Fig. 1. A typical Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) and selected segment of study for simulation

Understanding dry-out mechanism in rod bundles of boiling water reactor

끓는 물 원자로 봉 다발의 건조 메커니즘 이해

Liril D.SilviaDinesh K.ChandrakercSumanaGhoshaArup KDasb
aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
cReactor Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India

Abstract

Present work reports numerical understanding of interfacial dynamics during co-flow of vapor and liquid phases of water inside a typical Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), consisting of a nuclear fuel rod bundle assembly of 7 pins in a circular array. Two representative spacings between rods in a circular array are used to carry out the simulation. In literature, flow boiling in a nuclear reactor is dealt with mechanistic models or averaged equations. Hence, in the present study using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) based multiphase model, a detailed numerical understanding of breaking and making in interfaces during flow boiling in BWR is targeted. Our work will portray near realistic vapor bubble and liquid flow dynamics in rod bundle scenario. Constant wall heat flux for fuel rod and uniform velocity of the liquid at the inlet patch is applied as a boundary condition. The saturation properties of water are taken at 30 bar pressure. Flow boiling stages involving bubble nucleation, growth, merging, local dry-out, rewetting with liquid patches, and complete dry-out are illustrated. The dry-out phenomenon with no liquid presence is numerically observed with phase fraction contours at various axial cut-sections. The quantification of the liquid phase fraction at different axial planes is plotted over time, emphasizing the progressive dry-out mechanism. A comparison of liquid-vapor distribution for inner and outer rods reveals that the inner rod’s dry-out occurs sooner than that of the outer rod. The heat transfer coefficient to identify the heat dissipation capacity of each case is also reported.

현재 작업은 원형 배열에 있는 7개의 핀으로 구성된 핵연료봉 다발 어셈블리로 구성된 일반적인 끓는 물 원자로(BWR) 내부의 물의 증기 및 액체상의 동시 흐름 동안 계면 역학에 대한 수치적 이해를 보고합니다.

원형 배열의 막대 사이에 두 개의 대표적인 간격이 시뮬레이션을 수행하는 데 사용됩니다. 문헌에서 원자로의 유동 비등은 기계론적 모델 또는 평균 방정식으로 처리됩니다.

따라서 VOF(Volume of Fluid) 기반 다상 모델을 사용하는 본 연구에서는 BWR에서 유동 비등 동안 계면의 파괴 및 생성에 대한 자세한 수치적 이해를 목표로 합니다.

우리의 작업은 막대 번들 시나리오에서 거의 사실적인 증기 기포 및 액체 흐름 역학을 묘사합니다. 연료봉에 대한 일정한 벽 열유속과 입구 패치에서 액체의 균일한 속도가 경계 조건으로 적용됩니다. 물의 포화 특성은 30bar 압력에서 취합니다.

기포 핵 생성, 성장, 병합, 국소 건조, 액체 패치로 재습윤 및 완전한 건조를 포함하는 유동 비등 단계가 설명됩니다. 액체가 존재하지 않는 건조 현상은 다양한 축 단면에서 위상 분율 윤곽으로 수치적으로 관찰됩니다.

다른 축 평면에서 액상 분율의 정량화는 점진적인 건조 메커니즘을 강조하면서 시간이 지남에 따라 표시됩니다. 내부 막대와 외부 막대의 액-증기 분포를 비교하면 내부 막대의 건조가 외부 막대보다 더 빨리 발생함을 알 수 있습니다. 각 경우의 방열 용량을 식별하기 위한 열 전달 계수도 보고됩니다.

Fig. 1. A typical Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) and selected segment of study for simulation
Fig. 1. A typical Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) and selected segment of study for simulation
Fig. 2. (a-c) dimensions and mesh configuration for G = 6 mm; (d-f) dimensions and mesh configuration for G = 0.6 mm
Fig. 2. (a-c) dimensions and mesh configuration for G = 6 mm; (d-f) dimensions and mesh configuration for G = 0.6 mm
Fig. 3. Simulating the effect of spacer (a) Spacer configuration around rod bundle (b) Mesh structure in spacer zone (c) Distribution of vapor bubbles in a rod bundle with spacer (d) Liquid phase fraction comparison for geometry with and without spacer (e,f,g) Wall temperature comparison for geometry with and without spacer; WS: With Spacer, WOS: Without Spacer; Temperature in the y-axis is in (f) and (g) is same as (e).
Fig. 3. Simulating the effect of spacer (a) Spacer configuration around rod bundle (b) Mesh structure in spacer zone (c) Distribution of vapor bubbles in a rod bundle with spacer (d) Liquid phase fraction comparison for geometry with and without spacer (e,f,g) Wall temperature comparison for geometry with and without spacer; WS: With Spacer, WOS: Without Spacer; Temperature in the y-axis is in (f) and (g) is same as (e).
Fig. 4. Validation of the present numerical model with crossflow boiling over a heated cylindrical rod [40]
Fig. 4. Validation of the present numerical model with crossflow boiling over a heated cylindrical rod [40]
Fig. 5. Grid-Independent study in terms of vapor volume in 1/4th of computational domain
Fig. 5. Grid-Independent study in terms of vapor volume in 1/4th of computational domain
Fig. 6. Interface contour for G = 6 mm; ul = 1.2 m/s; q˙ w = 396 kW/m2; they are showing nucleation, growth, merging, and pseudo-steady-state condition.
Fig. 6. Interface contour for G = 6 mm; ul = 1.2 m/s; q˙ w = 396 kW/m2; they are showing nucleation, growth, merging, and pseudo-steady-state condition.
Fig. 7. Interface contours for G = 0.6 mm; ul = 1.2 m/s; q˙ w = 396 kW/m2; It shows dry-out at pseudo-steady-state near the exit
Fig. 7. Interface contours for G = 0.6 mm; ul = 1.2 m/s; q˙ w = 396 kW/m2; It shows dry-out at pseudo-steady-state near the exit
Fig. 8. Vapor-liquid distribution across various distant cross-sections (Black color indicates liquid; Gray color indicates vapor); Magnification factor: 1 × (for a and b), 1.5 × (for c and d)
Fig. 8. Vapor-liquid distribution across various distant cross-sections (Black color indicates liquid; Gray color indicates vapor); Magnification factor: 1 × (for a and b), 1.5 × (for c and d)
Fig. 21. Two-phase flow mixture velocity (u¯z); for G = 6 mm, r = 5 means location at inner heated wall and r = 25 means location at outer adiabatic wall; for G = 0.66 mm, r = 5 means location at inner heated wall and r = 16.6 mm means location at outer adiabatic wall.
Fig. 21. Two-phase flow mixture velocity (u¯z); for G = 6 mm, r = 5 means location at inner heated wall and r = 25 means location at outer adiabatic wall; for G = 0.66 mm, r = 5 means location at inner heated wall and r = 16.6 mm means location at outer adiabatic wall.

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Full Text View
Figure 3 Simulation PTC pipes enhanced with copper foam and nanoparticles in FLOW-3D software.

다공성 미디어 및 나노유체에 의해 강화된 수집기로 태양광 CCHP 시스템의 최적화

Optimization of Solar CCHP Systems with Collector Enhanced by Porous Media and Nanofluid

Navid Tonekaboni,1Mahdi Feizbahr,2 Nima Tonekaboni,1Guang-Jun Jiang,3,4 and Hong-Xia Chen3,4

Abstract

태양열 집열기의 낮은 효율은 CCHP(Solar Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power) 사이클의 문제점 중 하나로 언급될 수 있습니다. 태양계를 개선하기 위해 나노유체와 다공성 매체가 태양열 집열기에 사용됩니다.

다공성 매질과 나노입자를 사용하는 장점 중 하나는 동일한 조건에서 더 많은 에너지를 흡수할 수 있다는 것입니다. 이 연구에서는 평균 일사량이 1b인 따뜻하고 건조한 지역의 600 m2 건물의 전기, 냉방 및 난방을 생성하기 위해 다공성 매질과 나노유체를 사용하여 태양열 냉난방 복합 발전(SCCHP) 시스템을 최적화했습니다.

본 논문에서는 침전물이 형성되지 않는 lb = 820 w/m2(이란) 정도까지 다공성 물질에서 나노유체의 최적량을 계산하였다. 이 연구에서 태양열 집열기는 구리 다공성 매체(95% 다공성)와 CuO 및 Al2O3 나노 유체로 향상되었습니다.

나노유체의 0.1%-0.6%가 작동 유체로 물에 추가되었습니다. 나노유체의 0.5%가 태양열 집열기 및 SCCHP 시스템에서 가장 높은 에너지 및 엑서지 효율 향상으로 이어지는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다.

본 연구에서 포물선형 집열기(PTC)의 최대 에너지 및 엑서지 효율은 각각 74.19% 및 32.6%입니다. 그림 1은 태양 CCHP의 주기를 정확하게 설명하기 위한 그래픽 초록으로 언급될 수 있습니다.

The low efficiency of solar collectors can be mentioned as one of the problems in solar combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) cycles. For improving solar systems, nanofluid and porous media are used in solar collectors. One of the advantages of using porous media and nanoparticles is to absorb more energy under the same conditions. In this research, a solar combined cooling, heating, and power (SCCHP) system has been optimized by porous media and nanofluid for generating electricity, cooling, and heating of a 600 m2 building in a warm and dry region with average solar radiation of Ib = 820 w/m2 in Iran. In this paper, the optimal amount of nanofluid in porous materials has been calculated to the extent that no sediment is formed. In this study, solar collectors were enhanced with copper porous media (95% porosity) and CuO and Al2O3 nanofluids. 0.1%–0.6% of the nanofluids were added to water as working fluids; it is found that 0.5% of the nanofluids lead to the highest energy and exergy efficiency enhancement in solar collectors and SCCHP systems. Maximum energy and exergy efficiency of parabolic thermal collector (PTC) riches in this study are 74.19% and 32.6%, respectively. Figure 1 can be mentioned as a graphical abstract for accurately describing the cycle of solar CCHP.

1. Introduction

Due to the increase in energy consumption, the use of clean energy is one of the important goals of human societies. In the last four decades, the use of cogeneration cycles has increased significantly due to high efficiency. Among clean energy, the use of solar energy has become more popular due to its greater availability [1]. Low efficiency of energy production, transmission, and distribution system makes a new system to generate simultaneously electricity, heating, and cooling as an essential solution to be widely used. The low efficiency of the electricity generation, transmission, and distribution system makes the CCHP system a basic solution to eliminate waste of energy. CCHP system consists of a prime mover (PM), a power generator, a heat recovery system (produce extra heating/cooling/power), and thermal energy storage (TES) [2]. Solar combined cooling, heating, and power (SCCHP) has been started three decades ago. SCCHP is a system that receives its propulsive force from solar energy; in this cycle, solar collectors play the role of propulsive for generating power in this system [3].

Increasing the rate of energy consumption in the whole world because of the low efficiency of energy production, transmission, and distribution system causes a new cogeneration system to generate electricity, heating, and cooling energy as an essential solution to be widely used. Building energy utilization fundamentally includes power required for lighting, home electrical appliances, warming and cooling of building inside, and boiling water. Domestic usage contributes to an average of 35% of the world’s total energy consumption [4].

Due to the availability of solar energy in all areas, solar collectors can be used to obtain the propulsive power required for the CCHP cycle. Solar energy is the main source of energy in renewable applications. For selecting a suitable area to use solar collectors, annual sunshine hours, the number of sunny days, minus temperature and frosty days, and the windy status of the region are essentially considered [5]. Iran, with an average of more than 300 sunny days, is one of the suitable countries to use solar energy. Due to the fact that most of the solar radiation is in the southern regions of Iran, also the concentration of cities is low in these areas, and transmission lines are far apart, one of the best options is to use CCHP cycles based on solar collectors [6]. One of the major problems of solar collectors is their low efficiency [7]. Low efficiency increases the area of collectors, which increases the initial cost of solar systems and of course increases the initial payback period. To increase the efficiency of solar collectors and improve their performance, porous materials and nanofluids are used to increase their workability.

There are two ways to increase the efficiency of solar collectors and mechanical and fluid improvement. In the first method, using porous materials or helical filaments inside the collector pipes causes turbulence of the flow and increases heat transfer. In the second method, using nanofluids or salt and other materials increases the heat transfer of water. The use of porous materials has grown up immensely over the past twenty years. Porous materials, especially copper porous foam, are widely used in solar collectors. Due to the high contact surface area, porous media are appropriate candidates for solar collectors [8]. A number of researchers investigated Solar System performance in accordance with energy and exergy analyses. Zhai et al. [9] reviewed the performance of a small solar-powered system in which the energy efficiency was 44.7% and the electrical efficiency was 16.9%.

Abbasi et al. [10] proposed an innovative multiobjective optimization to optimize the design of a cogeneration system. Results showed the CCHP system based on an internal diesel combustion engine was the applicable alternative at all regions with different climates. The diesel engine can supply the electrical requirement of 31.0% and heating demand of 3.8% for building.

Jiang et al. [11] combined the experiment and simulation together to analyze the performance of a cogeneration system. Moreover, some research focused on CCHP systems using solar energy. It integrated sustainable and renewable technologies in the CCHP, like PV, Stirling engine, and parabolic trough collector (PTC) [2, 12–15].

Wang et al. [16] optimized a cogeneration solar cooling system with a Rankine cycle and ejector to reach the maximum total system efficiency of 55.9%. Jing et al. analyzed a big-scale building with the SCCHP system and auxiliary heaters to produced electrical, cooling, and heating power. The maximum energy efficiency reported in their work is 46.6% [17]. Various optimization methods have been used to improve the cogeneration system, minimum system size, and performance, such as genetic algorithm [18, 19].

Hirasawa et al. [20] investigated the effect of using porous media to reduce thermal waste in solar systems. They used the high-porosity metal foam on top of the flat plate solar collector and observed that thermal waste decreased by 7% due to natural heat transfer. Many researchers study the efficiency improvement of the solar collector by changing the collector’s shapes or working fluids. However, the most effective method is the use of nanofluids in the solar collector as working fluid [21]. In the experimental study done by Jouybari et al. [22], the efficiency enhancement up to 8.1% was achieved by adding nanofluid in a flat plate collector. In this research, by adding porous materials to the solar collector, collector efficiency increased up to 92% in a low flow regime. Subramani et al. [23] analyzed the thermal performance of the parabolic solar collector with Al2O3 nanofluid. They conducted their experiments with Reynolds number range 2401 to 7202 and mass flow rate 0.0083 to 0.05 kg/s. The maximum efficiency improvement in this experiment was 56% at 0.05 kg/s mass flow rate.

Shojaeizadeh et al. [24] investigated the analysis of the second law of thermodynamic on the flat plate solar collector using Al2O3/water nanofluid. Their research showed that energy efficiency rose up to 1.9% and the exergy efficiency increased by a maximum of 0.72% compared to pure water. Tiwari et al. [25] researched on the thermal performance of solar flat plate collectors for working fluid water with different nanofluids. The result showed that using 1.5% (optimum) particle volume fraction of Al2O3 nanofluid as an absorbing medium causes the thermal efficiency to enhance up to 31.64%.

The effect of porous media and nanofluids on solar collectors has already been investigated in the literature but the SCCHP system with a collector embedded by both porous media and nanofluid for enhancing the ratio of nanoparticle in nanofluid for preventing sedimentation was not discussed. In this research, the amount of energy and exergy of the solar CCHP cycles with parabolic solar collectors in both base and improved modes with a porous material (copper foam with 95% porosity) and nanofluid with different ratios of nanoparticles was calculated. In the first step, it is planned to design a CCHP system based on the required load, and, in the next step, it will analyze the energy and exergy of the system in a basic and optimize mode. In the optimize mode, enhanced solar collectors with porous material and nanofluid in different ratios (0.1%–0.7%) were used to optimize the ratio of nanofluids to prevent sedimentation.

