ Fluid Mech (2006) 6: 501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-006-9006-3

38-06   Cook, C., B. Dibrani, M. Richmond, M. Bleich, P. Titzler, T. Fu, Hydraulic Characteristics of the Lower Snake River during Periods of Juvenile Fall Chinook Salmon Migration, 2002-2006 Final Report, Project No. 200202700, 176 electronic pages, (BPA Report DOE/BP-00000652-29)

37-06  Cook CB, MC Richmond, and JA Serkowski, The Dalles Dam, Columbia River: Spillway Improvement CFD Study, PNNL-14768, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 2006. Available upon request

31-06 John P. Raiford and Abdul A. Khan, Numerical Modeling of Internal Flow Structure in Submerged Hydraulic Jumps, ASCE Conf. Proc. 200, 49 (2006), DOI:10.1061/40856(200)49

29-06    Michael C. Johnson and Bruce Savage, Physical and Numerical Comparison of Flow over Ogee Spillway in the Presence of Tailwater, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering © ASCE, December 2006

28-06   Greg Paxson and Bruce Savage, Labyrinth Spillways- Comparison of Two Popular U.S.A. Design Methods and Consideration of Non-standard Approach Conditions and Geometries, International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Report CH61/06, Div. of Civil Eng., The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia-ISBN 1864998687

22-06   Brent Mefford and Jim Higgs, Link River Falls Passage Investigation – Flow Velocity Simulation, Water Resources Research Laboratory, February 2006

27-06  Jungseok Ho, Leslie Hanna, Brent Mefford, and Julie Coonrod, Numerical Modeling Study for Fish Screen at River Intake Channel, EWRI Conference Proc. of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, May 2006, Omaha, Nebraska.

17-06  Woolgar, Robert and Eddy, Wilmore, Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to Address Fish Passage Concerns at the Grand Falls-Windsor Hydroelectric Development, Canadian Dam Association meeting, Quebec City, Canada October 2006

14-06  Fuamba, M., Role and behavior of surge chamber in hydropower- Case of the Robert Bourassa hydroelectric power plant in Quebec, Canada, Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century- Berga et al (eds) @ 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 0 415 40423 1

13-06  D.K.H. Ho, B.W. Cooper, K.M. Riddette, S.M. Donohoo, Application of numerical modelling to spillways in Australia, Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century—Berga et al (eds) © 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 0 415 40423 1

4-06 James Dexter, William Faisst, Mike Duer and Jerry Flanagan, Computer Simulation Helps Prevent Nitrification of Storage Reservoir, Waterworld, March 2006, pp 18-24

36-05   P. Coussot, N. Rousell, Jarny and H. Chanson, (2005), Continuous or Catastrophic Solid-Liquid Transition in Jammed Systems, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 17, No. 1, Article 011703, 4 pages (ISSN 0031-9171).

35-05    Dae Geun Kim and Jae Hyun Park, Analysis of Flow Structure over Ogee-Spillway in Consideration of Scale and Roughness Effects by Using CFD Model,  KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering. Volume 9, Number 2, March 2005, pp 161 – 169.

31-05 Frank James Dworak, Characterizing Turbulence Structure along Woody Vegetated Banks in Incised Channels: Implications for Stream Restoration, thesis: The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, December 2005 (available upon request)

29-05 Gessler, Dan and Rasmussen, Bernie, Before the Flood, Desktop Engineering, October 2005

25-05   Jorge D. Abad and Marcelo H. Garcia, Hydrodynamics in Kinoshita-generated meandering bends- Importance for river-planform evolution, 4th IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, October 4-7, 2005, Urbana, Illinois

23-05 Kristiansen T., Baarholm R., Stansberg C.T., Rørtveit G.J. and Hansen E.W., Steep Wave Kinematics and Interaction with a Vertical Column, Presented at The Fifth International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (Waves 2005), Spain, July, 2005

16-05 Dan Gessler, CFD Modeling of Spillway Performance, Proceedings of the 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress (sponsored by Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers), May 15-19, 2005, Anchorage, Alaska

12-05 Charles Ortloff, The Water Supply and Distribution System of the Nabataean City of Petra (Jordan), 300 BC- AD 300, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15:1, 93-109

33-04    Jose Carlos C. Amorim, Cavalcanti Renata Rodrigues, and Marcelo G. Marques, A Numerical and Experimental Study of Hydraulic Jump Stilling Basin, Advances in Hydro-Science and Engineering, Volume VI, Presented at the International Conference on Hydro-Science and Engineering, 2004

23-04   Jose F. Rodriguez, Fabian A. Bombardelli, Marcelo H. Garcia, Kelly Frothingham, Bruce L. Rhoads and Jorge D. Abad, High-Resolution Numerical Simulation of Flow Through a Highly Sinuous River Reach, Water Resources Management, 18:177-199, 2004.

18-04   John Richardson and Douglas Dixon, Modeling the Hydraulics Zone of Influence of Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Plants Cooling Water Intake Structure, a chapter in The Connecticut River Ecological Study (1965-1973) Revisited: Ecology of the Lower Connecticut River 1973-2003, Paul M. Jacobson, Douglas A. Dixon, William C. Leggett, Barton C. Marcy, Jr., and Ronald R. Massengill, editors; Published by American Fisheries Society, Publication date: November 2004, ISBN 1-888569-66-2

10-04   Bruce Savage, Kathleen Frizell, and Jimmy Crowder, Brains versus Brawn- The Changing World of Hydraulic Model Studies

7-04   C. B. Cook and M. C. Richmond, Monitoring and Simulating 3-D Density Currents and the Confluence of the Snake and Clearwater Rivers, Proceedings of EWRI World

24-03  David Ho, Karen Boyes, Shane Donohoo, and Brian Cooper, Numerical Flow Analysis for Spillways, 43rd ANCOLD Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, 24-29 October 2003

15-03   Ho, Dr K H, Boyes, S M, Donohoo, S M, Investigation of Spillway Behaviour Under Increased Maximum Flood by Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique, Proc Conf 14th Australian Fluid Mechanics, Adelaide, Australia, December 2001, 577-580

14-03   Ho, Dr K H, Donohoo, S M, Boyes, K M, Lock, C C, Numerical Analysis and the Real World- It Looks Pretty, but is It Right?, Proceedings of the NAFEMS World Congress, May 2003, Orlando, FL

13-03 Brethour, J. M., Sediment Scour, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN62)

26-02   Sungyul Yoo, Kiwon Hong and Manha Hwang, A 3-dimensional numerical study of flow patterns around a multipurpose dam, 2002 Hydroinformatics Conference, Cardiff, Wales

23-02   Christopher B. Cook, Marshall C. Richmond, John A. Serkowski, and Laurie L. Ebner, Free-Surface Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of a Spillway and Tailrace- Case Study of The Dalles Project, Hydrovision 2002, 29 July -†2 Aug, 2002 Portland, OR

13-02   Efrem Teklemariam, Brian W. Korbaylo, Joe L. Groeneveld & David M. Fuchs, Computational Fluid Dynamics- Diverse Applications In Hydropower Project’s Design and Analysis, June 11-14, 2002, CWRA 55th Annual Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA

12-02   Snorre Heimsund, Ernst Hansen, W Nemec, Computational 3-D Fluid Dynamics Model for Sediment Transport, Erosion, and Deposition by Turbidity Currents, 16th International Sedimentological Congress Abstract Volume (2002) XX-XX

9-02   D. T. Souders & C. W. Hirt, Modeling Roughness Effects in Open Channel Flows, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-02-TN60), May 2002

47-01    Fabián A. Bombardelli and Marcelo H. García, Three-dimensional Hydrodynamic Modeling of Density Currents in the Chicago River, Illinois, CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES, UILU-ENG-01-2001 Hydraulic Engineering Series No. # 68, ISSN: 0442-1744, 2001

44-01   Christopher B. Cook and Marshall C. Richmond, Simulation of Tailrace Hydrodynamics Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Models, Report Number: PNNL-13467, May 2001

40-01 Joe L. Groeneveld, Kevin M. Sydor and David M. Fuchs (Acres Manitoba Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) and Efrem Teklemariam and Brian W. Korbaylo (Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada), Optimization of Hydraulic Design Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Waterpower XII, July 9-11, 2001, Salt Lake City, Utah

39-01   Savage, B.M and Johnson, M.C., Flow over Ogee Spillway- Physical and Numerical Model Case Study, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, August 2001, pp. 640-649

38-01   Newell, Carter, Sustainable Mussel Culture- A Millenial Perspective, Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, August 2001, pp 15-21

36-01   Diane L. Foster, Ohio State University, Numerical Simulations of Sediment Transport and Scour Around Mines, paper presented to the Office of Naval Research, Mine Burial Prediction Program, 2001

35-01 Heather D. Smith, Diane L. Foster, Ohio State University, The Modeling of Flow Around a Cylinder and Scour Hole, Poster prepared for the Office of Naval Research, Mine Burial Prediction Program, 2002

28-01   Brethour, J.M., Transient 3D Model for Lifting, Transporting, and Depositing Solid Material, Proc. 3rd Intrn. Environmental Hydraulics, Dec. 5-8, 2001, Tempe, AZ

25-01  Yuichi Kitamura, Takahiro Kato, & Petek Kitamura, Mathematical Modeling for Fish Adaptive Behavior in a Current, Proceedings of the 2001International Symposium of Environmental Hydraulics, Chigaski R&D Center

22-01 C. R. Ortloff, D. P. Crouch, The Urban Water Supply and Distribution System of the Ionian City of Ephesos in the Roman Imperial Period, CTC/United Defense Journal of Archeological Science (2001), pp 843-860

13-01 I. Lavedrine, and Darren Woolf, ARUP Research and Development, Application of CFD Modelling to Hydraulic Structures, CCWI 2001, Leicaster United Kingdom, 3-5 September 2001, De Montfort University

4-01 Rodriguez, Garcia, Bombardelli, Guzman, Rhoads, and Herricks, Naturalization of Urban Streams Using In-Channel Structures, Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, July 30-August 2, 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota

27-00    Tony L. Wahl, John A. Replogle, Brain T. Wahlin, and James A. Higgs, New Developments in Design and Application of Long-Throated Flumes, 2000 Joint Conference on Water Resources Engineering and Water Resources Planning & Management, Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 30-August 2, 2000.

5-00   John E. Richardson and Karel Pryl, Computer Simulation Helps Prague Modernize and Expand Sewer System, Water Engineering and Management, June, 2000, pp. 10-13; and in Municipal World, June, 2000, pp. 19-20,30

3-00 Efrem Teklemariam and John L. Groeneveld, Solving Problems in Design and Dam Safety with Computational Fluid Dynamics, Hydro Review, May, 2000, pp.48-52

1-00 Scott F. Bradford, Numerical Simulation of Surf Zone Dynamics, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, January/February, 2000, pp.1-13

9-99 John E. Richardson and Karel Pryl, Computational Fluid Dynamics, CE News, October, 1999, pp. 74-76

4-99 J. Groeneveld, Computer Simulation Leads to Faster, Cheaper Options, Water Engineering & Management magazine, pp.14-17, June 1999

16-98 C. R. Ortloff, Hydraulic Analysis of a Self-Cleaning Drainage Outlet at the Hellenistic City of Priene, Journal Archaeological Science, 25, 1211-1220, Article No. as980292, 1998

13-98 J. F. Echols, M.A. Pratt, K. A. Williams, Using CFD to Model Flow in Large Circulating Water Systems, Proc. PowerGen International, Orlando, FL, Dec. 9-11, 1998.

12-98 K. A. Williams, I. A. Diaz-Tous, P. Ulovg, Reduction in Pumping Power Requirements of the Circulation Water (CW) System at TU Electric’s Martin Lake Plant Using Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ASME Mechanical Engineering Magazine, Jan. 1999

8-98 D. Hrabak, K. Pryl, J. Richardson, Calibration of Flowmeters using FLOW-3D Software, Hydroinform, a.s., Prague, CTU Prague, Flow Science Inc, USA, proceedings from the 3rd International Novatech Conference, Lyon, France, May 4-6, 1998

16-96 E. J. Kent and J.E. Richardson, Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Analysis for Calculation of Scour at Bridge Piers with Fender Systems, Earth Tech, Concord, NK and Flow Science Inc, Los Alamos, NM report, December 1996

12-96 J. E. Richardson, Control of Hydraulic Jump by Abrupt Drop, XXVII IAHR Congress, Water for a Changing Global Community, San Francisco, August 10, 1997

6-96 Y. Miyamoto, A Three-Dimensional Analysis around the Open Area of a Tsunami Breakwater, technical report, SEA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, to be presented at the HYDROINFORMATICS 96 Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, Sept. 11-13, 1996

4-95 J. E. Richardson, V. G. Panchang and E. Kent, Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Flow Around Bridge Sub-structures, presented at the Hydraulics ’95 ASCE Conference, San Antonio, TX, Aug. 1995

3-95 Y. Miyamoto and K. Ishino, Three Dimensional Flow Analysis in Open Channel, presented at the IAHR Conference, HYDRA 2000, Vol. 1, Thomas Telford, London, Sept. 1995

16-94 M. S. Gosselin and D. M. Sheppard, Time Rate of Local Scour, proceedings of ASCE Conf. on Water Resources Engineering, San Antonio, TX, August 1994

8-94 C. W. Hirt, Weir Discharges and Counter Currents, Flow Science report, FSI-94-00-3, to be presented at the Hydroinformatics Conference, IHE Delft, The Netherlands, Sept. 1994

7-94 C. W. Hirt and K. A.Williams, FLOW-3D Predictions for Free Discharge and Submerged Parshall Flumes, Flow Science Technical Note #40, August 1994 (FSI-94-TN40)

11-93 K. Ishino, H. Otani, R. Okada and Y. Nakagawa, The Flow Structure Around a Cylindrical Pier for the Flow of Transcritical Reynolds Number, Taisei Corp., Honshu Shikoku Bridge Authority, Akashi Kaikyo Ohashi Substructure Construction, Proc. XXV, Congress Intern. Assoc. Hydraulic Res., V, 417-424 (1993) Tokyo, Japan

6-87 J.M. Sicilian, A FLOW-3D Model for Flow in a Water Turbine Passage, Flow Science report, July 1987 (FSI-87-36-1)

엔지니어링 Software 개발

엔지니어링 Software 개발

당사에서는 공학용 엔지니어링 프로그램을 개발해 드리고 있습니다. 업무 수행에 필요한 공학용 프로그램이나 많은 공수가 소요되는 반복된 작업을 자동화하여 소요시간과 비용을 대폭 줄일 수 있습니다.

R&D 분야에서 필요한 Proto Type 개발이나 Concept 증명을 위한 프로그램 등 필요하신 개발 항목이 있으시면 언제든지 저희 개발팀에 문의 주시기 바랍니다.

ex) 자동차 풍동실험 측정 센서에서 유속, 압력값 등을 수치해석 결과처럼 분석하는 프로그램, 엔진룸 아네모미터 측정값 그래픽처리 및 분석 Chart 제작 프로그램, 주조방안 계산 프로그램, 대용량 데이터 Excel 자동화 처리 프로그램 등

FLOW-3D 주조분야 사용자 지원 UI 프로그램 개발

본 프로그램은 주조분야에서 FLOW-3D를 사용하는 사용자를 위해 주조해석을 위해 필요한 경계조건을 자동으로 계산하여 Input을 만들어 주는 프로그램입니다.

수처리 엔지니어링 프로그램 개발

당사에서는 공학용 엔지니어링 프로그램을 개발해 드리고 있습니다. 업무 수행에 필요한 공학용 프로그램이나 많은 공수가 소요되는 반복된 작업을 자동화하여 소요시간과 비용을 대폭 줄일 수 있습니다.

R&D 분야에서 필요한 Proto Type 개발이나 Concept 증명을 위한 프로그램 등 필요하신 개발 항목이 있으시면 언제든지 저희 개발팀에 문의 주시기 바랍니다.

dev_소독능평가
dev_염소소독능
dev_o3dev_mfrodev_o3dev_mfuf

막공정 3D 자동 설계
쓰레기관로 해석

No Loss with FAVOR™

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

No Loss with FAVOR™

Mampaey and Xu1 showed how Cartesian grid representations of curved flow channels, using a zigzag approximation for the walls, can result in substantial numerical flow losses. There are two sources for these losses. The first source arises from changes in flow direction at a zigzag in the grid boundary. Each abrupt direction change is accompanied by a small loss in kinetic energy. The second source of flow loss may arise from poor approximations of fluid momentum advection near a zigzag boundary. If the finite-difference algorithm uses velocity data located in solid regions outside the channel, these values generally contribute to a slowing down of the flow, i.e., result in a loss of energy.

FAVOR TM를 사용한 손실 제로

Mampaey 와 Xu (아래 자료 참조)는 벽에 대해 지그재그 근사를 사용하여 곡선 유로를 직교 격자로 나타낸 결과 상당한 수치적 유동 손실이 발생할 수 있음을 보여줍니다.  이 손실에는 두 가지 원인이 있습니다.  첫 번째 원인은 격자 경계의 지그재그 부분에서 흐름의 방향이 변화하는 것입니다.  방향이 급변 할 때마다 운동 에너지는 조금씩 감소합니다.  유동 손실의 두 번째 원인으로 생각되는 것은 지그재그 경계 부근의 유체 운동량 이류(advection)의 근사치가 불충분 한 것입니다.  유로의 외부 고체 영역의 속도 데이터를 유한 차분 알고리즘에서 사용하는 경우 이 값이 유속 저하되는 것은 일반적이며, 그 결과 에너지 손실이 발생합니다.

No loss with FAVOR

Flow Loss Reduction

Since FLOW-3D uses a Cartesian grid, it is reasonable to ask if it too suffers from numerical flow losses. The answer is no, it does not. The Fractional Area-Volume Obstacle Representation, FAVOR™, method used exclusively in FLOW-3D eliminates zigzag direction changes by smoothly blocking out fractional portions of grid cell faces and volumes. FAVOR™ also has a collection of special algorithms for computing interfacial areas, evaluating wall stresses, enhancing numerical stability, and for computing advection along solid boundaries.

유동 손실의 감소

FLOW-3D는 직교 격자를 사용하고 있기 때문에 수치적 유동 손실의 영향에 대한 의문이 나오는 것은 당연합니다.  대답은 ‘노’입니다.  영향은 없습니다.  FLOW-3D에서 독점적으로 사용되는 FAVOR TM (Fractional Area-Volume Obstacle Representation) 법에서는 격자 셀면이나 체적의 세세한 부분을 매끄럽게 블록 분류하여 지그재그 방향 변화를 제거합니다 .  FAVOR TM는 계면 면적 계산, 벽 응력의 평가, 수치 안정성 강화, 고체 경계에 따른 이류의 계산 등을 목적으로 한 일련의 특수한 알고리즘도 포함되어 있습니다.

Energy Conservation Example

A simple demonstration of energy conservation in FLOW-3D is provided by a variation of the Mampaey and Xu experiment. In the figure, we show the lower half of a circular channel with fluid located in the left half. The fluid is initially at rest, but gravity is directed downwards causing the fluid to flow to the right side of the channel. In the absence of flow losses, the fluid should reach the same height on the right side as it started from on the left side.

에너지 보존의 예

FLOW-3D의 에너지 절약에 대한 부분을 Mampaey 와 Xu 의 실험을 응용하여 쉽게 보여줍니다.  그림은 원형 수로의 하단에서 왼쪽에 유체가 배치되어있는 모습을 보여줍니다.  이 유체는 처음에는 정지하고 있습니다 만, 아래로 중력이 걸려 있기 때문에 유체는 수로의 오른쪽으로 흐릅니다.  유동 손실이 없는 경우 이 유체는 오른쪽으로 흐를 때 왼쪽에서 첫 번째 상태와 같은 높이에 도달해야합니다.

FLOW-3D simulations of this problem show a realistic sloshing distortion of the free surface (figure above) and the center of mass of the fluid rises to nearly its initial height on the right side of the channel indicating little flow loss. This result is all the more remarkable considering the coarse gridding.

이 문제를 FLOW-3D로 시뮬레이션하면 자유 표면의 리얼한 슬로싱 왜곡은 있지만 (위 그림 참조) 유체의 질량 중심은 수로의 오른쪽에서 처음과 거의 같은 높이까지 상승하고 유동 손실이 거의없는 것을 보여줍니다.  격자가 거친 것을 고려하면이 결과는 더욱 주목할만 합니다.

Reference

Mampaey, F. and Xu, Zhi-An, Simulation and Experimental Validation of Mould Filling, Proc. Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, London, September 10-12, p.3 (1995).

VOF (Volume of Fluid) 란 무엇인가?

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

VOF – What’s in a Name?

A free surface is an interface between a liquid and a gas in which the gas can only apply a pressure on the liquid. Free surfaces are generally excellent approximations when the ratio of liquid to gas densities is large, e.g., for water to air the ratio is 1000.

자유 표면은 액체와 기체 사이의 계면이며, 기체에서만 액체에 대해 압력을 가할 수 있습니다.  자유 표면은 일반적으로 액체 대 기체의 밀도의 비율이 큰 경우 우수한 근사를 합니다.  예를 들어, 물 대 공기의 비율은 1,000입니다.

VOF Method Components

In FLOW-3D free surfaces are modeled with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique, which was first reported in Nichols and Hirt (1975), and more completely in Hirt and Nichols (1981). The VOF method consists of three ingredients: a scheme to locate the surface, an algorithm to track the surface as a sharp interface moving through a computational grid, and a means of applying boundary conditions at the surface.

FLOW-3D 의 자유 표면은 VOF (Volume of Fluid) 법을 사용하여 모델링됩니다.  이 기술은 Nichols 와 Hirt 에 의해 1975 년에 처음 보고된 Hirt 와 Nichols에 의해 1981년에 더 완전한 형태로 보고되었습니다.  VOF 법은 표면의 위치를 특정하는 방식, 계산 격자 내를 이동하는 명확한 계면으로 표면을 추적하는 알고리즘, 표면에서 경계 조건을 적용하는 방법 3가지 성분으로 구성되어 있습니다.

Pseudo VOF

In the past, a number of commercial CFD programs have claimed a VOF capability, when in reality they are only implementing one or two of the three VOF ingredients. Users of these programs should be aware that these pseudo-VOF schemes sometimes give incorrect results.

과거에도 많은 상용 CFD 프로그램이 VOF 기능을 주장했지만, 실제로는 세 가지 VOF 요소 중 하나 또는 두 개만 구현했습니다. 이들 프로그램 사용자는 이러한 pseudo VOF 체계는 때때로 잘못된 결과를 제공할 수 있다는 점에 유의해야 합니다.

Most pseudo-VOF methods use a fluid volume fraction to locate surfaces, but they then attempt to compute flow in both the liquid and gas regions instead of accounting for the gas by a boundary condition. This practice produces an incorrect motion of the surface since it is assumed to move with the average velocity of gas and liquid. In reality, the two fluids generally move independently of one another except for a thin viscous boundary layer.

많은 pseudo VOF 법은 유체의 체적 점유율을 사용하여, 표면의 위치를 파악하고 있으며, 경계 조건에 따라 기체를 처리하는 것이 아니라, 액체와 기체의 두 영역에서 흐름을 계산하려고합니다 .  이 방법에서는 표면은 기체와 액체의 평균 속도로 이동한다고 가정되기 때문에 표면의 움직임이 잘못 표시됩니다.  사실, 경계층이 가늘고 점성이있는 경우를 제외하고, 이 2 개의 유체는 일반적으로 서로 독립적으로 이동합니다.

VOF - What's in a name

Left: Correct jet shape predicted by TruVOF technique used in FLOW-3D.
Right: Incorrect jet shape predicted by pseudo-VOF technique used by other CFD codes.

그림 1 🙁 왼쪽) FLOW-3D 에 사용되는 TruVOF 법에 의해 예측되는 올바른 분류 모양
그림 2 🙁 우) 기타 CFD 코드에서 사용되는 의사 VOF 법에 의해 예측되는 잘못된 분류 형상

Comparing VOF methods

Left: FLOW-3D‘s TruVOF technique predicts jet impingement on wall and some outflow.
Right: Pseudo-VOF methods don’t predict realistic jetting of fluid on side walls.

그림 3 🙁 왼쪽) FLOW-3D TruVOF 법으로 분류 벽에 충돌과 유출을 예측
도표 4 🙁 우) 의사 VOF 법은 밀도가 높은 유체가 챔버에서 나가는 모습을 잘못 예측

VOF vs. Pseudo VOF Example

The consequences of trying to compute both gas and liquid flow can be illustrated with a simple example. All the computed results shown here were produced with FLOW-3D, which has a two-fluid option that can be run in a pseudo-VOF mode. Imagine a jet of water issuing at constant velocity from a long slit into air. If we neglect gravity and keep the velocity of the jet low (say 10.0 cm/s), we expect the jet to move more or less unimpeded by the air (see the FLOW-3D results in Fig. 1), obtained with its VOF free-surface model).

기체와 액체의 두 흐름을 계산하려고 한 결과는 간단한 예로 설명 할 수 있습니다.  여기에 표시된 계산 결과는 모든 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 요구한 것입니다.  FLOW-3D는 pseudo VOF 모드에서 실행할 수있는 2 유체 옵션이 있습니다.  물 분사를 일정한 속도로 가늘고 긴 슬릿에서 공기 중에 방출하는 경우를 상상해보십시오.  중력을 무시하고 분류 속도를 저속 (예 : 1.0cm / sec)으로 유지하면 기류는 공기에 전혀 구애받지 않고 자유롭게 이동할 것으로 예상됩니다 (그림 1, FLOW-3D의 VOF 자유 표면 모델에서 얻어진 결과 참조).

Pseudo-VOF methods produce a growth at the tip of the jet (Fig. 2). This growth is numerical, not physical, because it is independent of the density of air (e.g., the growth remains largely unchanged for air densities 100, 1000 and 10,000 times smaller than the liquid density).
At later times the FLOW-3D jet (Fig. 3) strikes the right-hand wall and a small portion of the flow has entered a slot in the wall.

Pseudo-VOF 방법은 제트의 끝에서 확산됩니다(그림 2). 이 확산은 공기 밀도와 무관하기 때문에 물리적인 현상이 아니라 수치적입니다 (예 : 액체 밀도보다 100, 1000 및 10,000 배 더 작은 공기 밀도의 경우 확산은 크게 변하지 않습니다).
그 후, FLOW-3D의 기류 (그림 3)는 오른쪽 벽에 충돌하고 흐름의 일부가 벽의 틈새에 들어갑니다.

In contrast, the lower density air flow in the pseudo-VOF method is pulling liquid into the slot just before the jet strikes the wall (Fig. 4). Also, because of the incompressibility of the air remaining in the chamber, the amount of liquid flowing out the slot in the pseudo-VOF method must be equal to the amount injected, which is more than would be expected under most physical conditions.

대조적으로, pseudo-VOF 방법의 저밀도 기류는 제트가 벽에 부딪히기 직전에 액체를 슬롯으로 끌어 당깁니다 (그림 4). 또한 챔버에 남아있는 공기의 비압축성으로 인해 pseudo-VOF 방법에서 슬롯 밖으로 흘러 나오는 액체의 양은 주입되는 양과 같아야 하며, 이는 대부분의 물리적 조건에서 전혀 예상할 수 없슨 것입니다.

Another pseudo-VOF practice is to use some type of higher-order advection scheme to track interfaces. The interface is represented as a rapid change in density. Such schemes result in smoothed transition regions between gas and liquid that cover several control volumes rather than sharp interfaces localized in one control volume as in the original VOF method. The reason that most people don’t implement free-surface boundary conditions is that it requires major changes to the structure of existing programs, and it must be done carefully to avoid numerical instabilities.

pseudo VOF 또 하나의 관례는 어떤 유형의 고차 이류(advection) 구성표를 사용하여 계면을 추적하는 것입니다.  계면 밀도의 급격한 변화로 표현됩니다.  이러한 방식은 기체와 액체 사이의 매끄러운 전환 영역이 복수의 컨트롤 볼륨에 펼쳐지는 결과가되어, 원형의 VOF 법처럼 하나의 컨트롤 볼륨에 명확한 계면이 국소화되는 것은 아닙니다 .  대부분의 사람들이 자유 표면 경계 조건을 구현하지 않는 이유는 기존의 프로그램의 구조를 크게 변경해야 하므로, 수치적 불안정을 피하기 위해 매우 신중하게 이루어져야 하기 때문입니다.

FLOW-3D has all the ingredients recommended for the successful treatment of free surfaces. Moreover, it incorporates major improvements beyond the original VOF method in each of its three major ingredients.

FLOW-3D는 자유 표면을 제대로 처리하기 위해 권장되는 모든 성분이 포함되어 있습니다.  또한 원형의 VOF 법의 3 가지 주성분에 대해 상당한 개선처리를 진행하였습니다.

References

Nichols, B.D. and Hirt, C.W., “Methods for Calculating Multi-Dimensional, Transient Free Surface Flows Past Bodies,” Proc. First Intern. Conf. Num. Ship Hydrodynamics, Gaithersburg, ML, Oct. 20-23, 1975

Hirt, C.W. and Nichols, B.D., “Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries,” Journal of Computational Physics 39, 201, 1981.

격자 생성 시간 절약

Free Gridding Saves Time

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

Computational fluid dynamic algorithms use a grid of small volume elements in which the average values of flow quantities are stored. In many programs the construction of a suitable grid is a formidable task requiring a considerable investment in time and effort.

전산 유체 역학 (CFD)의 알고리즘은 유량의 평균값이 저장되는 작은 부피의 요소로 이루어진 격자를 사용합니다.  많은 프로그램에서 적절한 격자를 구축하는 것은 시간과 노력에 상당한 투자가 필요한 어려운 작업입니다.

Most programs typically use one or more types of polyhedral elements that must be connected to one another as well as conform to the geometry of a flow region. For complex flow regions it is often necessary to use unstructured grids or separate blocks of regularly connected elements.

일반적으로 대부분의 프로그램은 하나 이상 유형의 다면체 요소를 사용하지만, 그들은 서로 결합하는 동시에 흐름 영역의 기하학적 형상에 맞게 해야 합니다.  복잡한 흐름 영역의 경우, 종종 비 구조 격자나 규칙적으로 결합된 요소의 개별 블록을 사용해야 합니다.

Even when automatic grid generators are employed there are requirements for users to supply data to control the number and type of elements, their connectivity, aspect ratios, and other features. In general, the generation of a geometry conforming grid can consume a significant amount of time and effort.

자동 격자 생성 기능을 선택하는 경우에도 사용자는 요소의 수와 유형, 요소의 결합 상태, 화면 비율, 기타 기능을 제어하기위한 데이터를 제공해야 합니다.  일반적으로 기하학적 형상에 적합한 격자를 생성하려면 상당한 시간과 노력이 소요될 수 있습니다.

In addition to generation difficulties, grids made from polyhedral elements may possess limitations because element faces must match up and elements must not be too distorted (which can be a problem when flow regions have rapidly changing cross sections). Most importantly, geometry conforming grids must be regenerated whenever a change is made in the geometry.

생성이 어려울뿐만 아니라, 다면체 요소에서 만들어진 격자에 제한이 있을 수 있습니다.  요소의 면이 잘 조화되어야 하고 요소가 너무 변형되면 안되기 때문입니다 (급변하는 횡단면이 흐름 영역에있는 경우 문제가 될 수 있습니다).  가장 중요한 것은 기하학적 형상에 적합한 격자는 기하 형상이 변경 될 때마다 다시 생성해야 한다는 것입니다.

Independent Gridding

In free gridding the operations of geometry building and grid generation are independent of one another. Changes in either the grid or geometry can be made freely without requiring changes in the other.

자유 그리딩에서 기하 형상의 생성 및 격자 생성 작업은 서로 독립적입니다.  격자 또는 기하 형상의 변경은 자유롭게 할 수 있으며, 다른 쪽을 변경할 필요가 없습니다.

The free gridding method used in FLOW-3D consists of a simple rectangular mesh with variable spacing controlled by a few parameters. Solid geometry (either constructed from primitives with the program’s preprocessor or imported from a CAD program) is then placed in the grid using the Fractional Area Volume Obstacle Representation (FAVOR™) method. In this technique, which is unique to FLOW-3D, those portions of element surfaces and volumes blocked by obstacles are computed and stored. The computations are done entirely by the preprocessor and require no user interaction.

FLOW-3D에서 사용되는 자유 그리딩 기법은 가변 간격 설정을 약간의 매개 변수로 제어하는 간단한 사각형 메쉬로 구성되어 있습니다.   Solid geometry (프로그램의 전처리기에서 처음 생성했는지, CAD 프로그램에서 가져온 것인지)에 따라 FAVOR TM (Fractional Area Volume Obstacle Representation) 법을 사용하여 격자를 배치합니다.  FLOW-3D에 관련된 이 기술은 요소의 표면 및 체적의 장애물에 의해 차단된 부분이 계산되어 저장됩니다.  계산은 모두 전처리기에 의해 이루어지므로 사용자의 개입은 필요하지 않습니다.

Advantages of Independent Gridding

Because grid and obstacle construction are decoupled, free gridding allows users to modify geometries without changing the grid. Conversely, grid refinement or other changes can be made without affecting the geometric model. This freedom means that complicated geometries described by CAD files can be gridded and ready for solution in a couple of hours, even allowing for a few iterations to get the desired level of local grid resolution.

격자와 장애물(obstacle)의 구축이 분리되어 있기 때문에 프리 그리딩에서는 사용자가 격자를 변경하지 않고 기하학적 형상을 수정할 수 있습니다.  반대로, 격자 세밀화 및 기타 변경도 기하 모델에 영향을주지 않고 할 수 있습니다.  이렇게 자유롭다는 것은 CAD 파일에 의해 표현되는 복잡한 기하학적 형상을 적은 시간으로 격자를 생성하고, 해석결과를 얻을 준비가 될 것입니다.  국소적인 격자의 해상도를 원하는 수준으로하기 위해 여러 번 반복 할 수 있습니다.

Free Gridding Example

An example of the free gridding technique used in FLOW-3D should make clear the advantages offered by this approach for CFD analysis. Figure 1 (left) shows a rather coarse grid developed for the study of flow into a dumbbell shaped cavity. The same geometry with a refined grid is shown in the middle. With FAVOR™ this change is made automatically by the preprocessor when the user changes the number of cells specified in the horizontal and the vertical directions. Decoupling the grid generation from geometry permits changes to the geometry without remeshing (right image). FAVOR™ makes the changes in a matter of seconds, freeing the user from the complexities of conforming grids.

FLOW-3D에서 사용되는 프리 그리딩의 예를 보면 이 방법이 CFD 해석에 제공하는 이점은 분명합니다.  그림 1은 아령 모양을 한 캐비티의 흐름을 조사하기 위해 개발 된 다소 거친 격자를 보여줍니다.  같은 기하학적 형상으로 격자를 정밀화 한 것이 그림 2에 나와 있습니다.  FAVOR TM를 사용하면 이러한 변경은 가로 세로 방향의 지정되는 셀 수를 사용자가 변경할 때 전처리기에 의해 자동으로 이루어집니다.  격자 생성과 기하형상을 분리하여 메쉬를 재 작성하지 않고 기하학적 형상의 변경이 가능합니다 (그림 3 참조).  FAVOR TM는 변경이 몇 초 만에 이루어지기 때문에 사용자는 격자를 준수하는 복잡한 작업에서 해방됩니다.

Figure 1: (left) Initial model, (middle) Refined grid, (right) Original grid with geometry change

FAVOR™ vs. Body-Fitted Coordinates

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

FAVOR™ vs. Body-Fitted Coordinates

The simplicity of the fractional area/volume method FAVOR™ for modeling complex geometric regions is very attractive. But, can it compete in terms of accuracy with deformed grids such as those employed by finite-element or body-fitted coordinate methods? A comparison between these methods shows that there are only small differences between the capabilities of the two approaches.

복잡한 기하 영역을 모델링하기 위해 면적/체적 점유율을 측정하는 FAVOR TM 법의 간결함은 매우 매력적입니다.  그러나 유한 요소법과 BFC (body-fitted coordinate : 물체 적합 좌표) 법에서 사용되는  변형 격자와 비교할 때 정확도면에서 경쟁 할 수 있을까요?  이러한 기술을 비교함으로써 이 두 가지 방법의 기능의 차이는 매우 적다는 것을 알 수 있습니다.

In the absence of solid boundaries there is little fundamental difference between grids of differently shaped control volumes. Some methods require users to store more information (e.g., node locations and various geometric factors) and some exhibit differing levels of accuracy depending on the amount of element distortion. In all cases, however, the underlying idea is a discrete approximation in which fluid forces and fluxes are computed for each element in the grid.

고체 경계가 존재하지 않는 경우, 형상이 다른 컨트롤 볼륨 격자 사이에는 근본적인 차이는 거의 없습니다.  어떤 방법이 더 많은 정보를 저장하도록 요구할 경우 (노드 위치, 다양한 기하학적 형상 요소 등)나 요소의 왜곡의 양에 따라 정확도 수준은 다를 수 있습니다.  그러나 어떤 경우에도 기초가 되는 개념은 격자의 각 요소마다 유체의 힘과 플럭스가 계산된 근사치입니다.

It is the issue of obstacle boundaries that is most often raised as an advantage of deformable grids because they can be constructed to fit the geometry. Two consequences come with this flexibility. One consequence is that these grids must be unstructured for general use. This is because structured grids can only undergo limited distortion before elements are turned inside out. The other consequence is that the distortion of an element makes it more difficult to construct accurate numerical approximations.

이것은 기하학적 형상에 적합하도록 구축 될 수있는 변형 가능한 격자의 장점으로 거론되는 가장 흔한 장애물 경계의 문제입니다.  이러한 유연성은 2 개의 결과가 포함됩니다.  하나는 이러한 격자는 범용으로 비구조이어야한다는 것입니다.  구조 격자의 경우 조금 왜곡을 더한 것만으로 요소가 뒤집어지기 때문입니다.  또 하나는 요소의 왜곡에 의해 정확한 수치 근사를 구축하는 것이 더욱 어려워 질 것입니다.

Structured FAVOR™ Grids vs. Unstructured Grids

The FAVOR™ concept can be used in connection with any type of grid including grids consisting of rectangular or distorted elements and whether the grid is structured or unstructured. Structured grids are best because they are easy to generate and the indices for neighboring elements are known. Rectangular grid elements make it easy to compute the fractional areas and volumes of elements used by the FAVOR™ method.

FAVOR TM의 개념은 사각형 요소와 왜곡 요소로 이루어진 격자를 포함하여, 또한 구조 격자 또는 비구조 격자 여부에 관계없이 모든 종류의 격자와 관련시켜 사용할 수 있습니다.  그 중에서도 구조 격자가 좋습니다.  구조 격자는 쉽게 생성 할 수 인접한 요소의 인덱스를 알고 있기 때문입니다.  직사각형의 격자 요소를 사용하면 FAVOR TM 법에서 사용되는 요소의 면적 점유율과 체적 점유율을 쉽게 계산할 수 있습니다.

The ease with which structured, rectangular grids can be generated makes this an obvious choice for the FAVOR™ method. However, the specification of open and closed grid regions implicit in the FAVOR™ method introduces a type of unstructured computing environment, because only those elements having a finite amount of open volume are actually computed. This results in a computation that is analogous to an unstructured grid computation.

직사각형 구조 격자를 쉽게 생성 할 수 있기 때문에 FAVOR TM 법에서는이를 선택하는 것이 당연하게되어 있습니다.  그러나 FAVOR TM 법에서는 열린 격자 공간과 닫힌 격자 영역의 지정을 잠재적하는 일종의 비구조 계산 환경입니다.  이것은 열린 체적의 크기가 유한한 요소만 실제로 계산되어 그 결과, 비 구조 격자의 계산과 비슷한 계산이 되기 때문입니다.

The analogy with a true unstructured grid is not perfect. For example, the FAVOR™ method requires storage for all elements whether they are blocked or not, while unstructured grids require storage of neighbor lists. Storing all elements is the price paid for automatically knowing which elements are neighbors. Of course, if heat conduction is to be computed in the solid regions surrounding a fluid, then blocked elements must be kept anyway.

진짜 비구조 격자와 유사하지만 완전하지 않습니다.  예를 들어, FAVOR TM 법은 차단되어 있는지 여부에 관계없이 모든 요소의 스토리지가 필요하지만, 비 구조 격자는 인접리스트의 스토리지가 필요합니다.  어떤 요소가 인접해 있는지를 자동으로 알 수 있는 대신 모든 요소를 저장해야 합니다.  물론, 유체를 둘러싼 고체 영역에서 열전도가 계산되는 경우 차단되는 요소는 어느쪽으로도 유지해야합니다.

One disadvantage associated with rectangular, structured grids is that they cannot be distorted to increase resolution in a localized region. Grid lines can be constructed closer together in a particular region for increased resolution, but these grid lines then extend across the entire grid. As a result, the number of elements in a grid may become large. Offsetting this disadvantage is the simplicity of grid generation. There is also the possibility of introducing multiple grid blocks joined at their boundaries to provide increased local resolution without a large increase in the number of grid cells.

직사각형 구조 격자와 관련된 단점 중 하나는 국소화된 영역에서 변형시켜 해상도를 올릴 수 없는 것입니다.  격자선은 특정 영역에서 해상도를 높이기 위해 세밀하게 만들 수 있지만, 이러한 격자는 그 격자 전체에 퍼집니다.  그 결과 하나의 격자 내의 요소의 수가 증가 할 수 있습니다.  이 단점을 상쇄하는 것이 격자 생성의 간단함입니다.  또한 경계에 결합된 복수의 격자 블록을 도입하여 격자 셀의 수를 크게 증가시키지 않고 국소적인 해상도를 올릴 가능성도 있습니다.

The FAVOR™ method is seen to have properties analogous to unstructured grids but without the overhead associated with the construction of unstructured body-fitted or finite-element grids. Since grid generation often requires a major investment of time and effort, the elimination of this task makes FAVOR™ a very desirable alternative.

FAVOR TM 법은 비 구조 격자와 유사한 특성을 가진 것으로 볼 수 있지만, 비 구조의 물체 적합 격자와 유한 요소 격자의 구축과 관련된 오버 헤드는 없습니다.  격자 생성에 시간과 노력을 많이 투자해야하는 경우가 많기 때문에이 작업이 불필요하게 됨으로써 FAVOR TM은 매우 바람직한 선택이 되고 있습니다.

FAVOR™ Elements vs. Body-Fitted Coordinate Elements

A second issue with deformed grids is that their deformation can be used to fit a bounding solid surface. This is accomplished by moving the nodes of elements closest to the surface onto the surface. In contrast, in the FAVOR™ method a surface is allowed to cut through an element and its location is recorded not by moving the edges of the element but in terms of the fractional face areas and fractional volume of the element that are not covered by the solid.

변형 격자의 두 번째 문제는 경계의 고체 표면에 대한 적합성에 변형을 사용할 수 있는 것입니다.  이것은 표면에 가장 가까운 요소 노드를 표면으로 이동함으로써 달성됩니다.  반대로 FAVOR TM 법에서는 표면에서 요소를 자를 수 있도록 허용되고 그 위치는 요소의 끝을 이동함으로써가 아니라 고체로 덮여 있지 않은 요소의 표면적 점유율 및 볼륨 점유율로 기록됩니다.

What we wish to show is that this fractional area/volume technique for defining solid boundaries has the same consequences for numerical approximation as does a deformed (i.e., body-fitted coordinates) grid technique.

우리가 보여주고 싶은 것은 경계를 정의하는 면적/체적 점유율 기법의 수치 근사의 결과가 변형 (BFC) 격자 기법과 동일한 결과를 가지고 있다는 것 입니다.

The most important point to recognize about the FAVOR™ method is that approximations of fluid-dynamic quantities are restricted to the open regions of elements. This restriction introduces fractional areas and volumes of elements as factors directly into the discrete approximations. For example, the flux of a quantity from one element to another has the fractional area of the fluxing boundary that is open to flow as a multiplier.

FAVOR ™ 법에 대해 이해하는 가장 중요한 점은 유체 역학의 유량의 근사치는 요소가 열려있는 영역에 한정되는 것입니다.  이 제한은 요소의 면적/체적 점유율은 인자로 분리된 사치에 직접 도입됩니다.  예를 들어, 요소 요소에 유량의 플럭스는 승수(multiplier)로 흐름에 대해 열려있는 플럭스 경계의 면적 점유율을 가지고 있습니다.

In this way FAVOR™ and body-fitted coordinates both compute fluxes across the faces of elements that employ the same areas. In FAVOR™ the areas are stored as fractions of the original element face areas. In a BFC method the areas are computed from the coordinates of the nodes defining the faces, and often times they are also stored so they don’t have to be recomputed.

이처럼 FAVOR TM과 BFC는 모두 동일한 면적을 사용하는 요소의 면을 통과하는 유량을 계산합니다.  FAVOR TM는 면적은 원래 요소 표면적의 비율로 저장됩니다.  BFC 법에서는 면적은 표면을 정의하는 노드의 좌표에서 계산됩니다.  많은 경우 저장도 되기 때문에 재 계산의 필요가 없습니다.

FAVOR method in FLOW-3D

 

Figure 1: FAVOR™ blocked cell left (a) and BFC cell right (b). Solid region is shaded.

When constructing difference approximations in a grid of non-uniform elements it is necessary to know the effective element widths in different directions. A simple example is given in Fig. 1, which shows an element with a solid boundary. In this case the solid boundary is parallel with the vertical sides of the element. For a deformed element, Fig. 1b, the width of the cell would be h and this width would be used for computing differences in the horizontal direction.

불균일 요소 격자에서 차분 근사를 구축 할 때 다양한 방향의 유효 성분 폭을 알고 있어야 합니다.  간단한 예를 그림 1에 나타냅니다.  이것은 고체 경계를 가지는 요소를 보여줍니다.  이 경우 고체 경계 요소의 수직 측면과 평행하고 있습니다.  변형 된 요소 (그림 1b)에 대해 셀의 폭은 h되어,이 폭을 사용하여 가로 방향의 차이가 계산됩니다.

In FAVOR™ the width of the open portion of the cell is equal to the product of the open volume fraction and the original cell width. It is this product that is used in FAVOR™ for difference approximations in the horizontal direction and it is the same as the width of the deformed cell, h.

FAVOR TM에서 셀의 열 부분의 폭은 열린 체적 점유율과 원래의 셀 폭의 곱 같습니다.  이것은 수평방향에서의 근사 차이에 대한 FAVOR TM이 사용된 제품이며 이는 변형 된 셀의 폭 h와 같습니다.

When differences are computed in a vertical direction, for example, across the top of the element (i.e., parallel to the solid boundary in Fig. 1) the FAVOR™ method approximation involves a ratio of the fractional area at the top divided by the fractional volume. This ratio has a value of unity because the solid boundary blocks the same fraction of area horizontally as it does volume, which again makes the approximation similar to that of a BFC cell. Thus, there is no difference between the effective cell widths used in making difference approximations in FAVOR™ and body-fitted coordinate cells.

세로 방향, 예를 들어 요소의 표면과 교차 (그림 1의 고체 경계와 평행) 방향으로 차이를 계산하는 경우 FAVOR TM 법의 근사치는 윗면의 면적 점유율을 체적 점유율로 나눈 비율이 관계 합니다.  이 비율의 값은 1입니다.  이것은 고체 경계에 따라 부피와 마찬가지로 동일한 면적 점유율이 옆으로 차단되기 때문입니다.  따라서 여기서도 근사 BFC 셀과 비슷합니다.  이처럼 FAVOR TM 셀과 BFC 셀에서 차등 근사 할 때 사용하는 유효한 셀 폭에 차이는 없습니다.

FAVOR method in FLOW-3D for boundary-fitted coordinate systems

 

Figure 2: FAVOR™ cell left (a) and body-fitted coordinate cell right (b). Solid region is shaded.

If the solid surface is slanted as shown in Fig. 2, then the top and bottom face areas are different but are still known quantities in either case. Further, the average horizontal width of the open portion of the cell (h) is still the same because the volume fraction does not change when the solid surface is rotated about a midpoint within the cell (see dashed line). Here again there is little to distinguish between a FAVOR™ and a body-fitted coordinate cell.

그림 2와 같이 고체 표면이 경사져있는 경우에는 위 아래의 표면적은 다르지만 두 경우 모두 알려진 양입니다.  또한 셀의 열 부분의 가로 방향의 평균 폭 (h)도 마찬가지입니다.  이것은 셀의 중간 지점 (점선 참조)을 중심으로 단단한 표면을 회전해도, 체적 점유율은 변하지 않기 때문입니다.  여기서도 FAVOR TM 셀과 BFC 셀을 구별 할 수있는 것은 거의 없습니다.

Summary

It is well known that body-fitted coordinate grids can be difficult to construct, and there has been a huge effort devoted to the development of “automatic” grid generators. It is also well known that even with the best of grid generators it still takes a significant amount of time to establish a workable and well-behaved grid.

The simple rectangular construction of FAVOR™ grids makes them extremely easy to generate. Fractional areas and fractional volumes must be computed to define obstacles placed within a grid, but theses computations are well defined and easy to automate using simple algorithms.

Numerical accuracy is not sacrificed when selecting FAVOR™ over a body-fitted coordinate gridding method. The two approaches simply represent different ways to approximate bounding surfaces.

Finally, the numerical advantages inherent in the structured, smoothly varying, strictly orthogonal grids used by the FAVOR™ method should not be overlooked. These advantages, as well as the ability to automatically represent porous media (i.e., another example of a fractional area/volume region) are additional reasons why the FAVOR™ method was selected as the basis of FLOW-3D.

BFC 격자의 구축이 어려운 것은 잘 알려져 있으며 “자동”격자 생성 기능의 개발에 많은 노력을 쏟고 있습니다.  또한 최고 수준의 격자 생성 기능을 사용하더라도 유효하고 적절한 기능을 수행 격자를 조합하려면 상당한 시간이 걸릴 수 있다는 것이 잘 알려져 있습니다.

FAVOR TM 격자는 간단한 직사각형 구조이기 때문에 매우 쉽게 생성 할 수 있습니다.  격자에 배치 장애물을 정의하는 면적 점유율과 체적 점유율을 계산해야 하지만, 이러한 계산은 잘 정의되어 있으며, 간단한 알고리즘을 사용하여 쉽게 자동화 할 수 있습니다.

격자 생성 기법으로 BFC 대신 FAVOR TM을 선택하여 수치적 정확성이 희생되는 것은 아닙니다.  이 두 가지 방법은 경계 표면의 근사 방법이 다를 뿐입니다.

마지막으로, FAVOR TM 법에서 사용되는 구조화 된 변동이 부드럽고 엄격한 직교 격자 고유의 수많은 장점은 간과해서는 안됩니다.  이러한 장점과 다공성 매체 (면적 / 체적 점유율 영역의 또 다른 예)를 자동으로 표현하는 기능은 FAVOR TM 법이 FLOW-3D의 기초로 뽑힌 또 하나의 이유입니다.

Implicit Vs. Explicit Numerical Methods

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

Implicit Vs. Explicit Numerical Methods

Numerical solution schemes are often referred to as being explicit or implicit. When a direct computation of the dependent variables can be made in terms of known quantities, the computation is said to be explicit. When the dependent variables are defined by coupled sets of equations, and either a matrix or iterative technique is needed to obtain the solution, the numerical method is said to be implicit.

수치 해법은 종종 외연적이거나 내재적이라고합니다. 종속 변수의 직접 계산이 알려진 양과 관련하여 이루어질 수있는 경우, 계산은 외연적이라고합니다. 종속 변수가 연결된 방정식 세트에 의해 정의되고 솔루션을 얻기 위해 행렬 또는 반복 기술이 필요하면 수치 방법은 내재적이라고합니다.

In computational fluid dynamics, the governing equations are nonlinear, and the number of unknown variables is typically very large. Under these conditions implicitly formulated equations are almost always solved using iterative techniques.

전산 유체 역학에서 지배 방정식은 비선형이며 미지 변수의 수는 대개 매우 큽니다. 이러한 조건에서 내재적으로 공식화 된 방정식은 거의 모든 경우 반복 기법을 사용하여 해결됩니다

Iterations are used to advance a solution through a sequence of steps from a starting state to a final, converged state. This is true whether the solution sought is either one step in a transient problem or a final steady-state result. In either case, the iteration steps resemble a time-like process. Of course, the iteration steps usually do not correspond to a realistic time-dependent behavior. In fact, it is this aspect of an implicit method that makes it attractive for steady-state computations, because the number of iterations required for a solution is often much smaller than the number of time steps needed for an accurate transient that asymptotically approaches steady conditions.

반복은 시작 상태에서 최종 수렴 상태로 일련의 단계를 통해 솔루션을 향상시키는 데 사용됩니다. 추구하는 솔루션이 일시적인 문제의 한 단계이거나 최종 정상 상태 결과 중 하나인지 여부에 상관없이 사실입니다. 두 경우 모두 반복 단계는 시간과 비슷한 프로세스와 유사합니다. 물론 반복 단계는 대개 실제 시간 의존적 인 동작과 일치하지 않습니다. 실제로, 솔루션에 필요한 반복 횟수가 점진적으로 정상 조건에 접근하는 정확한 과도 상태에 필요한 시간 단계 수보다 훨씬 적기 때문에 정상 상태 계산에 매력을주는 것은 암시 적 방법의이 측면입니다 .

On the other hand, it is also this “distorted transient” feature that leads to the question, “What are the consequences of using an implicit versus an explicit solution method for a time-dependent problem?” The answer to this question has two parts. The first part has to do with numerical stability and the second part with numerical accuracy.

반면에 “시간 의존적 문제에 대해 내재적 솔루션 대 외연적인 솔루션 방법을 사용했을 때의 결과는 무엇입니까?”라는 질문에 이르는 “왜곡 된 일시적인”기능이기도합니다.이 질문에 대한 대답은 두 부분으로 나뉩니다 . 첫 번째 부분은 수치 안정성과 관련이 있으며 두 번째 부분은 수치 정확도와 관련이 있습니다.

The Stability Issue

The principal reason for using implicit solution methods, which are more complex to program and require more computational effort in each solution step, is to allow for large time-step sizes. A simple qualitative model will help to illustrate how this works. Let Q be a quantity whose value Qn+1 we want to compute at time t=(n+1)dt, in terms of its value at time t=ndt, i.e., Qn+1=Qn+dtS, where S is the rate of change in Q.

implicit 해법은 더 복잡한 프로그래밍을 요하고 각 계산 단계에서 더 많은 계산량이 필요하지만이를 사용하는 가장 큰 이유는 큰 크기의 시간 단계를 설정 할 수 있다는 점에 있습니다. 여기에서는 간단한 정성 모델을 이용하여 그 구조를 설명합니다. Q를있는 양으로, 시간 t = ndt의 Q 값에 대해 시간 t = (n + 1) dt의 값 Qn + 1을 계산합니다. 즉 Qn + 1 = Qn + dtS로 S를 Q의 변화율합니다.

In an explicit numerical method S would be evaluated in terms of known quantities at the previous time step n. An implicit method, in contrast, would evaluate some or all of the terms in S in terms of unknown quantities at the new time step n+1. Since new quantities appear on both the left and right side of the Q-equation, it is said to be an implicit definition of the new n+1 values. Usually a matrix or iterative solution must be used to compute the new quantities.

explicit 수치 법에서는 S는 이전 시간 단계 n에서 알려진 양에 대해 평가됩니다. 이에 대해 implicit 해법은 S의 일부 또는 모든 항목이 새로운 시간 단계 n + 1에서 알 수없는 양에 대해 평가됩니다. Q 식의 우변과 좌변 모두에 새로운 양이 출현하는 새로운 n + 1 값의 implicit 정의라고 할 수 있습니다. 일반적으로 이러한 새로운 양을 계산하기 위해 행렬 분해 또는 반복 계산 솔루션이 필요합니다.

Numerical stability has to do with the behavior of the solution as the time-step dt is increased. If the solution remains well behaved for arbitrarily large values of the time step, the method is said to be unconditionally stable. This situation never occurs with explicit methods, which are always conditionally stable. It is easy to see this by dividing the Q-equation by dt and then letting dt approach infinity. In this limit there are no n+1 terms remaining in the equation so no solution exists for Qn+1, indicating that there must be some limit on the size of the time step for there to be a solution.

수치 안정성은 시간 단계 dt를 증가 시켰을 때의 솔루션의 행동에 관련합니다. 어떤 큰 값을 설정 한 시간 단계에 대해서도 해석이 양호한 거동을 나타내는 것이라면, 그 해법은 무조건 안정되어 있다고 말할 수 있습니다. 이 상황은 explicit 해법은 볼 수없고, 항상 조건으로 안정적입니다. Q 식을 dt로 나눈하여 dt가 무한대에 가까워 지도록 하면이를 쉽게 확인할 수 있습니다. 이 제한 내에서 식에 남아있는 n + 1 항은 일절없고, Qn + 1에 존재하는 솔루션도 없습니다. 즉, 솔루션을 얻으려면 시간 단계의 크기에 어떤 제한을 줄 필요가있는 것으로 나타납니다.

In an implicit formulation, a solution for the unknowns at new time step n+1 may be obtained for any size time step. Of course, the solution for very large times may not be realistic unless the implicit formulation has been carefully constructed.

implicit 공식화는 새로운 시간 단계 n + 1에서 알 수없는 수량에 대한 해답은 어떤 시간 단계도 요청할 수 있습니다. 당연히 큰 시간 단계에서 얻어진 해는 implicit 공식화을 신중하게 한 경우를 제외하고 현실적이지 않을 수 있습니다.

A typical iterative solution for Qn+1 is constructed by computing the k+1 iterate in terms of the kth iterate value, where the first iterate is taken to be equal to Qn. The equation for Qk+1 is often a Newton’s approximation (or similar approximation) having the form Qk+1=Qk+A(Qn-Qk+dtSk). In this expression A is a relaxation factor, and Sk is an approximation to S evaluated in terms of the kth iterate. If A is chosen properly, successive iterates will eventually converge to Qn+1.

Qn + 1을 요구하는 전형적인 반복 계산을 세우려면 k 번째 반복 값에서 k + 1 번째 반복을 계산합니다. 여기서 첫 번째 반복이 Qn와 동일한 것으로합니다. Qk + 1 식은 종종 Qk + 1 = Qk + A (Qn-Qk + dtSk) 형식의 뉴턴 근사 (또는 유사한 근사법)입니다. 이 식에서, A는 완화 계수, Sk는 k 번째 반복에 대해 평가 된 S의 근사치입니다. A를 적절하게 선택하면 이후의 반복으로 결국 Qn + 1에 수렴합니다.