2. Cycle Description

CCHP is one of the methods to enhance energy efficiency and reduce energy loss and costs. The SCCHP system used a solar collector as a prime mover of the cogeneration system and assisted the boiler to generate vapor for the turbine. Hot water flows from the expander to the absorption chiller in summer or to the radiator or fan coil in winter. Finally, before the hot water wants to flow back to the storage tank, it flows inside a heat exchanger for generating domestic hot water [26].

For designing of solar cogeneration system and its analysis, it is necessary to calculate the electrical, heating (heating load is the load required for the production of warm water and space heating), and cooling load required for the case study considered in a residential building with an area of 600 m2 in the warm region of Iran (Zahedan). In Table 1, the average of the required loads is shown for the different months of a year (average of electrical, heating, and cooling load calculated with CARRIER software).Table 1 The average amount of electric charges, heating load, and cooling load used in the different months of the year in the city of Zahedan for a residential building with 600 m2.

According to Table 1, the maximum magnitude of heating, cooling, and electrical loads is used to calculate the cogeneration system. The maximum electric load is 96 kW, the maximum amount of heating load is 62 kW, and the maximum cooling load is 118 kW. Since the calculated loads are average, all loads increased up to 10% for the confidence coefficient. With the obtained values, the solar collector area and other cogeneration system components are calculated. The cogeneration cycle is capable of producing 105 kW electric power, 140 kW cooling capacity, and 100 kW heating power.

2.1. System Analysis Equations

An analysis is done by considering the following assumptions:(1)The system operates under steady-state conditions(2)The system is designed for the warm region of Iran (Zahedan) with average solar radiation Ib = 820 w/m2(3)The pressure drops in heat exchangers, separators, storage tanks, and pipes are ignored(4)The pressure drop is negligible in all processes and no expectable chemical reactions occurred in the processes(5)Potential, kinetic, and chemical exergy are not considered due to their insignificance(6)Pumps have been discontinued due to insignificance throughout the process(7)All components are assumed adiabatic

Schematic shape of the cogeneration cycle is shown in Figure 1 and all data are given in Table 2.

Figure 1 Schematic shape of the cogeneration cycle.Table 2 Temperature and humidity of different points of system.

Based on the first law of thermodynamic, energy analysis is based on the following steps.

First of all, the estimated solar radiation energy on collector has been calculated:where α is the heat transfer enhancement coefficient based on porous materials added to the collector’s pipes. The coefficient α is increased by the porosity percentage, the type of porous material (in this case, copper with a porosity percentage of 95), and the flow of fluid to the collector equation.

Collector efficiency is going to be calculated by the following equation [9]:

Total energy received by the collector is given by [9]

Also, the auxiliary boiler heat load is [2]

Energy consumed from vapor to expander is calculated by [2]

The power output form by the screw expander [9]:

The efficiency of the expander is 80% in this case [11].

In this step, cooling and heating loads were calculated and then, the required heating load to reach sanitary hot water will be calculated as follows:

First step: calculating the cooling load with the following equation [9]:

Second step: calculating heating loads [9]:

Then, calculating the required loud for sanitary hot water will be [9]

According to the above-mentioned equations, efficiency is [9]

In the third step, calculated exergy analysis as follows.

First, the received exergy collector from the sun is calculated [9]:

In the previous equation, f is the constant of air dilution.

The received exergy from the collector is [9]

In the case of using natural gas in an auxiliary heater, the gas exergy is calculated from the following equation [12]:

Delivering exergy from vapor to expander is calculated with the following equation [9]:

In the fourth step, the exergy in cooling and heating is calculated by the following equation:

Cooling exergy in summer is calculated [9]:

Heating exergy in winter is calculated [9]:

In the last step based on thermodynamic second law, exergy efficiency has been calculated from the following equation and the above-mentioned calculated loads [9]:

3. Porous Media

The porous medium that filled the test section is copper foam with a porosity of 95%. The foams are determined in Figure 2 and also detailed thermophysical parameters and dimensions are shown in Table 3.

Figure 2 Copper foam with a porosity of 95%.Table 3 Thermophysical parameters and dimensions of copper foam.

In solar collectors, copper porous materials are suitable for use at low temperatures and have an easier and faster manufacturing process than ceramic porous materials. Due to the high coefficient conductivity of copper, the use of copper metallic foam to increase heat transfer is certainly more efficient in solar collectors.

Porous media and nanofluid in solar collector’s pipes were simulated in FLOW-3D software using the finite-difference method [27]. Nanoparticles Al2O3 and CUO are mostly used in solar collector enhancement. In this research, different concentrations of nanofluid are added to the parabolic solar collectors with porous materials (copper foam with porosity of 95%) to achieve maximum heat transfer in the porous materials before sedimentation. After analyzing PTC pipes with the nanofluid flow in FLOW-3D software, for energy and exergy efficiency analysis, Carrier software results were used as EES software input. Simulation PTC with porous media inside collector pipe and nanofluids sedimentation is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Simulation PTC pipes enhanced with copper foam and nanoparticles in FLOW-3D software.

3.1. Nano Fluid

In this research, copper and silver nanofluids (Al2O3, CuO) have been added with percentages of 0.1%–0.7% as the working fluids. The nanoparticle properties are given in Table 4. Also, system constant parameters are presented in Table 4, which are available as default input in the EES software.Table 4 Properties of the nanoparticles [9].

System constant parameters for input in the software are shown in Table 5.Table 5 System constant parameters.

The thermal properties of the nanofluid can be obtained from equations (18)–(21). The basic fluid properties are indicated by the index (bf) and the properties of the nanoparticle silver with the index (np).

The density of the mixture is shown in the following equation [28]:where ρ is density and ϕ is the nanoparticles volume fraction.

The specific heat capacity is calculated from the following equation [29]:

The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid is calculated from the following equation [29]:

The parameter β is the ratio of the nanolayer thickness to the original particle radius and, usually, this parameter is taken equal to 0.1 for the calculated thermal conductivity of the nanofluids.

The mixture viscosity is calculated as follows [30]:

In all equations, instead of water properties, working fluids with nanofluid are used. All of the above equations and parameters are entered in the EES software for calculating the energy and exergy of solar collectors and the SCCHP cycle. All calculation repeats for both nanofluids with different concentrations of nanofluid in the solar collector’s pipe.

4. Results and Discussion

In the present study, relations were written according to Wang et al. [16] and the system analysis was performed to ensure the correctness of the code. The energy and exergy charts are plotted based on the main values of the paper and are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The error rate in this simulation is 1.07%.

Figure 4 Verification charts of energy analysis results.

Figure 5 Verification charts of exergy analysis results.

We may also investigate the application of machine learning paradigms [31–41] and various hybrid, advanced optimization approaches that are enhanced in terms of exploration and intensification [42–55], and intelligent model studies [56–61] as well, for example, methods such as particle swarm optimizer (PSO) [60, 62], differential search (DS) [63], ant colony optimizer (ACO) [61, 64, 65], Harris hawks optimizer (HHO) [66], grey wolf optimizer (GWO) [53, 67], differential evolution (DE) [68, 69], and other fusion and boosted systems [41, 46, 48, 50, 54, 55, 70, 71].

At the first step, the collector is modified with porous copper foam material. 14 cases have been considered for the analysis of the SCCHP system (Table 6). It should be noted that the adding of porous media causes an additional pressure drop inside the collector [9, 22–26, 30, 72]. All fourteen cases use copper foam with a porosity of 95 percent. To simulate the effect of porous materials and nanofluids, the first solar PTC pipes have been simulated in the FLOW-3D software and then porous media (copper foam with porosity of 95%) and fluid flow with nanoparticles (AL2O3 and CUO) are generated in the software. After analyzing PTC pipes in FLOW-3D software, for analyzing energy and exergy efficiency, software outputs were used as EES software input for optimization ratio of sedimentation and calculating energy and exergy analyses.Table 6 Collectors with different percentages of nanofluids and porous media.

In this research, an enhanced solar collector with both porous media and Nanofluid is investigated. In the present study, 0.1–0.5% CuO and Al2O3 concentration were added to the collector fully filled by porous media to achieve maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of solar CCHP systems. All steps of the investigation are shown in Table 6.

Energy and exergy analyses of parabolic solar collectors and SCCHP systems are shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 6 Energy and exergy efficiencies of the PTC with porous media and nanofluid.

Figure 7 Energy and exergy efficiency of the SCCHP.

Results show that the highest energy and exergy efficiencies are 74.19% and 32.6%, respectively, that is achieved in Step 12 (parabolic collectors with filled porous media and 0.5% Al2O3). In the second step, the maximum energy efficiency of SCCHP systems with fourteen steps of simulation are shown in Figure 7.

In the second step, where 0.1, −0.6% of the nanofluids were added, it is found that 0.5% leads to the highest energy and exergy efficiency enhancement in solar collectors and SCCHP systems. Using concentrations more than 0.5% leads to sediment in the solar collector’s pipe and a decrease of porosity in the pipe [73]. According to Figure 7, maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of SCCHP are achieved in Step 12. In this step energy efficiency is 54.49% and exergy efficiency is 18.29%. In steps 13 and 14, with increasing concentration of CUO and Al2O3 nanofluid solution in porous materials, decreasing of energy and exergy efficiency of PTC and SCCHP system at the same time happened. This decrease in efficiency is due to the formation of sediment in the porous material. Calculations and simulations have shown that porous materials more than 0.5% nanofluids inside the collector pipe cause sediment and disturb the porosity of porous materials and pressure drop and reduce the coefficient of performance of the cogeneration system. Most experience showed that CUO and AL2O3 nanofluids with less than 0.6% percent solution are used in the investigation on the solar collectors at low temperatures and discharges [74]. One of the important points of this research is that the best ratio of nanofluids in the solar collector with a low temperature is 0.5% (AL2O3 and CUO); with this replacement, the cost of solar collectors and SCCHP cycle is reduced.

5. Conclusion and Future Directions

In the present study, ways for increasing the efficiency of solar collectors in order to enhance the efficiency of the SCCHP cycle are examined. The research is aimed at adding both porous materials and nanofluids for estimating the best ratio of nanofluid for enhanced solar collector and protecting sedimentation in porous media. By adding porous materials (copper foam with porosity of 95%) and 0.5% nanofluids together, high efficiency in solar parabolic collectors can be achieved. The novelty in this research is the addition of both nanofluids and porous materials and calculating the best ratio for preventing sedimentation and pressure drop in solar collector’s pipe. In this study, it was observed that, by adding 0.5% of AL2O3 nanofluid in working fluids, the energy efficiency of PTC rises to 74.19% and exergy efficiency is grown up to 32.6%. In SCCHP cycle, energy efficiency is 54.49% and exergy efficiency is 18.29%.

In this research, parabolic solar collectors fully filled by porous media (copper foam with a porosity of 95) are investigated. In the next step, parabolic solar collectors in the SCCHP cycle were simultaneously filled by porous media and different percentages of Al2O3 and CuO nanofluid. At this step, values of 0.1% to 0.6% of each nanofluid were added to the working fluid, and the efficiency of the energy and exergy of the collectors and the SCCHP cycle were determined. In this case, nanofluid and the porous media were used together in the solar collector and maximum efficiency achieved. 0.5% of both nanofluids were used to achieve the biggest efficiency enhancement.

In the present study, as expected, the highest efficiency is for the parabolic solar collector fully filled by porous material (copper foam with a porosity of 95%) and 0.5% Al2O3. Results of the present study are as follows:(1)The average enhancement of collectors’ efficiency using porous media and nanofluids is 28%.(2)Solutions with 0.1 to 0.5% of nanofluids (CuO and Al2O3) are used to prevent collectors from sediment occurrence in porous media.(3)Collector of solar cogeneration cycles that is enhanced by both porous media and nanofluid has higher efficiency, and the stability of output temperature is more as well.(4)By using 0.6% of the nanofluids in the enhanced parabolic solar collectors with copper porous materials, sedimentation occurs and makes a high-pressure drop in the solar collector’s pipe which causes decrease in energy efficiency.(5)Average enhancement of SCCHP cycle efficiency is enhanced by both porous media and nanofluid 13%.

Nomenclature

:Solar radiation
a:Heat transfer augmentation coefficient
A:Solar collector area
Bf:Basic fluid
:Specific heat capacity of the nanofluid
F:Constant of air dilution
:Thermal conductivity of the nanofluid
:Thermal conductivity of the basic fluid
:Viscosity of the nanofluid
:Viscosity of the basic fluid
:Collector efficiency
:Collector energy receives
:Auxiliary boiler heat
:Expander energy
:Gas energy
:Screw expander work
:Cooling load, in kilowatts
:Heating load, in kilowatts
:Solar radiation energy on collector, in Joule
:Sanitary hot water load
Np:Nanoparticle
:Energy efficiency
:Heat exchanger efficiency
:Sun exergy
:Collector exergy
:Natural gas exergy
:Expander exergy
:Cooling exergy
:Heating exergy
:Exergy efficiency
:Steam mass flow rate
:Hot water mass flow rate
:Specific heat capacity of water
:Power output form by the screw expander
Tam:Average ambient temperature
:Density of the mixture.

Greek symbols

ρ:Density
ϕ:Nanoparticles volume fraction
β:Ratio of the nanolayer thickness.

Abbreviations

CCHP:Combined cooling, heating, and power
EES:Engineering equation solver.

Data Availability

For this study, data were generated by CARRIER software for the average electrical, heating, and cooling load of a residential building with 600 m2 in the city of Zahedan, Iran.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract no. 71761030 and Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia under Contract no. 2019LH07003.

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Energy and exergy analysis of an enhanced solar CCHP system with a collector embedded by porous media and nano fluid

Energy and exergy analysis of an enhanced solar CCHP system with a collector embedded by porous media and nano fluid

Year 2021, Volume 7, Issue 6, 1489 – 1505, 02.09.2021

N. TONEKABONI  H. SALARIAN  M. Eshagh NIMVARI  J. KHALEGHINIA https://doi.org/10.18186/thermal.990897

Abstract

The low efficiency of Collectors that absorb energy can be mentioned as one of the drawbacks in solar cogeneration cycles. In the present study, solar systems have been improved by adding porous media and Nanofluid to collectors. One advantage of using porous media and nanomaterials is to absorb more energy while the surface area is reduced. In this study, first, solar collectors are enhanced using 90% porosity copper in solar combined cooling, heating and power systems (SCCHP). Second, different percentages of CuO and Al2O3 nano-fluids are added to a flat plate and parabolic collectors to enhance thermal properties. Simulations are performed in different modes (simple parabolic collectors, simple flat plate collectors, improved flat plate collectors, parabolic collectors with porous media, and flat plate and parabolic collectors with different density of CuO and Al2O3 nanofluids). A case study is investigated for warm and dry regions with mean solar radiation Ib = 820 w / m2 in Iran. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies are 60.12% and 18.84%, respectively, that is related to enhanced parabolic solar collectors with porous media and nanofluids. Adding porous media and nano-fluids increases an average 14.4% collector energy efficiency and 8.08% collector exergy efficiency.

Keywords

Exergy analysis, Solar cogeneration system, Porous media, Nanofluid

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Details

Primary LanguageEnglish
SubjectsEngineering
Journal SectionArticles
AuthorsN. TONEKABONI  This is me
Islamic Azad University Nour Branch
0000-0002-1563-4407
IranH. SALARIAN  This is me (Primary Author)
Islamic Azad University Nour Branch
0000-0002-2161-0276
IranM. Eshagh NIMVARI  This is me
Amol University of Special Modern Technologies
0000-0002-7401-315X
IranJ. KHALEGHINIA  This is me
Islamic Azad University Nour Branch
0000-0001-5357-193X
Iran
Publication DateSeptember 2, 2021
Application DateDecember 28, 2020
Acceptance DateMay 9, 2020
Published in IssueYear 2021, Volume 7, Issue 6
원문 보기
Fig. 1. Schematic of (a) geometry of the simulation model, (b) A-A cross-section presenting the locations of point probes for recording temperature history (unit: µm).

Laser powder bed fusion of 17-4 PH stainless steel: a comparative study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties

17-4 PH 스테인리스강의 레이저 분말 베드 융합: 열처리가 미세조직의 진화 및 기계적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대한 비교 연구

panelS.Saboonia, A.Chaboka, S.Fenga,e, H.Blaauwb, T.C.Pijperb,c, H.J.Yangd, Y.T.Peia
aDepartment of Advanced Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
bPhilips Personal Care, Oliemolenstraat 5, 9203 ZN, Drachten, The Netherlands
cInnovation Cluster Drachten, Nipkowlaan 5, 9207 JA, Drachten, The Netherlands
dShi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
eSchool of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China

Abstract

17-4 PH (precipitation hardening) stainless steel is commonly used for the fabrication of complicated molds with conformal cooling channels using laser powder bed fusion process (L-PBF). However, their microstructure in the as-printed condition varies notably with the chemical composition of the feedstock powder, resulting in different age-hardening behavior. In the present investigation, 17-4 PH stainless steel components were fabricated by L-PBF from two different feedstock powders, and subsequently subjected to different combinations of post-process heat treatments. It was observed that the microstructure in as-printed conditions could be almost fully martensitic or ferritic, depending on the ratio of Creq/Nieq of the feedstock powder. Aging treatment at 480 °C improved the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the as-printed components. However, specimens with martensitic structures exhibited accelerated age-hardening response compared with the ferritic specimens due to the higher lattice distortion and dislocation accumulation, resulting in the “dislocation pipe diffusion mechanism”. It was also found that the martensitic structures were highly susceptible to the formation of reverted austenite during direct aging treatment, where 19.5% of austenite phase appeared in the microstructure after 15 h of direct aging. Higher fractions of reverted austenite activates the transformation induced plasticity and improves the ductility of heat treated specimens. The results of the present study can be used to tailor the microstructure of the L-PBF printed 17-4 PH stainless steel by post-process heat treatments to achieve a good combination of mechanical properties.

17-4 PH(석출 경화) 스테인리스강은 레이저 분말 베드 융합 공정(L-PBF)을 사용하여 등각 냉각 채널이 있는 복잡한 금형 제작에 일반적으로 사용됩니다. 그러나 인쇄된 상태의 미세 구조는 공급원료 분말의 화학적 조성에 따라 크게 달라지므로 시효 경화 거동이 다릅니다.

현재 조사에서 17-4 PH 스테인리스강 구성요소는 L-PBF에 의해 두 가지 다른 공급원료 분말로 제조되었으며, 이후에 다양한 조합의 후처리 열처리를 거쳤습니다. 인쇄된 상태의 미세구조는 공급원료 분말의 Creq/Nieq 비율에 따라 거의 완전히 마르텐사이트 또는 페라이트인 것으로 관찰되었습니다.

480 °C에서 노화 처리는 인쇄된 구성 요소의 수율과 극한 인장 강도를 개선했습니다. 그러나 마텐자이트 구조의 시편은 격자 변형 및 전위 축적이 높아 페라이트 시편에 비해 시효 경화 반응이 가속화되어 “전위 파이프 확산 메커니즘”이 발생합니다.

또한 마르텐사이트 구조는 직접 시효 처리 중에 복귀된 오스테나이트의 형성에 매우 민감한 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 여기서 15시간의 직접 시효 후 미세 조직에 19.5%의 오스테나이트 상이 나타났습니다.

복귀된 오스테나이트의 비율이 높을수록 변형 유도 가소성이 활성화되고 열처리된 시편의 연성이 향상됩니다. 본 연구의 결과는 기계적 특성의 우수한 조합을 달성하기 위해 후처리 열처리를 통해 L-PBF로 인쇄된 17-4 PH 스테인리스강의 미세 구조를 조정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

Keywords

Laser powder bed fusion17-4 PH stainless steelPost-process heat treatmentAge hardeningReverted austenite

Fig. 1. Schematic of (a) geometry of the simulation model, (b) A-A cross-section presenting the locations of point probes for recording temperature history (unit: µm).
Fig. 1. Schematic of (a) geometry of the simulation model, (b) A-A cross-section presenting the locations of point probes for recording temperature history (unit: µm).
Fig. 2. Optical (a, b) and TEM (c) micrographs of the wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel.
Fig. 2. Optical (a, b) and TEM (c) micrographs of the wrought 17-4 PH stainless steel.
Fig. 3. EBSD micrographs of the as-printed 17-4 PH steel fabricated with “powder A” (a, b) and “powder B” (c, d) on two different cross sections: (a, c) perpendicular to the building direction, and (b, d) parallel to the building direction.
Fig. 3. EBSD micrographs of the as-printed 17-4 PH steel fabricated with “powder A” (a, b) and “powder B” (c, d) on two different cross sections: (a, c) perpendicular to the building direction, and (b, d) parallel to the building direction.
Fig. 4. Microstructure of the as-printed 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated with “powder A” (a) and “powder B” (b).
Fig. 4. Microstructure of the as-printed 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated with “powder A” (a) and “powder B” (b).
Fig. 5. Simulated temperature history of the probes located at the cross section of the L-PBF 17-4 PH steel sample.
Fig. 5. Simulated temperature history of the probes located at the cross section of the L-PBF 17-4 PH steel sample.
Fig. 6. Dependency of the volume fraction of delta ferrite in the final microstructure of L-PBF printed 17-4 PH steel as a function of Creq/Nieq.
Fig. 6. Dependency of the volume fraction of delta ferrite in the final microstructure of L-PBF printed 17-4 PH steel as a function of Creq/Nieq.
Fig. 7. IQ + IPF (left column), parent austenite grain maps (middle column) and phase maps (right column, green color = martensite, red color = austenite) of the post-process heat treated 17-4 PH stainless steel: (a-c) direct aged, (d-f) HIP + aging, (g-i) SA + Aging, and (j-l) HIP + SA + aging (all sample were printed with “powder A”).
Fig. 7. IQ + IPF (left column), parent austenite grain maps (middle column) and phase maps (right column, green color = martensite, red color = austenite) of the post-process heat treated 17-4 PH stainless steel: (a-c) direct aged, (d-f) HIP + aging, (g-i) SA + Aging, and (j-l) HIP + SA + aging (all sample were printed with “powder A”).
Fig. 8. TEM micrographs of the post process heat treated 17-4 PH stainless steel: (a) direct aging and (b) HIP + aging (printed with “powder A”).
Fig. 8. TEM micrographs of the post process heat treated 17-4 PH stainless steel: (a) direct aging and (b) HIP + aging (printed with “powder A”).
Fig. 9. XRD patterns of the post-process heat treated 17-4 PH stainless steel printed with “powder A”.
Fig. 9. XRD patterns of the post-process heat treated 17-4 PH stainless steel printed with “powder A”.
Fig. 10. (a) Volume fraction of reverted austenite as a function of aging time for “direct aging” condition, (b) phase map (green color = martensite, red color = austenite) of the 15 h direct aged specimen printed with “powder A”.
Fig. 10. (a) Volume fraction of reverted austenite as a function of aging time for “direct aging” condition, (b) phase map (green color = martensite, red color = austenite) of the 15 h direct aged specimen printed with “powder A”.
Fig. 11. Microhardness variations of the “direct aged” specimens as a function of aging time at 480 °C.
Fig. 11. Microhardness variations of the “direct aged” specimens as a function of aging time at 480 °C.
Fig. 12. Kernel average misorientation graphs of the as-printed 17-4 PH steel with (a) martensitic structure (printed with “powder A”) and (b) ferritic structure (printed with “powder b”).
Fig. 12. Kernel average misorientation graphs of the as-printed 17-4 PH steel with (a) martensitic structure (printed with “powder A”) and (b) ferritic structure (printed with “powder b”).
Fig. 13. Typical stress-strain curves (a) along with the yield and ultimate tensile strengths (b) and elongation (c) of the as-printed and post-process heat treated 17-4 PH stainless steel (all sample are fabricated with “powder A”).
Fig. 13. Typical stress-strain curves (a) along with the yield and ultimate tensile strengths (b) and elongation (c) of the as-printed and post-process heat treated 17-4 PH stainless steel (all sample are fabricated with “powder A”).
Fig. 14. (a) IQ + IPF and (b) phase map (green color = martensite, red color = austenite) of the “direct aged” specimen after tensile test at a location nearby the rupture point (tension direction from left to right).
Fig. 14. (a) IQ + IPF and (b) phase map (green color = martensite, red color = austenite) of the “direct aged” specimen after tensile test at a location nearby the rupture point (tension direction from left to right).

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electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig1

A survey of electromagnetic metal casting computation designs, present approaches, future possibilities, and practical issues

The European Physical Journal Plus volume 136, Article number: 704 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Electromagnetic metal casting (EMC) is a casting technique that uses electromagnetic energy to heat metal powders. It is a faster, cleaner, and less time-consuming operation. Solid metals create issues in electromagnetics since they reflect the electromagnetic radiation rather than consume it—electromagnetic energy processing results in sounded pieces with higher-ranking material properties and a more excellent microstructure solution. For the physical production of the electromagnetic casting process, knowledge of electromagnetic material interaction is critical. Even where the heated material is an excellent electromagnetic absorber, the total heating quality is sometimes insufficient. Numerical modelling works on finding the proper coupled effects between properties to bring out the most effective operation. The main parameters influencing the quality of output of the EMC process are: power dissipated per unit volume into the material, penetration depth of electromagnetics, complex magnetic permeability and complex dielectric permittivity. The contact mechanism and interference pattern also, in turn, determines the quality of the process. Only a few parameters, such as the environment’s temperature, the interference pattern, and the rate of metal solidification, can be controlled by AI models. Neural networks are used to achieve exact outcomes by stimulating the neurons in the human brain. Additive manufacturing (AM) is used to design mold and cores for metal casting. The models outperformed the traditional DFA optimization approach, which is susceptible to local minima. The system works only offline, so real-time analysis and corrections are not yet possible.

Korea Abstract

전자기 금속 주조 (EMC)는 전자기 에너지를 사용하여 금속 분말을 가열하는 주조 기술입니다. 더 빠르고 깨끗하며 시간이 덜 소요되는 작업입니다.

고체 금속은 전자기 복사를 소비하는 대신 반사하기 때문에 전자기학에서 문제를 일으킵니다. 전자기 에너지 처리는 더 높은 등급의 재료 특성과 더 우수한 미세 구조 솔루션을 가진 사운드 조각을 만듭니다.

전자기 주조 공정의 물리적 생산을 위해서는 전자기 물질 상호 작용에 대한 지식이 중요합니다. 가열된 물질이 우수한 전자기 흡수재인 경우에도 전체 가열 품질이 때때로 불충분합니다. 수치 모델링은 가장 효과적인 작업을 이끌어 내기 위해 속성 간의 적절한 결합 효과를 찾는데 사용됩니다.

EMC 공정의 출력 품질에 영향을 미치는 주요 매개 변수는 단위 부피당 재료로 분산되는 전력, 전자기의 침투 깊이, 복합 자기 투과성 및 복합 유전율입니다. 접촉 메커니즘과 간섭 패턴 또한 공정의 품질을 결정합니다. 환경 온도, 간섭 패턴 및 금속 응고 속도와 같은 몇 가지 매개 변수 만 AI 모델로 제어 할 수 있습니다.

신경망은 인간 뇌의 뉴런을 자극하여 정확한 결과를 얻기 위해 사용됩니다. 적층 제조 (AM)는 금속 주조용 몰드 및 코어를 설계하는 데 사용됩니다. 모델은 로컬 최소값에 영향을 받기 쉬운 기존 DFA 최적화 접근 방식을 능가했습니다. 이 시스템은 오프라인에서만 작동하므로 실시간 분석 및 수정은 아직 불가능합니다.

electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig1
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig1
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig2
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig2
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig3
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig3
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig4
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig4
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig5
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig5
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig6
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig6
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig7
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig7
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig8
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig8
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig9
electromagnetic metal casting computation designs Fig9

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Figure 6. Evolution of melt pool in the overhang region (θ = 45°, P = 100 W, v = 1000 mm/s, the streamlines are shown by arrows).

Experimental and numerical investigation of the origin of surface roughness in laser powder bed fused overhang regions

레이저 파우더 베드 융합 오버행 영역에서 표면 거칠기의 원인에 대한 실험 및 수치 조사

Shaochuan Feng,Amar M. Kamat,Soheil Sabooni &Yutao PeiPages S66-S84 | Received 18 Jan 2021, Accepted 25 Feb 2021, Published online: 10 Mar 2021

ABSTRACT

Surface roughness of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) printed overhang regions is a major contributor to deteriorated shape accuracy/surface quality. This study investigates the mechanisms behind the evolution of surface roughness (Ra) in overhang regions. The evolution of surface morphology is the result of a combination of border track contour, powder adhesion, warp deformation, and dross formation, which is strongly related to the overhang angle (θ). When 0° ≤ θ ≤ 15°, the overhang angle does not affect Ra significantly since only a small area of the melt pool boundaries contacts the powder bed resulting in slight powder adhesion. When 15° < θ ≤ 50°, powder adhesion is enhanced by the melt pool sinking and the increased contact area between the melt pool boundary and powder bed. When θ > 50°, large waviness of the overhang contour, adhesion of powder clusters, severe warp deformation and dross formation increase Ra sharply.

레이저 파우더 베드 퓨전 (L-PBF) 프린팅 오버행 영역의 표면 거칠기는 형상 정확도 / 표면 품질 저하의 주요 원인입니다. 이 연구 는 오버행 영역에서 표면 거칠기 (Ra ) 의 진화 뒤에 있는 메커니즘을 조사합니다 . 표면 형태의 진화는 오버행 각도 ( θ ) 와 밀접한 관련이있는 경계 트랙 윤곽, 분말 접착, 뒤틀림 변형 및 드로스 형성의 조합의 결과입니다 . 0° ≤  θ  ≤ 15° 인 경우 , 용융풀 경계의 작은 영역 만 분말 베드와 접촉하여 약간의 분말 접착이 발생하기 때문에 오버행 각도가 R a에 큰 영향을 주지 않습니다 . 15° < θ 일 때  ≤ 50°, 용융 풀 싱킹 및 용융 풀 경계와 분말 베드 사이의 증가된 접촉 면적으로 분말 접착력이 향상됩니다. θ  > 50° 일 때 오버행 윤곽의 큰 파형, 분말 클러스터의 접착, 심한 휨 변형 및 드 로스 형성이 Ra 급격히 증가 합니다.