The relaxation coefficient A must have the form A=1/(1+Cdt) in order to insure the proper limits at small and large values of dt. That is, at very small time-step sizes the explicit equation is recovered, while at very large time-step sizes the equation has a limiting value independent of dt. The quantity C must be a positive coefficient characterizing all the terms in the original equation (i.e., in S) that have been approximated implicitly. For example, if Q is a velocity component governed by a momentum equation with implicit viscous terms, then C would be proportional to the kinematic viscosity divided by the square of the grid size.

dt가 작은 값과 큰 값의 경우에 적절한 제한을 갖도록 완화 계수 A는 A = 1 / (1 + Cdt) 형식을 취할 필요가 있습니다. 즉, 매우 작은 크기의 시간 단계에서 explicit 방정식은 회복되지만 매우 큰 크기의 타임 단계에서는 식은 dt에 의존하지 않는 제한된 값이 주어집니다. 양 C는 원래 식에서 음으로 근사 된 모든 항목 (즉, S 내)의 특성을 정의하는 양의 계수입니다. 예를 들어, Q가 implicitly 인 점성 항을 따른 운동량 방정식에 의해 지배되는 속도 성분 일 때, C는 동점도를 격자 크기의 제곱으로 나눈 값에 비례합니다.

The Accuracy Issue

When dt is sufficiently small only one iteration is necessary for convergence, which leads to Qn+1=Qn+dt/(1+Cdt)Sn. This shows that the implicit formulation adds a smaller change to Q in one time step than would occur in an explicit method because of the under-relaxation factor A=1/(1+Cdt) that multiplies the time step.

dt가 충분히 작은 경우 수렴은 단일 반복 계산만을 요하고 Qn + 1 = Qn + dt / (1 + Cdt) Sn입니다. 이것은 시간 단계에 곱 부족 완화 계수 A = 1 / (1 + Cdt)에 의해 양으로 해법보다 implicit 공식화 것이 하나의 타임 단계 기준 Q에 의해 작은 변화가 적용 표시됩니다.

As a general rule, it can be shown that the condition Cdt≤1 is very nearly equivalent to the stability condition for an explicit approximation. Another general rule is that the time-step sizes for explicit stability and accuracy are usually equivalent. Thus, when Cdt>1, an explicit method would be unstable, but implicit methods simply under-relax more to maintain the stability of the iterative solution. It is this increased damping, with the increase in time-step size, which produces inaccuracies in transient behavior.

원칙적으로 조건 Cdt≤1은 explicit 근사에 대한 안정 조건과 거의 동일하다는 것을 알 수 있습니다. 또한 또 다른 원칙적으로 양으로 해법의 안정성과 정확도를 얻기위한 시간 단계 크기는 일반적으로 동일합니다. 따라서 Cdt> 1 일 때, explicit 해법은 불안정 해지고 있지만, implicit 해법은 반복 계산에 의한 해석의 안정성을 유지하기 위해 단순히 부족 완화 계수가 작고 조정됩니다. 이 시간 단계 크기의 증가에 따라 증가하는 감쇠가 비정상 행동의 부정확성을 제공합니다.

For an implicit method to have minimal under-relaxation (i.e., little damping), a time-step size much smaller than the stable, explicit value would have to be used. In fact, according to the above analysis, at the explicit stability limit Cdt=1 the implicit approximation still has a significant under-relaxation factor of A=1/2. To reduce this under-relaxation damping the time-step size would have to be much smaller than the explicit stability limit, but this makes little sense since an implicit method is not required.

implicit 해법 최소의 부족 완화 (즉, 작은 감쇠)가 주어진다는 안정된 explicit 해법 값보다 크기가 훨씬 작은 시간 단계를 사용해야합니다. 사실, 위의 분석을 통해 explicit 해법의 안정성 한계 Cdt = 1에서 implicit 근사 아직 A = 1 / 2라는 큰 부족 완화 계수를 가지고 있습니다. 이 부족 완화 감쇠를 줄이려는 explicit 해법의 안정성 한계보다 훨씬 작은 크기의 시간 단계가 필요하지만 implicit 해법은 요구되지 않기 때문에 거의 의미가 없습니다.

A Physical Example

An elementary physical problem involving the propagation of a pressure wave can be used to illustrate the differences between implicit and explicit methods. Imagine an increase in pressure is applied to one end of an organ pipe that is closed at the opposite end. We know that a pressure wave will move down the pipe and be reflected at the closed end. Given enough time, pressure waves will travel back and forth in the pipe many times before the pressure distribution settles down to the constant value applied at the open end.

압력 파의 전파를 수반하는 간단한 물리 현상 문제를 사용하여 implicit 해법과 explicit 해법의 차이를 보여줍니다. 개방 단부에서 압력이 가해지고 반대쪽은 함구쪽에 있기 오르간 파이프를 예로 들어 있습니다. 압력 파가 파이프를 통과하여 함구 단에서 반사하는 것을 알 수 있습니다. 충분한 시간이 주어지면 압력 파가 파이프 내를 여러 번 왕복하고 결국 압력 분포는 개구부에 가해지는 정치에 안정됩니다.

If only steady-state results are wanted, then an implicit solution scheme with lots of damping of the pressure waves should be used so that steady conditions will be reached as quickly as possible. In this case the damping incorporated in the implicit iteration method (i.e., the under-relaxation) is highly desirable.

정상 상태의 결과만을 요구하는 경우는 압력 파의 감쇠가 많은 implicit 해법 구성표를 사용하여 가능한 한 빨리 정상 상태에 도달하게합니다. 이 경우, implicit 반복 계산법에 내장 된 감쇠 (즉, 부족 완화)은 강하게 요구하는 것입니다.

If, instead, the transient pressure waves are to be investigated, then we want the least amount of numerical damping so that many wave reflections can be accurately followed. This situation is best treated with an explicit solution method.

반면 비정상 압력 파를 조사하는 경우는 많은 파도 반사를 정확하게 추적 할 수 있도록 수치적 감쇠를 최소화하는 것이 바람직합니다. 이 상황은 explicit 해법으로 푸는 것이 최선입니다.

Explicit methods require a time-step size that limits the advance of the pressure step to less than one computational cell per time step. However, this restriction is related to accuracy because most difference equations involve quantities from neighboring cells only. A pressure wave that propagates further than one cell in one time step would then be moving into regions that have no defined influence on the pressure. Not only is this physically unrealistic, it also leads to numerical instability.

Explicit 해법은 압력 단계의 진행을 시간 단계 당 1 계산 셀 미만으로 제한하는 크기의 시간 단계를 필요로합니다. 그러나 대부분의 차분 방정식은 인접 셀에서만 양을 고려하기 위해이 제한 정도에 관련합니다. 하나의 시간 단계에서 1 셀 이상을 전파하는 압력 파 압력에 정의 된 영향이 전혀없는 영역에 유입합니다. 이것은 물리적으로 비현실적 일뿐만 아니라 숫자 불안정으로 이어집니다.

Implicit methods, on the other hand, couple all the cells together through an iterative solution that allows pressure signals to be transmitted through a grid. The price for this communication between distantly located cells is a damping or smoothing of the pressure waves introduced by the under-relaxation needed to solve the coupled equations.

반면 Implicit 해법은 반복 계산법을 통해 모든 셀이 결합 된 것으로, 압력 신호가 격자 내를 전파합니다. 이렇게 떨어진 거리에있는 셀 사이의 상호 작용의 대가는 결합 방정식을 푸는 데 필요한 부족 해져서 발생하는 압력 파의 감쇠 또는 평활화(smoothing )입니다.

The choice of whether an implicit versus explicit method should be used ultimately depends on the goal of the computation. When time accuracy is important, explicit methods produce greater accuracy with less computational effort than implicit methods. For this reason, FLOW-3D uses explicit techniques whenever possible, but implicit options are available when they are needed.

implicit 해법과 explicit 해법 중 어느 것을 사용할 것인지 여부는 결국 계산의 목표에 따릅니다. 시간 정확도를 중시하는 경우는 explicit 해법이, implicit 해법에 비해 적은 계산량으로보다 정확한 답을 얻을 수 있습니다. 이러한 이유로 FLOW-3D는 적용 가능한 문제는 가능한 explicit 해법을 사용하지만 필요에 따라 implicit 해법 옵션을 사용할 수 있습니다.

수치 점성 및 인공 점성이란?

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

What are Artificial and Numerical Viscosities?

The earliest, successful application of computational fluid dynamics was in connection with the Manhattan Project during World War II. Researchers used computations to study the propagation and interaction of shock waves, a subject crucial to the success of the atomic bomb.

전산 유체 역학 (CFD)의 적용으로 성과를 거둔 가장 오래된 예는 제 2 차 세계 대전 동안 진행된 맨해튼 계획에 관한 것이 있습니다. 연구진은 원자 폭탄의 개발에 필수 주제인 충격파의 전파와 상호 작용을 이해하기 위해 계산에 의한 분석을 실시했습니다.

Shock Wave Discontinuities/충격파의 불연속성

Shock waves are mathematically treated as discontinuities, but it was quickly recognized this would cause problems for any numerical solution. Of course, a shock wave is not a true physical discontinuity, but a very narrow transition zone whose thickness is on the order of a few molecular mean-free paths. Application of the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy conditions across a shock wave requires that there be a transformation of kinetic energy into heat energy. Physically, this transformation can be represented as a viscous dissipation, which was the idea latched onto by early investigators.

충격파는 수학적으로는 불연속적인 현상으로 간주되지만 어떤 수치 솔루션을 채용하고도 문제를 일으킬 수 있다는 것은 일찍부터 인식되어 있었습니다. 물론 충격파는 물리적으로 불연속적인 현상이 아니라, 분자의 평균 자유 공정과 같은 정도의 두께를 가진 매우 좁은 전이층입니다. 충격파에 질량, 운동량, 에너지의 저장 조건을 적용하려면 운동 에너지에서 열에너지로 변환 할 필요가 있습니다. 연구자들은 일찍부터 이 변환을 물리학적으로는 점성 소산으로 표현해야 한다는 것을 이해하고 있었습니다.

By introducing an unphysically large value of viscosity, investigators were able to thicken shock transition zones to where they could be resolved computationally. This artificial increase in the value of viscosity became known as an artificial viscosity.

연구자들은 비 물리적으로 큰 값의 점성을 통합하여 계산을 해결할 수 있을 때까지 충격파 전이 층을 두껍게하는 데 성공했습니다. 이렇게 인공적으로 점성의 값을 증가시킨 것을 “인공 점성”라고 부르게되었습니다.

Viscosity Dissipation/점성 소산

If the viscosity isn’t large enough, velocity oscillations about the correct mean velocity are observed to develop behind a shock. These oscillations can be interpreted as a macroscopic version of heat energy, i.e., fluctuating kinetic energy in place of fluctuating molecular energy. In hydraulic jumps, the hydraulic analogy of a shock wave, this fluctuating energy appears as a sequence of large eddies behind the jump.

점성이 충분히 높지 않은 경우 충격파 뒤에서 올바른 평균 속도 주위에서 속도가 진동하는 것이 확인되고 있습니다. 이러한 진동은 열에너지를 거시적으로 나타낸 것, 즉 변화하는 분자 에너지 대신에 변화하는 운동 에너지로 해석 할 수 있습니다. 수중에서 발생하는 충격파라고도 할 수 다이빙이 발생하면이 변동하는 에너지는다이빙 뒤에서 연속적인 큰 소용돌이로 나타납니다.

Artificial Viscosity/인공 점성

The proper formulation and magnitude needed for an artificial viscosity has undergone many refinements over the years and includes tests to apply this viscosity only in regions undergoing strong compression and with magnitudes that are various functions of the first and/or second power of the compression rate. The culmination of these refinements is best exhibited in the method pioneered by Godunov (S.K. Godunov, Mat. Sbornik 47, 271 (1959); translated as JPRS 7225, U.S. Dept. Com., 1960), in which a local “shock tube” or elementary wave solution is used to capture the existence and propagation characteristics of shock and rarefaction waves.

인공 점성의 엄격한 수식화와 필요한 값의 크기는 수년 동안 다양한 개량이 이루어지고 왔습니다. 강한 압축을 받는, 압축률의 1 제곱 및/또는 제곱의 함수로 표현하는 크기를 갖는 영역에서 이 점성을 적용하기위한 테스트도 개발되고 있습니다. 이렇게 쌓인 개선의 성과는 Godunov 의해 개발 된 기법에 잘 나타나 있습니다 (S.K. Godunov, Mat. Sbornik Volume 47, p.271 (1959), JPRS 7225로 U.S. Dept. Commerce 의해 번역, 1960). 이 방법은 국소적인 “충격파 관”라는 단순한 파동 실험 장치를 이용하여 충격파 및 희석파의 존재 및 전파 특성을 포착합니다.

Numerical Viscosity/수치 점성

Although artificial viscosity was introduced for numerical reasons, it is an elective addition used to modify a physical process so that it can be more easily computed. Artificial viscosity should not be confused with numerical viscosity, which is an unwanted consequence of certain types of numerical approximations.

인공 점성은 수치적인 이유로 고안되었습니다 만, 물리적 프로세스를 보다 쉽게 계산할 수 있도록 수정하기 위해 선택되어 도입된 개념입니다. 인공 점성은 수치 점성과 혼동해서는 안됩니다. 수치 근사 유형에 따라 수치 점성은 바람직하지 않습니다.

Numerical viscosity arises from discrete approximations to the momentum advection terms in Eulerian equations, or from re-zoning operations used in Lagrangian formulations. The origin of the effect is the use of a homogenizing assumption in the elements or control volumes underlying the approximation scheme. For instance, when momentum is exchanged between neighboring elements through a convective flux the resulting contributions in a given element are combined with the momentum already there to arrive at a new value of average momentum for that element. This combining or homogenizing process introduces a smoothing effect. When another step to advance time is taken, this new value is passed on to the next element in the direction of flow. Repetition of this smoothing operation over the many steps needed to carry a solution forward in time contributes to a “diffusion” of momentum in the direction of flow.

수치 점성은 오일러 방정식의 운동량 이류(advection) 항에 이산 근사와 라그랑주 공식화에서 사용되는 리-조닝(re-zoning) 처리에서 발생합니다. 그 영향의 근원은 근사 체계의 기반에있는 요소와 컨트롤 볼륨에서 균질화를 위해 사용하는 가정입니다. 예를 들어, 대류 플럭스를 통해 인접 셀 간의 운동량이 교환되면, 교환에서 발생한 모든 요소의 기여도가 이미 존재하고 있던 운동량에 추가하여 해당 요소의 평균 운동량의 새로운 값이 됩니다. 이 합산, 즉 균질화 과정을 통해 스무딩 효과를 얻을 수 있습니다. 시간이 진행하고 다음 시간 단계로 이동하면 이 새로운 값은 흐름의 방향에서 다음에 요소에 전달됩니다. 분석 시간으로 전진시키기 위해 필요한 여러 단계에 걸쳐 이 평활화 처리가 반복 됨으로써 흐름의 방향으로 운동량의 ‘확산’이 생깁니다.

Strictly speaking, the numerical diffusion does not behave like a true viscous diffusion because it is associated with fluid convection and does not possess the correct stress-versus-strain-rate dependency associated with a real viscosity. For example, numerical diffusion does not satisfy Newtonian relativity because it depends on the choice of computational grid, which is an absolute reference frame for the numerical approximations. Also, because the amount of numerical diffusion is proportional to the velocity of flow through a grid, it does not have the rotational symmetry possessed by a real viscosity.

엄밀하게 말하면, 수치 확산은 유체 대류와 관련된 것으로, 실제의 점성과 관련된 정확한 응력 변형 속도 의존성을 갖지 않기 때문에 진정한 점성 확산 거동과는 다릅니다. 예를 들어, 수치 확산 숫자 근사치의 절대 기준 좌표인 계산 격자의 선택 때문에 뉴턴 역학에서 상대성 원리에 부합하지 않습니다. 또한 수치 확산량은 격자 내를 통과하는 흐름의 속도에 비례하기 때문에 실제 점성이 갖는 회전 대칭이 없습니다.

Numerical Approximations/수치 근사

Research into numerical approximation schemes that minimize numerical viscosity effects is a continuing activity of a large part of the CFD community. The difficulty in developing such schemes is that some smoothing must always be incorporated into a numerical solution to keep it computationally stable and to smooth out dispersion errors. Dispersion errors are those errors that arise because components of a solution having different grid resolution requirements may propagate through the grid with slightly different speeds. Whenever this occurs, unphysical oscillations develop in the solution where these components reinforce or cancel one another.

수치 점성의 영향을 최소한으로 억제하는 수치 근사 체계의 연구는 CFD 분야에서 큰 부분을 차지하고있는 지속적인 활동입니다. 이러한 체계를 개발하는 어려움은 계산 안정성을 유지하고 분산 오차를 부드럽게하기 위해 수치 해법에 항상 어떤 평활화 처리를 통합해야 하는 것입니다. 분산 오차는 다른 격자 해상도 요구 사항이 솔루션의 성분이 약간 다른 속도로 격자 내를 전파 할 수있는 것이 원인으로 생기는 오차입니다. 이것이 발생한 경우 그러한 성분이 강화된 또는 상쇄되는 등 해 비 물리적인 진동이 발생합니다.

The trick is to develop approximation schemes that remain accurate (i.e., have a minimum of numerical smoothing) and at the same time are robust (i.e., have sufficient numerical smoothing to compensate for dispersion errors and to remain computationally stable for a wide range of applications).

이에 대처하는 요령은 정확성을 유지하는 (즉, 최소한의 수치 적 평활화를 포함) 동시에 강력한 (즉, 분산 오차를 보정 할 수있는 충분한 수치 적 평활화를 내장 각종 문제에 적용 할 수있을만큼 계산 안정성이있다) 근사 체계를 개발하는 것입니다.

What FLOW-3D Does

In FLOW-3D the default method is a first-order, upstream, advection technique that is extremely robust, but which introduces some numerical viscosity. If it is determined that this numerical viscosity is excessive, because sharp velocity profiles must be computed without the luxury of high grid resolution, then a second-order accurate, monotonicity preserving option can be employed with the flip of a switch.

For compressible flows, an implicitly coupled pressure-velocity solution option can be used in FLOW-3D to capture shock waves and minimize the appearance of post-shock oscillations.

FLOW-3D의 기본 기술은 매우 견고한 first-order, upstream, advection 이지만, 약간의 수치 점성을 포함합니다. 고해상도 격자를 사용할 수 없는 환경에서 뚜렷한 속도 프로파일을 계산할 수  없기 때문에 이 수치 점성이 너무 크다고 판단 된 경우, 간단한 조작으로 2 차 정확도의 단순성 유지 옵션을 선택 할 수 있습니다.

압축 흐름은 FLOW-3D의 implicitly 연성에 의한 압력 – 속도 해법 옵션을 사용하여 충격파를 포착하고 충격파 뒤에 출현하는 진동을 최소한으로 억제 할 수 있습니다.

완화와 수렴 조건

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

Relaxation and Convergence Criteria

Numerical methods used to solve the equations for fluid flow and heat transfer most often employ one or more iteration procedures. By their nature, iterative solution methods require a convergence criteria that is used to decide when the iterations can be terminated.

유체 흐름 및 열전달 방정식을 풀기 위해 사용하는 수치 법은 하나 이상의 반복적 인 방법이 채용되고 있습니다.  특성상 반복 해법은 언제 반복을 중지 할 수 있는지를 결정하는 수렴 조건이 필요합니다.

In many cases, iteration methods are supplemented with relaxation techniques. For example, over-relaxation is often used to accelerate the convergence of pressure-velocity iteration methods, which are needed to satisfy an incompressible flow condition. Under-relaxation is sometimes used to achieve numerically stable results when all the flow equations are implicitly coupled together.

종종 반복적인 방법은 완화 법으로 보완됩니다.  예를 들어,과 완화는 압력 – 속도 반복 방법의 융합을 가속화하는 데 사용되는 경우가 많으며, 이것은 비압축성 흐름 조건을 충족해야합니다.  부족 완화는 모든 흐름 방정식이 음으로 결합되어있을 때, 수치적으로 안정된 결과를 얻기 위해 가끔 사용됩니다.

Choosing Relaxation Criteria

The amount of over or under-relaxation used can be critical. Too much leads to numerical instabilities, while too little slows down convergence. Similarly, a poorly chosen convergence criteria can lead to either poor results (when too loose) or excessive computational times (when too tight).

사용하는 over or under-relaxation의 양이 중요 할 수 있습니다.  너무 많으면 수치적으로 불안정 해지고 너무 작으면 수렴 속도가 느려집니다.  마찬가지로 수렴 조건을 잘못 선택하면 결과의 질이 나빠지거나 (너무 느슨한 경우) 계산 시간이 너무 길어 지거나 (너무 엄격 경우) 할 수 있습니다.

Selecting proper relaxation and convergence criteria can be a difficult and frustrating experience for users of computational fluid dynamics software. The criteria depend on the specifics of the problem being solved, which may change during the evolution of a problem. Unfortunately, there are no universal guidelines for selecting criteria because they depend not only on the physical processes being approximated, but also on the details of the numerical formulation. Many CFD programs have a standard set of recommended criteria, but users must often resort to trial-and-error adjustments to get good results.

적절한 완화 조건 및 수렴 조건을 선택하는 것은 전산 유체 역학 (CFD) 소프트웨어의 사용자에게 어렵고 초조한 작업이 될 수 있습니다.  조건은 해결되는 문제의 특성에 따라 다르지만, 이러한 특성은 문제가 발전하는 과정에서 변경 될 수 있습니다.  불행히도 조건을 선택할 때의 일반적인 지침은 없습니다.  근사되는 물리적 과정뿐만 아니라 수치 공식 상세도 관련되기 때문입니다.  많은 CFD 프로그램에 권장되는 조건의 표준 세트가 포함되어 있지만, 많은 경우 좋은 결과를 얻기 위해서는 시행 착오에 의한 조정을 할 필요가 있습니다.

Dynamic Selection of Criteria

FLOW-3D users are exempt from these difficulties because all relaxation and convergence criteria are selected by the program itself. Further, all selections are adjusted dynamically by the program to follow the development of the solution. Of course, users can always override the automatically selected criteria for special cases. One such case would be the use of a very large convergence criteria and no over-relaxation as a way to reach steady-state conditions with less CPU time.

FLOW-3D를 사용하면 완화 및 수렴 조건이 모두 프로그램 자체에 의해 선택되기 때문에 이런 고생은 필요하지 않습니다.  또한, 모든 선택이 솔루션의 발전에 따라 프로그램에 의해 동적으로 조정됩니다.  물론 특수한 경우에는 자동으로 선택된 조건을 사용자가 언제든지 무시할 수 있습니다.  이러한 경우는 예를 들어, 매우 큰 수렴 조건을 사용하여 오버 완화를 사용하지 않고 적은 CPU 시간에서 정상 상태에 도달하기위한 경우 등입니다.

휴리스틱 분석

Heuristic Analysis

Finite-difference equations may have rapidly growing and oscillating solutions that in no way resemble the solutions expected from the partial differential equations they are meant to approximate. Such solutions are said to exhibit computational instability. Clearly, it is desirable to avoid these numerical disasters. For linear difference equations with constant coefficients, computational stability can be determined using a Fourier method pioneered by von Neumann (see the article in this series “Computational Stability.” Unfortunately, most equations of physical interest are either nonlinear, or have non-constant coefficients, or both.

유한 차분 방정식의 계산 결과에서 본래 근사하는 편미분 방정식에서 예상되는 것과 크게 다르게 급속하게 증가하고 부호가 자주 반전하는 솔루션을 얻을 수 있습니다.  이러한 솔루션이 나타내는 행동을 “계산 불안정성”라고합니다.  물론 이러한 해석은 바람직하지 않습니다.  상수 계수를 따른 선형 차분 방정식의 계산 안정성을 확인하는 방법으로는 von Neumann 의한 푸리에 방법을 사용할 수 있습니다 (본 시리즈 “계산 안정성” 참조).  불행히도, 물리 현상을 나타내는 대부분의 방정식은 비선형이거나 비 상수 계수를 수반하거나 또는 둘 다입니다.

Heuristic Analysis Methods

In this article a simple heuristic analysis method is described for investigating the computational stability of such finite-difference equations. An important by-product of this type of analysis is that it often suggests simple ways to eliminate the instabilities and at the same time increase the accuracy of the approximations.

이 책에서는 위의 유한 차분 방정식의 계산 안정성을 조사하기위한 간단한 휴리스틱 분석 방법에 대해 설명합니다.  이 유형의 분석은 많은 경우에 불안정을 제거하는 방법을 보여뿐만 아니라 근사치의 정확도를 높이는 방법도 보여주는 뛰어난 특징이 있습니다.

The approach described here is called “heuristic” because it is not rigorous or complete, but it often works and can provide a great deal of useful information. Reference [1] is the original publication describing the heuristic stability method from which much of this article has been taken.

여기서 설명하는 방법은 엄격하지도 완전하지도 않은 것으로부터 “추론”이라고되어 있지만, 많은 경우에 유효하고 유용한 정보를 많이 제공합니다.  안정성을 분석하기위한 휴리스틱 기법에 대해 작성된 참고 문헌 [1]은이 책에서 다루고 많은 정보 출처 소스입니다.

Heuristic analysis is based on the rather simple idea of reducing a finite-difference equation back to a partial differential equation by expanding each of its terms in a Taylor series and keeping only terms to a certain order in the expansion. This expansion is in powers of the space and time increments, which are assumed to be small to begin with.

휴리스틱 분석은 유한 차분 방정식을 전개하고 각항을 테일러 급수로 나타내 특정 차수까지의 항만을 남김으로 편미분 방정식에 귀착시키는 비교적 간단한 개념을 기반으로합니다.  이 확장은 처음에는 작은 것으로 예상되는 공간 증가 및 시간 증분의 거듭 제곱으로 표시됩니다.

Certainly such an expansion must, to lowest order, reproduce the original partial differential equation, otherwise, it would not be a good approximation. Oftentimes this requirement is referred to as the “consistency” of the approximation. Terms beyond the lowest order in the expansion are referred to as truncation errors.

이러한 확장은 원래의 미분 방정식을 최소 차수까지 재현하는 것이 필수적입니다.  그렇지 않으면 좋은 근사치를 얻을 수 없습니다.  이 요구 사항은 종종 근사치의 ‘일치 성’이라고 합니다.  전개 된 최소 차수 다음은 절단 오류라고합니다.

The basic concept of a heuristic analysis is that the Taylor-expanded equation is a more accurate representation of the difference equation than the original partial differential equation. Even keeping only a few truncation error terms should result in a partial differential equation that is more closely related to the difference equation. With this in mind, the following discussion will show that an examination of the truncated equation can sometimes reveal properties shared with the difference equation such as stability problems, necessary initial conditions and/or serious inaccuracies.

휴리스틱 분석은 테일러 전개 방정식 쪽이 원래 편미분 방정식보다 차분 방정식을보다 정밀하게 나타내고 있다는 기본 개념을 기반으로합니다.  절단 오차 부분을 일부 남긴 경우에도 항은 차분 방정식에 가까운 편미분 방정식입니다.  이 점을 염두에 두면서 여기에서 계산을 중단 한 식을 조사함으로써 안정성 문제 필요한 초기 조건 심각한 부정확성 등 차등 방정식과 일반적인 특성이 밝혀 질 것을 보여 있습니다.

To begin, we consider the same linear partial differential equation that was discussed in the first article on stability: Computational Stability.

첫째, 안정성에 쓰여진 ” 계산 안정성”에서 사용한 것과 동일한 선형 편미분 방정식 생각합니다.

Linear Equation Example

The equation for one-dimensional advection-diffusion of a variable u(x,t) is

여기에서는 변수 u (x, t)의 1 차의 이류 확산 방정식을 이용합니다.

(1)     \displaystyle \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+c\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=\nu \frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}.

The convection velocity c and the diffusion coefficient ν are assumed to be constants. Solutions of this equation are known to be bounded and otherwise well-behaved.

대류 속도 c와 확산 계수 ν은 상수로 간주합니다.  이 방정식의 해는 경계이며, 양호한 거동을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있습니다.

What will be shown here is that the stability of a simple finite-difference approximation to Eq. 1 can be determined from an examination of the truncations errors resulting from a Taylor series expansion of a the difference equation. Not only does this process reveal that there are two basic types of instability, but we shall be able to make a direct comparison between the heuristic method and the von Neumann type of Fourier analysis carried out in Computational Stability. This comparison provides a useful rule-of-thumb for which truncation error terms to keep and which to eliminate from the Taylor expansion in order to evaluate the difference equation’s stability.

여기에서는 차분 방정식의 테일러 급수 전개로 인한 절단 오차를 조사하는 것으로, 식 1에 대한 간단한 유한 차분 근사의 안정성을 판단 할 수있는 것을 나타냅니다.  이 프로세스는 불안정성은 기본적으로 두 가지 유형이 있다는 것을 밝혀 질뿐만 아니라 휴리스틱 기법과 “계산 안정성”에서 이용한 von Neumann 유형의 푸리에 분석을 직접 비교할 수 있게 되는 것 있습니다.  이러한 비교를 통해 차이 방정식의 안정성을 평가하는데 테일러 전개로 인한 절단 오차 중 유지해야 할 항목과 배제 할 부분을 결정하는 데 유용한 경험규칙을 얻을 수 있습니다.

The simple, explicit finite-difference equation approximating Eq. 1 discussed in Computational Stability is

다음 수식은 “계산 안정성”에서 설명한 식 1을 근사하는 간결하고 양적인 유한 차분 방정식입니다.

(2)     \displaystyle \frac{u_{j}^{n+1}-u_{j}^{n}}{\delta t}=-\frac{c}{2\delta x}\left( u_{j+1}^{n}-u_{j-1}^{n} \right)+\frac{\nu }{\delta {{x}^{2}}}\left( u_{j+1}^{n}-2u_{j}^{n}+u_{j-1}^{n} \right)

where, e.g., ujn denotes u(jδx,nδt). This is called a forward-in-time approximation that allows all j location values to be computed at time step n+1, provided all the j values at step n are known. In other words, the difference equation requires one initial condition to start things off, just as the original partial differential equation also requires a single initial condition because it only involves a single time derivative.

여기서, u j n은 u (jδx, nδt)을 나타냅니다.  이것은 시간의 전진 차분 근사라는 것으로, 시간 단계 n의 공간 내의 위치 j 값이 모두 알려진이면 단계 n + 1의 모든 j 값을 계산할 수 있습니다.  즉, 원래의 미분 방정식에서 1 개의 초기 조건이 필요할뿐만 아니라 하나의 시간 미분만을 포함하기 때문에 차분 방정식에서 계산을 시작함에있어서 초기 조건이 하나 필요합니다.

It may be observed that difference equation, Eq. 2, has the property that each space and time location (jδx,nδt) will affect points at time step n+1 at locations j-1, j and j+1. That is, point (jδx,nδt) has a region of influence at later time bounded by lines having slopes ±δx/δt in x-t space. These are similar to characteristic lines along which signals can propagate. For example, the original equation, Eq. 1, has a characteristic line with slope c along which a disturbance advects. In the discrete equation, however, the characteristic lines are not physical characteristics but computational ones defining the region where the difference equation changes data values resulting from a change in value at a particular point.

차분 방정식 2는 공간 위치 및 시간 위치 (jδx, nδt)마다 타임 단계 n + 1의 위치 j-1, j, j + 1의 각 점에 영향을주는 특성을 볼 수 있습니다.  즉, 점 (jδx, nδt)는 현재보다 먼저있는 시간에서, xt 공간에서 기울기 ± δx / δt를 가진 선이 경계가되는 영향 영역을 가지고 있습니다.  이것은 신호의 전달을 나타내는 특성 곡선과 비슷합니다.  예를 들어, 원래 식 1은 교란의 이류를 나타내는 기울기 c의 특성 선을 가지고 있습니다.  그러나 이산 방정식의 특성 선은 물리적 특성을 나타내는 것이 아니라 특정 시점의 값의 변화에 따라 차이 방정식의 데이터 값이 변화하는 영역을 정의하는 계산의 특성을 나타냅니다.

We saw in the Computational Stability article that a Fourier series technique could be used to determine a set of three stability conditions for the difference equation, Eq.2. Here we shall see what can be learned from looking at the truncation errors associated with the approximating equation, Eq. 2.

” 계산 안정성”에서는 푸리에 급수에 의한 방법을 이용하여 차등 방정식 2에 대한 3 개의 안정 조건을 이끌어 낼 것을 알 수있었습니다.  이 책에서는 근사 식 2에 관련된 중단 오차를 조사함으로써 얻은 정보에 대해 설명합니다.

Truncation Error Evaluation

Assume that each term in Eq. 2 is a continuous and differentiable function of x and t. Then, for example, “uj+1,n would be u(xj+δx,tn) and can be expanded about the point (xj,tn) in a Taylor series in powers of δx. Carrying out the expansion in δx and δt for all the terms in Eq.2 yields,

식 2 절은 x 및 t의 연속 미분 가능한 함수로 간주합니다.  그러면 예를 들어, u j + 1, n, n은 u (x j + δx, t n)이되고, 점 (x j, t n)의 주위에 δx의 거듭 제곱에서 테일러 급수 전개를 할 수 있습니다.  식 2의 모든 사항에 대해 δx 및 δt로 확장하면 다음 식을 얻습니다.

(3)     \displaystyle \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+c\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}-\nu \frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}=-\frac{1}{2}\delta t\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{t}^{2}}}+O\left( \delta {{x}^{2}},\delta {{t}^{2}} \right).

All second and higher order terms in δx and δt have been lumped into the order symbol O(δx2 ,δt2). This is a consistent approximation because it reduces to the original partial differential equation, Eq. 1, when δx and δt tend to zero.

2 차 이상의 δx 및 δt 절은 주문 기호를 사용하여 O (δx 2, δt 2)라고 기술되어 있습니다.  δx 및 δt가 제로에 접근 할 때, 원래의 편미분 방정식 1로 귀착하기 때문에 이것은 일관성 있는 근사치라고 할 수 있습니다.

Comparison of Fourier and Truncation Error Analysis

In the article Computational Stability a typical Fourier mode of the form

“계산 안정성”에서는 다음과 같은 형식의 전형적인 푸리에 모드

\displaystyle P_{j}^{n}\propto {{r}^{n}}{{e}^{{ikxj}}}

was substituted into the difference equation, Eq.2, to obtain an equation for r,

이를 차등 방정식 2에 대입하면 r을 구하는 식을 얻었습니다.

(4)     \displaystyle r=1-\left( \frac{ic\delta t}{\delta x} \right)\sin \left( k\delta x \right)-\left( \frac{2\nu \delta t}{\delta {{x}^{2}}} \right)\left[ 1-\cos \left( k\delta x \right) \right].

Computational stability of the difference equation requires that the magnitude of r remain less than or equal to 1.0.

차분 방정식의 계산 안정성을 실현하려면 r의 절대 값을 1.0 이하로하는 것이 필요합니다.

If we insert a Fourier mode of the form exp(i(kx+wt)) into the truncated Eq. 3, it will be seen that the result is the same as Eq. 4 with r=exp(iwδt) and then expanded in powers of wδt, plus the sine and cosine expanded in powers of kδx. This confirms that the two results are the same, as they should be to O(δx2,δt2) retained in Eq. 3.

exp (i (kx + wt)) 형식의 푸리에 모드를 계산을 중단 한 식 3에 대입하면 r = exp (iwδt)되고, wδt의 거듭 제곱에서 전개되고 더 sin과 cos는 kδx의 거듭 제곱 전개되고 식 4와 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있는 것을 알 수 있습니다.  식 3에서 개최 된 O (δx 2, δt 2)와 같이 두 결과는 동일하다고 확정됩니다.

However, the comparison also indicates that to keep the basic form of r in Eq. 4, with its real and imaginary parts, we must keep at least the first non-zero terms from the sine and cosine when they are expanded in powers of kδx. The first non-zero term in the imaginary contribution to r comes from sin(kδx) and is proportion to kδx, which corresponds to the first derivative with respect to x in Eq.3. The first non-zero term in the real part of r (other than 1) comes from cos(kδx) and is proportional to (kδx)2, which corresponds to the second derivative with respect to x in Eq. 3.

그러나 이 비교에서는 식 4의 실수 부와 허수 부로 구성된 r의 기본 형식을 유지하려면 kδx의 제곱으로 전개 된 때 적어도 sin과 cos의 첫 번째 non-zero 항을 유지 해야한다고 표시됩니다.  r의 허수 부분의 첫 번째 non-zero 항은 sin (kδx)로부터 유도 된 것으로, kδx에 비례합니다.  이것은 식 3의 x에 대한 1 차 도함수에 대응합니다.  r의 실수 부 최초의 non-zero 항 (1 제외)은 cos (kδx)로부터 유도 된 것으로, (kδx) 2에 비례합니다.  이것은 식 3의 x에 관한 2 차 도함수에 대응합니다.

These observations lead to the rule-of-thumb that for the truncated equation to reproduce the lowest order real and imaginary parts of the amplification factor r, it is necessary to retain the lowest order even and odd derivatives with respect to each independent variable in the truncation error. In Eq. 3 there is only one first order term proportional to δt and it is a second derivative with respect to t. There are no first order terms proportional to δx.

이러한 점에서 계산을 끊은 식으로 진폭 계수 r의 최소 차수의 실수 부와 허수 부를 재현하려면 중단 오차에서 각 독립 변수에 대해 최소 차수의 짝수와 홀수 함수 (도함수) 을 유지해야한다는 경험식을 지도합니다.  식 3에서 δt에 비례하는 1 차 항은 하나만에서 t에 대한 2 차 도함수입니다.  δx에 비례하는 1 차 항은 없습니다.

Examining the Truncated Equation for Stability

Using the above rule-of-thumb, the truncated equation is,

위의 경험식을 사용하면 계산을 중단 한 식은 다음과 같이됩니다.

(5)     \displaystyle \frac{\delta t}{2}\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{t}^{2}}}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+c\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}-\nu \frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}=0

The first important thing to note is that this is not identical to the original partial differential equation, Eq. 1. The claim made here is that Eq. 5 is a better approximation of the finite-difference equation than Eq. 1 and because of this we can obtain information about the stability properties of the difference equation. This, in fact, is the case.

여기에서 먼저주의해야 할 점은이 표현은 원래 편미분 방정식 1과 동일하지 않다는 것입니다.  여기에서 증명하고 싶은 것은, 식 5 식 1보다 유한 차분 방정식을 양호하게 근사 할 식이며, 따라서 차이 방정식의 안정성을 나타내는 특성에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있다는 점입니다.  바로 이것이 증명됩니다.

Recall that the difference equation propagated information into a region of influence bounded by lines whose slopes are dx/dt=±δx/δt. Similarly, the truncated Eq. 5 has a hyperbolic (i.e., wave) character because of the second space and second time derivatives, and the effective wave speeds are ±(2ν/δt)½. If the difference equation is to have any hope of approximating the truncated equation then its region of influence must at least encompass the region of influence of the truncated equation, which leads to the condition

전술 한 바와 같이 차등 방정식은 기울기 dx / dt = ± δx / δt를 가진 선이 경계가되는 영향 영역에 정보가 전달됩니다.  마찬가지로 계산을 중단 한 식 5는 공간에 대한 2 차 도함수 및 시간에 대한 2 차 도함수에 의해 쌍곡선 (즉, 파동)의 특성을 가지고 유효한 파동 속도는 ± (2ν / δt ) ½입니다.  차분 방정식으로 계산을 중단 한 식을 근사하려면 그 영향 영역이 적어도 계산을 끊은 식의 영향 영역을 포함하고 있어야합니다.  그러면 다음의 조건이 도출됩니다.

(6)     \displaystyle \frac{2\nu }{\delta t}\le {{\left( \frac{\delta x}{\delta t} \right)}^{2}}   or   \displaystyle \frac{2\nu \delta t}{\delta {{x}^{2}}}\le 1.

Courant, Friedrichs and Lewy [2] used a similar region of influence condition, now called the Courant condition, which restricts the distance a wave travels in one time increment to less than one space increment. A violation of the Courant condition leads to an oscillating and exponentially growing instability. Condition Eq. 6 is precisely one of the stability conditions found from Fourier analysis in Computational Stability.

Courant, Friedrichs 및 Lewy [2]는 유사한 영향 영역에 관한 조건을 사용했습니다.  현재 이것은 “쿨랑 조건”이라고 불리며 하나의 시간 증분 사이에 파도가 전파하는 거리가 하나의 공간 증분 미만으로 제한된다는 것입니다.  쿨랑 조건이 충족되지 않은 경우, 부호의 빈번한 반전이나 기하 급수적 인 증가를 수반 불안정성이 생깁니다.  조건식 6은 바로 ‘ 계산 안정성 “푸리에 분석에서 도출 한 안정 조건의 하나입니다.

A similar Courant-type condition can be inferred from the two first order derivative terms (the advective terms) in the truncated Eq. 5, which propagate information with speed c,

계산을 중단 한 식 5의 2 개의 1 차 도함수 항 (이류 항)에서 다음과 같은 유사한 쿨랑 유형 조건을 추측 할 수 있습니다.  여기에서 정보는 속도 c로 전달합니다.

(7)     \displaystyle \frac{c\delta t}{\delta x}\le 1.

This stability condition, also identified in Computational Stability, likewise leads to an oscillating and growing instability when violated.

이 안정 조건도 “계산 안정성”로 표시 한 것으로, 충족되지 않을 때뿐만 아니라 부호의 반전이나 증가를 수반 불안정성이 생깁니다.

To uncover a third stability condition we must first rewrite the truncated equation by converting the δt term to have space instead of time derivatives, but in a way that still maintains the first order of the expansion. This is done by differentiating Eq. 3 by t and neglecting all first and higher order terms,

세 번째 안정 조건을 도출 먼저, δt 항을 변환하여 계산을 중단 한 식을 다시 작성합니다.  이 때 배포 1 차 항이 유지되도록 시간 도함수 대신 공간 도함수를 갖도록 변환합니다.  이것은 식 3을 t로 미분 1 차 이상의 항을 무시합니다.

(8)     \displaystyle \frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{t}^{2}}}+c\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}-\nu \frac{{{\partial }^{2}}}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}=O\left( \delta t \right)

Next replace the first time derivative of u by t in this equation using Eq. 1 to obtain

그런 식 1을 이용하여이 식 u / t 시간의 1 차 도함수를 대체하여 다음의 식을 얻는다.

(9)     \displaystyle \frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{t}^{2}}}={{c}^{2}}\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}-2c\nu \frac{{{\partial }^{3}}u}{\partial {{x}^{3}}}+{{\nu }^{2}}\frac{{{\partial }^{4}}u}{\partial {{x}^{4}}}+O\left( \delta t \right)

Finally, rewrite the truncated Eq.5 using this result for the δt term

마지막으로,이 결과를 이용하여 δt 사항에 대해 계산을 중단 한 식 5를 다시 작성합니다.

(10)     \displaystyle \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+c\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=\left( \nu -\frac{{{c}^{2}}\delta t}{2} \right)\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}+c\nu \delta t\frac{{{\partial }^{3}}u}{\partial {{x}^{3}}}-\frac{{{\nu }^{2}}\delta t}{2}\frac{{{\partial }^{4}}u}{\partial {{x}^{4}}}.

This result is identical to what would have been obtained by Taylor expanding the original finite-difference equation about the point x=jδx and t=(n+½)δt (and would probably have been easier).

마지막으로 얻어진 수식은 원래 유한 차분 방정식을 점 x = jδx 및 t = (n + ½) δt의 주위에 테일러 전개하고 (아마도 더 쉽게) 제공하는 것과 같은 식입니다.

According to our rule-of-thumb the last two terms on the right side proportional to δt can be dropped because they involve higher order derivatives than what is in the first δt term on the right side, which leaves,

위의 경험칙에서 δt에 비례 우변의 마지막 두 절은 우변의 첫 번째 δt 항에 포함 된 것보다 고차 도함수를 포함하기 때문에 폐기합니다.

(11)     \displaystyle \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+c\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}=\left( \nu -\frac{{{c}^{2}}\delta t}{2} \right)\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}u}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}.

This is an alternative form for the truncated equation that retains only the lowest order (first) truncation errors and only those that contain the lowest even and odd derivatives with respect to each independent variable.

이것은 계산을 끊은 식의 대체 형식으로 최소 차수 (1 차)의 중단 오차와 각 독립 변수에 대해 최소의 짝수와 홀수 함수 (도함수)을 포함 것만을 보유하고 있습니다.

Equation 11 is nearly the same as the original Eq. 1, except for a modified diffusion coefficient. The significant thing here is that the diffusion coefficient can be negative. As long as the diffusion coefficient is positive solutions of Eq. 11 exhibit exponentially damped behavior, but with a negative coefficient solutions have an exponentially growing character, i.e., a computational instability! Thus, a further condition for computational stability is that the diffusion coefficient remains positive,

식 11는 변형 된 확산 계수를 제외하고는 원래의 식 1과 거의 동일합니다.  여기서 중요한 것은, 확산 계수는 마이너스가 될 가능성이있는 것입니다.  확산 계수가 양수로 한 식 11의 해는 기하 급수적으로 감쇠 거동을 나타내지 만 계수가 음수 솔루션은 기하 급수적으로 증가하는 특성을 보인다, 즉 계산의 불안정성이 생깁니다 .  따라서 계산 안정성을 구현하기위한 또 하나의 조건으로 확산 계수가 정의되는 것을 결정합니다.

(12)     \displaystyle \frac{{{c}^{2}}\delta t}{2}\le \nu

In this case the instability is a pure growing one without the oscillations in sign associated with the two earlier region-of-influence conditions. If instability is encountered, knowing whether it is exhibiting an oscillation in sign or not will identify it as either a region-of-influence violation or a negative diffusion coefficient. Having this knowledge makes it easier to find a remedy for the instability.

이 케이스의 불안정성은 전술의 영향 영역에 관한 두 가지 조건에 관련한 부호 반전을 수반하는 것이 아니라 단순히 증가하는 특성입니다.  불안정성이 보여진다 부호의 빈번한 반전을 수반 여부를 파악하여 영향 영역에 관한 조건 또는 음의 확산 계수에 관한 조건 중이 충족되지 않았는지 확인 할 수 있습니다.  이러한 정보를 파악할 수 있으면 불안정을 해소하는 방법을 쉽게 찾을 수 있습니다.

Application to Two-Dimensional Fluid Flow

A two-dimensional example (x,z) of water flowing under a laboratory scale sluice gate offers a test for examining a computational instability arising from non-linearity in the governing equations. The physical problem consists of water held behind a gate with an elevation of 0.9ft. Downstream (right) of the gate there is a water pool of depth 0.14 ft. Gravity is 32.2 ft/s2 in the negative z direction (down). At time t=0 the gate is raised up a distance of 0.125ft and water surges out into the pool. Figure 1 shows the resulting flow obtained with a Navier-Stokes solver [3] at t=0.35s. The solver used for this example has been optimized to automatically eliminate instabilities so none are apparent in this case, but it is possible to force the program to use non-optimum settings.

실험실 규모의 수문 아래를 통과하는 2 차원 (x, z)의 흐름의 예는 지배 방정식의 비선형 성으로 인한 계산 불안정성을 조사 테스트합니다.  이 물리 현상 문제는 0.9 피트 높이까지 물을 막아서있는 수문이 있습니다.  수문 하류 측 (오른쪽)의 수심은 0.14 피트입니다.  중력이 -z 방향 (아래쪽)에 32.2 피트 / s 2입니다.  시간 t = 0에 수문은 0.125 피트 상승하고 물이 하류로 흘러갑니다.  그림 1은 나비에 스톡스 솔버[3]을 이용하여 얻은 t = 0.35s의 흐름을 나타냅니다.  이 예에서 사용 된 솔버는 불안정성을 자동으로 제거하도록 최적화되어 있기 때문에이 경우에는 불안정성은 볼 수 없습니다.  그러나 프로그램에 최적화되지 않은 설정을 강제로 실행할 수 있습니다.

Computational stability issues

Figure 1 (left). Flow under a sluice gate. No unstable behavior is observed.
Figure 2 (right). Flow instability developing when computed with small time step and no viscosity.

To demonstrate some unstable behavior we first examine a heuristic analysis performed on the vertical velocity equation used in the simulation. Focus is on the effective diffusion coefficients for the z direction velocity w, while all other truncation errors are ignored,

불안정한 거동을 실례로 설명하기 위해 먼저 시뮬레이션에 사용 된 수직 속도 식에 대해 수행 한 휴리스틱 분석을 고찰합니다.  여기에서 z 방향 속도 w에 대한 효과적인 확산 계수에 초점을 맞추고 있으며, 다른 모든 중단 오차는 무시합니다.

(13)     \displaystyle \frac{\partial w}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left( \frac{p}{\rho } \right)+g=\left( \nu +\frac{\alpha u\delta x}{2}-\frac{{{u}^{3}}\delta t}{2}-\frac{\delta {{x}^{2}}}{4}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \right)\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}w}{\partial {{x}^{2}}}+\left( \nu +\frac{\alpha w\delta z}{2}-\frac{{{w}^{2}}\delta t}{2}-\frac{\delta {{z}^{2}}}{2}\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \right)\frac{{{\partial }^{2}}w}{\partial {{z}^{2}}}

The diffusion of w in the x and z directions are expressed by the two terms on the right side of Eq. 13, where ν is the fluid viscosity and α is a parameter that modifies the numerical approximation of the term describing the u advection of w, i.e., the second term on the left side of the above equation. When α=0 the finite-difference advection approximation is said to be centered about the location of w, but when α=1 an upstream or “donor cell” approximation is used.

x 및 z 방향의 w의 확산은 식 13의 우변의 두 항으로 표현되어 있습니다.  여기서, v는 유체 점성, α는 w의 u 이류를 나타내는 항 (식 13의 좌변의 제 2 항)의 수치 근사를 수정하는 매개 변수입니다.  α = 0 일 때, 이류의 유한 차분 근사 w의 위치를 중심으로 한 근사하지만, α = 1 일 때, 상류 측 또는 “도나세루」에 의한 근사를 사용합니다.

The first thing to notice is that if ν=0 and a centered difference approximation is also used (α=0) then the lowest order term in the two effective viscosity coefficients are proportional to δt and are negative. This clearly leads to unstable behavior, and is a well known property of the central difference approximation. Adding enough viscosity to keep the diffusion coefficient positive is also an established procedure to gain stability, but at the possible cost of introducing too much diffusion. The upstream difference option, α=1, is a reasonable compromise; provided the condition wδt<δx is maintained, the diffusion coefficients are positive (provided the δx2 and δz2 terms are small) and the simulation will be stable.

먼저 주의해야 할 점은 ν = 0이고 중심 차분 근사를 사용하는 경우 (α = 0), 2 개의 유효 점성 계수의 최소 차수의 항은 δt에 비례하고, 부가됩니다.  이것은 분명 불안정한 거동을 이끌 것으로, 중심 차분 근사의 잘 알려진 특성입니다.  확산 계수를 양수 유지하기 위해 충분한 점성을 추가 수법도 안정성을 얻는 데에서 확립 된 방법이지만, 확산이 커질 위험성도 있습니다.  상류 측에서 차분 옵션 α = 1은 합리적인 타협이다.  조건 wδt <δx이 충족되는 한, 확산 계수는 양이며 (δx 2 및 δz 2 항이 작은 경우) 시뮬레이션도 안정됩니다.

If the δx2 and δz2 terms in the diffusion coefficients are not small there is a possibility of unstable behavior. To demonstrate this we set the viscosity to zero and reduce the amount of upstream differencing by setting α=0.05. To keep the negative δt term less than the a term a very small time step δt=0.00025 is used. With these settings the resulting simulation is shown in Fig. 2. An instability in the z velocity has developed just upstream of the sluice gate, which is shown close up in Fig. 3 (where color indicates the z velocity magnitude).

확산 계수의 δx 2 및 δz 2 항이 작지 않은 경우 불안정한 거동이 발생할 수 있습니다.  이를 설명하기 위해 점성을 0으로 설정하고 상류의 차이 량을 α = 0.05로 줄입니다.  부정적인 δt 항이 a 항보다 작아 지도록 매우 작은 시간 단계 δt = 0.00025을 사용합니다.  이러한 설정에서 실행 된 시뮬레이션을 그림 2에 나타냅니다.  수문 상류 측에서 z 속도의 불안정성이 발생하고 있습니다.  그림 3은 그 확대도를 나타냅니다 (색상은 z 속도의 크기를 나타낸다).

This instability is a result of a negative x-direction diffusion coefficient, which is coming from the δx2 term. A negative value results from the fact that the flow upstream of the gate is compressing in the z direction, but expanding in the x direction, which means that the x derivative of u in the δx2 term is positive in this region resulting in a net negative diffusion coefficient.

이 불안정은 δx 2 항에 의하여 부정되었다 x 방향의 확산 계수에 기인합니다.  수문 상류의 흐름은 z 방향으로 압축하고 있습니다 만, x 방향으로 팽창하고 있기 때문에 음수입니다.  즉,이 영역에서는 δx 2 항의 u의 x 방향 도함수는 긍정적이고 순으로 부정적인 확산 계수입니다.

A check on this conclusion can be made by adding in a little viscosity ν=0.0093 to compensate for the negative δx2 term. Figure 4 shows that this change does, indeed, stabilize the flow.

이 결론을 확인하려면 부정적인 δx 2 항을 보정하기 위해 약간 점성을 추가합니다 (ν = 0.0093).  그림 4는이 작은 변화에 의해 흐름이 확실히 안정된 것을 알 수 있습니다.

This example demonstrates that truncation error terms arising from non-linear terms in the original equation influence the computational stability of the difference equation. This type of instability cannot be found by a von Neumann type Fourier analysis. Perhaps most important of all is that when troublesome truncation errors are found to exist this knowledge can be used to alter the finite difference equations to eliminate those errors.

이 예에서는 원래의 방정식의 비선형 항으로 인해 중단 오차 항은 차분 방정식의 계산 안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타했습니다.  이 유형의 불안정은 von Neumann 유형의 푸리에 분석에서 찾을 수 없습니다.  가장 중요한 것은 문제가 될 수있는 중단 오차가 존재하는 것으로 판명 될 때이 지식을 이용하여 유한 차분 방정식을 수정하여 이러한 오차를 제거 할 수 있습니다.

Totally unstable flow versus stable flow

Figure 3 (left). Close up of locally unstable flow caused by negative δx2 term. Color indicates z velocity.
Figure 4 (right). Same as Fig. 3 with a small amount of viscosity added to compensate for negative δx2 term.

Summary

To summarize, it has been shown that all the stability conditions associated with a linear finite-difference equation, Eq.2, can be identified using a heuristic truncation error approach. This approach not only identifies the instabilities, it also indicates what can be done to eliminate them. For instance, for a region-of-influence violation only a reduction in the time-step increment will solve the problem, but if there is a negative diffusion coefficient then adding more diffusion to compensate for the errors is one way to regain stability. Knowing the origin of a negative diffusion error may also suggest how the original finite-difference equation might be modified to avoid this problem.

이 책에서는 선형 유한 차분 방정식Eq.2에 관련된 모든 안정 조건을 중단 오차에 대한 경험적 접근에 의해 특정 할 수 있는지를 보여주었습니다.  이 방법은 불안정성을 특정 할 수있을 뿐만 아니라 그것을 제거하는 방법을 보여줍니다.  예를 들어, 영향 영역에 대한 조건이 충족되지 않을 경우 시간 단계를 줄일 수 밖에 없어 문제를 해결할 수 없지만, 음의 확산 계수가 존재하는 경우는 확산을 확대하고 오차를 보정하여 안정성을 되찾는 방법 도 있습니다.  음의 확산 오차의 원인을 아는 것은이 문제를 해결 할 수 있도록 원래의 유한 차분 방정식을 어떻게 해결 하는가하는 방법을 알려 줄 수 있습니다.

The most significant aspect of the heuristic approach is that it is not limited to linear equations with constant coefficients, as was shown in connection with the example of flow under a sluice gate. No special assumptions were necessary to form the approximating truncated equation. The goal was simply to reverse the procedure of writing a difference equation to approximate a partial differential equation, and instead to write a partial differential equation that approximates the difference equation. A simple rule-of-thumb was described for constructing the truncated equation. This approximating equation was then used to check for region-of-influence violations and for possible negative diffusion coefficients both features that lead to unstable solutions.

휴리스틱 접근법의 가장 중요한 특징은 상수 계수를 따른 선형 방정식에 한정되지 않는다는 점입니다.  이것은 수문 아래를 통과하는 흐름의 예에서 나타났습니다.  계산을 끊은 식의 근사 식을 세우는 데 특별한 가정이 필요하지 않았습니다.  편미분 방정식을 근사하는 차분 방정식을 설명하는 것이 아니라 차분 방정식을 근사하는 편미분 방정식을 기술한다는 단순히 역순를 할 목적이었습니다.  계산을 중단 한 식을 세우기위한 간단한 경험칙에 대해서도 설명했습니다.  이 근사 식을 사용하여 솔루션의 불안정으로 이어질 영향 영역에 대한 조건이 충족되어 있는지, 또한 음의 확산 계수가 존재하는지의 두 관점을 확인했습니다.

Several additional examples involving compressible and incompressible fluid dynamics simulations can be found in the original heuristic stability paper [1], which further show how the heuristic approach can be applied to real, practical, non-linear problems.

안정성에 관한 경험적 분석에 대해 기술 된 참고 문헌 [1]에는 압축 흐름 및 비 압축 흐름을 따른 몇 가지 유체 역학 시뮬레이션 예가 나와 있습니다.  또 경험적 접근을 실제 비선형 문제에 적용하는 방법에 대해 자세히 나와 있습니다.

References

  1. C.W. Hirt, Heuristic Stability Theory for Finite-Difference Equations, J. Comp. Phys., 2, 339 (1968).
  2. R. Courant, K.O. Friedricks and H. Lewy, Math. Ann. 100, 32 (1928).
  3. The commercial software package FLOW-3D from Flow Science, Inc., Santa Fe, NM, USA.

보존해야 하는지 여부

To Conserve or Not

The mathematical formulation of fluid dynamics is based on a conservation of mass, momentum and energy. Because of this fact, there is a strong motivation to preserve these conservation properties when making numerical approximations. In practice, however, there are many situations where adherence to strict conservation principals is not a good idea. An understanding of those situations provides good insight into the subtleties of numerical approximation. Three examples will serve to illustrate this point.