KEYWORDS: Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), melt pool dynamics, overhang region, shape deviation, surface roughness

1. Introduction

레이저 분말 베드 융합 (L-PBF)은 첨단 적층 제조 (AM) 기술로, 집중된 레이저 빔을 사용하여 금속 분말을 선택적으로 융합하여 슬라이스 된 3D 컴퓨터 지원에 따라 층별로 3 차원 (3D) 금속 부품을 구축합니다. 설계 (CAD) 모델 (Chatham, Long 및 Williams 2019 ; Tan, Zhu 및 Zhou 2020 ). 재료가 인쇄 층 아래에 ​​존재하는지 여부에 따라 인쇄 영역은 각각 솔리드 영역 또는 돌출 영역으로 분류 될 수 있습니다. 따라서 오버행 영역은 고체 기판이 아니라 분말 베드 바로 위에 건설되는 특수 구조입니다 (Patterson, Messimer 및 Farrington 2017). 오버행 영역은지지 구조를 포함하거나 포함하지 않고 구축 할 수 있으며, 지지대가있는 돌출 영역의 L-PBF는 지지체가 더 낮은 밀도로 구축된다는 점을 제외 하고 (Wang and Chou 2018 ) 고체 기판의 공정과 유사합니다 (따라서 기계적 강도가 낮기 때문에 L-PBF 공정 후 기계적으로 쉽게 제거 할 수 있습니다. 따라서지지 구조로 인쇄 된 오버행 영역은 L-PBF 공정 후 지지물 제거, 연삭 및 연마와 같은 추가 후 처리 단계가 필요합니다.

수평 내부 채널의 제작과 같은 일부 특정 경우에는 공정 후 지지대를 제거하기가 어려우므로 채널 상단 절반의 돌출부 영역을 지지대없이 건설해야합니다 (Hopkinson and Dickens 2000 ). 수평 내부 채널에 사용할 수없는지지 구조 외에도 내부 표면, 특히 등각 냉각 채널 (Feng, Kamat 및 Pei 2021 ) 에서 발생하는 복잡한 3D 채널 네트워크의 경우 표면 마감 프로세스를 구현하는 것도 어렵습니다 . 결과적으로 오버행 영역은 (i) 잔류 응력에 의한 변형, (ii) 계단 효과 (Kuo et al. 2020 ; Li et al. 2020 )로 인해 설계된 모양에서 벗어날 수 있습니다 .) 및 (iii) 원하지 않는 분말 소결로 인한 향상된 표면 거칠기; 여기서, 앞의 두 요소는 일반적으로 mm 길이 스케일에서 ‘매크로’편차로 분류되고 후자는 일반적으로 µm 길이 스케일에서 ‘마이크로’편차로 인식됩니다.

열 응력에 의한 변형은 오버행 영역에서 발생하는 중요한 문제입니다 (Patterson, Messimer 및 Farrington 2017 ). 국부적 인 용융 / 냉각은 용융 풀 내부 및 주변에서 큰 온도 구배를 유도하여 응고 된 층에 집중적 인 열 응력을 유발합니다. 열 응력에 의한 뒤틀림은 고체 영역을 현저하게 변형하지 않습니다. 이러한 영역은 아래의 여러 레이어에 의해 제한되기 때문입니다. 반면에 오버행 영역은 구속되지 않고 공정 중 응력 완화로 인해 상당한 변형이 발생합니다 (Kamat 및 Pei 2019 ). 더욱이 용융 깊이는 레이어 두께보다 큽니다 (이전 레이어도 재용 해되어 빌드 된 레이어간에 충분한 결합을 보장하기 때문입니다 [Yadroitsev et al. 2013 ; Kamath et al.2014 ]),응고 된 두께가 설계된 두께보다 크기 때문에형태 편차 (예 : 드 로스 [Charles et al. 2020 ; Feng et al. 2020 ])가 발생합니다. 마이크로 스케일에서 인쇄 된 표면 (R a 및 S a ∼ 10 μm)은 기계적으로 가공 된 표면보다 거칠다 (Duval-Chaneac et al. 2018 ; Wen et al. 2018 ). 이 문제는고형화 된 용융 풀의 가장자리에 부착 된 용융되지 않은 분말의 결과로 표면 거칠기 (R a )가 일반적으로 약 20 μm인 오버행 영역에서 특히 심각합니다 (Mazur et al. 2016 ; Pakkanen et al. 2016 ).

오버행 각도 ( θ , 빌드 방향과 관련하여 측정)는 오버행 영역의 뒤틀림 편향과 표면 거칠기에 영향을 미치는 중요한 매개 변수입니다 (Kamat and Pei 2019 ; Mingear et al. 2019 ). θ ∼ 45 ° 의 오버행 각도 는 일반적으로지지 구조없이 오버행 영역을 인쇄 할 수있는 임계 값으로 합의됩니다 (Pakkanen et al. 2016 ; Kadirgama et al. 2018 ). θ 일 때이 임계 값보다 크면 오버행 영역을 허용 가능한 표면 품질로 인쇄 할 수 없습니다. 오버행 각도 외에도 레이저 매개 변수 (레이저 에너지 밀도와 관련된)는 용융 풀의 모양 / 크기 및 용융 풀 역학에 영향을줌으로써 오버행 영역의 표면 거칠기에 영향을줍니다 (Wang et al. 2013 ; Mingear et al . 2019 ).

용융 풀 역학은 고체 (Shrestha 및 Chou 2018 ) 및 오버행 (Le et al. 2020 ) 영역 모두에서 수행되는 L-PBF 공정을 포함한 레이저 재료 가공의 일반적인 물리적 현상입니다 . 용융 풀 모양, 크기 및 냉각 속도는 잔류 응력으로 인한 변형과 ​​표면 거칠기에 모두 영향을 미치므로 처리 매개 변수와 표면 형태 / 품질 사이의 다리 역할을하며 용융 풀을 이해하기 위해 수치 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 추가 조사를 수행 할 수 있습니다. 거동과 표면 거칠기에 미치는 영향. 현재까지 고체 영역의 L-PBF 동안 용융 풀 동작을 시뮬레이션하기 위해 여러 연구가 수행되었습니다. 유한 요소 방법 (FEM)과 같은 시뮬레이션 기술 (Roberts et al. 2009 ; Du et al.2019 ), 유한 차분 법 (FDM) (Wu et al. 2018 ), 전산 유체 역학 (CFD) (Lee and Zhang 2016 ), 임의의 Lagrangian-Eulerian 방법 (ALE) (Khairallah and Anderson 2014 )을 사용하여 증발 반동 압력 (Hu et al. 2018 ) 및 Marangoni 대류 (Zhang et al. 2018 ) 현상을포함하는 열 전달 (온도 장) 및 물질 전달 (용융 흐름) 프로세스. 또한 이산 요소법 (DEM)을 사용하여 무작위 분산 분말 베드를 생성했습니다 (Lee and Zhang 2016 ; Wu et al. 2018 ). 이 모델은 분말 규모의 L-PBF 공정을 시뮬레이션했습니다 (Khairallah et al. 2016) 메조 스케일 (Khairallah 및 Anderson 2014 ), 단일 트랙 (Leitz et al. 2017 )에서 다중 트랙 (Foroozmehr et al. 2016 ) 및 다중 레이어 (Huang, Khamesee 및 Toyserkani 2019 )로.

그러나 결과적인 표면 거칠기를 결정하는 오버행 영역의 용융 풀 역학은 문헌에서 거의 관심을받지 못했습니다. 솔리드 영역의 L-PBF에 대한 기존 시뮬레이션 모델이 어느 정도 참조가 될 수 있지만 오버행 영역과 솔리드 영역 간의 용융 풀 역학에는 상당한 차이가 있습니다. 오버행 영역에서 용융 금속은 분말 입자 사이의 틈새로 아래로 흘러 용융 풀이 다공성 분말 베드가 제공하는 약한 지지체 아래로 가라 앉습니다. 이것은 중력과 표면 장력의 영향이 용융 풀의 결과적인 모양 / 크기를 결정하는 데 중요하며, 결과적으로 오버행 영역의 마이크로 스케일 형태의 진화에 중요합니다. 또한 분말 입자 사이의 공극, 열 조건 (예 : 에너지 흡수,2019 ; Karimi et al. 2020 ; 노래와 영 2020 ). 표면 거칠기는 (마이크로) 형상 편차를 증가시킬뿐만 아니라 주기적 하중 동안 미세 균열의 시작 지점 역할을함으로써 기계적 강도를 저하시킵니다 (Günther et al. 2018 ). 오버행 영역의 높은 표면 거칠기는 (마이크로) 정확도 / 품질에 대한 엄격한 요구 사항이있는 부품 제조에서 L-PBF의 적용을 제한합니다.

본 연구는 실험 및 시뮬레이션 연구를 사용하여 오버행 영역 (지지물없이 제작)의 미세 형상 편차 형성 메커니즘과 표면 거칠기의 기원을 체계적이고 포괄적으로 조사합니다. 결합 된 DEM-CFD 시뮬레이션 모델은 경계 트랙 윤곽, 분말 접착 및 뒤틀림 변형의 효과를 고려하여 오버행 영역의 용융 풀 역학과 표면 형태의 형성 메커니즘을 나타 내기 위해 개발되었습니다. 표면 거칠기 R의 시뮬레이션 및 단일 요인 L-PBF 인쇄 실험을 사용하여 오버행 각도의 함수로 연구됩니다. 용융 풀의 침몰과 관련된 오버행 영역에서 분말 접착의 세 가지 메커니즘이 식별되고 자세히 설명됩니다. 마지막으로, 인쇄 된 오버행 영역에서 높은 표면 거칠기 문제를 완화 할 수 있는 잠재적 솔루션에 대해 간략하게 설명합니다.

The shape and size of the L-PBF printed samples are illustrated in Figure 1
The shape and size of the L-PBF printed samples are illustrated in Figure 1
Figure 2. Borders in the overhang region depending on the overhang angle θ
Figure 2. Borders in the overhang region depending on the overhang angle θ
Figure 3. (a) Profile of the volumetric heat source, (b) the model geometry of single-track printing on a solid substrate (unit: µm), and (c) the comparison of melt pool dimensions obtained from the experiment (right half) and simulation (left half) for a calibrated optical penetration depth of 110 µm (laser power 200 W and scan speed 800 mm/s, solidified layer thickness 30 µm, powder size 10–45 µm).
Figure 3. (a) Profile of the volumetric heat source, (b) the model geometry of single-track printing on a solid substrate (unit: µm), and (c) the comparison of melt pool dimensions obtained from the experiment (right half) and simulation (left half) for a calibrated optical penetration depth of 110 µm (laser power 200 W and scan speed 800 mm/s, solidified layer thickness 30 µm, powder size 10–45 µm).
Figure 4. The model geometry of an overhang being L-PBF processed: (a) 3D view and (b) right view.
Figure 4. The model geometry of an overhang being L-PBF processed: (a) 3D view and (b) right view.
Figure 5. The cross-sectional contour of border tracks in a 45° overhang region.
Figure 5. The cross-sectional contour of border tracks in a 45° overhang region.
Figure 6. Evolution of melt pool in the overhang region (θ = 45°, P = 100 W, v = 1000 mm/s, the streamlines are shown by arrows).
Figure 6. Evolution of melt pool in the overhang region (θ = 45°, P = 100 W, v = 1000 mm/s, the streamlines are shown by arrows).
Figure 7. The overhang contour is contributed by (a) only outer borders when θ ≤ 60° (b) both inner borders and outer borders when θ > 60°.
Figure 7. The overhang contour is contributed by (a) only outer borders when θ ≤ 60° (b) both inner borders and outer borders when θ > 60°.
Figure 8. Schematic of powder adhesion on a 45° overhang region.
Figure 8. Schematic of powder adhesion on a 45° overhang region.
Figure 9. The L-PBF printed samples with various overhang angle (a) θ = 0° (cube), (b) θ = 30°, (c) θ = 45°, (d) θ = 55° and (e) θ = 60°.
Figure 9. The L-PBF printed samples with various overhang angle (a) θ = 0° (cube), (b) θ = 30°, (c) θ = 45°, (d) θ = 55° and (e) θ = 60°.
Figure 10. Two mechanisms of powder adhesion related to the overhang angle: (a) simulation-predicted, θ = 45°; (b) simulation-predicted, θ = 60°; (c, e) optical micrographs, θ = 45°; (d, f) optical micrographs, θ = 60°. (e) and (f) are partial enlargement of (c) and (d), respectively.
Figure 10. Two mechanisms of powder adhesion related to the overhang angle: (a) simulation-predicted, θ = 45°; (b) simulation-predicted, θ = 60°; (c, e) optical micrographs, θ = 45°; (d, f) optical micrographs, θ = 60°. (e) and (f) are partial enlargement of (c) and (d), respectively.
Figure 11. Simulation-predicted surface morphology in the overhang region at different overhang angle: (a) θ = 15°, (b) θ = 30°, (c) θ = 45°, (d) θ = 60° and (e) θ = 80° (Blue solid lines: simulation-predicted contour; red dashed lines: the planar profile of designed overhang region specified by the overhang angles).
Figure 11. Simulation-predicted surface morphology in the overhang region at different overhang angle: (a) θ = 15°, (b) θ = 30°, (c) θ = 45°, (d) θ = 60° and (e) θ = 80° (Blue solid lines: simulation-predicted contour; red dashed lines: the planar profile of designed overhang region specified by the overhang angles).
Figure 12. Effect of overhang angle on surface roughness Ra in overhang regions
Figure 12. Effect of overhang angle on surface roughness Ra in overhang regions
Figure 13. Surface morphology of L-PBF printed overhang regions with different overhang angle: (a) θ = 15°, (b) θ = 30°, (c) θ = 45° and (d) θ = 60° (overhang border parameters: P = 100 W, v = 1000 mm/s).
Figure 13. Surface morphology of L-PBF printed overhang regions with different overhang angle: (a) θ = 15°, (b) θ = 30°, (c) θ = 45° and (d) θ = 60° (overhang border parameters: P = 100 W, v = 1000 mm/s).
Figure 14. Effect of (a) laser power (scan speed = 1000 mm/s) and (b) scan speed (lase power = 100 W) on surface roughness Ra in overhang regions (θ = 45°, laser power and scan speed referred to overhang border parameters, and the other process parameters are listed in Table 2).
Figure 14. Effect of (a) laser power (scan speed = 1000 mm/s) and (b) scan speed (lase power = 100 W) on surface roughness Ra in overhang regions (θ = 45°, laser power and scan speed referred to overhang border parameters, and the other process parameters are listed in Table 2).

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Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles

Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles

Xiang Wang  Lin-Jie Zhang  Jie Ning  Sen Li  Liang-Liang Zhang  Jian Long
State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Received 22 January 2021, Revised 6 April 2021, Accepted 6 May 2021, Available online 2 June 2021.

Abstract

Ti-6Al-4V alloys mad by additive manufacturing (AM) with slower cooling rate (e. g., direct energy deposition (DED)) generally have the problem of severe coarsening of α phase. This study presents a method to refine the microstructure of the primary β phase formed during the solid–liquid transformation, microstructures formed during the β → α + β transformation, and recrystallized microstructures formed during the repeated heating cycles encountered in AM processes. This is accomplished by the in situ precipitation of nano-sized dispersed high-melting-point yttria Y2O3 particles. The addition of micron-sized particles with high melting points can refine primary crystallized grains and transformed grains corresponding to the secondary phase in Ti-6Al-4V alloys. In addition, they can effectively inhibit the recrystallization and growth of prior-deposited metal grains. The microstructural and tensile properties of laser additive manufactured with filler wire Ti-6Al-4V components with different amounts of Y2O3 (0, 0.12, and 0.22 wt%) were investigated. The refining effect of Y2O3 was significant and the tensile strength of Ti-6Al-4V containing 0.22 wt% Y2O3 in the longitudinal and transverse directions was greater than that of Ti-6Al-4V by approximately 12% and 9%, respectively. Concurrently, there was no loss in the elongation of the material in either direction. The strategy of using micron-sized refractory particles to control phase transformation (primary crystallization, solid-state phase transformation, and recrystallization) can be applied to the AM of different metals, in which microstructures are susceptible to coarsening.