보존해야하는지 여부

유체 역학에서는 질량, 운동량, 에너지 보존에 따라 수식을 세웁니다.  이러한 점에서 수치 근사를 할 때에도 이러한 보존 특성을 유지하려는 강한 욕구가 생깁니다.  그러나 실제 분석에서는 보존의 원칙을 엄격하게 준수하는 것이 반드시 좋은 생각이 아닌 상황이 많이 있습니다.  이러한 상황을 파악하는 것으로, 수치 근사에서 파악하기 어려운 부분까지 깊이 이해할 수 있게 됩니다.  여기에서는 세 가지 예제를 사용하여 이 논점을 나타냅니다.

Natural Convection

Consider a convective flow in a region that is subdivided into set of fixed control volumes (i.e., a grid). The flow of energy (temperature) through these volume elements must be computed. It is natural to want the energy leaving one volume to be equal to the energy entering a neighboring volume. This is an expression of thermal energy conservation.

In most natural convection problems the temperature differences driving a flow are small and the flow behaves as though it is nearly incompressible. Incompressibility means that the volume of fluid leaving a control volume must equal the volume entering that volume. Should excess volume enter a volume element, then excess energy will accumulate there as well, leading to a local increase in temperature (i.e., a numerical compression). Correspondingly, a loss of volume (expansion) results in a temperature reduction in the element.

Because it is numerically difficult to insure a strict balance of volume fluxes over a large number of control volumes, a numerical method that tries to conserve thermal energy typically exhibits results having a considerable amount of “thermal noise.” Often times the noise makes the computed results useless.

The solution to this computational problem is to abandon conservation and use a non-conservative approximation for temperature or energy convection. In particular, one should use an approximation that omits the compression/expansion terms that are supposed to be zero anyway.

자연 대류

고정 된 컨트롤 볼륨 세트에 분할 된 영역 (즉, 격자)에서의 대류를 생각합니다.  이러한 볼륨 요소를 통과하는 에너지 (열)의 흐름을 계산해야 합니다.  볼륨에서 나가는 에너지는 인접한 볼륨에 들어가는 에너지와 동일한 것으로 생각하는 것이 자연현상입니다.  이것이 열 에너지 보존 식입니다.

대부분의 자연 대류 문제는 흐름을 일으키고있고 온도차는 작고 흐름도 거의 비압축성 거동을 나타냅니다.  비압축성은 컨트롤 볼륨을 나가는 유체의 체적이 볼륨에 들어오는 체적과 동일한 것을 의미합니다.  볼륨 요소에 잉여의 부피가 들어온 경우 거기에 잉여 에너지도 누적하여 국소적인 온도 상승으로 이어집니다 (즉, 수치적인 압축).  반면 부피에 손실이 발생하면 (팽창) 요소의 온도가 떨어집니다.

매우 많은 컨트롤 볼륨에 걸쳐 체적 유량의 정확한 균형을 맞추는 것은 수치적으로는 어렵기 때문에, 열 에너지를 보존하려고 하는 수치법은 결과에 상당한 유량의 “열 잡음”이 포함 된 케이스가 많아집니다.  이 잡음이 발생하면 종종 쓸모없는 계산 결과 밖에 얻을 수 없습니다.

이 계산상의 문제를 해결하려면 보존을 포기하고 온도 또는 에너지의 대류에 비 보존 근사치를 사용합니다.  특히 어차피 제로가 되어야 압축 / 팽창 항은 제외되는 것과 같은 근사를 사용해야 합니다.

Hypersonic Flows

In hypersonic flow regimes the kinetic energy of the flow is generally much larger than its internal energy. When this happens, the use of numerical approximations that conserve mass, momentum and total energy can lead to substantial errors in fluid temperatures (sometimes even yielding negative values). This happens because the approximations for momentum always include some error, which is then magnified when used to compute the kinetic energy. When the kinetic energy is subtracted from the total energy, one of the conserved quantities that is computed, the resulting internal energy (or temperature) reflects this error. Since there is more kinetic energy than internal energy under hypersonic conditions, a small error in momentum may result in a large error in temperature.

The usual solution to this computational accuracy problem is to abandon the conservation of total energy and simply deal with internal energy directly.

극 초음속 흐름

극 초음속 흐름의 상태는 흐름의 운동 에너지는 기본적으로 내부 에너지보다 훨씬 큰 것입니다.  이러한 상황에서, 질량, 운동량, 총 에너지를 보존하는 수치 근사를 사용하여 유체 온도에 큰 오차가 발생할 수 있습니다 (경우에 따라서는 음의 값이 된다).  이것은 운동량의 근사치는 항상 어떤 차이가 발생할 수 있어서 운동 에너지를 계산할 때 그 오차는 확대됩니다.  계산 대상이 되는 보존량의 하나인 운동 에너지를 총 에너지에서 감산한 결과 내부 에너지 (또는 온도)에 오차가 반영됩니다.  극 초음속 조건에서 내부 에너지보다 운동 에너지가 많기 때문에 운동량의 작은 오차가 온도의 큰 차이로 이어질 수 있습니다.

이 계산 정확도 문제를 해결하려면 일반적으로 총 에너지의 보존을 포기하고 단지 내부 에너지를 직접 취급합니다.

Non-Uniform Grids

In non-uniform grids there is a potential problem with low-order numerical approximations, especially when used in conjunction with conservative formulations. A non-uniformity in the size of grid elements generally means a loss in numerical accuracy of one order. This arises from the fact that differences in fluxes on opposite sides of a control volume have errors that cancel in pairs when the grid is uniform, but don’t cancel when the sizes of elements change.

One consequence of this is that a first-order approximation for a conserved quantity on a uniform grid will be zeroth order accurate on a non-uniform grid. Zeroth order means that the approximation can never converge to the correct result even when the size of the control volumes approach zero — not a good idea.

To maintain the order of an approximation when changing from a uniform to non-uniform grid, it is necessary to abandon conservative formulations. Modified equation forms can be easily derived that preserve the conservation property in uniform grids, and retain the same order of accuracy when grid non-uniformities are introduced. FLOW-3D is an example of a program that uses all three of the above approaches to enhance its computational results.

균일 격자

non-uniform 격자는 특히 보존의 공식화와  병용하는 경우에, low-order 수치 근사의 잠재적인 문제를 안고 있습니다.  격자 요소의 크기가 불균일하면 일반적으로 숫자 정밀도의 차수가 하나 떨어지는 것을 의미합니다.  이것은 컨트롤 볼륨의 양쪽에 위치하는 플럭스의 차이는 균일한 격자에서 상쇄되는 오차를 가지고 있지만, 요소 크기가 균일하지 않은 경우는 상쇄되지 않을 수에서 발생합니다.

결과로 일어날 수 하나에 균일 격자의 보존 용량의 1 차 정밀 근사치가 고르지 격자에서 제로 다음 정도가 될 수 있습니다.  제로 다음 정확도는 컨트롤 볼륨의 크기가 제로에 가까워 졌을 경우에도 근사 올바른 결과로 수렴 할 수 없다는 것을 의미합니다.  이것은 원하는 것은 아닙니다.

균일 격자에서 균일 격자로 변경했을 때 근사 정밀도의 차수를 유지하려면 보존 제제를 포기하는 것이 필요합니다.  균일 격자에 보존 특성이 유지되고, 격자가 불균일하게 될 때 같은 차수의 정확도를 유지할 수 있도록 수정된 형식의 식을 용이하게 도출 할 수 있습니다.  FLOW-3D는 계산 결과를 향상시키기 위해 위의 세 가지 접근 방식을 적용한 프로그램 중의 하나입니다.

경계 조건 – 유출

Boundary Conditions – Outflow

In many simulations, fluid must flow out one or more boundaries of the computational region. But what constitutes a good boundary condition at such “outflow” boundaries?

경계 조건 – 유출

많은 시뮬레이션에서 유체는 계산 영역의 하나 이상의 경계에서 유출해야 합니다.  그러나 그러한  ‘유출’ 경계에서 좋은 경계 조건은 어떤 것이 있을까요?

In compressible flows, when the flow speed at the outflow boundary is supersonic, it makes little difference how the boundary conditions are specified since flow disturbances can’t propagate upstream. However, in low speed and incompressible flows disturbances introduced at an outflow boundary can affect the entire computational region.

압축성 흐름은 유출 경계에서 유속이 초음속일때 흐름의 교란이 상류로 전파 될 수 없기 때문에 경계 조건의 지정 방법에 따라 차이가 생기는 경우는 거의 없습니다.  그러나 느린 비압축성 흐름의 경우는 유출 경계에서 발생하는 동요는 계산 영역 전체에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다.

Continuative Approximation

The simplest and most commonly used outflow condition is that of a “continuative” boundary. Continuative boundary conditions consist of zero normal derivatives at the boundary for all quantities. The zero-derivative condition is intended to represent a smooth continuation of the flow through the boundary.

연속 근사

가장 간단하고 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 유출 조건은 “연속”경계 조건입니다.  연속 경계 조건은 모든 유량의 경계에서 제로 법선 미분으로 구성되어 있습니다.  제로 미분 조건은 경계를 통과하고 매끄럽게 연속 흐름을 표현하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있습니다.

It must be stressed that the continuative boundary condition has no physical basis; it is a mathematical statement that may or may not provide the desired flow behavior. In particular, if flow enters the computational region across such a boundary, then the computations may be wrong because nothing has been specified about flow conditions existing outside the boundary.

여기에서 연속 경계 조건은 물리적 근거가 없는 것을 강조해야합니다.  이것은 수학적 이론이며 실제로 바람직한 흐름을 얻을 수 있을지 여부는 확실하지 않습니다.  특히 흐름이 이러한 경계를 통과하여 계산 영역에 들어갔을 경우 경계의 외부에 존재하는 흐름 조건에 관해서는 아무것도 지정되어 있지 않기 때문에 잘못된 계산이 될 수 있습니다.

Improved Continuative Approximation

FLOW-3D uses a special enhancement to continuative boundaries to improve their behavior. If flow attempts to enter the computational region across this type of boundary it must do so by starting from a condition of rest. This practice helps to reduce inflow and often results in a reasonable approximation of a smooth outflow condition. Nevertheless, a continuative boundary condition must always be viewed with suspicion.

연속 근사 개선

FLOW-3D는 특수 강화 방법을 사용하여 연속 경계의 거동을 개선하고 있습니다.  이 유형의 경계를 통과하여 계산 영역에 들어 가려고하는 흐름은 먼저 정지 조건에서 시작해야합니다.  이에 따라 유입이 감소하고 부드러운 유출의 조건을 합리적으로 근사 할 수있는 경우가 많습니다.  그럼에도 불구하고, 연속 경계 조건은 항상 의심의 눈으로 볼 필요가 있습니다.

Other Approximations

For limited classes of problems, better outflow boundary conditions do exist. For example, special boundary treatments have been devised for wave propagation problems that try to determine the speed and direction of waves approaching the boundary and then set boundary conditions so that they continue through the boundary with a minimum of reflection. A useful example of this type of treatment, sometimes called a radiation boundary condition, is described by I. Orlanski, Jour. Comp. Phys. 21, 251 (1976).

기타 근사

문제의 종류는 한정되지만 좀 더 나은 유출 경계 조건도 존재합니다.  예를 들어, 파동 전파 문제에 대해 특별한 경계 처리가 고안되어 있습니다.  이것은 경계에 접근하는 파도의 속도와 방향을 확인하고 최소한의 반사 경계를 통과하여 연속적이도록 경계 조건을 설정하려고하는 것입니다.  이 유형의 처리가 유익한 예는 방사 경계 조건이라는 것도 있지만, I. Orlanski 씨의 Jour. Comp. Phys. 21,251 (1976)에 설명되어 있습니다.

As a general rule, a physically meaningful boundary condition, such as a specified pressure condition, should be used at outflow boundaries whenever possible. When a continuative condition must be used it should be placed as far from the main flow region as is practical so that any adverse influence on the main flow will be minimal.

원칙적으로 유출 경계는 가능한 한 지정된 압력 조건과 같은 물리적으로 유의 한 경계 조건을 사용하십시오.  연속 조건을 사용할 필요가 있는 경우, 실용성이 손상되지 않을 정도로 흐름의 주요 영역에서 최대한 멀리 배치하고, 주류에 대한 악영향을 최소화 할 수 있도록 해야합니다.

경계조건 – 격자 오버레이

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

Boundary Conditions – Grid Overlay

The Grid Overlay procedure allows users to check the effects of grid refinement or to efficiently compute problems in which the region of interest is progressively decreasing or increasing (e.g., an explosion). For steady-state results a coarse grid might first be used to rough out a solution and then be replaced by a fine grid using the grid overlay procedure to give an accurate final answer.

경계 조건 – 격자 오버레이격자 오버레이 단계를 사용하면 격자 개선 효과를 확인하고, 관심 영역이 점차 축소 또는 확대하는 문제 (폭발 등)을 효율적으로 계산하도록 허용합니다.  정상 상태의 결과에 관해서는 먼저 거친 격자를 사용하여 개략적으로 작성하고 격자 오버레이 단계를 사용하여 미세한 격자로 옮겨 정확한 최종 결과를 제시합니다.

Inkjet Example Using Grid Overlay

An example of the grid overlay procedure is shown in the accompanying figure of an inkjet device (left and middle). The computation started with a nozzle/piston assembly. After the jet is detached a new grid is used (right) to track its subsequent development. Additional grids can be used to follow the development of the moving jet for as long as desired. Using a grid overlay requires no special effort on the part of the user since the program does this automatically when restarting a simulation.

격자 오버레이를 사용한 잉크젯 예

격자 오버레이 단계의 예를 잉크젯 장치의 그림 (a)에서 보여줍니다.  계산은 노즐과 피스톤 부품에서 시작됩니다.  Jet(분사)가 분리된 후 새로운 격자를 사용하여(b) 다음의 형성(development)을 추적합니다.  또한 격자를 추가하여 사용하면 필요에 따라 이동하는 기류의 형성(development )을 장시간에 걸쳐 추적 할 수 있습니다.

The grid overlay procedure is a powerful option in FLOW-3D that allows users to change the gridding of a computation while it is in progress. A new grid may be defined completely independently of the original grid. The new grid, for example, may be finer or coarser and it may overlay all or only a portion of the old grid.

격자 오버레이 단계는 FLOW-3D의 강력한 옵션이며, 계산을 진행하면서 격자 생성을 변경할 수 있습니다.  새로운 격자는 원래 격자와 완전히 독립적으로 정의 할 수 있습니다.  새로운 격자는 세밀하게도 거칠게도 할 수 있습니다.  또한 오래된 격자의 전부를 오버레이하거나 일부만을 오버레이 할 수 있습니다.

격자 시스템

Grid Systems

People who are new to computational modeling may be a little bewildered—even intimidated—by the process known as grid generation. This note describes the most common types of three-dimensional grids with comments on their advantages and disadvantages.

격자 시스템

수치해석 모델링에 익숙하지 않은 사람들은 격자를 생성하는 작업은 조금 당황스럽거나 혼란스러워 할지도 모릅니다.  여기에서는 가장 일반적인 유형의 3차원 격자에 대하여 각각의 장점과 단점을 포함하여 설명합니다.

 

Fixed, Orthogonal and Fixed, Non-Orthogonal

Gridding is the process of subdividing a region to be modeled into a set of small control volumes. Associated with each control volume are one or more values of the dependent flow variables (e.g., velocity, pressure, temperature, etc.) Usually these represent some type of locally averaged values. Numerical algorithms representing approximations to the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy are then used to compute these variables in each control volume.

고정 직교 격자와 고정 비 직교 격자
격자 생성은 모델링 대상 영역을 일련의 작은 컨트롤 볼륨으로 세분화하는 과정입니다.  각각의 컨트롤 볼륨은 하나 이상의 종속 흐름 변수 (속도, 압력, 온도 등)의 값이 연결됩니다.  일반적으로 이들은 어떤 유형의 국소적인 평균값을 나타냅니다.  질량, 운동량, 에너지 보존 법칙에 근사치를 나타내는 수치 알고리즘을 사용하여 컨트롤 볼륨마다 이 변수가 계산됩니다.

Control Volume Choices

 

Uniform Rectangular

Some computational schemes use grids that deform to follow the motion of a fluid (Lagrangian grids) while others use fixed grids (Eulerian grids). Sometimes a combination is used so that moving grids don’t become too distorted (Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian grids). In this note we will only address issues associated with the subdivision of space into a set of control volumes and leave the question of moving versus stationary grids for another note.

컨트롤 볼륨의 선택

계산법에 의해 유체의 움직임에 따라 변형 격자 (라그랑주 격자)를 사용하는 경우와 고정 격자 (오일러 격자)를 사용하는 경우가 있습니다.  경우에 따라서는 가동 격자가 변형을 초과하지 않도록 두 종류의 격자를 함께 사용합니다(ALE (Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian : 모든 – 라그랑주 – 오일러) 격자).  여기에서는 공간을 일련의 컨트롤 볼륨으로 세분화하는 것과 관련된 문제만을 취급하며 움직이는 격자와 고정 격자의 문제에 대해서는 다른 기사에서 설명합니다.

 

 

Variable Rectangular

Grids may be structured or unstructured. A structured grid means that the volume elements are well ordered, and a simple scheme (e.g., I,J,K indices) can be used to label elements and identify neighbors. In unstructured grids, volume elements can be joined in any manner, and special lists must be kept to identify neighboring elements.

격자는 구조 격자와 비 구조 격자가 있습니다.  구조 격자는 체적 요소가 정연하게 배열되어 있고, 간단한 구조 (I, J, K 인덱스 등)를 사용하여 요소에 레이블을 지정하거나 인접 요소를 식별 할 수있는 것을 의미합니다 .  비 구조 격자는 체적 요소는 어떤 방법으로도 결합 할 수 있도록 인접한 요소를 식별하는 데 필요한 특별한 목록을 유지해야합니다.

 

Structured Meshing of Control Volumes

Structured grids come in several varieties, depending on the shape of their elements. The simplest grid is generated from a rectangular box by subdividing it into a set of rectangular elements whose faces are parallel to the faces of the box. Most often the elements are ordered by counting in the x then y and finally the z-direction, so that grid element (I,J,K) would be the ith element in the x-direction, etc.

컨트롤 볼륨의 구조 메쉬

구조 격자 요소의 형상에 따라 다양한 종류가 있습니다.  가장 간단한 격자는 사각형의 상자를 상자의 측면과 병행면을 가지는 일련의 직사각형 요소로 세분화하여 생성됩니다.  종종 요소의 순서는 x 방향, y 방향 및 z 방향의 순서로 계산 격자 요소 (I, J, K)가 x 방향의 i 번째 요소가 되도록 하는 등 정해져 있습니다.

Grids composed of regular brick elements have the simplest structure since it is only necessary to define three one-dimensional arrays for the x, y, and z values of the surfaces defining the element surfaces. If I,J, and K are the maximum indices in the x, y, and z directions, then the total number of values needed to define the grid is I+J+K. Rectangular grids with slowly varying element sizes also exhibit a regularity that helps to maintain numerical accuracy.

일정한 블록 요소로 구성되어있는 격자는 가장 간단한 구조입니다.  이것은 요소의 표면을 정의하는 표면의 x, y, z 값에 대한 1 차원 배열을 3 개 정의하는 것만으로 좋기 때문입니다.  I, J, K는 x, y, z 방향의 최대의 인덱스 인 경우, 격자를 정의하는 데 필요한 값의 합계는 I + J + K입니다.  요소의 크기가 천천히 변화하는 사각형 격자도 규칙 성을 나타내고 숫자의 정밀도를 유지할 수 있습니다.

One limitation of rectangular elements is that geometric surfaces are usually approximated by blocking out entire elements, which leads to boundaries having discrete steps. These steps introduce flow losses and produce other undesirable effects (No Loss With FAVOR™).

사각형 요소의 제한의 하나는 기하 형상의 표면이 일반적으로 요소 전체를 블록으로 분할하여 근사 될 것입니다.  그러면 경계가 불연속 계단입니다.  이러한 계단 부분에 따라 유동 손실이 생겨 바람직하지 않은 다른 효과도 발생합니다 ( “FAVOR TM를 사용하여 손실 제로”참조).

There are two ways to get better geometric representations of curved obstacle surfaces. One is to deform the grid elements to conform with specified geometric shapes. The resulting elements then have general hexahedral shapes, and the grid is often referred to as a body-fitted grid. Another technique is to keep the rectangular elements but supplement them with some means of defining obstacles cutting through their interiors. A technique of this type, called FAVOR™, is used in the FLOW-3D program. The FAVOR™ method is described in more detail below.

장애물이있는 곡면을 더 정확하게 기하학적 형상으로 표현하는 두 가지 방법이 있습니다.  하나는 지정된 기하 형상에 맞게 격자 요소를 변형하는 것입니다.  이 경우 요소는 일반적인 육면체의 형상이 많은 경우 격자는 물체 적합 격자( body-fitted grid)라고합니다.  또 다른 기법은 사각형 요소를 유지하면서 내부를 잘라 장애물을 정의하는 방법을 보충하는 것입니다.  이 유형의 기술은 FAVOR™이라고, FLOW-3D 프로그램에서 사용되고 있습니다.  FAVOR™법에 대해서는 다음에 자세히 설명합니다.

Rectangular and Deformed Mesh Comparisons

 

1. Requires 4 3D Arrays (FAVOR™) 2. Easy Mesh Generation 3. Simple Numerical Algorithm

Hexahedral elements require three coordinates to locate each corner point, or 3*(I+1)*(J+1)*(K+1) values for the entire grid, which is much larger than the I+J+K values needed for rectangular grids. In addition, other three-dimensional arrays are usually kept, such as their face areas and volumes, so these quantities don’t have to be constantly recomputed.

This uses a large amount of stored memory and increases memory retrieval times. Although memory is becoming inexpensive, the amount of memory to be retrieved is becoming an important consideration in parallel computing.

사각형 메쉬 변형 메쉬의 비교

육각형 요소는 각 정점의 위치를 결정하는데 3 개의 좌표가 필요합니다.  격자 전체에서는 3 * (I + 1) * (J + 1) * (K + 1) 개의 값이 필요 직사각형 격자에 필요한 I + J + K 개의 값보다 훨씬 많아집니다.  또한 표면적과 체적 등 기타 3 차원 배열은 일반적으로 유지되기 때문에이 금액은 수시로 재 계산할 필요는 없습니다.

이를 통해 대량의 저장 메모리가 사용 된 메모리의 검색 시간이 길어집니다.  메모리의 비용은 내려오고 있지만 검색 할 메모리의 양은 병렬 컴퓨팅을위한 중요한 문제가되어 가고 있습니다.

 

 

1. Requires 10 or more 3D Arrays 2. Complex Mesh Generation 3. Algorithms More Complex

The distortion of elements away from a purely rectangular shape has several consequences. For one thing, distortion may reduce numerical accuracy because numerical approximations are no longer centered (or symmetric) about the centroid of the volume element. This drawback, however, may be balanced by the increase in local grid resolution afforded by the distortion.

순수한 직사각형 모양에서 요소를 왜곡하면 다양한 효과가 있습니다.  그 중 하나는 왜곡하여 수치 근사가 체적 요소의 중심이 없게되면 (또는 대칭) 수치적 정확도가 저하 될 수 있습니다.  그러나 이 문제는 왜곡으로 인한 국소적인 격자 해상도의 증가에 의해 상쇄될 수 있습니다.

Another consequence of distortion is that numerical approximations become more complex. Not only must forces and fluxes be converted to normal and tangential components at element faces, but it is generally necessary to include data from all surrounding elements (i.e., the 26 face, edge, and corner neighbors of a hexahedral) in the approximations for a given element. In purely rectangular grids, only the six neighbors having a common face with a given element must be directly coupled.

왜곡에 의한 또 다른 영향은 수치 근사가 더 복잡해질 것입니다.  요소의 각면에서 힘과 플럭스를 법선 성분과 접선 성분으로 변환해야 할 뿐만 아니라 일반적으로 주어진 요소의 근사치에 주위의 모든 요소 (육면체의 26 개면, 모서리, 정점의 인접 요소)에서 데이터를 포함 할 필요가 있습니다.  순수한 사각형 격자에서 직접 결합할 필요가있는 것은 주어진 요소와 일치하는 면을 가진 6 개의 인접 요소뿐입니다.

Finally, it should be noted that it is not always possible to deform a structured rectangular grid into any shape. For example, attempts to deform a straight section into an L-shape results in collapsed or inverted elements in the inside corner. Solutions to this limitation consist of either coupling together more than one structured grid block for a simple kind of unstructuring or resorting to fully unstructured grids.

마지막으로, 구조화된 사각형 격자를 어떤 모양으로 변형 할 수 없는 경우도 있다는 점에 유의하십시오.  예를 들어, 직선 부분을 L 자형으로 변형하려고하면 몸쪽으로 요소가 손상되거나 반전합니다.  이 제한을 해결하려면 여러 구조 격자 블록을 결합하여 간단한 비정형으로 하거나 완전한 비 구조 격자를 사용합니다.

Unstructured Meshing of Control Volumes

 

Polyhedral Elements

Unstructured grids have the advantage of generality in that they can be made to conform to nearly any desired geometry. This generality, however, comes with a price. The grid generation process is not completely automatic and may require considerable user interaction to produce grids with acceptable degrees of local resolution while at the same time having a minimum of element distortion. Unstructured grids require more information to be stored and recovered than structured grids (e.g., the neighbor connectivity list), and changing element types and sizes can increase numerical approximation errors.

비 구조 격자는 일반적인 장점이 있어 필요한 거의 모든 기하학적 모양에 맞게 만들 수 있습니다.  그러나 이 일반성에는 대가가 따릅니다.  격자 생성 절차는 완전 자동이 아닌 요소의 왜곡을 최소화 경우에도 허용 수준의 국소 해상도를 가지는 격자를 생성하려면 사용자 개입이 상당히 필요할 수 있습니다.  비 구조 격자는 구조 격자보다 많은 정보를 저장하고 복구해야합니다 (인접 결합 목록 등).  또한 요소의 종류와 크기를 변경하면 숫자 근사 오류가 증가할 가능성이 있습니다.

A popular type of unstructured grid consists of tetrahedral elements. These grids tend to be easier to generate than those composed of hexahedral elements, but they generally have poorer numerical accuracy. For example, it is difficult to construct approximations that maintain an accurate propagation of one-dimensional flow disturbances because tetrahedral grid elements have no parallel faces.

일반적인 유형의 비 구조 격자는 사면체 요소로 구성되어 있습니다.  이러한 격자는 육면체 요소로 구성되어있는 것보다 쉽게 생성 할 수있는 경향이 있지만, 수치적 정확도는 일반적으로 낮습니다.  예를 들어 사면체 격자 요소에 평행하는면이 없기 때문에 1 차원 흐름의 교란의 정확한 전달을 유지하는 근사치를 구축하는 것은 어렵습니다.

In summary, the best choice for a grid system depends on several factors: convenience in generation, memory requirements, numerical accuracy, flexibility to conform to complex geometries, and flexibility for localized regions of high or low resolution.

즉, 격자 시스템으로 무엇이 최선의 선택 인지 결정은 생산의 용이성, 메모리 요구 사항, 수치적 정확성, 복잡한 기하학적 형상에 대응하는 유연성, 국소적인 해상도의 높낮이에 대응하는 유연성 등 다양한 요인이 있습니다.

 

Mesh Subdivision and/or Multiblock

In FLOW-3D a compromise is employed, which is called Free Gridding. The program uses a simple grid of rectangular elements, so it has the advantages of ease of generation, regularity for improved numerical accuracy, and requires very little memory storage.

FLOW-3D 프로그램은 Free Gridding 으로 불리는 타협안이 선택되고 있습니다.  이 프로그램은 사각형 요소로 구성된 간단한 격자를 사용하고 있기 때문에 생성이 간단하고 규칙적으로 수치적 정확도가 향상된다는 장점이 있으며, 매우 적은 메모리 저장소를 요구합니다.

Geometry is then defined within the grid by computing the fractional face areas and fractional volumes of each element that are blocked by obstacles. This Fractional Area Volume Obstacle Representation (FAVOR™) method requires that we store three area fractions and one volume fraction for each element, which is relatively little information compared with body-fitted grids.

기하형상은 장애물에 의해 차단된 각 요소의 표면적 점유율 및 볼륨 점유율을 계산하여 격자에서 정의됩니다.  이 FAVOR™(Fractional Area Volume Obstacle Representation) 법 에서는 요소마다 3개의 면적 점유율과 1개의 부피 점유율을 저장해야합니다.  이것은 body-fitted 격자에 비하면 상대적으로 적은 정보입니다.

The philosophy behind FAVOR™ is that the numerical algorithms are based on information consisting of only one pressure, one velocity, one temperature, etc. for each control volume, so it is inconsistent to use an excessive amount of information to define geometry. Thus, the FAVOR™ technique retains the simplicity of rectangular elements while representing complex geometric shapes at a level consistent with the use of averaged flow quantities within each volume element.

FAVOR™법의 배경에 있는 원리는 각 컨트롤 볼륨에 대해 수치 알고리즘은 하나의 압력 단일 속도, 1 개의 온도 등으로 구성된 정보에 근거하는 것입니다.  따라서 지오메트리를 정의하기 위해 과도한 정보를 사용한다는 것은 모순입니다.  따라서  FAVOR™법은 사각형 요소를 단순 유지하면서 각 체적 요소에서 평균된 유량을 사용하는 것과 모순되지 않는 수준에서 복잡한 기하학적 형상을 표현합니다.

Grids and geometry are free to be defined independently of one another with the FAVOR™ method. We refer to this as Free Gridding. The advantages of Free Gridding are that grids and geometries can be generated and modified with very little time or effort on the part of a user. It is the computer that does all the work of computing the intersections between a grid and an obstacle description, which is what automated computing is all about.

FAVOR™법을 사용하면 격자 와 기하학적 형상을 서로 독립적으로 자유롭게 정의 할 수 있습니다.  여기에서는 이것을 Free Gridding이라고 합니다.  Free Gridding의 장점은 사용자 측이 격자와 기하학적 형상을 매우 쉽고  빠르게 생성하고 수정할 수 있다는 것입니다.  격자와 obstacle  description이 만나는 부분의 계산 작업은 모든 컴퓨터가 합니다.  이것이 자동 컴퓨팅이라는 것입니다.

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사각형 격자

Rectangular Grids

전산 유체 역학 기법의 대부분은 공간을 세분화하여 흐름 변수의 평균 값을 정의 할 수 있는 이산화된 체적 요소의 격자 수에 의존하고 있습니다. 가장 간단한 격자는 각 좌표축 (x, y, z)에 수직인 일련의 평면에 의해 정의되는 사각형 요소로 구성되어 있는 것입니다.  평행하는 평면 사이의 간격은 일정한 경우와 가변의 경우가 있습니다.  많은 경우, 전자를 “균일”사각형 격자라고 부르며, 후자를 “불균일”사각형 격자라고 합니다.

Most techniques for doing computational fluid dynamics rely on the subdivision of space into a grid of discrete volume elements in which average values of flow variables can be defined. The simplest kind of grid is one composed of rectangular elements defined by a set of planes perpendicular to each of the coordinate axes (x,y,z). The spacing between parallel planes may be constant or variable. The former is often referred to as a “uniform” rectangular grid, while the latter is a “non-uniform” rectangular grid.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\delta uu}{\delta x}\approx \frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{3\delta {x}_{1}+\delta {x}{i+1}}{\delta {x}_{1}+\delta {x}{i+1}} \right)\frac{\partial uu}{\partial x}+O\left( \delta x \right).\)

Why are Rectangular Grids Simple?

직사각형 그리드는 생성하기가 매우 쉽기 때문에 간단합니다. 각 좌표 방향과 모델링 할 공간을 세분화하는 평면 사이의 간격에서 그리드의 시작 및 끝 좌표를 정의하기만 하면 됩니다.

Rectangular grids are simple because they are very easy to generate. It is only necessary to define the beginning and ending coordinate of the grid in each coordinate direction, and in the spacing between the planes subdividing the space to be modeled.

Pros and Cons of Rectangular Grids

어떤 격자 생성 시스템에서도 마찬가지이지만 경쟁이 되는 장단점이 있습니다 ( ” Free Gridding Saves Time “참조).  사각형 격자의 장점 중 하나는 격자를 설명하기 위해 저장되는 정보량을 최소화 할 수 있다는 것입니다.  단점은 모델링 대상의 영역이 사각형 영역에 들어 가지 않는 경우가 있는 것입니다.  예를 들어, 구불구불한 강 형상에 대해 생각해보면, 직사각형 영역으로 설정한 경우, 직사각형의 아주 작은 부분이 형상을 차지하게 되는 경우가 있습니다.  이러한 경우에는 격자의 대부분의 요소가 강 바깥에 존재하고 이는 계산에서 부담으로 작용합니다.

As with any gridding system, there are pros and cons to contend with (see, for example, Free Gridding Saves Time). One pro for rectangular grids is that the amount of information to be stored for describing the grid is minimal. A con is that a region to be modeled may not fit into a rectangular region. For example, think of a bird’s eye view of a winding river, which when set in a rectangular region, may only occupy a small portion of the area of the rectangle. In such a case, most of the grid elements lie outside the river and would be a computational burden.

Difference Equations are Simpler

직사각형 그리드의 또 다른 장점은 차분 방정식이 일반적으로 직사각형이 아닌 그리드보다 간단하다는 것입니다. 예를 들어, 3 차원에서 요소의 속도에 대한 Navier-Stokes 방정식의 근사치는 6 개의 인접한 요소, 즉 3 개의 좌표 방향 각각에 있는 2 개의 인접 요소 만 포함하면 됩니다. 대조적으로, 직사각형이 아닌 그리드는 일반적으로 중앙 요소를 둘러싸는 3x3x3 = 27 배열의 모든 주변 요소에 대한 결합이 필요합니다.

Another pro for a rectangular grid is that difference equations are generally simpler than they are in a non-rectangular grid. For instance, in three dimensions an approximation to the Navier-Stokes equation for the velocity in an element need only involve the six adjacent elements, that is, two neighbors in each of three coordinate directions. In contrast, a non-rectangular grid typically requires a coupling to all the surrounding elements in a 3x3x3=27 array surrounding the central element.

Numerical Accuracy is Best When Grid Elements are Uniform

일반적으로 유한 차분 방정식과 관련된 수치 정확도는 그리드 요소가 균일 할 때 가장 좋습니다. 이는 정의에 따라 편미분 방정식에 대한 수치적 근사치가 물리량의 공간적 및 시간적 값의 변화율을 포함하기 때문입니다. 요소의 양쪽에서 수량 값 간의 변화를 평가하는 것은 요소가 균일할 때 가장 정확합니다. 왜냐하면 고차 항은 일반적으로 대칭에 의해 취소되기 때문입니다. 균일하지 않은 그리드 요소를 사용하는 경우 정확도를 유지하기 위해 일반적으로 더 복잡한 수치 근사치가 필요합니다 (  예 는 부록 참조  ).

As a general rule, numerical accuracy associated with finite difference equations is best when grid elements are uniform. This is because numerical approximations to partial differential equations, by definition, involve the rate of change of spatial and temporal values of physical quantities. Evaluating the change between values of quantities on either side of an element is most accurate when the elements are uniform because higher order terms will then, as a rule, cancel by symmetry. When non-uniform grid elements are used, more complicated numerical approximations are usually needed to preserve accuracy (see the Appendix for an example).

Weighing the Pros and Cons of Rectangular Grids

장단점을 비교해 보면 단순한 직사각형 격자가 많은 좋은 속성을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있지만 복잡한 기하학적 모양을 수용하기 위한 한계가 유용성을 제한 할 수 있습니다. 이 기사의 나머지 부분에서는 좋은 속성을 희생하지 않고 직사각형 격자의 유용성을 크게 확장하는 몇 가지 개념적으로 간단한 기술에 대해 설명합니다. 표현의 단순화를 위해 2 차원 상황만 설명하지만 3 차원으로의 확장은 완전히 간단합니다.

By weighing the pros and cons it can be seen that simple rectangular grids have many good properties, but the limitations they have for accommodating complex geometric shapes can limit their usefulness. In the remainder of this article, several conceptually simple techniques are described that greatly extend the usefulness of rectangular grids without sacrificing their good properties. For simplicity of presentation only two-dimensional situations will be described, however, the extension to three-dimensions is completely straightforward.

Notation for Rectangular Grids

계산 시간을 절약하려면 다중 인덱스 수량을 단일 인덱스 배열로 대체하는 것이 유용합니다. 여러 배열 위치는 계산 문자열의 시작 부분에서 한 번만 계산됩니다.

예를 들어 ipj = i + 1, j 또는 ijm = i, j-1 표기법은 짧고 간단하며 읽기 쉬운 단일 인덱스입니다. ip는 i 더하기 1을 의미하고 jm은 j 빼기 1을 의미한다는 것을 기억하면 쉽게 읽을 수 있습니다.

따라서 이중 인덱스 수량 P (i + 1, j-1)는 단일 인덱스 수량 P ()로 대체됩니다. ipjm) 등이 있습니다. 이 표기법은 사용하기 쉽고 계산 시간을 절약 할뿐만 아니라 다른 매우 유용한 속성이 있음을 아래에서 확인할 수 있습니다.

In a rectangular (2D) grid, the elements are typically labeled by integers i and j in the x and y coordinate directions, respectively. An element (i,j) has principal neighbors (i-1,j), (i+1,j), (i,j-1) and (i,j+1). Physical properties in a cell are stored as values of two-dimensional arrays such as p(i,j) for the pressure of element (i,j). When programming difference equations, the use of repeated indexed arrays requires the compiler to perform the index shifts, e.g., i+1 or j-1, as arithmetic operations in order to evaluate the memory locations of these quantities.

직사각형 (2D) 그리드에서 요소는 일반적으로 각각 x 및 y 좌표 방향에서 정수 i 및 j로 레이블이 지정됩니다. 요소 (i, j)에는 주 이웃 (i-1, j), (i + 1, j), (i, j-1) 및 (i, j + 1)이 있습니다. 셀의 물리적 특성은 요소 (i, j)의 압력에 대한 p (i, j)와 같은 2 차원 배열의 값으로 저장됩니다. 

차분 방정식을 프로그래밍 할 때 반복 인덱스 배열을 사용하려면 컴파일러가 이러한 양의 메모리 위치를 평가하기 위해 산술 연산으로 인덱스 이동 (예 : i + 1 또는 j-1)을 수행해야합니다.

To save computational time it is useful to replace multiple-indexed quantities by single-indexed arrays. Multiple array locations are computed only once at the beginning of a string of computations, for instance, the notation ipj=i+1,j or ijm=i,j-1 are short, simple and easy to read single indices. They are easy to read by remembering that ip means i plus 1 and jm means j minus 1, etc. Thus, a double-indexed quantity P(i+1,j-1) would be replaced by the single-indexed quantity P(ipjm), and so forth. Not only is this notation easy to use and saves computational time, it will be seen below that it has another very useful property.

Multiple Grid Blocks

직사각형 그리드의 유용성을 확장하는 좋은 방법은 경계에서 결합 된 여러 직사각형 그리드를 사용하는 것입니다. 그림 1A와 그림 1B에 예시 된 것처럼 두 가지 간단한 가능성이 있습니다. 연결된 블록은 블록이 서로 인접한 경계 조건으로 연결됩니다. 중첩 된 블록은 서로 중첩되며 경계 조건을 사용하여 중첩 된 블록을 포함하는 블록에 연결합니다.

A good way to extend the usefulness of rectangular grids is to employ multiple rectangular grids that are coupled at their boundaries. There are two simple possibilities as illustrated in Fig. 1A and Fig. 1B. The linked blocks are connected by boundary conditions where the blocks are adjacent to one another. The nested blocks are superimposed on one another and use boundary conditions to couple the nested block to the containing block.

이 다중 블록 기능은 연결된 블록 기능을 사용하여 더 적은 격자 요소로 더 확장 된 기하학적 영역을 모델링 할 수 있으므로 직사각형 격자의 유용성을 크게 확장합니다. 중첩 된 블록 기능은 전체 영역에서 더 미세한 해상도를 시뮬레이션하는 비용을 견디지 않고도 로컬에서 시뮬레이션의 해상도를 높이는 데 매우 유용합니다.

This multi-block capability greatly extends the usefulness of rectangular grids, as the linked-block feature allows for more extended geometric regions to be modeled with fewer grid elements. The nested-block feature is very useful for locally increasing the resolution of a simulation without having to endure the cost of simulating the finer resolution throughout the full region.

Distributed Memory Parallelization

다중 블록 기능은 또한 분산 메모리 병렬화를위한 자연스러운 도메인 분해 방법을 제공합니다. 블록 간 경계에서 솔루션 데이터를 업데이트하려면 상호 연결을 사용하여 클러스터의 컴퓨팅 노드간에 해당 데이터를 교환해야합니다.

The multi-block feature also offers a natural way of domain decomposition for distributed memory parallelization. Updating of solution data at inter-block boundaries then requires an exchange of that data between compute nodes of the cluster using an interconnect.

Unstructured Grid Blocks

A further generalization can be made that allows considerably more efficiency in the gridding of complex geometric regions. If the simple, rectangular ordering of elements is replaced by lists that define which elements are adjacent to one another, then all unneeded elements can be eliminated from the grid. This frees up memory and forces solver routines to simply run through a list of active grid elements, further saving computational time. A simple illustration of such an “unstructured” grid is illustrated in Fig. 2.

CFD-101- rectangular grids - Figure 2
Figure 2. Unstructured rectangular grid example.

복잡한 기하학적 영역의 격자 화에서 훨씬 더 많은 효율성을 허용하는 추가 일반화를 만들 수 있습니다. 요소의 단순한 직사각형 순서가 서로 인접한 요소를 정의하는 목록으로 대체되면 불필요한 모든 요소를 ​​그리드에서 제거 할 수 있습니다. 이렇게하면 메모리가 확보되고 솔버 루틴이 활성 그리드 요소 목록을 간단히 실행하여 계산 시간을 더욱 절약 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 “구조화되지 않은”그리드의 간단한 그림이 그림 2에 나와 있습니다.

인접 요소가 계산하기 쉬운 메모리 위치를 갖는 구조화 된 직사각형 그리드에서 구조화되지 않은 요소 세트로 변경하는 것은 처음에는 어려운 작업으로 보일 수 있습니다. 그러나 예를 들어 위치 (i, j + 1)가 ijp로 대체되는 앞에서 설명한 단일 인덱스 표기법을 사용하면 이러한 전환이 매우 쉽습니다. 필요한 것은 인접 요소 목록을 사용하여 단일 인덱스 값을 재정의하는 것뿐입니다. 그러면 모든 솔버 알고리즘과 루틴을 추가 변경없이 사용할 수 있습니다.

비정형 그리드와 마찬가지로 인접 셀 인덱스 및 기타 메시 관련 수량을 신속하게 찾을 수 있으려면 추가 스토리지가 필요합니다. 구조화 된 그리드와 구조화되지 않은 그리드를 서로에 대한 양방향 매핑은 상당한 메모리 리소스를 사용하지 않고 구조화되지 않은 그리드를 탐색하는 효율적인 방법을 제공합니다.

이 아이디어의 다른 변형은 상상하기 쉽습니다. 예를 들어, 특정 요소에 두 개 이상의 물리적 특성 세트가 필요한 경우 (예 : 유체 및 고체) 재료의 일부 혼합물이 포함되어 있기 때문에 추가 요소를 요소 목록에 추가 할 수 있습니다. 같은 위치. 일치하는 요소는 혼합 요소를 처리하기위한 특수 목록에서 식별됩니다.

Changing from a structured, rectangular grid, where neighboring elements have memory locations that are easy to compute, to an unstructured set of elements may seem at first sight to be a daunting task. However, using the single index notation described earlier where, for example, location (i, j+1) is replace by ijp, makes this transition quite easy. All that is necessary is to redefine the single-indexed values using the list of neighboring elements and then all solver algorithms and routines can be used without further changes.

As with any unstructured grid, additional storage is required to be able to quickly find neighbor cell indices and other mesh-related quantities. A two-way mapping of the structured and unstructured grids onto each other provides an efficient way to navigate the unstructured grid without using significant memory resources.

Other variations of this idea are easy to imagine. For instance, if more than one set of physical properties are required in a given element, because it contains some mixture of materials (e.g., both fluid and solid), then an additional element could be added to the element list that is defined at the same location. The coincident elements would be identified in a special list intended for processing mixed elements.

Summary of the Simplest Gridding System

가장 단순한 그리드 시스템 인 직사각형 그리드의 진화적인 발전으로 볼 수 있는 것에 대해 짧은 논의가 있었습니다. 비교적 쉬운 적응의 여러 단계는 원래 단순 그리드 시스템의 많은 장점을 유지하면서 보다 정교한 시뮬레이션에 대한 요구 사항을 해결하는 수단으로 설명됩니다.

A short discussion has been given of what might be viewed as an evolutionary development of the simplest gridding system, a rectangular grid. Several stages of relatively easy adaptations are outlined as a means of addressing the demands for more sophisticated simulations while maintaining the many advantages of the original simple grid system.

Appendix: Illustration of Accuracy Considerations for Non-Uniform Grids

다음 설명은 CW Hirt 및 BD Nichols, J. Comp.의 “자유 경계 역학을위한 VOF (Volume of Fluid) 방법”논문에서 채택되었습니다. Phys. 39 , 201 (1981).

불균일 그리드에서 발생할 수있는 어려움에 대한 간단한 설명은 비압축성 유체의 운동량 이류 항을 수치 적으로 근사화하여 제공되며, 발산 형태는 ∇•uu 입니다. 유체의 일정한 밀도는 이 표현에서 분리되었습니다. 한 차원에서이 용어는\(\displaystyle \frac{\partial \left( uu \right)}{\partial x}.\) 입니다.

여기서 u는 x 방향의 유체 속도입니다. 발산 형태는 운동량 보존을 보장하는 간단한 방법이기 때문에 일반적으로 바람직합니다. 이는 그림 A1에서 점선으로 표시된 두 그리드 요소 사이의 경계에 위치한 u의 이산 값에 사용되는 제어 볼륨을 고려하여 볼 수 있습니다. 두 요소 사이의 경계에 속도를 배치하는 것을 비압축성 흐름 모델링에 자주 사용되는 엇갈린 격자 배열이라고합니다.

Figure A1. Control volume (dashed rectangle) used for constructing a difference approximation for the u velocity at the boundary of an element.
Figure A1. Control volume (dashed rectangle) used for constructing a difference approximation for the u velocity at the boundary of an element.

The following account has been adapted from the paper “Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries,” by C.W. Hirt and B.D. Nichols, J. Comp. Phys. 39, 201 (1981).

A simple illustration of the difficulties that can occur in non-uniform grids is given by numerically approximating the term for advection of momentum of an incompressible fluid, which in divergence form is ∇•uu. The constant density of the fluid has been divided out from this expression.In one dimension this term is ∂(uu)∂x.

Here u is the fluid velocity in the x-direction. The divergence form is usually desirable because it is a simple way to insure a conservation of momentum. This may be seen by considering the control volume used for the discrete value of u located at the boundary between two grid elements as shown in Fig. A1 by the dashed lines. Placing the velocity at the boundary between two elements is referred to as the staggered grid arrangement often used for incompressible flow modeling.

In the divergence form, Gauss’ theorem may be used to convert the integrated values of the advective flux over the control volume to boundary fluxes at its sides. Then, the flux leaving one control volume will automatically be gained by the adjacent one and conservation during advection is guaranteed.

발산 형태에서 가우스 정리를 사용하여 제어 체적에 대한 능동 플럭스의 통합 값을 측면의 경계 플럭스로 변환 할 수 있습니다. 그런 다음 하나의 제어 볼륨을 떠나는 플럭스는 인접한 볼륨에 의해 자동으로 얻어지고 이류 중 보존이 보장됩니다.

그러나 균일하지 않은 그리드의 보존이 자동으로 정확도를 의미하지는 않습니다. 이를 확인하기 위해 조건부로 안정적인 알고리즘을 제공하는 것으로 알려진 상향 플럭스 (모든 u 값이 단순성을 위해 양수라고 가정)를 근사하기 위해 업스트림 또는 기증자 차이 근사를 사용한다고 가정합니다.

\(\displaystyle \frac{\partial uu}{\partial x}\approx \frac{{u_{i+1/2}}\left( {u_{i+3/2}}+{u_{i+1/2}} \right)/2-{u_{i-1/2}}\left( {u_{i+1/2}}+{u_{i-1/2}} \right)/2}{\left( \delta {x_{i}}+\delta {x_{i+1}} \right)/2}\)

표기법 u i +1/2 는 i 번째 요소의 오른쪽 가장자리에 할당 된 속도를 나타냅니다.

이 근사가 원래 편미분 방정식과 “일치”하는지 확인하기  위해 u 방정식이 평가되는 위치 x = x i +1/2 에 대한 Taylor 시리즈의 차이 방정식의 모든 항을 확장합니다( 휴리스틱 분석 참조 ).

\(\displaystyle \frac{\delta uu}{\delta x}\approx \frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{3\delta {x_{1}}+\delta {x_{i+1}}}{\delta {x_{1}}+\delta {x_{i+1}}} \right)\frac{\partial uu}{\partial x}+O\left( \delta x \right).\)

However, conservation in a non-uniform grid, does not automatically imply accuracy. To see this, suppose an upstream or donor difference approximation is used to approximate the advective flux (assuming all u values are positive for simplicity), which is known to provide a conditionally stable algorithm,

\(\displaystyle \frac{\partial uu}{\partial x}\approx \frac{{u_{i+1/2}}\left( {u_{i+3/2}}+{u_{i+1/2}} \right)/2-{u_{i-1/2}}\left( {u_{i+1/2}}+{u_{i-1/2}} \right)/2}{\left( \delta {x_{i}}+\delta {x_{i+1}} \right)/2}\)

The notation ui+1/2 stands for the velocity assigned to the right edge of the ith element.

To check that this approximation is “consistent” with the original partial differential equation we expand all terms in the difference equation in a Taylor series about the location x=xi+1/2  where the u equation is evaluated (see Heuristic Analysis),

\(\displaystyle \frac{\delta uu}{\delta x}\approx \frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{3\delta {x_{1}}+\delta {x_{i+1}}}{\delta {x_{1}}+\delta {x_{i+1}}} \right)\frac{\partial uu}{\partial x}+O\left( \delta x \right).\)

분명히 오른쪽은 요소 크기가 같지 않을 때 δx를 주문하는 왼쪽과 일치하지 않습니다. 즉, 차이 근사는 0 차에서 원래의 미분 표현과 일치하지 않기 때문에 “일관되지 않습니다”. 상류 또는 기증자 근사 대신에 유속에 대한 중심 값이 사용 된 경우 근사치는 2 차가 아닌 불균일 그리드에서 1 차 정확할 것입니다. 균일 한 그리드에서. 다시 말해서, 간단한 근사처럼 보이는 것은 균일하지 않은 그리드보다 균일하지 않은 그리드에서 1 차 덜 정확합니다.

유동 변수가 가장 빠르게 변할 것으로 예상되는 지역화 된 지역에서 더 미세한 구역화를 허용 할 수 있기 때문에 불균일 그리드가 항상 덜 정확하다는 것을 반드시 따르는 것은 아닙니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 균일하지 않은 그리드는주의해서 사용해야합니다. 예를 들어 근사 순서의 감소를 최소화하기 위해 요소 크기의 점진적인 변화를 허용하는 것이 가장 좋습니다. 균일하지 않은 그리드에서 정확도를 잃지 않는 다른 근사치를 찾는 것도 가치가 있습니다. 이와 관련하여, 이류 항의 보존 형태가 덜 정확한 이유는 제어 볼륨이 u 변수가 위치한 위치를 중심으로하지 않기 때문입니다. 하나의 근사값을 잃지 않으려면

Clearly, the right side does not agree with the left side to order δx when the element sizes are not equal. In other words, the difference approximation is not “consistent” since it does not agree with the original differential expression at zeroth order. It may be noted that, if instead of the upstream or donor approximation, a centered value for the fluxed velocity had been used, then the approximation would be first-order accurate in a non-uniform grid, instead of second-order as it is in a uniform grid. In other words, what seems like a straightforward approximation is one order less accurate in a non-uniform grid than in one that is uniform.

It does not necessarily follow that non-uniform grids are always less accurate because they may allow for finer zoning in localized regions where flow variables are expected to vary most rapidly. Nevertheless, non-uniform grids must be used with care. It is best, for example, to allow for gradual variations in element sizes to minimize the reduction in approximation order. It is also worthwhile to look for other approximations that do not lose their accuracy in a non-uniform grid. In this regard, it should be observed that the reason the conservation form of the advection term is less accurate is because the control volume is not centered about the position where the u variable is located. To avoid losing one order of approximation, the numerical approximation should have been corrected to account for the difference in locations of the variable being updated and the centroid of its control volume.

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

Free Surface Fluid Flow | 자유 표면 유체 흐름

Free Surface Fluid Flow

유체 흐름 문제는 복잡한 기하학적 구조의 자유 표면과 관련되는 경우가 많으며 대부분 매우 일시적입니다. 수력학의 예로는 배수로, 강, 교각 주변, 홍수 범람, 수문, 잠금 장치 및 다수의 기타 구조물의 흐름이 있습니다. 이러한 유형의 흐름을 계산적으로 모델링 하는 능력은 이러한 계산이 정확하고 합리적인 계산 자원으로 수행될 수 있다면 매력적입니다. 유용하게 사용하려면 시뮬레이션은 물리적 모델을 사용하는 것보다 훨씬 빠르고 저렴해야 합니다.

Fluid flow problems often involve free surfaces in complex geometry and in many cases are highly transient. Examples in hydraulics are flows over spillways, in rivers, around bridge pilings, flood overflows, flows in sluices, locks, and a host of other structures. A capability to computationally model these types of flows is attractive if such computations can be done accurately and with reasonable computational resources. To be useful, simulations should be much faster and less expensive than using physical models.

많은 컴퓨터 프로그램은 유체의 역학을 설명하는 편미분 방정식을 풀 수 있습니다. 시뮬레이션에 자유 표면을 포함 할 수있는 프로그램은 많지 않습니다.  그 이유는 Free Surface 경계 문제로 잘 알려진 수학적인 문제입니다.  자유 경계 문제는 다루기 어려운 표면이 이동함에 따라 계산 영역이 변화하는 한편, 그 표면 이동 자체가 계산에 의해 결정된다는 점에 있습니다.  계산 영역의 변화는 그 크기와 모양의 변화뿐만 아니라, 경우에 따라서는 영역의 결합과 분리(즉, 자유 표면의 발생과 소멸)을 포함합니다.

Many computer programs can solve the partial differential equations describing the dynamics of fluids. Not many programs are capable of including free surfaces in their simulations. The difficulty is a classical mathematical one often referred to as the free-boundary problem. A free boundary poses the difficulty that on the one hand the solution region changes when its surface moves, and on the other hand, the motion of the surface is in turn determined by the solution. Changes in the solution region include not only changes in size and shape, but in some cases, may also include the coalescence and break up of regions (i.e., the loss and gain of free surfaces).

이 책에서는 모든 자유 표면을 고려한 유체흐름 현상을 수치 해석용으로 모델링하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.  이 기술은 VOF (Volume-of-Fluid) 법에 근거한 것으로, 특히 자유 표면 흐름에 적합한 다양한 기능을 제공합니다.  이 책에서는 VOF 법이 자유 표면과 그 발생과 소멸을 해석하는데 가장 자연스럽고 매우 효율적인 방법을 제시합니다.

In this note a computational modeling technique for fluid flows with arbitrary free surfaces is discussed. The technique is based on the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) technique. This technique has many unique properties that make it especially applicable to flows having free surfaces. The goal of this discussion is to show why the VOF approach offers a natural way to capture free surfaces and their evolution with great efficiency.

VOF 법의 특징을 잘 보여주기 위해 간단하지만 매우 중요한 유동 현상에 관한 문제를 다룹니다.  여기에서는 계단 낙차형상의 낙하류를 예로 들어 있습니다.  개념적으로 간단한 흐름인 동시에 결과의 타당성을 확인하기위한 좋은 실험 데이터도 제공되어 있습니다 (N. Rajaratnam and MR Chamani “Energy Loss at Drops”J. Hydraulic Res. Vol. 33 p.373,1995 참조).

A good recommendation for the VOF method is to demonstrate its capabilities on a simple hydraulic flow problem, one that is far from trivial. The example selected is of flow over a step. This flow has conceptual simplicity and good experimental data available for validation (see N. Rajaratnam and M.R. Chamani, “Energy Loss at Drops,” J. Hydraulic Res. Vol. 33, p.373, 1995).

Prototype Hydraulic Flow with Free Surfaces

그림 1a는 정상 상태에 도달 한 후 흐름의 문제를 보여줍니다.  계단 낙차형상 상부로부터의 월류(액체 또는 스냅 시트)에는 상하 모두의 자유 표면이 있습니다.  월류의 아래쪽에는 월류와 계단 가공면 사이에 웅덩이가 형성되어 있으며, 하류에서는 액체는 평평한 정상 표면에서 오른쪽으로 흐르고 있습니다.  엄밀히 말하면, 웅덩이 영역의 흐름 상태는 정상입니다.  이것은 충돌하는 액체에 의해 풀에 난류 혼합이 발생하고 있기 때문입니다.  그러나 평균적인 구성이 존재하고 그것은 실험에서도 보고됩니다.

Figure 1a shows the flow problem after it has reached a steady-state condition. The overflow (sheet of liquid or nappe) leaving the top of the step has both an upper and lower free surface. At the bottom of the overflow a pool has formed between the overflow and the face of the step, while downstream, liquid is flowing to the right with a flat, steady surface. Strictly speaking, the flow conditions in the pool region are not steady because turbulent mixing is generated in the pool by the impinging fluid. There is, however, an average configuration and that is what is reported in the experiments.

실용적인 목적 유동 흐름은 항상 2 차원입니다.  즉, 그림 1a에서 수직 방향에서는 큰 변화는 없습니다.  현실에서는 웅덩이 위쪽으로 공간을 만들기 위해서는 대기에 여유공간이 필요하고, 그게 없으면 닫힐 것입니다.

For all practical purposes the flow is two-dimensional, that is, it does not have any significant variation in the direction normal to the illustration in Fig. 1a. In actuality, to have an air space above the pool there must be some opening to the atmosphere otherwise it would close up.