Korea Abstract

더 느린 냉각 속도 (예를 들어, 직접 에너지 증착 (DED))를 가진 적층 제조 (AM)에 의해 미친 Ti-6Al-4V 합금은 일반적으로 α상의 심한 조 대화 문제가 있습니다. 이 연구는 고체-액체 변환 중에 형성된 1 차 β상의 미세 구조, β → α + β 변환 중에 형성된 미세 구조, AM 공정에서 발생하는 반복되는 가열주기 동안 형성된 재결정 화 된 미세 구조를 정제하는 방법을 제시합니다.

이는 나노 크기의 분산 된 고 융점이 트리아 Y2O3 입자의 현장 침전에 의해 달성됩니다. 녹는 점이 높은 미크론 크기의 입자를 추가하면 Ti-6Al-4V 합금의 2 차 상에 해당하는 1 차 결정 입자 및 변형 된 입자를 정제 할 수 있습니다. 또한 사전에 증착 된 금속 입자의 재결정 화 및 성장을 효과적으로 억제 할 수 있습니다.

Y2O3 (0, 0.12, 0.22 wt %)의 양이 다른 필러 와이어 Ti-6Al-4V 성분으로 제조 된 레이저 첨가제의 미세 구조 및 인장 특성을 조사했습니다. Y2O3의 정제 효과는 유의미했으며, Y2O3 0.22 wt %를 세로 및 가로 방향으로 포함하는 Ti-6Al-4V의 인장 강도는 Ti-6Al-4V보다 각각 약 12 ​​% 및 9 % 더 컸습니다.

동시에 어느 방향으로도 재료의 연신율에 손실이 없었습니다. 미크론 크기의 내화 입자를 사용하여 상 변환 (1 차 결정화, 고체 상 변환 및 재결정 화)을 제어하는 ​​전략은 미세 구조가 거칠어지기 쉬운 다양한 금속의 AM에 적용될 수 있습니다.

Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig1
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig1
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig2
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig2
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig3
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig3
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig4
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig4
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig5
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig5
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig6
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig6
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig7
Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles Fig7

Keywords

Grain hierarchical refinement, Yttria, Solidification microstructures, Solid phase transition microstructures, Recrystallization microstructures

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Effect of Y2O3 on microstructure

Hierarchical grain refinement during the laser additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the addition of micron-sized refractory particles

미크론 크기의 내화물 입자를 추가하여 Ti-6Al-4V 합금의 레이저 적층 제조중 계층적 입자 미세 조정

Xiang Wang, Lin-Jie Zhang, Jie Ning, Sen Li, Liang-Liang Zhang, Jian Long
State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Abstract

Ti-6Al-4V alloys mad by additive manufacturing (AM) with slower cooling rate (e. g., direct energy deposition (DED)) generally have the problem of severe coarsening of α phase. This study presents a method to refine the microstructure of the primary β phase formed during the solid–liquid transformation, microstructures formed during the β → α + β transformation, and recrystallized microstructures formed during the repeated heating cycles encountered in AM processes. This is accomplished by the in situ precipitation of nano-sized dispersed high-melting-point yttria Y2O3 particles. The addition of micron-sized particles with high melting points can refine primary crystallized grains and transformed grains corresponding to the secondary phase in Ti-6Al-4V alloys. In addition, they can effectively inhibit the recrystallization and growth of prior-deposited metal grains. The microstructural and tensile properties of laser additive manufactured with filler wire Ti-6Al-4V components with different amounts of Y2O3 (0, 0.12, and 0.22 wt%) were investigated. The refining effect of Y2O3 was significant and the tensile strength of Ti-6Al-4V containing 0.22 wt% Y2O3 in the longitudinal and transverse directions was greater than that of Ti-6Al-4V by approximately 12% and 9%, respectively. Concurrently, there was no loss in the elongation of the material in either direction. The strategy of using micron-sized refractory particles to control phase transformation (primary crystallization, solid-state phase transformation, and recrystallization) can be applied to the AM of different metals, in which microstructures are susceptible to coarsening.

냉각 속도가 느린 적층 제조(AM)에 의해 제조된 Ti-6Al-4V 합금은 일반적으로 α상(예: 직접 에너지 증착(DED)의 심각한 응고 문제를 가지고 있습니다. 이 연구는 고체-액체 변환 중에 형성된 1 차 β상의 미세 구조, β → α + β 변환 중에 형성된 미세 구조, AM 공정에서 발생하는 반복되는 가열주기 동안 형성된 재 결정화된 미세 구조를 정제하는 방법을 제시합니다.

이것은 나노 크기의 분산된 고 융점이 트리아 Y2O3 입자의 현장 침전에 의해 달성됩니다. 녹는 점이 높은 미크론 크기의 입자를 추가하면 Ti-6Al-4V 합금의 2 차 상에 해당하는 1차 결정 입자 및 변형된 입자를 정제 할 수 있습니다.

또한 사전에 증착된 금속 입자의 재 결정화 및 성장을 효과적으로 억제 할 수 있습니다. Y2O3 (0, 0.12, 0.22 wt %)의 양이 다른 필러 와이어 Ti-6Al-4V 성분으로 제조 된 레이저 첨가제의 미세 구조 및 인장 특성을 조사했습니다.

Y2O3의 정제 효과는 유의미했으며, Y2O3 0.22 wt %를 세로 및 가로 방향으로 포함하는 Ti-6Al-4V의 인장 강도는 Ti-6Al-4V보다 각각 약 12 ​​% 및 9 % 더 컸습니다. 동시에 어느 방향으로도 재료의 연신율에 손실이 없었습니다.

미크론 크기의 내화 입자를 사용하여 상 변환 (1 차 결정화, 고체 상 변환 및 재결정 화)을 제어하는 ​​전략은 미세 구조가 거칠어지기 쉬운 다양한 금속의 AM에 적용될 수 있습니다.

Effect of Y2O3 on microstructure
Effect of Y2O3 on microstructure

Keywords: Grain hierarchical refinement, YttriaSolidification microstructures, Solid phase transition microstructures, Recrystallization microstructures

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Fig. 2 Temperature distributions of oil pans (Cycling)

내열마그네슘 합금을 이용한 자동차용 오일팬의 다이캐스팅 공정 연구

A Study on Die Casting Process of the Automobile Oil Pan Using the Heat Resistant Magnesium Alloy

한국자동차공학회논문집 = Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineersv.17 no.3 = no.99 , 2009년, pp.45 – 53  신현우 (두원공과대학 메카트로닉스과 ) ;  정연준 ( 현대자동차(주) ) ;  강승구 ( 인지AMT(주))

Abstract

Die casting process of Mg alloys for high temperature applications was studied to produce an engine oil pan. The aim of this paper is to evaluate die casting processes of the Aluminium oil pan and in parallel to apply new Mg alloy for die casting the oil pan. Temperature distributions of the die and flow pattern of the alloys in cavity were simulated to diecast a new Mg alloy by the flow simulation software. Dies have to be modified according to material characteristics because melting temperature and heat capacity are different. We changed the shape and position of runner, gate, vent hole and overflow by the simulation results. After several trial and error, oil pans of AE44 and MRI153M Mg alloys are produced successfully without defect. Sleeve filling ratio, cavity filling time and shot speed of die casting machine are important parameter to minimize the defect for die casting Magnesium alloy.

Keywords: 오일팬 , 내열마그네슘합금, 알루미늄 합금,  다이캐스팅, 유동해석

서론

크랭크케이스의 하부에 부착되는 오일팬은 오일 펌프에 의해 펌핑된 오일이 윤활작용을 마치고 다시 모이는 부품이다. 오일의 온도에 의해 가열되므로 일반적으로 사용되는 마그네슘 합금인 AZ나 AM계열의 합금은 사용이 불가하며 내열소재의 적용이 불가피하다.

현재 ADC12종 알루미늄 오일팬 둥이 적용되고 있으며, 이를 마그네슘으로 대체할 경우 밀도가 알루미늄 2.8g/cm3‘, 마그네슘 1.8g/cm3‘이므로 약 35%의 경량화가 가능하다고 단순하게 말할 수 있다.

그러나 탄성계수는 알루미늄 73GPa이 고 마그네슘 45GPa이므로 외부 하중을 지지하고 있는 부품의 경우는 단순한 재질의 변경만으로는 알루미늄과 같은 정도의 강성을 나타내지 못하므로 형상의 변경 등을 통한 설계 최적화가 요구된다.

마그네슘은 현재까지 개발된 여러 가지 구조용 합금들 중에서 최소의 밀도를 가지고 있으며 동시에 우수한 비강도 및 비탄성 계수를 가지고 있다.1.2)

그러나 이러한 우수한 특성을 가지는 마그네슘 합금은 경쟁 재료에 비해 절대 강도 및 인성이 낮으며 고온에서 인장 강도가 급격히 감소하고 내부식 성능이 떨어지는 등의 문제점이 있다. 현재까지 자동차 부품 중 마그네슘 합금은 Cylinder head cover, Steering wheel, Instrument panel, Seat frame 등 비교적 내열성이 요구되지 않는 부분에만 한정적으로 적용되고 있다.
자동차 산업에서 좀 더 많은 부품에 마그네슘 합금을 적용하기 위해서는 내열성을 향상 시키고 고온강도를 향상시키기 위한 새로운 합금의 개발이 이루어져야 한다. 최근 마그네슘 합금개발에 대한 연구동향은 비교적 저가인 원소를 값비싼 원소가 첨가된 합금계에 부분적으로 첨가하거나 대체함으로써 비슷한 내열 특성을 가지는 합금을 개발하고,34) 이를 자동차 산업이나 전자 산업의 내열 부품 적용으로 확대하기 위하여 진행되고 있다. 현재 마그네슘 내열 부품은 선진국에서 자동차 부품으로 개발되고 있으나6-8)

국내에서는 아직 자동차 부품에 폭 넓게 적용되고 있지 않다. 그러므로 국내 자동차 산업이 치열한 국제 시장에서 생존하기 위해서는 마그네슘 합금의 내열 부품 제조기술을 조기에 개발하여 선진국보다 기술적, 경제적 우위를 확보하는 것이 절실히 요구된다.

본 연구에서는 내열 마그네슘합금을 이용하여 알루미늄 오일팬을 대체할 수 있는 새로운 오일팬의 개발올 위한 적절한 다이캐스팅 공정방안을 도출하고자 한다.

<중략>…….

Fig. 1 Current Al oil pan and cooling lines
Fig. 1 Current Al oil pan and cooling lines
Fig. 2 Temperature distributions of oil pans (Cycling)
Fig. 2 Temperature distributions of oil pans (Cycling)
Fig. 3 Developed Mg oil pan and cooling lines
Fig. 3 Developed Mg oil pan and cooling lines
Fig. 4 Temperature distributions of Mg oil pan for new cooling lines (Cycling)
Fig. 4 Temperature distributions of Mg oil pan for new cooling lines (Cycling)
Fig. 5 Filling pattern of current Al oil pan
Fig. 5 Filling pattern of current Al oil pan
Fig. 11 Temperature distribution at t-=1.825sec
Fig. 11 Temperature distribution at t-=1.825sec

<중략>…….

결론

오일팬은 엔진 내부에서 순환되어 돌아오는 오일의 열을 외부로 발산하는 냉각기능 및 엔진으로부터 발생하는 소음이 외부로 전달되지 않도록 소음을 차단하는 역할을 수행하는 매우 중요한 부품 중의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 현재 개발 중에 있는 새로운 내열 마그네슘 합금을 이용하여 현재 사용하고 있는 알루미늄 오일팬을 대체할 마그네슘 오일팬을 개발하고 시험 생산하였으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.

  1. 알루미늄 합금과 마그네슘 합금의 단위 부피당 열 용량은 각각 3.07x10J/m/K, 2.38x10J/m/K로서 동일 주조 조건 시 응고 속도 차이가 제품 성형에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되었으며, 주조해석 및 제품분석을 통해 확인하였다. 따라서 주조 조건에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인된 용탕, 금형온도, 주조속도 등을 변경하여 최적 주조공정 조건을 확립하였다.
  2. 제품 및 시험편 성형에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인된 런너의 곡률 반경을 증대시키고 게이트의 갯수 및 오버플로우 위치와 형상을 조절함으로서 제품 및 시험편의 용탕 흐름을 원활하게 조절 할 수 있었다.
  3. MRI153M 합금은 AE44 합금에 비해 응고 시작점에서 완료점까지의 응고시간이 길어 응고 완료 후, 내부 수축기포가 보다 많이 관찰되었다.
    따라서 MRI153M 합금 주조시 슬리브 충진율, 게이트 통과속도, 충진시간 등을 달리하여 최적 주조 품을 생산할 수 있었다.

Reference

  1. W. Sebastian, K. Droder and S. Schumann, Properties and Processing of Magnesium Wrought Products for Automotive Applications; Conference Paper at Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications,Munich, Germany, 2000 
  2. J. Hwang and D. Kang, “FE Analysis on the press forging of AZ31 Magnesium alloys,” Transactions ofKSAE, Vo1.14, No.1, pp.86-91, 2006  원문보기 
  3. S. Koike, K. Washizu, S. Tanaka, K. Kikawa and T. Baba, “Development of Lightweight Oil Pans Made of a Heat-Resistant Magnesium Alloy for Hybrid Engines,” SAE 2000-01-1117, 2000 
  4. D.M. Kim, H.S. Kim and S.I. Park, “Magnesium for Automotive Application,” Journal ofKSAE, Vo1.18, No.5, pp.53-67, 1996 
  5. P. Lyon, J. F. King and K. Nuttal, “A New Magnesium HPDC Alloy for Elevated Temperature Use,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Magnesium Conference, ed. G. W. Lorimer, Manchester, UK, pp.1 0-12, 1996 
  6. S. Schumann and H. Friedrich, The Use ofMg in Cars – Today and in Future, Conference Paper at Mg Alloys and Their Applications, Wolfsburg, Germany, 1998 
  7. F. von Buch, S. Schumann, H. Friedrich, E. Aghion, B. Bronfin, B. L. Mordike, M. Bamberger and D. Eliezer, “New Die Casting Alloy MRI 153 for Power Train Applications,” Magnesium Technology 2002, pp.61-68, 2002 
  8. M.C. Kang and K.Y. Sohn, “The Trend and Prospects of Magnesium Alloys Consumption for Automotive Parts in Europe,” Proceedings of KSAE Autumn Conference, pp.1569-l576, 2003 
전체 원문 바로가기
Mixing Tank with FLOW-3D

CFD Stirs Up Mixing 일반

CFD (전산 유체 역학) 전문가가 필요하고 때로는 실행하는데 몇 주가 걸리는 믹싱 시뮬레이션의 시대는 오래 전입니다. 컴퓨팅 및 관련 기술의 엄청난 도약에 힘 입어 Ansys, Comsol 및 Flow Science와 같은 회사는 엔지니어의 데스크톱에 사용하기 쉬운 믹싱 시뮬레이션을 제공하고 있습니다.

“병렬화 및 고성능 컴퓨팅의 발전과 템플릿화는 비전문 화학 엔지니어에게 정확한 CFD 시뮬레이션을 제공했습니다.”라고 펜실베이니아 주 피츠버그에있는 Ansys Inc.의 수석 제품 마케팅 관리자인 Bill Kulp는 말합니다 .

흐름 개선을위한 실용적인 지침이 필요하십니까? 다운로드 화학 처리의 eHandbook을 지금 흐름 도전 싸우는 방법!

예를 들어, 회사는 휴스턴에있는 Nalco Champion과 함께 프로젝트를 시작했습니다. 이 프로젝트는 시뮬레이션 전문가가 아닌 화학 엔지니어에게 Ansys Fluent 및 ACT (분석 제어 기술) 템플릿 기반 시뮬레이션 앱에 대한 액세스 권한을 부여합니다. 새로운 화학 물질을위한 프로세스를 빠르고 효율적으로 확장합니다.

Giving Mixing Its Due

“화학 산업은 CFD와 같은 계산 도구를 사용하여 많은 것을 얻을 수 있지만 혼합 프로세스는 단순하다고 가정하기 때문에 간과되는 경우가 있습니다. 그러나 최신 수치 기법을 사용하여 우수한 성능을 달성하는 흥미로운 방법이 많이 있습니다.”라고 Flow Science Inc. , Santa Fe, NM의 CFD 엔지니어인 Ioannis Karampelas는 말합니다 .

이러한 많은 기술이 회사의 Flow-3D Multiphysics 모델링 소프트웨어 패키지와 전용 포스트 프로세서 시각화 도구 인 FlowSight에 포함되어 있습니다.

“모든 상업용 CFD 패키지는 어떤 형태의 시각화 도구와 번들로 제공되지만 FlowSight는 매우 강력하고 사용하기 쉽고 이해하기 쉽게 설계되었습니다. 예를 들어, 프로세스를 재 설계하려는 엔지니어는 다양한 설계 변경의 효과를 평가하기 위해 매우 직관적인 시각화 도구가 필요합니다.”라고 그는 설명합니다.

이 접근 방식은 실험 측정을 얻기 어려운 공정 (예 : 쉽게 측정 할 수없는 매개 변수 및 독성 물질의 존재로 인해 본질적으로 위험한 공정)을 더 잘 이해하고 최적화하는데 특히 효과적입니다.

동일한 접근 방식은 또한 믹서 관련 장비 공급 업체가 고객 요구에 맞게 제품을보다 정확하게 개발하고 맞춤화하는 데 도움이되었습니다. “이는 불필요한 프로토 타이핑 비용이나 잠재적 인 과도한 엔지니어링을 방지합니다. 두 가지 모두 일부 공급 업체의 문제였습니다.”라고 Karampelas는 말합니다.

CFD 기술 자체는 계속해서 발전하고 있습니다. 예를 들어, 수치 알고리즘의 관점에서 볼 때 구형 입자의 상호 작용이 열 전달을 적절하게 모델링하는 데 중요한 다양한 문제에 대해 이산 요소 모델링을 쉽게 적용 할 수있는 반면, LES 난류 모델은 난류 흐름 패턴을 정확하게 시뮬레이션하는 데 이상적입니다.

컴퓨팅 리소스에 대한 비용과 수요에도 불구하고 Karampelas는 난류 모델의 전체 제품군을 제공 할 수있는 것이 중요하다고 생각합니다. 특히 LES는 이미 대부분의 학계와 일부 산업 (예 : 전력 공학)에서 선택하는 방법이기 때문입니다. .

그럼에도 불구하고 CFD의 사용이 제한적이거나 비실용적 일 수있는 경우는 확실히 있습니다. 여기에는 나노 입자에서 벌크 유체 증발을 모델링하는 것과 같이 관심의 규모가 다른 규모에 따라 달라질 수있는 문제와 중요한 물리적 현상이 아직 알려지지 않았거나 제대로 이해되지 않았거나 아마도 매우 복잡한 문제 (예 : 모델링)가 포함됩니다. 음 펨바 효과”라고 Karampelas는 경고합니다.

반면에 더욱 강력한 하드웨어와 업데이트 된 수치 알고리즘의 출현은 CFD 소프트웨어를 사용하여 과다한 설계 및 최적화 문제를 해결하기위한 최적의 접근 방식이 될 것이라고 그는 믿습니다.

“복잡한 열교환 시스템 및 새로운 혼합 기술과 같이 점점 더 복잡한 공정을 모델링 할 수있는 능력은 가까운 장래에 가능할 수있는 일을 간단히 보여줍니다. 수치적 방법 사용의 주요 이점은 설계자가 상상력에 의해서만 제한되어 소규모 믹서에서 대규모 반응기 및 증류 컬럼에 이르기까지 다양한 화학 플랜트 공정을 최적화 할 수있는 길을 열어 준다는 것입니다. 실험적 또는 경험적 접근 방식은 항상 관련성이 있지만 CFD가 미래의 엔지니어를위한 선택 도구가 될 것이라고 확신합니다.”라고 그는 결론을 내립니다.

Ottewell2
Seán Ottewell은 Chemical Processing의 편집장입니다. sottewell@putman.net으로 이메일을 보낼 수 있습니다 .

기사 원문 : https://www.chemicalprocessing.com/articles/2017/cfd-stirs-up-mixing/

Fig. 3. Nylon 11 impact sequence onto a preheated substrate

Impact Modeling of Thermally Sprayed Polymer Particles

Ivosevic, M., Cairncross, R. A., Knight, R., Philadelphia / USA

열 스프레이는 전통적으로 금속, 카바이드 및 세라믹 코팅을 증착하는 데 사용되어 왔지만 최근에는 HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) 열 스프레이 공정의 높은 운동 에너지로 인해 용융 점도가 높은 폴리머의 무용제 처리도 가능하다는 사실이 밝혀졌습니다. , 유해한 휘발성 유기 용매가 필요하지 않습니다. 이 작업의 주된 목표는 지식 기반을 개발하고 HVOF 연소 스프레이 공정에 의해 분사되는 폴리머 입자의 충격 거동에 대한 질적 이해를 개선하는 것이 었습니다. 고분자 입자의 HVOF 분사 중 입자 가속, 가열 및 충격 변형의 수치 모델이 개발되었습니다. Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) 전산 유체 역학 패키지 인 Flow3D®는 입자가 강철 기판과 충돌하는 동안 유체 역학 및 열 전달을 모델링하는 데 사용되었습니다. 입자 가속 및 열 전달 모델을 사용하여 예측 된 방사형 온도 프로파일은 저온, 고점도 코어 및 고온, 저점도 표면을 가진 폴리머 입자를 시뮬레이션하기 위해 온도 의존 점도 모델과 함께 Flow3D®의 초기 조건으로 사용되었습니다. 이 접근법은 얇은 디스크 내에서 크고 거의 반구형 인 코어를 나타내는 변형 된 입자를 예측했으며 광학 현미경을 사용하여 만든 열 스프레이 스 플랫의 실험 관찰과 일치했습니다.

폴리머 증착에 열 분무 공정을 사용하는 주요 이점은 다음과 같습니다. (i) 휘발성 유기 화합물 (VOCs)을 사용하지 않는 무용제 코팅; (ii) 거의 모든 환경 조건에서 큰 물체를 코팅 할 수있는 능력; (iii) 용융 점도가 높은 폴리머 코팅을 적용하는 능력; 및 (iv) 일반적으로 정전기 분말 코팅 및 용제 기반 페인트에 필요한 오븐 건조 또는 경화와 같은 증착 후 처리없이 “즉시 사용 가능한”코팅을 생산할 수있는 능력. 이러한 공정에 비해 주요 단점은 다음과 같습니다. (i) 낮은 증착 효율, (ii) 낮은 품질의 표면 마감 및 (iii) 높은 공정 복잡성 (종종 폴리머 용융 및 분해 온도에 의해 정의되는 좁은 공정 창). 폴리머 증착에 세 가지 열 스프레이 공정이 사용 된 것으로 알려졌습니다 [1].

  • 기존의 화염 분사.
  • HVOF 연소 스프레이.
  • 플라즈마 스프레이.

HVOF 및 플라즈마 스프레이 공정에 의해 분사되는 폴리머의 수는 제한되어 있으며 HVOF 및 플라즈마 스프레이 폴리머 코팅의 상업적 응용은 아직 개발 단계에 있습니다 [1]. 폴리머의 HVOF 스프레이는 화염 스프레이 [최대 ~ 100m / s]에 비해 상당히 높은 입자 속도 [최대 1,000m / s]로 인해 주로 주목을 받았습니다. 이는 특히 고 분자량 폴리머 및 높은 (> 5 vol. %) 세라믹 강화 함량을 갖는 폴리머 / 세라믹 복합재를 포함하여 용융 점도가 높은 코팅의 증착에있어 중요한 이점입니다.

Fig. 1. Nylon 11 splats deposited onto a room temperature glass slide.
Fig. 1. Nylon 11 splats deposited onto a room temperature glass slide.
Fig. 2. Nylon 11 splats deposited onto a preheated glass slide (200 °C).
Fig. 2. Nylon 11 splats deposited onto a preheated glass slide (200 °C).
Fig. 3. Nylon 11 impact sequence onto a preheated substrate
Fig. 3. Nylon 11 impact sequence onto a preheated substrate, (I) partially melted particle before impact, (II) “fried-egg” shaped splat, (III) post-deposition flow of a fully molten droplet, (IV) droplet shrinkage during cooling.
Fig. 5. Predicted velocities of Nylon 11 particles in an HVOF jet (total O2 + H2 gas flow rate of 1.86 g/s at Φ = 0.83).
Fig. 5. Predicted velocities of Nylon 11 particles in an HVOF jet (total O2 + H2 gas flow rate of 1.86 g/s at Φ = 0.83).
Fig. 7. Simulated deformation of a Nylon 11 droplet with a radial temperature gradient and temperaturedependent viscosity during impact.
Fig. 7. Simulated deformation of a Nylon 11 droplet with a radial temperature gradient and temperaturedependent viscosity during impact.
논문 원문 보기 바로가기
Figure 1.1: A water droplet with a radius of 1 mm resting on a glass substrate. The surface of the droplet takes on a spherical cap shape. The contact angle θ is defined by the balance of the interfacial forces.

Effect of substrate cooling and droplet shape and composition on the droplet evaporation and the deposition of particles

기판 냉각 및 액적 모양 및 조성이 액적 증발 및 입자 증착에 미치는 영향

by Vahid Bazargan
M.A.Sc., Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2008
B.Sc., Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 2006
B.Sc., Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 2006

고착 방울은 평평한 기판에 놓인 액체 방울입니다. 작은 고정 액적이 증발하는 동안 액적의 접촉선은 고정된 접촉 영역이 있는 고정된 단계와 고정된 접촉각이 있는 고정 해제된 단계의 두 가지 단계를 거칩니다. 고정된 접촉 라인이 있는 증발은 액적 내부에서 접촉 라인을 향한 흐름을 생성합니다.

이 흐름은 입자를 운반하고 접촉 선 근처에 침전시킵니다. 이로 인해 일반적으로 관찰되는 “커피 링”현상이 발생합니다. 이 논문은 증발 과정과 고착성 액적의 증발 유도 흐름에 대한 연구를 제공하고 콜로이드 현탁액에서 입자의 침착에 대한 통찰력을 제공합니다. 여기서 우리는 먼저 작은 고착 방울의 증발을 연구하고 증발 과정에서 기판의 열전도도의 중요성에 대해 논의합니다.

현재 증발 모델이 500µm 미만의 액적 크기에 대해 심각한 오류를 생성하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 우리의 모델에는 열 효과가 포함되어 있으며, 특히 증발 잠열의 균형을 맞추기 위해 액적에 열을 제공하는 기판의 열전도도를 포함합니다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 접촉각의 진화와 관련된 접촉 선의 가상 움직임을 정의하여 고정 및 고정 해제 단계의 전체 증발 시간을 고려합니다.

우리의 모델은 2 % 미만의 오차로 500 µm보다 작은 물방울에 대한 실험 결과와 일치합니다. 또한 유한한 크기의 라인 액적의 증발을 연구하고 증발 중 접촉 라인의 복잡한 동작에 대해 논의합니다. 에너지 공식을 적용하고 접촉 선이 구형 방울의 후퇴 접촉각보다 높은 접촉각을 가진 선 방울의 두 끝에서 후퇴하기 시작 함을 보여줍니다. 그리고 라인 방울 내부의 증발 유도 흐름을 보여줍니다.

마지막으로, 계면 활성제 존재 하에서 접촉 라인의 거동을 논의하고 입자 증착에 대한 Marangoni 흐름 효과에 대해 논의합니다. 열 Marangoni 효과는 접촉 선 근처에 증착 된 입자의 양에 영향을 미치며, 기판 온도가 낮을수록 접촉 선 근처에 증착되는 입자의 양이 많다는 것을 알 수 있습니다.

Figure 1.1: A water droplet with a radius of 1 mm resting on a glass substrate. The surface of the droplet takes on a spherical cap shape. The contact angle θ is defined by the balance of the interfacial forces.
Figure 1.1: A water droplet with a radius of 1 mm resting on a glass substrate. The surface of the droplet takes on a spherical cap shape. The contact angle θ is defined by the balance of the interfacial forces.
Figure 2.1: Evaporation modes of sessile droplets on a substrate: (a) evaporation at constant contact angle (de-pinned stage) and (b) evaporation at constant contact area (pinned stage)
Figure 2.1: Evaporation modes of sessile droplets on a substrate: (a) evaporation at constant contact angle (de-pinned stage) and (b) evaporation at constant contact area (pinned stage)
Figure 2.2: A sessil droplet with its image can be profiled as the equiconvex lens formed by two intersecting spheres with radius of a.
Figure 2.2: A sessil droplet with its image can be profiled as the equiconvex lens formed by two intersecting spheres with radius of a.
Figure 2.3: The droplet life time for both evaporation modes derived from Equation 2.2.
Figure 2.3: The droplet life time for both evaporation modes derived from Equation 2.2.
Figure 2.4: A probability of escape for vapor molecules at two different sites of the surface of the droplet for diffusion controlled evaporation. The random walk path initiated from a vapor molecule is more likely to result in a return to the surface if the starting point is further away from the edge of the droplet.
Figure 2.4: A probability of escape for vapor molecules at two different sites of the surface of the droplet for diffusion controlled evaporation. The random walk path initiated from a vapor molecule is more likely to result in a return to the surface if the starting point is further away from the edge of the droplet.
Figure 2.5: Schematic of the sessile droplet on a substrate
Figure 2.5: Schematic of the sessile droplet on a substrate. The evaporation rate at the surface of the droplet is enhanced toward the edge of the droplet.
Figure 2.6: The domain mesh (a) and the solution of the Laplace equation for diffusion of the water vapor molecule with the concentration of Cv = 1.9×10−8 g/mm3 at the surface of the droplet into the ambient air with the relative humidity of 55%, i.e. φ = 0.55 (b).
Figure 2.6: The domain mesh (a) and the solution of the Laplace equation for diffusion of the water vapor molecule with the concentration of Cv = 1.9×10−8 g/mm3 at the surface of the droplet into the ambient air with the relative humidity of 55%, i.e. φ = 0.55 (b).
Figure 3.1: The portable micro printing setup. A motorized linear stage from Zaber Technologies Inc. was used to control the place and speed of the micro nozzle.
Figure 3.1: The portable micro printing setup. A motorized linear stage from Zaber Technologies Inc. was used to control the place and speed of the micro nozzle.
Figure 4.6: Temperature contours inside the substrate adjacent to the droplet
Figure 4.6: Temperature contours inside the substrate adjacent to the droplet
Figure 4.7: The effect of substrate cooling on the evaporation rate, the basic model shows the same value for all substrates.
Figure 4.7: The effect of substrate cooling on the evaporation rate, the basic model shows the same value for all substrates.
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Fig. 3. Comparison of SEM photographs and simulation results of two neighboring aluminum droplets from (a) top view, (b) side view and (c) bottom view. The scale bar is 100 µm.