계단 낙차형상 상단의 유속은 중요합니다.  즉, 이것은 표면파와 같거나 그 이상의 속도이기 때문에 하류에서의 교란이 영역을 관통하고 상류 흐름 (계단 낙차형상의 왼쪽)에 영향을 줄 수 없습니다.  따라서 이 영역에서의 흐름은 예외적으로 원활하고 정상입니다.

The flow speed at the top of the step is critical, that is, it has a speed equal to or greater than the speed of surface waves, so that no disturbances from downstream can penetrate through this region to affect flow upstream (to the left of the step), which is why the flow is exceptionally smooth and steady in that region.

이 문제는 수치 시뮬레이션과 비교할 수 있는 기하 형상 기능이 많이 있습니다.  예를 들어, 계단 낙차형상의 전후 흐름의 높이, 월류가 바닥에 충돌 할 때의 각도, 월류 아래에 형성되는 웅덩이의 깊이 등입니다.  또한 실용화를 위한 중요한 비교 항목으로는, 계단 낙차형상을 통해 떨어지는 낙하 류에 의해 손실되는 에너지의 양 (운동 에너지와 위치 에너지의 합)가 있습니다.

There are many geometric features in this problem that can be compared with a numerical simulation; such as flow heights before and after the step, the angle of the overflow stream when it strikes the bottom and the depth of the pool formed under the overflow. Additionally, an important comparison for practical applications is the amount of energy (i.e., kinetic plus potential) lost by the flow in passing over the step.

Simulation of Prototype Problem

그림 1a는 시뮬레이션의 결과입니다.  이 예에서는 실험에 사용된 모든 기하 형상 및 물질의 특성이 시뮬레이션에 사용되었습니다.  실험실 테스트에서 사용한 계단 낙차형상의 높이가 62cm에서 액체는 보통의 물 (밀도 = 1.0gm / cc 어떻게 점성 = 0.01dynes / cm)입니다.  계산 영역에 들어가는 물의 깊이는 15.5cm에서 속도가 임계에 가까운 123.0cm/s 였습니다.  물론, 중력은 수직 방향으로 크기는 g = -980cm / s^2입니다.

Figure 1a is from a simulation. For this example all of the geometric and material properties used in the experiments were used in the simulation. The height of the step used in the laboratory test is 62cm and the fluid is ordinary water (density=1.0 gm/cc and dynamic viscosity=0.01dynes/cm). The depth of water entering the computational region was 15.5cm and was given a near critical velocity of 123.0cm/s. Of course, gravity was in the vertical direction with magnitude g=-980cm/s^2.

Figure 1a. Simulation of flow over a step. Figure 1b. Grid used in simulation.
Figure 1a. Simulation of flow over a step. Figure 1b. Grid used in simulation.

월류 왼쪽에 있는 웅덩이에 난류가 발생 할 것으로 예상 되었기 때문에, 시뮬레이션에서는 난류 모델 (the Renormalization Group, 즉 RNG 모델)을 사용했습니다.  그 후, 난류 모델을 사용하지 않고 한 시뮬레이션에서도 비슷한 결과를 얻을 수 있었지만, 이것은 그다지 놀라운 일이 아닙니다.  흐름의 중요한 요소의 대부분은 매끄러운 (즉 난류가 아닌) 유입, 유출, 월류 때문입니다.

Because some turbulence was expected to develop in the pool to the left of the overflow, a turbulence model (the Renormalization Group or RNG model) was used in the simulation. Subsequent simulations without a turbulence model produced very similar results, which is not too surprising since most of the important elements of the flow are smooth (i.e., non-turbulent) inflow, overflow and outflow streams.

그림 1b 시뮬레이션 영역은 폭 170cm, 높이 100cm에 가로 80 개, 세로 60 개, 총 4800 개의 셀로 구성되는 같은 크기의 사각형 셀의 격자로 세분화되어 있습니다.  이 격자는 유체 역학의 지배 미분 방정식 (나비에 – 스토크스 방정식)의 유한 차분 근사의 기초로 사용됩니다.  격자 셀의 수와 크기는 흐름 속에서 예측되는 최소의 특성을 파악하는 목적으로 선택되었습니다.  결과를보고 어떤 조정이 필요하다고 생각되는 경우는 숫자를 쉽게 늘리거나 줄일 수 있습니다.  사실, 해상도를 바꾸어 시뮬레이션을 반복하여 계산이 그러한 변화에 영향을 많이 들어 있지 않은지 확인하는 것이 좋습니다.

The simulation region shown in Fig. 1b is 170cm wide and 100cm high and has been subdivided into a grid of equal sized rectangular cells consisting of 80 cells in the horizontal direction and 60 cells in the vertical direction, for a total of 4800 cells. This grid is used as the basis for finite-difference approximations of the governing differential equations of fluid dynamics (the Navier-Stokes equations). The number and size of the grid cells was chosen with the goal of capturing the smallest expected features of the flow. The number can be easily increased or decreased if the results seem to warrant some adjustment. In fact, it is often a good idea to repeat a simulation with a change of resolution to make sure that the solution is not too sensitive to such changes.

왼쪽의 경계는 지정된 속도 경계입니다 (유체의 높이도 지정).  오른쪽의 경계는 유출 경계에서 모든 유량이 경계에 수직 제로 기울기이며, 균일 한 유출이 촉진됩니다.  상하 경계는 단단한 벽으로 세 번째 방향의 경계는 대칭면 (점성 저항 제로의 벽)으로 처리되었습니다.  계단 낙차형상의 표면도 자유-미끄럼(free slip) 경계로 처리되었습니다.

The left boundary was a specified velocity boundary (also with a specified fluid height). The right boundary was an outflow boundary where all flow quantities have a zero gradient normal to the boundary to encourage a uniform outflow. The top and bottom boundaries are rigid walls, while in the third direction the boundaries were treated as planes of symmetry (i.e., walls with zero viscous drag). The surface of the step was also treated as a free-slip boundary.

초기 조건은 예측되는 흐름의 배열을 대략적으로 근사하도록 설정할 수 있었지만, 흐름의 구성은 계산하고 싶은 것 중 하나이기 때문에 유체가 어떻게 분포되는지를 모르는 경우에는 간단한 방법이 필요합니다.  이 예제에서는 비정상 흐름 시뮬레이터를 사용했기 때문에 그림 1a의 계단 낙차형상에 유체의 블록만 있고 왼쪽 경계의 같은 수평 속도와 높이가 할당된 간단한 초기 조건을 정의할 수 있습니다.  시뮬레이션은 이후 정상 흐름으로 발전하고 있지만, 이것은 약 8.0 초 후에 발생합니다.  시뮬레이션은 정상 상태에 도달 한 것을 보장하기 위해, 10.0 초의 시간까지 실행되었습니다.  그림 2는 중간 시간을 두 보여줍니다.  도 2b는 0.2 초, 그림 2c는 0.5 초 시점에서 그림 2d는 마지막 10.0 초 시점을 보여줍니다.

Initial conditions could have been set to roughly approximate the expected flow arrangement, but since the flow configuration is one of the things that one would like to compute, especially for situations where one doesn’t know what the distribution of fluid is likely to be, a simpler approach is needed. Because a transient flow simulator was used for this example a simple initial condition could be defined that consisted of just a block of fluid on top of the step, Fig. 1a with the same horizontal velocity and height assigned to the left boundary. The simulation then followed the development of the steady flow, which occurs after about 8.0s. The simulation was run out to a time of 10.0s to assure that steady conditions had been reached. Figure 2 shows two intermediate times; 2.b at 0.2s and 2.c at 0.5s plus the final time in 2.d at 10.0s.

Figures 2a-2d. Simulation times of 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 and 10.0s.
Figures 2a-2d. Simulation times of 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 and 10.0s.

처음에는 단일 결합하고 있는 자유 표면이었던 것이 액체가 바닥에 충돌한 후 2 개의 독립적인 자유 표면 (상하 스냅 표면)으로 변화하는 것에 주목하십시오.  아래 경계의 충격점의 좌우로 흐름이 분리되도 문제는 없습니다.  이에 대해서는 다음 섹션에서 자세히 설명합니다.

It should be noted that what starts as a single, connected free surface changes to two independent free surfaces (upper and lower nappe surfaces) after the fluid strikes the bottom. No difficulties are experienced with this separation of the flow into portions flowing to the left and right of the impact point on the bottom boundary. This will be discussed at further length in the next section.

실험과 시뮬레이션의 비교는 다음 표와 같으며 매우 잘 일치하고 있습니다.

Comparisons between experiment and simulation are given in the following table and are in excellent agreement.

Comparison TableExperimental ResultsSimulation Results
Outflow Height/Step Height0.0940.094
Pool Height/Step Height0.410.41
Angle of Nappe at Bottom57°59°
Energy Loss/Initial Energy0.290.296

이러한 결과를 고려하면이 같은 정밀도를 달성하려면 상당한 계산시간이 필요할 것으로 생각될지도 모릅니다.  그러나 실제로는 Pentium 4, 3.20GHz의 데스크톱 컴퓨터의 총 CPU 시간은 단 88 초였습니다. 계산시간이 너무 짧은 것은 설명이 필요하며, 이것은 다음 섹션의 목적입니다.

In view of these results it might be expected that a considerable amount of computational time would be required to achieve such accuracy. In fact, the total cpu time on a desktop Pentium 4, 3.20GHz computer was only 88s. Such a short computational time requires explanation and that is the purpose of the following sections.

Figures 2a-2d. Simulation times of 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 and 10.0s.
Figures 2a-2d. Simulation times of 0.0, 0.2, 0.5 and 10.0s.

Why the VOF Technique Works Well / VOF 법이 적합한 이유

VOF 법의 구조와 그것이 매우 효율적인 방법인 이유를 이해하기 위해 다양한 계산법 중에서도 특히 VOF 법에 대한 몇 가지 기본 개념을 나타냅니다.

There are a few general concepts about computational methods and the VOF technique in particular that can be used to gain an understanding of how and why VOF works so efficiently.

Basic Theory

모든 수치해석 방법에서 흐름의 문제를 단순하게 산술 계산하도록 유한의 수치 세트로 단순화해야합니다.  연속 유체를 이산화된 수치 세트에 근사하기 위해서 일반적으로 사용되는 것이 유체가 차지하는 공간을 격자로 분할하는 방법입니다.  이 격자는 일반적으로 다수의 작은 직사각형의 블록(요소)로 구성됩니다.  이러한 각 요소에 대해 평균화 처리를 실시함으로써 그 요소의 유체의 압력, 밀도, 속도 및 온도의 대표 값을 얻을 수 있습니다.

All numerical methods must use some simplification to reduce a fluid flow problem to a finite set of numerical values that can then be manipulated using elementary arithmetical operations. A typical procedure for approximating a continuous fluid by a discrete set of numerical values is to subdivide the space occupied by the fluid into a grid consisting of a set of small, often rectangular “bricks.” Within each element an averaging process is applied to obtain representative element values for the fluid’s pressure, density, velocity and temperature.

간단한 수식을 사용해, 어느 시간에 걸친 각 요소 값과 인접한 요소의 상호 작용을 근사할 수 있습니다.  예를 들어, 요소의 밀도는 그 요소와 인접 요소 사이에서 (질량 보존에 의한) 질량 유량이 교환된 경우에만 변경됩니다.  요소 사이에서 질량이 교환되는 물질의 속도는 운동량 보존 법칙에 의해 계산되며 일반적으로 나비에-스토크스 방정식으로 표현됩니다.  나비에-스토크스 방정식은 인접한 요소 사이에 작용하는 압력과 점성 응력을 이용하여 요소에서 변화하는 유체 속도를 근사합니다.

Simple equations can be devised to approximate how each element’s values interact with neighboring elements over time. For instance, the density of an element can only change when there is a net flow of mass exchanged between an element and its neighbors (i.e., conservation of mass). The material velocity that carries mass between elements is computed from the conservation of momentum principal, usually expressed in the form of the Navier-Stokes equations, which uses the pressures and viscous stresses acting between neighboring elements to approximate the changing fluid velocities in the elements.

이러한 요소와 인접 요소 사이의 상호 작용에 따른 아이디어는 편미분 방정식 근방의 양의 변화에 의해 생기는 작은 변화의 효과를 평가하는 것과 본질적으로 동일합니다.  공학계의 교과서에서 파생된 작은 컨트롤 볼륨을 사용하여 그 크기를 무한대까지 작게 한 근사치의 극한으로 편미분 방정식이 유도됩니다.  수치 시뮬레이션에서도 같은 방식을 취하고 있지만, 요소 수가 너무 많으면 추적이 어렵게  되어 컨트롤 볼륨의 크기를 최대한 작게 만들 수 없습니다.  실제 시뮬레이션 현상을 해결하는데 충분하고 계산 시간을 최소한으로 억제 할 수 있는 요소수를 설정하는 것이 목표입니다.

This idea of an element interacting with its neighbors is essentially what is meant by a partial differential equation; that is, evaluating the effects of small changes caused by the variation in quantities nearby. Partial differential equations are typically derived in engineering text books as the limit of approximations made with small control volumes whose sizes are then reduced to infinitesimal values. In a numerical simulation the same thing is done except that the control volume sizes cannot be taken to the limit because that would require too many elements to keep track of. In practice, the goal is to use enough elements to resolve the phenomena of interest, and no more, so that computing times are kept to a minimum.

요소에 사용되는 연산은 기본적으로 더하기, 빼기, 곱하기 및 나누기만 포함된 간단한 것입니다.  예를 들어, 요소의 질량의 변화는 일정한 시간 간격에 걸쳐 요소의 측면에서 유입 및 유출된 질량의 가산 및 감산에서 구할 수 있습니다. 그러나 시뮬레이션에서는 이러한 연산을 수천, 때로는 수백만 요소에 대해 매우 짧은 시간 간격에 대해 반복 계산해야합니다.  따라서 이러한 반복 계산의 고속 처리는 컴퓨터가 적합합니다.

Arithmetical operations associated with an element generally involve only simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. For instance, the change of mass in an element involves the addition and subtraction of mass entering and leaving through the faces of the element over a fixed interval of time. A simulation requires that these operations be done for thousands or even millions of elements as well as repeated for many small time intervals. Computers are ideal for performing these types of repetitive operations very rapidly.

자유 표면을 수반하는 유체 운동의 시뮬레이션에서는 형상이 변화하는 계산 영역을 다루어야합니다.  이 복잡성에 대응할 수있는 분석 방법이 아래에서 설명하는 VOF 법입니다.

Simulating fluid motion with free surfaces introduces the complexity of having to deal with solution regions whose shapes are changing. A convenient way to deal with this is to use the Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique described next.

The VOF Concept

VOF 법은 각 격자 셀의 체적 중 액체가 차지하는 비율, 즉 체적 점유율을 기록한다는 생각에 근거합니다.  일반적으로 부피 점유율은  F로 표시됩니다.  F는 부피 점유율이기 때문에 값이 취할 수있는 범위는 0.0 ~ 1.0입니다.

The VOF technique is based on the idea of recording in each grid cell the fractional portion of the cell volume that is occupied by liquid. Typically the fractional volume is represented by the quantity F. Because it is a fractional volume, F must have a value between 0.0 and 1.0.

액체 내부의 영역에서는 F 값은 1.0이 액체의 외부, 즉 (공기 등) 기체 영역에서 F 값은 0입니다.  F 값이 0.0과 1.0 사이에서 변화하는 장소가 자유 표면이 존재하는 위치입니다.  즉 0.0보다 크고 1.0보다 작은 F 값을 가지는 요소는 반드시 표면을 가지고 있습니다.

In interior regions of liquid the value of F would be 1.0, while outside of the liquid, in regions of gas (air for example), the value of F is zero. The location of a free surface is where F changes from 0.0 to 1.0. Thus, any element having an F value lying between 0.0 and 1.0 must contain a surface.

여기서 유의해야 할 것은 VOF 법에서 자유 표면을 직접적으로 정의하는 것이 아니라 벌크 유체의 위치를 정의한다는 점입니다.  이렇게하면 계산상의 어려움을 초래하지 않고 유체 영역을 결합 또는 분할 할 수 있습니다.  자유 표면은 단순히 유체의 체적 점유율이 1.0과 0.0 사이에서 변화하는 장소로 정의됩니다.  이것은 자유 표면을 수반하는 거의 모든 문제에 적용 할 수 VOF 법의 뛰어난 특징이기도합니다.

It is important to emphasize that the VOF technique does not directly define a free surface, but rather defines the location of bulk fluid. It is for this reason that fluid regions can coalesce or break up without causing computational difficulties. Free surfaces are simply a consequence of where the fluid volume fraction passes from 1.0 to 0.0. This is a very desirable feature that makes the VOF technique applicable to just about any kind of free surface problem.

또한 격자의 각 요소에 단일 수치 (F)를 할당하여 유체의 위치를 기록 할 수 있는 점도 VOF 법의 중요한 특징입니다.  이것은 평균값을 기준으로 압력과 속도 등 다른 모든 유체 물성의 기록과 완전히 일치합니다.

Another important feature of the VOF technique is that it records the location of fluid by assigning a single numerical value (F) to each grid element. This is completely consistent with the recording of all other fluid properties in an element such as pressure and velocity components by their average values.

Some Details of the VOF Technique

Figure 3. Surface in 1D column of elements.

정확도를 위해 요소 내에 자유 표면을 배치하는 방법을 갖는 것이 바람직합니다. 인접 요소의 F 값을 고려하면 이를 쉽게 할 수 있습니다.  예를 들어, 열의 일부에 액체가 충전되어있는 1 차원 요소를 상상하십시오 (그림 3).  액체의 표면은 열 중앙 영역의 요소에 있습니다.  이것을 표면 요소라고합니다.  여기에서는 표면 요소를 제외하고 F 값은 0.0 또는 1.0이어야한다고 가정하고 있기 때문에 이를 사용하여 표면의 정확한 위치를 파악할 수 있습니다.  우선, 표면이 표면 또는 바닥을 확인하는 테스트를 실시합니다.  표면요소에 대해 액체가 없을 경우에는 표면으로 간주합니다.  위의 요소에 액체가 들어있는 경우는 물론, 그 표면은 바닥입니다.  윗면에 관해서는 정확한 위치는 표면 요소의 아래쪽에서 위쪽으로 요소의 세로 크기를 F 배 한 거리에있는로 계산합니다.  바닥도 마찬가지로 표면 요소의 상단에서 아래로, 요소의 세로 크기를 F 배 한 거리에 있습니다.  이 방법에 의한 요소의 표면 위치의 특정은 요소 내의 액체의 부피 점유율로 F를 정의한 후에 합니다.

For accuracy purposes it is desirable to have a way to locate a free surface within an element. Considering the F values in neighboring elements can easily do this. For example, imagine a one-dimensional column of elements in which a portion of the column is filled with liquid, Fig. 3. The liquid surface is in an element in the central region of the column, which will be referred to as the surface element. Because we assume the values of F must be either 0.0 or 1.0, except in the surface element, we can use this to locate the exact position of the surface. First a test is made to see if the surface is a top or bottom surface. If the element above the surface element is empty of liquid, the surface must be a top surface. It the element above is full of liquid then, of course, the surface is a bottom surface. For a top surface we compute its exact location as lying above the bottom edge of the surface element by a distance equal to F times the vertical size of the element. A bottom surface is similarly located a distance equal to F times the vertical size of the element below the top edge of the surface element. Locating the surface within an element in this way follows from the definition of F as a fractional volume of liquid in the element.

1 차원 열의 표면 위치 계산은 간단하고 정확하며 계산이 거의 필요없습니다. 그러나 2 차원 및 3 차원의 경우 하나의 표면 셀에 연속적인 표면 방향이 존재할 가능성이 있기 때문에 위치 계산은 조금 복잡해집니다.  그럼에도 불구하고 이를 취급하는 것은 어렵지 않습니다.  그림 4의 이차원의 예는 표면의 위치를 계산할 뿐만 아니라 경사와 곡률도 이해할 수 있는 쉬운 방법을 보여줍니다.

Calculating surface locations in one-dimensional columns is simple, accurate and requires very little arithmetic. In two and three dimensional situations, however, computing a location is a little more complicated because there is a continuous range of surface orientations possible within a surface cell. Nevertheless, dealing with this is not difficult. A two-dimensional example, Fig. 4, will illustrate a simple way to not only compute the location of the surface, but also to get a good idea of its slope and curvature.

Figure 4. Surface in 2D grid of elements.

1 차원의 경우처럼 먼저 인근 요소를 테스트하여 표면의 대략적인 방향을 찾아야합니다.  그림 4는 바깥 쪽의 법선이 상승 방향에 가장 가깝게 됩니다.  이것은 그 방향 밖의 값의 차이가 다른 방향보다 크기 때문입니다.  그럼 거의 수직으로 있는 요소 열에서 표면의 국소적인 높이가 계산됩니다.  그림 4의 2 차원의 경우에는 이러한 높이가 화살표로 표시되어 있습니다.  마지막으로, 표면 요소를 포함하는 컬럼의 높이에 따라 그 요소의 표면의 위치를 확인합니다.  다른 2 개의 높이를 사용하면 국소적인 표면 경사와 표면 곡률을 계산할 수 있습니다.

As in the one-dimensional case, it is first necessary to find the approximate orientation of the surface by testing the neighboring elements. In Fig. 4 the outward normal would be closest to the upward direction because the difference in neighboring values in that direction is larger than in any other direction. Next, local heights of the surface are computed in element columns that lie in the approximate normal direction. For the two-dimensional case in Fig. 4 these heights are indicated by arrows. Finally, the height in the column containing the surface element gives the location of the surface in that element, while the other two heights can be used to compute the local surface slope and surface curvature.

3 차원에서도 동일한 절차를 사용하지만, 표면 요소의 주위에 있는 9개의 열에 대해 열 높이를 요구해야합니다.  필요한 계산은 조금 더 걸리지만, 주된 내용은 열의 간단한 덧셈과 경사와 곡률을 추구하는 열의 높이의 합과 차이가 있습니다.  이 토론을 토대로, 이제 자유 표면을 정의하는 데 필요한 모든 정보를 빠르고 쉽게 평가하기 위해 부분 유체 체적을 사용하는 방법을 알아야합니다.

In three-dimensions the same procedure is used although column heights must be evaluated for nine columns around the surface element. Although a little more computation is needed, it consists primarily of simple summations in the columns and then sums and differences of column heights for evaluating the slope and curvature. Based on this discussion, the reader should now see how the fractional fluid volume can be used to quickly and easily evaluate all the information needed to define free surfaces.

다루어야 할 문제가 앞으로 2 개 남아 있습니다.  하나는 그림 1 및 2와 같은 시뮬레이션은 유체가 존재하는 영역에는 유체 역학만으로 해결합니다.  이것은 VOF 법의 계산 효율이 높은 또 하나의 이유입니다.  계단 형상의 낙하류의 문제로 유체가 차지하는 영역은 계산 격자의 오픈 공간의 절반 이하입니다.  액체를 둘러싼 기체의 흐름을 계산할 필요가 있다면 필요한 계산 시간이 크게 늘어납니다.  그러나 액체만으로 계산을 할 경우 자유 표면 경계 조건을 지정해야합니다.  이 조건은 접선 응력의 소실과 기체의 압력에 동일한 표준 압력을 표면에 추가하는 것입니다.

There are two remaining issues to deal with. One issue is that a simulation like that in Figs. 1 and 2 is only solving for the fluid dynamics in regions where there is fluid. This is another reason for the computational efficiency of the VOF method. The region occupied by fluid in the flow over a step problem is much less than half of the open region in the computational grid. If it were necessary to also solve for the flow of gas surrounding the liquid, then considerably more computational time would be required. In order to perform solutions only in the liquid, however, it is necessary to specify boundary conditions at free surfaces. These conditions are the vanishing of the tangential stress and application of a normal pressure at the surface that equals the pressure of the gas.

두 번째 문제는 자유 표면이 유체와 함께 움직일 때의 움직임과 변형을 유체 점유율 변수 F를 구함으로써 계산해야 한다는 것입니다.  변수 F는 불연속 (주로 0.0 또는 1.0)이기 때문에 계산 격자를 이동할 때 이 불연속성이 유지되도록주의해야합니다.  VOF 법은이 목적으로 특수 이류(advection) 알고리즘이 사용되고 있습니다.

A second issue is that movement and deformation of a free surface must be computed by solving for the fraction of fluid variable, F, as it moves with the fluid. Because the variable F is discontinuous (i.e., primarily 0.0 or 1.0) some care must be taken to maintain this discontinuity as it moves through a computational grid. In the VOF method, special advection algorithms are used for this purpose.

Illustration of Free-Surface Tracking by VOF Technique

그림 6a는 이것의 적합 여부를 보여줍니다.  유체의 체적 점유율은 격자 요소마다 균일하게 분류되고 그 요소의 값을 나타냅니다.  자유 표면은 거의 모든 곳에서 선명하게 정의되어 있습니다.  스냅의 가장 낮은 가장 좁은 부분에만 선명한 유체 분포의 손실을 확인할 수 있습니다 (그림 5b).  이것은 예상대로입니다.  이 영역에서는 스냅의 두께는 3 가지 요소보다 작고, 따라서 부분 충전된 표면 요소에 연결된 작은 F 값이 어떤 중심 요소 (값 1.0)에 혼입하기 때문입니다.  계산 목적으로 이 것은 별로 문제가 되지 않습니다.  이 시뮬레이션 방법은 액체 내부의 요소는 순수한 액체 성분과 같은 방식으로 처리되기 때문입니다.

Figure 6a is an illustration of how well this works; the fluid volume fraction is colored uniformly in each grid element to represent its value in that element. The free surface is sharply defined nearly everywhere. Only in the lowest and narrowest part of the nappe is there any noticeable loss of a sharp fluid fraction distribution, Fig. 5b. This was expected because in this region the nappe is less than three elements in thickness and this allows some of the smaller F values associated with partially filled surface elements to mix in with the central element, which should have a value of 1.0. For computational purposes this doesn’t really matter because the simulation method treats elements interior to the liquid as though they are pure liquid elements.

그림 5b에 나타내는 영역에서는 실제 실험에서 난류 및 공기 혼입이 관찰된 것도 지적해 두지 않으면 안됩니다.  따라서 유체 점유율의 값을 1보다 조금 작게 보이는 것이 다소 현실적입니다.  이것은 전혀 의외라는 것은 없습니다.  난류와 공기 유입을 담당하는 풀의 액체 제트의 교점은 난류와 공기 유입의 원인이 되지만, 유체 점유율 값(fluid fraction values )은 액체 내부에 “유입” 원인이 되기 때문에 실수가 아닙니다.

It should also be pointed out that in the region shown in Fig. 5b turbulence and air entrainment are observed in actual experiments. Thus, the appearance of fluid fraction values a little less than unity is somewhat realistic. This is not entirely accidental because the intersection of jet of liquid with a pool, which is responsible for turbulence and air entrainment, is also responsible for the “entrainment” of fluid fraction values into the interior of the liquid.

Figure 5a (left): Fluid fraction values in elements, showing sharpness of surface definition. Figure 5b (right): Close up of fluid fraction values where the overflow hits bottom.

Summary

처음에는 컴퓨터가 단순히 반복적인 산술 연산을 수행하고, 복잡하고 시간에 의존적인 유체 역학 문제에 대해, 현실적인 시뮬레이션을 할 수 있다는 것이 다소 마술처럼 보일 수 있습니다. 이 논의의 목적은 비교적 기본적인 절차로 이를 수행하는 접근법을 설명하는 것입니다.

간단하지만 사소한 유압 흐름 예제를 사용하여 계산된 시뮬레이션이 물리적인 측정 결과와 매우 일치하는 세부 결과를 생성 할 수 있음이 입증되었습니다. VOF (Volume of Fluid) 기술을 기반으로 한 시뮬레이션은 정확하고, 매우 효율적인 것이 추가로 입증되었습니다.

분명하게, 수력 발전소에서 사용되는 것과 같은 복잡한 유압 구조와 관련된 실제 예는 유용한 결과를 얻기 위해서는 이 예에서 사용되는 몇 초 이상의 많은 계산 시간을 소비해야합니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이러한 결과는 합리적인 시간 (사람과 컴퓨터 모두)에서 수행 될 수 있으며, 실제 실험에서는 거의 불가능한 세부 사항들을 포함합니다. 또한, 지오메트리, 유동 조건 또는 유체 특성의 거의 모든 종류의 변화의 영향을 쉽게 테스트 할 수있는 능력은 시뮬레이션을 사용하는 또 다른 강력한 이유입니다. 기술의 발전에 따라 hydraulic flow 시뮬레이션을 위한 현재 소프트웨어 및 하드웨어는 기존의 물리적 모델링에 비해 상당한 비용 이점을 제공합니다.

At first it may seem somewhat magical that a computer can simply perform repeated arithmetic operations on arrays of numbers and produce a realistic simulation of a complex, time-dependent, fluid dynamics problem. It was the purpose of this discussion to explain an approach that does this with relatively elementary procedures.

Using a simple, but non-trivial, hydraulic flow example it has been demonstrated that computational simulations can produce detailed results in excellent agreement with physical measurements. It has been further demonstrated that the simulation, which was based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique, uses simple approximation methods that are both accurate and efficient.