Effect of the surface morphology of solidified droplet on remelting
between neighboring aluminum droplets

Abstract

인접한 물방울 사이의 좋은 야금학적 결합은 droplet 기반 3D 프린팅에서 필수적입니다. 그러나 재용해 메커니즘이 명확하게 마스터되었지만, 콜드 랩은 균일한 알루미늄 액적 증착 제조에서 형성된 부품의 일반적인 내부 결함이며, 이는 응고된 액 적의 표면 형태를 간과하기 때문입니다.

여기에서 처음으로 물방울 사이의 융합에 대한 잔물결과 응고각의 차단 효과가 드러났습니다. 재용해의 자세한 과정을 조사하기 위해 VOF (체적 부피) 방법을 기반으로 3D 수치 모델을 개발했습니다. 실험과 시뮬레이션을 통해 인접한 액적 간의 재 용융 공정은 두 번째 액 적과 기판 사이의 과도 접촉에 따라 두 단계로 나눌 수 있음을 보여줍니다.

첫 번째 단계에서는 재용해 조건이 이론적으로 충족 되더라도 콜드 랩이 형성 될 수 있다는 직관적이지 않은 결과가 관찰됩니다. 이전에 증착된 액적 표면의 잔물결은 새로운 액적과의 직접 접촉을 차단합니다. 두 번째 단계에서는 응고 각도가 90 °보다 클 때 액체 금속이 불완전하게 채워져 바닥 표면에 콜드랩이 형성됩니다. 또한 이러한 콜드 랩은 온도 매개 변수를 개선하여 완전히 피하는 것이 어렵습니다.

이 문제를 해결하기 위해 기판의 열전도 계수를 감소시키는 새로운 전략이 제안 되었습니다. 이 방법은 잔물결을 제거하고 응고 각도를 줄임으로써 물방울 사이의 재용해를 효과적으로 촉진합니다.

Keywords: 3D printing; aluminum droplets; metallurgical bonding; ripples; solidification angle.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of (a) experimental setup and (b) process principle of uniform aluminum droplet deposition manufacturing.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of (a) experimental setup and (b) process principle of uniform aluminum droplet deposition manufacturing.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the numerical model of two droplets successively depositing on the substrate.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the numerical model of two droplets successively depositing on the substrate.
Fig. 3. Comparison of SEM photographs and simulation results of two neighboring aluminum droplets from (a) top view, (b) side view and (c) bottom view. The scale bar is 100 µm.
Fig. 3. Comparison of SEM photographs and simulation results of two neighboring aluminum droplets from (a) top view, (b) side view and (c) bottom view. The scale bar is 100 µm.
Fig. 4. Experimental and simulation images of shape evolution during two neighboring droplets successively impacting at (a) t, (b) t+0.5 ms, (c) t+1 ms, (d) t+2 ms, (e) t+3 ms and (f) t+5 ms.
Fig. 4. Experimental and simulation images of shape evolution during two neighboring droplets successively impacting at (a) t, (b) t+0.5 ms, (c) t+1 ms, (d) t+2 ms, (e) t+3 ms and (f) t+5 ms.
Fig. 5. SEM observation of (a) side view and (b) bottom view of successive deposition of aluminum droplets; (c) enlarged side view of the section of the printed metal trace in (a); (d) fracture of two neighboring droplets; (e) cross-section of two droplets successive deposition; (f) enlarged view of the selected section in (e).
Fig. 5. SEM observation of (a) side view and (b) bottom view of successive deposition of aluminum droplets; (c) enlarged side view of the section of the printed metal trace in (a); (d) fracture of two neighboring droplets; (e) cross-section of two droplets successive deposition; (f) enlarged view of the selected section in (e).
Fig. 6. Simulation results of (a) shape evolution and solid fraction distribution in Y- Z middle cross-section of two successively-deposited droplets; (b) temperature variation with time at three points (labeled A-C) on the surface of the first droplet during the deposition of the second droplet.
Fig. 6. Simulation results of (a) shape evolution and solid fraction distribution in Y- Z middle cross-section of two successively-deposited droplets; (b) temperature variation with time at three points (labeled A-C) on the surface of the first droplet during the deposition of the second droplet.
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[3] T. Zhang, X. Wang, T. Li, Q. Guo, J. Yang, Fabrication of flexible copper-based electronics with
high-resolution and high-conductivity on paper via inkjet printing, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2
(2014) 286-294.
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48 (2000) 835-849.
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Figure 6: Fluid firing of test model

버블 제트 마이크로 액추에이터에서 기포 성장 및 액체 흐름의 수치 시뮬레이션

Numerical analysis of liquid flow characteristics according to the design parameters of a bubble jet microactuator

마이크로 액추에이터 챔버 및 노즐 내부의 유체 역학의 수치 모델이 제공됩니다. 모델에는 저장소로부터의 잉크 흐름, 기포 형성 및 성장, 노즐을 통한 배출, 리필 프로세스의 역학이 포함됩니다. 고 테이퍼 노즐은 전체 액추에이터 성능 설계에 매우 중요한 매개 변수 중 하나이기 때문에 노즐 두께, 직경 및 테이퍼 각도의 변화에 ​​따른 효과를 시뮬레이션하고 일부 결과를 실험 결과와 비교합니다.

얇고 테이퍼형 노즐을 통한 잉크 방울 배출이 보다 안정적이고 빠르고 견고하다는 것이 확인되었습니다.

키워드: Numerical smulation, Micro actuator; Bubble growth, Drop ejection, Volume of fluid

Figure 1: The commercial thermal micro actuator
Figure 1: The commercial thermal micro actuator
Table 1: Prediction results of the effects of nozzle thickness and diameter change
Table 1: Prediction results of the effects of nozzle thickness and diameter change
Figure 2: Designed polyimide nozzles
Figure 2: Designed polyimide nozzles
Figure 3: SEM photograph of one nozzle
Figure 3: SEM photograph of one nozzle
Figure 5: Geometry of test model
Figure 5: Geometry of test model
Figure 6: Fluid firing of test model
Figure 6: Fluid firing of test model

Conclusions

수치 시뮬레이션은 마이크로 버블 증가 및 낙하 방출 현상의 예측에 성공적으로 적용됩니다. 노즐 두께의 변화 결과와 비교했을 때, 우리는 얇은 노즐이 더 빠른 방울을 만든다는 것을 발견했습니다. 또한 노즐 직경이 증가하면 방울 부피가 증가할 수 있습니다. 이 수치 시뮬레이션에서는 노즐 직경의 20%를 증가시키면 방울 부피는 49.3% 증가하고 노즐 두께의 20%를 감소시키면 방울 속도는 약 8.5% 증가합니다. 노즐 테이퍼 각도 변경의 예측 결과에 따르면, 테이퍼형 노즐이 더 빠른 속도로 거의 동일한 유체량을 보인다는 결론을 내렸습니다. 방울 속도만이 방울 배출의 품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 유일한 요인은 아니지만, 방울이 빠르면 일반적으로 위성이 줄어들고, 물에 젖지 않는 상태가 개선되며, 정렬 효과가 좋아지며, 직선 방출이 가능합니다.

논문 원본 바로가기

References

SHOWING 1-9 OF 9 REFERENCESThree-Dimensional Calculation of Bubble Growth and Drop Ejection in a Bubble Jet Printer

SaveAlertResearch FeedBubble Dynamics in Boiling Under High Heat Flux Pulse Heating

SaveAlertResearch FeedLBM simulation on friction and mass flow analysis in a rough microchannel

SaveAlertResearch FeedAnalysis on the performance and internal flow of a tubular type hydro turbine for vessel cooling system

SaveAlertResearch FeedAn Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering

  • View 2 excerpts, references background

SaveAlertResearch FeedInkjet technology and product development strategies

  • Carlsbad: Torrey Pines Research, pp. 115-117, 2000.
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Particle tolerant architecture

  • IS&T’s NIP 16 International Conference on Digital Printing Technology, pp. 39-43, 2000.
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Drop Generation Process in TIJ Printheads

  • IS&T’s 10th International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, pp. 169-171, 1994.
  • 1994

Bubble generation mechanism in the bubble jet recording process

  • Journal of Imaging Technology, vol. 14, pp. 120-123, 1988.
  • 1988

주조 분야

Metal Casting

주조제품, 금형의 설계 과정에서 FLOW-3D의 사용은 회사의 수익성 개선에 직접적인 영향을 줍니다.
(주)에스티아이씨앤디에서는  FLOW-3D를 통해 해결한 수많은 경험과 전문 지식을 엔지니어와 설계자에게 제공합니다.

품질 및 생산성 문제는 빠른 시간 안에 시뮬레이션을 통해 예측 가능하므로 낮은 비용으로 해결 할수 있습니다. FLOW-3D는 특별히 주조해석의 정확성 향상을 위한 다양한 설계 물리 모델들을 포함하고 있습니다.

이 모델에는 Lost Foam 주조, Non-newtonian 유체 및 금형의 다이싸이클링 해석에 대한 알고리즘 등을 포함하고 있습니다. 시뮬레이션의 정확성과 주조 제품의 품질을 향상시키고자 한다면, FLOW-3D는 여러분들의 이러한 요구를 충족시키는 제품입니다.

Ladle Pour Simulation by Nemak Poland Sp. z o.o.

 
 
Bibliography
Models
Case Studies
Conference Proceedings
FLOW-3D Cast Brochure Download
FLOW-3D Cast HPDC Brochure Download

관련 기술자료

Fig. 1. Modified Timelli mold design.

Characterization of properties of Vanadium, Boron and Strontium addition on HPDC of A360 alloy

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Validation of Sloshing Simulations in Narrow Tanks

This case study was contributed by Peter Arnold, Minerva Dynamics. 이 작업의 목적은 FLOW-3D  를 검증하는 것입니다. 밀폐된 좁은 스팬 직사각형 탱크의 출렁거림 문제에 ...
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Fig. 1. (a) Dimensions of the casting with runners (unit: mm), (b) a melt flow simulation using Flow-3D software together with Reilly's model[44], predicted that a large amount of bifilms (denoted by the black particles) would be contained in the final casting. (c) A solidification simulation using Pro-cast software showed that no shrinkage defect was contained in the final casting.

AZ91 합금 주물 내 연행 결함에 대한 캐리어 가스의 영향

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Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Civil, Offshore and Environmental Engineering (ICCOEE2020)

Numerical Simulation to Assess Floating Instability of Small Passenger Vehicle Under Sub-critical Flow

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Simulating Porosity Factors

다공성 요인 시뮬레이션

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Figure 1. Steady-state shear stress a as a function of shear rate y in Sn-Pb alloy [10).

Numerical Modelling of Semi-Solid Flow under Processing Conditions

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Fig. 2 Temperature distributions of oil pans (Cycling)

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Fig. 1.Schematic of wire feeding in a melting line.

Evaluation on the Efficiency of Cored Wire Feeding in Addition of Alloying Elements into Cu Melt

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Fig. 6: Proposed Pattern Layout

Casting Defect Analysis on Caliper Bracket using Mold flow Simulation

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원자력 시설물의 잔해물 거동 예측

Debris Transport in a Nuclear Reactor Containment Building

원자로 격리 건물에서 파편 운송

이 기사는 FLOW-3D가 원자력 시설에서 봉쇄 시설의 성능을 모델링하는데 사용된 방법을 설명하며, Alion Science and Technology의 Tim Sande & Joe Tezak이 기고 한 바 있습니다.

가압수형 원자로 원자력 발전소에서 원자로 노심을 통해 순환되는 물은 약 2,080 psi 및 585°F의 압력과 온도로 유지되는 1차 배관 시스템에 밀폐됩니다. 수압이 높기 때문에 배관이 파손되면 격납건물 내에 여러 가지 이물질 유형이 생성될 수 있습니다. 이는 절연재가 장비와 균열 주변 영역의 배관에서 떨어져 나가기 때문에 발생합니다. 생성될 수 있는 다양한 유형의 이물질의 일반적인 예가 나와 있습니다(오른쪽).

Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS)

파이프 파손 후 ECCS (비상 코어 냉각 시스템)가 활성화됩니다. 격리 건물 압력을 낮추고 대기에서 방사성 물질을 제거하기 위해 격리 스프레이를 켤 것입니다. 물은 부식 열을 제거하고 용융을 방지하기 위해 코어에 주입됩니다. 이 물은 이후 파이프 파손 부위에서 흘러 나옵니다. 격납 스프레이와 부식 열 제거에서 나온 물은 외부 탱크에서 ECCS 펌프에 의해 격납용기로 펌핑됩니다. 스프레이 및 브레이크 흐름을 통해 격리실로 펌핑된 물의 양은 격리실 바닥에 모이고 풀을 형성합니다.

Sump Strainers and Debris

외부 탱크의 물이 고갈된 후에는 ECCS 펌프에 대한 흡입기가 격납건물 내 하나 이상의 섬프로 전환됩니다(두 개의 섬프 스트레이너 예가 왼쪽에 표시됨). 섬프의 기능은 원자로 건물 풀에서 펌프 흡입구로 물을 재순환하는 것입니다. 각 섬프에는 이물질이 ECCS 펌프로 빨려 들어가 막힘이나 손상이 발생하는 것을 방지하기 위해 스트레이너 시스템이 있습니다. 그러나 스트레이너에 쌓인 이물질로 인해 펌프가 요구하는 순정 흡수헤드(NPSH)를 초과하는 헤드 손실이 발생하여 펌프가 고장을 일으키고 발전소를 안전하게 정지시킬 수 없습니다. 원자력규제위원회 일반안전문제(GSI) 191의 핵심입니다.

FLOW-3D Applied to Evaluate Performance

FLOW-3D는 격납용기 풀을 모델링하고 스트레이너에 도달할 수 있는 이물질의 양을 결정하는 데 사용됩니다. 파이프 파손, 직접 분무 구역(분무기가 비처럼 POOL에 유입되는 지역), 유출 분무 구역(분무수가 더 높은 고도에서 바닥에서 흘러나와 폭포처럼 POOL에 유입되는 지역)은 질량-모멘텀 소스 입자가 밀집된 지역으로 모델링되며, 적절한 유량과 속도가 할당됩니다. 후자는 POOL 표면까지의 자유 낙하 거리에 따라 달라집니다. 여과기 영역은 격납용기 POOL에서 물을 끌어오는 흡입구로 모델링됩니다.

Containment pool simulation

모델을 자유 표면으로 실행하여 (풀의 섬프 흡입 또는 초크 포인트로 인한) 상당한 수위 변화를 식별하고, RNG 모델을 활성화하여 풀의 난류를 예측합니다. 파괴된 절연체가 격납용기 풀을 통해 이동할 수 있는 능력은 정착 속도(정지 상태에서 이동할 수 있는 기능)와 텀블링 속도(바닥을 가로질러 이동할 수 있는 기능)의 기능입니다. 안착 속도는 절연체를 고정하는 데 필요한 운동 에너지의 양과 관련이 있습니다. 이러한 안착 및 텀블링 속도는 연도 및 탱크 테스트를 통해 결정되며, FLOW-3D 모델에 의해 계산된 값입니다.

모델이 정상 상태 상태에 도달한 후에는 FLOW-3D 결과가 후처리되어 다양한 이물질 유형을 POOL 바닥(빨간색으로 표시됨)으로 넘어뜨릴 수 있을 정도로 속도가 높은 영역 또는 난류가 서스펜션의 이물질을 운반할 수 있을 정도로 높은 영역(노란색으로 표시됨)을 결정합니다.