Clearly, real world examples involving complex hydraulic structures such as those used in hydroelectric power stations, must consume more than the few seconds of computational time used in our example to obtain useful results. Nevertheless, those results can be generated in reasonable times (both man and computer) and contain a richness of detail rarely possible in physical experiments. For examples visit our water and environmental application pages. In addition, the ability to easily test the influence of just about any kind of change in geometry, flow condition or fluid property is another powerful reason to employ simulations. Current software and hardware for hydraulic flow simulations offer a significant cost advantage over traditional physical modeling.

Postscript

The first detailed description of the VOF method was in 1981 by C.W. Hirt and B.D. Nichols, J. Comp. Phys., 39, p.201. All simulations appearing in this article were performed with the commercial software package FLOW-3D developed by Flow Science, Inc. This program uses an enhanced variant of the VOF concept called TruVOF.

본 자료는 국내 사용자들의 편의를 위해 원문 번역을 해서 제공하기 때문에 일부 오역이 있을 수 있어서 원문과 함께 수록합니다. 자료를 이용하실 때 참고하시기 바랍니다.

이전 페이지
다음 페이지

Mixing Dynamics

Mixing Dynamics

FLOW-3D는 Hong chamber라고하는 새로운 디바이스를 포함한 미세 유체 장치에서의 액적 / 버블 동력학 모델링을 위한 효과적인 툴로서 이용 될 수 있습니다. 홍 챔버는 수동 밸브를 사용하는 Tesla 구조를 이용한 혁신적인 in-plane passive micromixer 입니다.

This has been designed, simulated, fabricated and successfully characterized by Hong et al.[3].

Multiphase FLOW-3D simulation of Hong Chamber using conformal mesh to accurately capture entrapped bubble phase.

Simulation Setup

시뮬레이션은 두 개의 inlet 에서 들어오는 혈장과 물의 혼합을 보여줍니다. 두 흐름의 유량은 1E-8m3 / 초이다. 시뮬레이션은 fluid fraction을 contour 했고,  빨간색은 물을 표시합니다.

Fluid fraction 0과 1사이에서의 값을 가집니다.  여기서 0은 하나의 유체로 완전히 점유된 것을, 1은 그 다른 유체로 완전히 점유 된 영역을 나타냅니다. 고정 속도는 입구에서 유출 경계 조건은 출구에 사용 하였습니다. 초기 영역은 파란색 액체로 가득 차 있었다. 충진 시뮬레이션 결과가 보여집니다. Initial 영역에서 유체는 정의되지 않았습니다.. 고정 속도는 유입 경계 조건으로 사용하고, adiabatic bubble model은 bubble을 추적하고자 사용되었습니다.트랩 하였다. 어떤 주목할 각 테슬라 밸브 부에서 역방향의 흐름은 기포의 형성을 유도하는 것이 방지된다는 것입니다.


The mixing pattern as a function of time at 0.04s, 0.2s, 0.5s, and 0.65s. Courtesy of Stanford University.

Mixing Dynamics Simulations

Co-Flow

Co-Flow

아래 FLOW-3D시뮬레이션은 단순한 co-flowing micro channel에서의 air bubble 생성을 보여줍니다. 장벽으로 구분된 같은면 (왼쪽)에서 물과 공기가 microchannel 안으로 들어갑니다. 기포 형성 공정은 두 단계가 있습니다. 첫째, 기체상은 neck이 형성될 때 까지 아래쪽 수평 방향으로 확장되고, 다음 neck은 하류로 전파되고 마지막으로 그것이 깨질때까지 직경은 감소하게 됩니다.

In the simulation results above, blue denotes the gas (air) phase and red denotes the liquid (water) phase. Experimental results taken from Renqiang Xiong, Mo Bai, Yun Whan Na, Jacob N Chung “Bubble generation in the micro-channel with a barrier,” Proceedings of FEDSM2007 5th Joint ASME/JSME Fluids Engineering Conference July 30-August 2, 2007 San Diego, California USA.

Multi-phase Flows

Multi-phase Flows

FLOW-3D, 물리적 모델을 다양화 함으로 연구원들과 개발자들이 수행할droplet-based microdevice 들의 성능을 최적화 하는데 도움을 줄 수 있습니다. 또한 FLOW-3D는 Droplet-based 미세 미량 화학 분석 시스템, micromixing 과정, 화학, 생화학적 검사, 효소 반응 속도론, 그리곤 실험에서 성능을 강화하도록 도울 수 있습니다. 유체 압력, 점성과 표면 장력 이 microdevices의 기능에 큰 역할을 하게 됩니다. 좀 더 자세한 정보를 알고자 하면 Multi-phase 사이트를 방문하여 주십시요.

multi-phase flows >

Two-Phase Microfluidic Channels

Two-phase 미세 유체 채널 시스템에서 물방울 형성은 혼합할 수 없는 액체-액체 흐름 및 기체-액체 흐름에 대해 광범위하게 연구되어 왔습니다. Droplet-based microsystems 또한 반응의 femtoliter의 물방울 안에서 microliter권 시약 형기에 의해 소형화가 가능하게 됩니다. 작은 물방울에 가두어진 시약은 시약의 신속한 혼합, 반응시간의 제어 그리고 약품 수송 능력을 제공합니다.

Simulating droplet formation in a T-junction device. Post-processed with FlowSight.

Pressure-driven Inkjets

Pressure-driven Inkjets

디지털 잉크젯 인쇄를 생성하는 인기있는 방법은 잉크젯 노즐 장치의 베이스에 프로그램 된 압력을 사용하는 것입니다. 구동 압력 때문에, 잉크 및 기타 변수의 노즐 표면 장력 및 점도의 형상 처럼 거의 무제한의 조합으로, 이들 파라미터들의 다양한 조합 하에서 액적 토출을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있어 매우 유용합니다. FLOW-3D는 잉크젯의 형성을 지배하는 거의 모든 실제 프로세스를 모델링할 수 있기 때문에 목적에 맞게 사용될 수 있다. 아래는 상류 압력 기록이 지정되어 간단한 가압 구동 노즐에서 방울 형성 나타남을 보여줍니다.

This animation shows the formation of ink drops from a pressure-driven inkjet nozzle. Courtesy of Xerox.

Acoustically-induced Inkjets

Acoustically-induced Inkjets

acoustically-induced-inkjets

프린트 헤드의 노즐에서 잉크를 나오게 강제하는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있습니다. 예로는 기계식 피스톤, 진동식 다이어프램 및 증기 기포의 생성등이 있습니다. 그러나 어떠한 경우에도 목적은 노즐로부터 잉크가 나오도록 강제하지만, 또한 특정 량의 액적으로 변형되고 표면을 향해 원하는 속도로 이동하는 것이 되도록 잉크의 양을 제한하는 것이 아닙니다. 이러한 요구 사항은 구동 펄스에 엄격한 제한을 부과 토출되는 잉크의 pinch off를 돕는 다른 선택 방법이 비균일한 방식으로 잉크의 표면 장력을 변화시키는 것입니다. 여기에 도시 된 예에서, FLOW-3D는 잉크의 표면 장력은 노즐 출구에 국부적 가열에 의해 변화 될 때 어떻게 되는지 시뮬레이션 하였습니다. 오른쪽 이미지는 시뮬레이션 된 액적 및 실험적 관찰 방울을 나타냅니다.

This acoustically-induced inkjet animation shows a pressure-induced jet, which is unable to break off due to high surface tension forces and the same situation with heat added. The modified surface tension in the heated jet breaks off a droplet.

Inkjets

Inkjets

Formation and discharge of an ink drop in a printer nozzle. This simulation was run with FLOW-3D/MP, FLOW-3D‘s HPC solution.

종이를 쓰지 않는세계에 대한 지속적인 움직임에도 불구하고 시장은 여전히 높은 품질을 가지고 단순하고 저렴한 잉크젯 프린터를 요구하고 있습니다. 디지털 카메라의 용도에 대한 빠른 확산은 더 많은 소비자들 역시 각자의 가정에서 고품질의 컬러 사진 인쇄 능력이 필요하다는 것을 의미합니다. 이는 외래의 대체 설계를 통해 소비자의 요구를 충족하기 위해 더 나은 방법을 설계하는 프린터 제조업체를 조정합니다. 전세계 잉크젯 프린터 제조업체는 이 같은 요구를 반영하기 위해서FLOW-3D를 사용하고 있습니다. 설계 엔지니어는 FLOW-3D를 이용하여 액적 생성 (체적, 형상, 속도, 위성 제작) 이들 변수의 노즐 형상, 온도, 거품 에너지와 표면 장력의 효과를 연구 할 수 있습니다.

Inkjet Videos

Electro-osmosis

Electro-osmosis

Electro-osmosis 는 전기장이 전기 이중층 (double layer) 고체의 본질적 속성에 적용되는 경우 발생하는 유체 흐름을 말합니다. 이 현상 미세 유체 응용 프로그램에 대한 상당한 실제적 중요성이 있음을 증명되었습니다. FLOW-3D는 free surface가 있고 없을 때 one 또는two-fluid 일때에 combined pressure-electro-osmotic-driven 모델링을 가능하게 합니다.

Micro-pumps

Microchannel 안에 deep slot들을 생성하고 채널에 걸린 전위를 인가함으로써, 유체 유동은 MEMS 스케일 펌프를 제어 할 수 있습니다. 적용된 전위를 조정함으로써 유량 제어될 수 있습니다. 아래 동영상은 micro-pump를 사용하기 위한 electro-osmosis응용 프로그램을 보여 줍니다.

그 위의 예에서 보는 바와 같이FLOW-3D는 복잡하고 전개되는 유동장을 시공간에 streamline을 정확하게 나타냅니다. 이 애니메이션의 유선과 입자들은 이 펌프를 디자인 함에 재순환 구역을 따내면서는 비효율이 있는 부분을 보여 줍니다. 모든 흐름이 효율적으로 전진 할 때 이러한 영역은 효율적으로 줄일 수 있습니다.

Velocity Profile Evolution of an Electro-Osmotic Micro Pump

그 시뮬레이션 아래는 슬롯 사이의 흐름 방향 속도의 변경을 보여 줍니다. Velocities 기름 방울들이no-slip 조건 때문에 슬롯 벽에 접근하고 제로로 한다. 아래 시뮬레이션은 슬롯 사이의 흐름 방향 속도의 전개를 보여 줍니다. 시간이 지남에 따라 높은 유동 속도와 유체의 혼합으로 인해 일정하고 선형 형태가 됩니다.

 

Micromixing

위의 애니메이션에서, 불균일한 전위가 마이크로 채널의 벽의 채널 안에 있는 나선형 흐름을 유도하도록 생성됩니다. FLOW-3D는 유체의 stretching과folding하는 것처럼 시각적으로는marker-particle로 보여지는 바와 같이 혼합 효과를 분명히 보여주고 있습니다.

Dielectrophoresis

Dielectrophoresis

Dielectrophoresis(유전이동)는 불균일한 전기장(보통 AC전기장)안에서 활동을 유도하기 위해 편광 시킬 수 있는 입자들에게 힘의 구축을 수반합니다. Dielectrophoretic 힘을 해결 및/또는 나노 크기의 미소 규모의 bioparticles 조작들을 특징 짓는데 사용될 수 있습니다. 이러한 것들 중에 세포나 바이러스, 박테리아, DNA 등을sorting, trapping, separating 하는 것을 포함될 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D안에서 Dielectrophoresis는 one-fluid 또는 two-fluid flow, with or without sharp interfaces 등의 기능들을 이용하여 설명될 수 있습니다.

Piezo Driven Pumps

Piezo Driven Pumps (압전 구동 펌프)

오늘날 압전구동 펌프는 시장에서 일반화 되고 있습니다.  FLOW-3D는 쉽게 압전구동 펌프와 관련된 물리현상을 모델링 할 수 있습니다.
두 밸브는 펌프의 진동 등의 흐름 방향을 제어하는 이동 객체 모델을 이용하는 것이 포함됩니다.  Oscillating force는 멤브레인 이동에 적용됩니다. 이 힘은 하나의 점에 주어지거나 분배 될 수 있습니다.
파티클은 입자흐름을 시각화하는 애니메이션에 사용됩니다.

A simulation of a piezo-driven micro pump
(In the animation below, a void pressure is set on the back side of the piezoelectric device which is the thin horizontal component. )

Passive Mixing

 

Passive Mixing

Passive Mixing and Concentration Tracking Using Scalars

개요도는 얼마나 작은 혼합 길이가 필요한지 보여줄 수 있습니다. 순수한 액체는 맨 위에 들어가고, 혼합물은 바닥으로 들어갈 것입니다. 흐름은 왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 진행됩니다. 이상적으로, 두 스트림은 완전히 2000 micron 챔버의 끝단부에서 혼합 될 것입니다.

마이크로 채널/챔버 내의 유체의 다중 스트림 혼합은 바이오 분석 시스템에서 매우 중요합니다. 일반적으로 이러한 공정은 짧은 혼합 길이와 시간내에 발생해야 합니다. 패시브 마이크로 믹서는 혼합을 유도하는 마이크로 채널 형상을 사용합니다.

여기에서는 liquid plus reagent side가 혼합 농도를 표시하는 패시브 스칼라를 사용한 것을 도식화하여 보여줍니다. 이 경우, 두 유체는 거의 동일한 점성을 가지고 있지만 FLOW-3D는 상이한 점성 및 밀도를 잘 혼합할 수 있는 모델링 능력을 가지고 있습니다.

 

패시브 마이크로 채널 혼합 공정 데모.
색상은 서로 다른 두 유체 (블루 = 순수 액,  빨간색= 액체 +시약)의 농도를 나타냅니다.

Microdispensers

Microdispensers

Retracting Fluid Dispenser

이 예는 retracting fluid dispenser의 시뮬레이션을 보여줍니다. 여기에서의 주요 관심사는 정확하게 분배되는 유체의 볼륨과 얼마나 다시 dispenser로 다시 돌아오는지이다. 노즐의 직경은 단지 1mm이며, 모세관 유동과 동일한 기판 상에 증착 된 유체의 양을 지시하기 때문에 이 스케일 표면 장력에 중요하다. 수지와 같은 유체 분배기 노즐과 기판 사이에 소정의 접촉 각도 좌표 모델은 이러한 효과를 설명 할 수있다. 또한, 이동 객체 모델(Moving Objects Model)은 디스펜서 움직임을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 사용되었다. Modeling the complexities of small, transient, free-surface flows along with moving objects can be easily accomplished using FLOW-3D. 작고 일시적인 움직이는 물체와 함께 흐르는 자유표면 모델 복잡성은 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 쉽게 구현할 수 있습니다.

Fluid dispenser: 3-D view of the computational domain

2-D animation of the retracting fluid dispenser in action, colored by pressure distribution

Drug Particles

Drug Particles

Modeling Nasal Passages

비강 약물 전달 시스템에서, 투여 약물의 훌륭한 비 침습적 방법은 다수의 설계 문제를 야기합니다. 분무 입자가 너무 큰 경우, 이들은 약물의 효과를 감소시키고 비강의 전방 부에 증착되는 경향이 있습니다. 입자가 너무 작은 경우, 입자의 대부분이 낭비되고 폐에 직접적으로 전달될 수 있습니다. 일부 의약품은 뇌에 직접적으로 약물을 제공하는 잠재력을 가지고 후각 영역 같이 비강의 특정 지역을 대상으로하는 것이 바람직합니다. 성공적인 비강 약물 전달 시스템을 설계하기 위해서는 약물의 입자 크기, 입자 속도, 분사 각도, 노즐의 삽입 깊이와 같은 다양한 요인들을 최적화하는 것을 요구합니다. FLOW-3D를 이용하여, 시스템의 각종 설계 파라미터의 영향을 쉽게 시뮬레이션하여 최적의 설계를 할 수 있습니다.

이 시뮬레이션은 비강을 통해 분사 된 입자의 궤적을 나타냅니다. 입자는 빨간색으로 가장 큰 입자를, 파란색으로 최소 크기를 표현할 수 있게 착색되었습니다. 이 시뮬레이션에서 작은 입자는 비강 내로 침투된 깊이를 보여줍니다. 가장 작은 입자는 비강을 지나 호흡 시스템에 추가로 이동하고 있음을 알 수 있습니다.

Drug Delivery

Drug Delivery

정맥 주사 바늘을 통한 약물 전달은 의사의 사무실이나 병원에서 일반적이다. 당신이 아이를 예방 접종을 받고 또는 업데이트 된 파상풍 주사를 받고 있는 등의 많은 약은 주사 바늘로 투여받습니다.

아래는 FLOW-3D Moving Objects Model과 원통좌표계를 연계시켜 주사바늘의 transient, free-surface simulation을 한 결과를 보여주고 있습니다. 주사기의 단면은 수 mm인 반면 바늘은 수백 마이크로미터로 작습니다. 시간 종속된 강제속도는 운동을 생성하고자 plunger에 적용됩니다.

이 애플리케이션에서는 shear thinning 유체를 압박하면서, 플런저에 필요한 분사 힘을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. FLOW-3D의 non-Newtonian viscosity model은 이런 효과를 설명하는 데 유용하게 사용됩니다.

FLOW-3D는 thixotropic fluids, temperature-dependent viscosity, a Carreau model 또는 power law 등과 같은 점성효과를 표현하는 기능을 가지고 있습니다. 변형과 전단 응력은 단백질 또는 세포 손상 여부를 결정하기 위해 계산됩니다.

Pressure and velocity contours in a injection syringe squeezing a shear thinning fluid

FLOW-3D는 얇은 전단 의료 유체의 다양한 솔루션을 위한 플런저 및 변형율에 적용되는 transient injection force를 예측하는 데 사용됩니다. 의료 유체는 주사기 바늘 끝에서 shear thinning 통해 높은 변형을 통과하는 것이 필수 구성 요소입니다. FLOW-3D는 바늘을 통해 통로에 유체가 겪는 왜곡뿐만 아니라 자동화 된 주입에 대해 플런저에 발생하는 힘을 분석하는 다양한 주사기 바늘 형상과 유체를 모델링하는데 사용될 수 있습니다.

Simulation of a medical injection needle where the injection force on the plunger is computed while squeezing out a shear thinning fluid.

Dissolution

Dissolution

Medical Test Strips

의료 테스트 스트립은 최근 몇 년 동안 상당한 발전을 하여 신속한 진단 및 관련 생물의학 매개 변수의 결정에 사용됩니다.  지금까지 개발된 기하학적 구조와 흡착 양털모양의 구조, 새로 정밀하게 제작된 마이크로 채널과 기존의 스트립은 마이크로 엔지니어링을 통해 지금 가능합니다. 이러한 미세 구조의 적절한 기하학적 디자인은 모세관 중심의 흐름을 선택적으로 제어 할 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D는 이러한 스트립의 설계를 최적화하기 위해 사용될 수 있습니다.

Volume rendering of a salt dissolution simulation, visualized with FlowSight, FLOW-3D‘s state-of-the-art postprocessor.

의학에서 특히 여러 응용 분야에서 소금 또는 아세트아미노펜, 페니실린, 또는 설탕 등  고체의 유형에 관계 없이, 유체 안에서 얼마나 빨리 그리고 얼마나 많은 고체가 용해되는지 이해하는 것은 매우 중요합니다.  고체를 녹이는 방법은 고혈압, 간 또는 신장에 부담이 발생할 수 있습니다. 또한, 많은 제약사의 알약은 더 조밀하거나 더 수용성이거나 또는 고체 주위의 매체와 상호 작용 하는 방법에 직접 영향을 주는 속성이 있습니다. FLOW-3D를 이용하여 이러한 매개 변수 모두의  다양한 변화를 알 수 있습니다.

모델링 기능 섹션에서 소금 용해 모델에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

Acid Base Neutralization: HCl + NaOH –> NaCl

FLOW-3D 는 여러 구성요소(multiple components)를 통해 새로운 농도(new concentration)를 생성할 수 있는 화학반응 모델을 가지고 있습니다. 예를 들어, 이 예제에서는 1M 염산 20리터 HCL은 염화나트륨, 또는 염을 만들기 위해 수산화 나트륨 (NaOH) 2 밀리리터와 혼합됩니다.

혼합은 4pi radians/초(120 rpm)으로 회전교반기로 가속됩니다. 좌측 디스플레이상의 이미지는, 산의 농도 (HCL), 염기 (수산화 나트륨) 및 생성물 (염화나트륨), 각각 오른쪽 이미지는 기본 농도의 3D 뷰입니다. 교반기는 초당 4 라디안으로 회전됩니다.

Mixing & Chemical Reactions: Acid Base Neutralization: With and Without Stirrer

아래 시뮬레이션은 액티브 교반기와 수동 혼합 (또는 확산만)에 대 한 비교를 보여 줍니다. 수동적으로 실행하면 반응 pH7에 도달하는데 437초 걸립니다. 교반 가속처리는 초당 4 pi 라디안의 회전 속도 프로세스를 가속화 합니다. 이동 개체 모델은 회전 믹서 모델과  화학 반응 모델을 시뮬레이션 하는 데 사용 되었습니다. 챔버 안의 기본물질을 대상으로 한, 시간에 따른 질량/모멘텀 소스 시뮬레이션을  소개합니다.

With Stirrer

교반기가 초당 4 radians 회전 속도로 20초간 혼합을 촉진합니다.

Without Stirrer

시뮬레이션은 2mL의 NaOH와 20L의 HCL이 ph7에 도달하는데 437초가 걸리는 것을 보여줍니다.

Active Mixing

Active Mixing

Active mixers 는 혼합을 용이하게 하는 기계장치를 시뮬레이션 합니다. 이 예에서는 마그네틱 교반 막대(외부 회전 장계에 의해 구동)가 혼합을 유도하기 위해 사용되었습니다. 이 시뮬레이션은 마그네틱 교반 막대를 시뮬레이션하기 위해 이동개체모델(Moving Object model)을 사용합니다. 막대의 자기 상호 작용은 포함하지 않고, 막대 대신 회전속도(RPM)는 정해진 움직임으로 집적 지정됩니다. 이 경우 농도변화가 없습니다. 더우기 FLOW-3D 는 쉽게 혼화성 또는 비혼화성 액체 같은 여러 밀도 성분을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D 에서 비 혼화성 유체의 분리는 drift relationship에 기반합니다.

이 시뮬레이션에서는 액티브 마이크로 믹싱 프로세스를 보여줍니다.
( The flow is from left to right. This is a one-fluid simulation with the bottom half (red) being seeded with passive scalars, or tracers, and therefore there is no density gradient. )

Filters

Filters

FLOW-3D안의 다공성 미디어(porous media) 모델은 필터의 유동을 시뮬레이션 하는데 적합합니다. 또한 미립자를 포착하고 드래그를 최소화 시키려는 최적 설계를 결정하기 위해 잘 적용 할 수 있는 다양한 식들을 지원합니다. 입자는 입자의 궤도를 결정하는 크기 나 질량의 범위를 주어 모델링 될 수 있습니다. 분석 될 수 있는 데이터 출력은 속도 프로파일, 체류 시간, 유체에 의해 이동 거리, 변형 속도, 및 스트림 라인을 포함합니다. . 막힘을 예측하는 기능 및 사용자 정의를 통해 생성 된 추가 드래그를 확장하는 데에도 용이하며 Flow Science는다양한 수치 서브루틴을 보유하고 있습니다.

Transient calculation of entrained air in a degas bottle simulation.

Gear Interaction

Gear Interaction

유체 저항은 유체 회전 시스템 설계자에게는 최대 관심사입니다. 6(Six) 자유도 물체의fully coupled 모델을 가지고 있는FLOW-3D는 다수의 개체가 맞물려 움직이는 현상들을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D는 전체 저항, 압력 저항 및 점성 저항의 형태로 저항 값들을 출력해줍니다. 그리고 이 GMO(General Moving Object) 기능은 효율적인 시뮬레이션을 위해 최적화된 병렬화 알고리즘을 이용하고 있습니다. 또한, 많은 종류의 구속조건 (축, 회전 구속, 힘, 토크, 마찰력,복원력) 들을 포함하고 있습니다.

Gear interaction simulation with FLOW-3D

FLOW-3D simulation of a portion of an automotive differential.

Gear Interaction Videos

Early Fuel Shut-Off

Early Fuel Shut-Off

연료 시스템은 디자인 및 기능적인 관점에서 모두 자동차 산업에서 중요한 부분을 차지합니다. 조기 닫힘(shut off) 이나 기름 엎지름 등은 자동차 운전에 방해가 될뿐 아니라 예기치 못한 위험을 초래할 수 있습니다. 연료탱크 안에는 노즐을 닫히게 하기 위해서 가스 펌프 노즐 하단에 센서가 설계됩니다만, 연료의 충진 시 역류와 반복적인 조기 닫힘 또는 등을 일으킬 수 있으며 이는 성가심을 떠나 위험 할 수 있습니다.

FLOW-3D는 두 개의 연료 충전 시나리오를 분석하기 위해 사용됩니다. 공기가 백필없이 좁은 라인을 통해 통풍되면서 연료가 더 넓은 라인을 통해 채워집니다(좋은 경우, 위 애니메이션). 그러나, 다른 경우 (아래 동영상)는, 연료 인해 펌프 노즐의 위치에 좁은 벤트 라인을 통해 채우고 차단 / 유출 시나리오의 결과로 백필(Backfill) 현상이 발생하게 됩니다. FLOW-3D의 TruVOF 기술은 다상 연료 흐름의 신속하고 정확한 과도(Transient) 해석이 가능하고, 연료 탱크 및 연료 효율 표시 시스템 설계의 슬러싱 현상을 모델링 할 수 있습니다.

FLOW-3D를 사용한 디자인 비교 – 상단 애니메이션은 역류 흐름 문제가 없는 설계를 나타내고, 하단 애니메이션은 벤트 라인 역류 문제를 갖는다.

Fuel Tanks

Fuel Tanks

차량의 연료 탱크는 안전하게 연료를 저장하기 위한 필수적인 장치입니다. 또한 운행 중 차량에 들어오는 다양한 형태의 외력에 대해 일정하고도 적당한 연료 공급을 보장해 주는 장치입니다. 연료탱크는 차량 섀시 디자인과 바디 패널과 소형화의 목적을 위해 모양이 복잡 할 수 있습니다. 차량이 가속 할 때, 연료는 연료 레벨 게이지, 압력 및 전달 시스템에 문제를 유발할 수 있는 탱크 내에서 슬러싱하게 됩니다. 연료 충전은 특히 펌프류에서 중요한 부분인데, 탱크 안에서 증기 압축성은 충전 노즐의 초기 닫힘(Shutoff)을 일으키는 원인이 됩니다. 또한, 정전기는 연료 시스템 내에서 전위의 상승에 기인하여 연료 탱크 내로 이송 될 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D는 연료 시스템 설계 및 개선을 돕기 위해 이러한 복잡한 다상(multi-phase), 다물리(multi-physical), 과도(transient) 해석을 할 수 있는 도구 입니다.

Simulation of gas filling of a tank, modeling air entrainment.

Other analysis capabilities:

  • An electrostatic model that can capture a charge distribution with time
  • Fuel level indication using the Moving Objects model with 6 degrees of freedom to capture float variations
  • Fuel line pressurization
  • Optimal location of vents

Aerospace Laval Nozzles

Laval Nozzles

FLOW-3D는 자유 표면 흐름을 모델링하는데 세계에서 가장 정확한 CFD 도구로 알려져 있지만, 대부분의 연구자들은 라발 노즐 등을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있는 강력한 압축성 유동 능력을 가지고 있음을 알지 못합니다. 라발 노즐은 모래 시계 모양을 가진 중간이 좁은 관입니다. 이것은, 노즐을 통과하는 가스의 유동을 촉진하는 방법으로 사용됩니다. 이러한 노즐은 로켓 및 초음속 제트 엔진뿐만 아니라 특정 증기 터빈에도 사용됩니다.

Cavitation in Laval Nozzles

유속이 빨라질수록 유선의 휘어짐으로 인한 영향이 커지기 때문에 국부적으로 수압이 매우 낮아지는 곳이 나타난다. 압력이 증기압보다 낮아지면 액체가 기화하거나 또는 녹아 있던 공기 등이 기포로 되기 때문에 공동(空洞)이 발생한다. 이 현상을 공동 현상 또는 캐비테이션이라 한다

스크루형 추진기를 예를 들면 추진기가 엔진에 의해 회전하면 물을 뒤로 밀어내게 되고 그 반작용으로 추진력이 생겨 선박을 전진시킨다. 프로펠러는 여러 개의 날개를 갖고 있고, 이 날개들이 회전하면 한쪽 면은 물을 뒤로 밀어내고 다른 면은 앞쪽의 물을 빨아들이게 된다. 물을 밀어내는 면은 압력이 높아지고, 빨아들이는 면은 압력이 낮아지게되어 앞뒤간의 압력차가 발생하게 되고 전진 방향으로 추진력을 받게 된다. 위와 같은 방식으로 프로펠러가 움직일 때에 프로펠러 주위에서 압력이 급강하하게 되면 온도의 변화가 아닌 압력 변화에서 기인하는 물의 상변화가 발생하게 되는데 이를 캐비테이션 현상이라 한다.

아래의 실험 비교는, FLOW-3D에서 수행한 시뮬레이션이 planar-Laval nozzle을 통한 유동 실험과 잘 일치가 된 것을 볼 수 있습니다.


Helium flow through a rectangular convergent-divergent Laval nozzle is simulated using FLOW-3D. Helium at room temperature is forced through the convergent section of the nozzle using an inlet pressure of 6.9E5 N/m2 while maintaining a low outlet pressure of 0.1N/m2.