그런 다음 속도 벡터를 빨간색 및 노란색 영역과 함께 사용하여 흐름이 이물질을 스트레이너 쪽으로 운반하는지 여부를 확인합니다. 그런 다음 이러한 영역을 초기 이물질 분포 영역과 비교하여 각 이물질의 유형 및 크기에 대한 운송 분율을 결정합니다.

Conclusions

이물질 잔해 수송 테스트를 CFD 모델링과 결합하면 ECCS 스트레이너가 견딜 수 있어야하는 잔해 부하를 다른 방법으로는 가정해야하는 지나치게 보수적인 값에서 크게 줄일 수 있습니다. CFD는 또한 수두 손실 테스트를 지원하기 위해 ECCS 스트레이너 주변의 흐름 패턴, 수두 손실 테스트 및 플랜트 설계 수정을 식별하는 데있어 격납용 POOL 수위 변화를 식별하는데 유용함이 입증되었습니다.

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FLOW-3D CAST Bibliography

FLOW-3D CAST bibliography

아래는 FSI의 금속 주조 참고 문헌에 수록된 기술 논문 모음입니다. 이 모든 논문에는 FLOW-3D CAST 해석 결과가 수록되어 있습니다. FLOW-3D CAST를 사용하여 금속 주조 산업의 응용 프로그램을 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

Below is a collection of technical papers in our Metal Casting Bibliography. All of these papers feature FLOW-3D CAST results. Learn more about how FLOW-3D CAST can be used to successfully simulate applications for the Metal Casting Industry.

33-20     Eric Riedel, Martin Liepe Stefan Scharf, Simulation of ultrasonic induced cavitation and acoustic streaming in liquid and solidifying aluminum, Metals, 10.4; 476, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10040476

20-20   Wu Yue, Li Zhuo and Lu Rong, Simulation and visual tester verification of solid propellant slurry vacuum plate casting, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2020. doi.org/10.1002/prep.201900411

17-20   C.A. Jones, M.R. Jolly, A.E.W. Jarfors and M. Irwin, An experimental characterization of thermophysical properties of a porous ceramic shell used in the investment casting process, Supplimental Proceedings, pp. 1095-1105, TMS 2020 149th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, San Diego, CA, February 23-27, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36296-6_102

12-20   Franz Josef Feikus, Paul Bernsteiner, Ricardo Fernández Gutiérrez and Michal Luszczak , Further development of electric motor housings, MTZ Worldwide, 81, pp. 38-43, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s38313-019-0176-z

09-20   Mingfan Qi, Yonglin Kang, Yuzhao Xu, Zhumabieke Wulabieke and Jingyuan Li, A novel rheological high pressure die-casting process for preparing large thin-walled Al–Si–Fe–Mg–Sr alloy with high heat conductivity, high plasticity and medium strength, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 776, art. no. 139040, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139040

07-20   Stefan Heugenhauser, Erhard Kaschnitz and Peter Schumacher, Development of an aluminum compound casting process – Experiments and numerical simulations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 279, art. no. 116578, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116578

05-20   Michail Papanikolaou, Emanuele Pagone, Mark Jolly and Konstantinos Salonitis, Numerical simulation and evaluation of Campbell running and gating systems, Metals, 10.1, art. no. 68, 2020. doi.org/10.3390/met10010068

102-19   Ferencz Peti and Gabriela Strnad, The effect of squeeze pin dimension and operational parameters on material homogeneity of aluminium high pressure die cast parts, Acta Marisiensis. Seria Technologica, 16.2, 2019. doi.org/0.2478/amset-2019-0010

94-19   E. Riedel, I. Horn, N. Stein, H. Stein, R. Bahr, and S. Scharf, Ultrasonic treatment: a clean technology that supports sustainability incasting processes, Procedia, 26th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, May 7-9, 2019. 

93-19   Adrian V. Catalina, Liping Xue, Charles A. Monroe, Robin D. Foley, and John A. Griffin, Modeling and Simulation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi- and AlCu-based Alloys, Transactions, 123rd Metalcasting Congress, Atlanta, GA, USA, April 27-30, 2019. 

84-19   Arun Prabhakar, Michail Papanikolaou, Konstantinos Salonitis, and Mark Jolly, Sand casting of sheet lead: numerical simulation of metal flow and solidification, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, pp. 1-13, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04522-3

72-19   Santosh Reddy Sama, Eric Macdonald, Robert Voigt, and Guha Manogharan, Measurement of metal velocity in sand casting during mold filling, Metals, 9:1079, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/met9101079

71-19   Sebastian Findeisen, Robin Van Der Auwera, Michael Heuser, and Franz-Josef Wöstmann, Gießtechnische Fertigung von E-Motorengehäusen mit interner Kühling (Casting production of electric motor housings with internal cooling), Geisserei, 106, pp. 72-78, 2019 (in German).

58-19     Von Malte Leonhard, Matthias Todte, and Jörg Schäffer, Realistic simulation of the combustion of exothermic feeders, Casting, No. 2, pp. 28-32, 2019. In English and German.

52-19     S. Lakkum and P. Kowitwarangkul, Numerical investigations on the effect of gas flow rate in the gas stirred ladle with dual plugs, International Conference on Materials Research and Innovation (ICMARI), Bangkok, Thailand, December 17-21, 2018. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 526, 2019. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/526/1/012028

47-19     Bing Zhou, Shuai Lu, Kaile Xu, Chun Xu, and Zhanyong Wang, Microstructure and simulation of semisolid aluminum alloy castings in the process of stirring integrated transfer-heat (SIT) with water cooling, International Journal of Metalcasting, Online edition, pp. 1-13, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00357-6

31-19     Zihao Yuan, Zhipeng Guo, and S.M. Xiong, Skin layer of A380 aluminium alloy die castings and its blistering during solution treatment, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1906-1916, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.05.011

25-19     Stefano Mascetti, Raul Pirovano, and Giulio Timelli, Interazione metallo liquido/stampo: Il fenomeno della metallizzazione, La Metallurgia Italiana, No. 4, pp. 44-50, 2019. In Italian.

20-19     Fu-Yuan Hsu, Campbellology for runner system design, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 187-199, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_19

19-19     Chengcheng Lyu, Michail Papanikolaou, and Mark Jolly, Numerical process modelling and simulation of Campbell running systems designs, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 53-64, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_5

18-19     Adrian V. Catalina, Liping Xue, and Charles Monroe, A solidification model with application to AlSi-based alloys, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 201-213, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_20

17-19     Fu-Yuan Hsu and Yu-Hung Chen, The validation of feeder modeling for ductile iron castings, Shape Casting: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, pp. 227-238, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06034-3_22

04-19   Santosh Reddy Sama, Tony Badamo, Paul Lynch and Guha Manogharan, Novel sprue designs in metal casting via 3D sand-printing, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 25, pp. 563-578, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.009

02-19   Jingying Sun, Qichi Le, Li Fu, Jing Bai, Johannes Tretter, Klaus Herbold and Hongwei Huo, Gas entrainment behavior of aluminum alloy engine crankcases during the low-pressure-die-casting-process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 266, pp. 274-282, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.016

92-18   Fast, Flexible… More Versatile, Foundry Management Technology, March, 2018. 

82-18   Xu Zhao, Ping Wang, Tao Li, Bo-yu Zhang, Peng Wang, Guan-zhou Wang and Shi-qi Lu, Gating system optimization of high pressure die casting thin-wall AlSi10MnMg longitudinal loadbearing beam based on numerical simulation, China Foundry, Vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 436-442, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s41230-018-8052-z

80-18   Michail Papanikolaou, Emanuele Pagone, Konstantinos Salonitis, Mark Jolly and Charalampos Makatsoris, A computational framework towards energy efficient casting processes, Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2018: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Design and Manufacturing (KES-SDM-18), Gold Coast, Australia, June 24-26 2018, SIST 130, pp. 263-276, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04290-5_27

64-18   Vasilios Fourlakidis, Ilia Belov and Attila Diószegi, Strength prediction for pearlitic lamellar graphite iron: Model validation, Metals, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2018. doi.org/10.3390/met8090684

51-18   Xue-feng Zhu, Bao-yi Yu, Li Zheng, Bo-ning Yu, Qiang Li, Shu-ning Lü and Hao Zhang, Influence of pouring methods on filling process, microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 Mg alloy pipe by horizontal centrifugal casting, China Foundry, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.196-202, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s41230-018-7256-6

47-18   Santosh Reddy Sama, Jiayi Wang and Guha Manogharan, Non-conventional mold design for metal casting using 3D sand-printing, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 34-B, pp. 765-775, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.03.049

42-18   M. Koru and O. Serçe, The Effects of Thermal and Dynamical Parameters and Vacuum Application on Porosity in High-Pressure Die Casting of A383 Al-Alloy, International Journal of Metalcasting, pp. 1-17, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0214-7

41-18   Abhilash Viswanath, S. Savithri, U.T.S. Pillai, Similitude analysis on flow characteristics of water, A356 and AM50 alloys during LPC process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 257, pp. 270-277, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.031

29-18   Seyboldt, Christoph and Liewald, Mathias, Investigation on thixojoining to produce hybrid components with intermetallic phase, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1960, no. 1, 2018. doi.org/10.1063/1.5034992

28-18   Laura Schomer, Mathias Liewald and Kim Rouven Riedmüller, Simulation of the infiltration process of a ceramic open-pore body with a metal alloy in semi-solid state to design the manufacturing of interpenetrating phase composites, AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1960, no. 1, 2018. doi.org/10.1063/1.5034991

41-17   Y. N. Wu et al., Numerical Simulation on Filling Optimization of Copper Rotor for High Efficient Electric Motors in Die Casting Process, Materials Science Forum, Vol. 898, pp. 1163-1170, 2017.

12-17   A.M.  Zarubin and O.A. Zarubina, Controlling the flow rate of melt in gravity die casting of aluminum alloys, Liteynoe Proizvodstvo (Casting Manufacturing), pp 16-20, 6, 2017. In Russian.

10-17   A.Y. Korotchenko, Y.V. Golenkov, M.V. Tverskoy and D.E. Khilkov, Simulation of the Flow of Metal Mixtures in the Mold, Liteynoe Proizvodstvo (Casting Manufacturing), pp 18-22, 5, 2017. In Russian.

08-17   Morteza Morakabian Esfahani, Esmaeil Hajjari, Ali Farzadi and Seyed Reza Alavi Zaree, Prediction of the contact time through modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in compound casting process of Al/Mg light metals, Journal of Materials Research, © Materials Research Society 2017

04-17   Huihui Liu, Xiongwei He and Peng Guo, Numerical simulation on semi-solid die-casting of magnesium matrix composite based on orthogonal experiment, AIP Conference Proceedings 1829, 020037 (2017); doi.org/10.1063/1.4979769.

100-16  Robert Watson, New numerical techniques to quantify and predict the effect of entrainment defects, applied to high pressure die casting, PhD Thesis: University of Birmingham, 2016.

88-16   M.C. Carter, T. Kauffung, L. Weyenberg and C. Peters, Low Pressure Die Casting Simulation Discovery through Short Shot, Cast Expo & Metal Casting Congress, April 16-19, 2016, Minneapolis, MN, Copyright 2016 American Foundry Society.

61-16   M. Koru and O. Serçe, Experimental and numerical determination of casting mold interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the high pressure die casting of a 360 aluminum alloy, ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A, Vol. 129 (2016)

59-16   R. Pirovano and S. Mascetti, Tracking of collapsed bubbles during a filling simulation, La Metallurgia Italiana – n. 6 2016

43-16   Kevin Lee, Understanding shell cracking during de-wax process in investment casting, Ph.D Thesis: University of Birmingham, School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2016.

35-16   Konstantinos Salonitis, Mark Jolly, Binxu Zeng, and Hamid Mehrabi, Improvements in energy consumption and environmental impact by novel single shot melting process for casting, Journal of Cleaner Production, doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.165, Open Access funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, June 29, 2016

20-16   Fu-Yuan Hsu, Bifilm Defect Formation in Hydraulic Jump of Liquid Aluminum, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016, Band: 47, Heft 3, 1634-1648.

15-16   Mingfan Qia, Yonglin Kanga, Bing Zhoua, Wanneng Liaoa, Guoming Zhua, Yangde Lib,and Weirong Li, A forced convection stirring process for Rheo-HPDC aluminum and magnesium alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 234 (2016) 353–367

112-15   José Miguel Gonçalves Ledo Belo da Costa, Optimization of filling systems for low pressure by FLOW-3D, Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica, 2015.

89-15   B.W. Zhu, L.X. Li, X. Liu, L.Q. Zhang and R. Xu, Effect of Viscosity Measurement Method to Simulate High Pressure Die Casting of Thin-Wall AlSi10MnMg Alloy Castings, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Published online, November 2015, doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1783-8, © ASM International.

88-15   Peng Zhang, Zhenming Li, Baoliang Liu, Wenjiang Ding and Liming Peng, Improved tensile properties of a new aluminum alloy for high pressure die casting, Materials Science & Engineering A651(2016)376–390, Available online, November 2015.

83-15   Zu-Qi Hu, Xin-Jian Zhang and Shu-Sen Wu, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Die-Filling Behavior of High-Performance Die-Cast Al–Mg–Si–Mn Alloy, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), doi.org/10.1007/s40195-015-0332-7, © The Chinese Society for Metals and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.

82-15   J. Müller, L. Xue, M.C. Carter, C. Thoma, M. Fehlbier and M. Todte, A Die Spray Cooling Model for Thermal Die Cycling Simulations, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

81-15   M. T. Murray, L.F. Hansen, L. Chilcott, E. Li and A.M. Murray, Case Studies in the Use of Simulation- Improved Yield and Reduced Time to Market, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

80-15   R. Bhola, S. Chandra and D. Souders, Predicting Castability of Thin-Walled Parts for the HPDC Process Using Simulations, 2015 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 2015

76-15   Prosenjit Das, Sudip K. Samanta, Shashank Tiwari and Pradip Dutta, Die Filling Behaviour of Semi Solid A356 Al Alloy Slurry During Rheo Pressure Die Casting, Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, pp 1-6, October 2015

74-15   Murat KORU and Orhan SERÇE, Yüksek Basınçlı Döküm Prosesinde Enjeksiyon Parametrelerine Bağlı Olarak Döküm Simülasyon, Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science, Science Journal (CSJ), Vol. 36, No: 5 (2015) ISSN: 1300-1949, May 2015

69-15   A. Viswanath, S. Sivaraman, U. T. S. Pillai, Computer Simulation of Low Pressure Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 45-48, September 2015

68-15   J. Aneesh Kumar, K. Krishnakumar and S. Savithri, Computer Simulation of Centrifugal Casting Process Using FLOW-3D, Materials Science Forum, Vols. 830-831, pp. 53-56, September 2015

59-15   F. Hosseini Yekta and S. A. Sadough Vanini, Simulation of the flow of semi-solid steel alloy using an enhanced model, Metals and Materials International, August 2015.

44-15   Ulrich E. Klotz, Tiziana Heiss and Dario Tiberto, Platinum investment casting material properties, casting simulation and optimum process parameters, Jewelry Technology Forum 2015

41-15   M. Barkhudarov and R. Pirovano, Minimizing Air Entrainment in High Pressure Die Casting Shot Sleeves, GIFA 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany

40-15   M. Todte, A. Fent, and H. Lang, Simulation in support of the development of innovative processes in the casting industry, GIFA 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany

19-15   Bruce Morey, Virtual casting improves powertrain design, Automotive Engineering, SAE International, March 2015.

15-15   K.S. Oh, J.D. Lee, S.J. Kim and J.Y. Choi, Development of a large ingot continuous caster, Metall. Res. Technol. 112, 203 (2015) © EDP Sciences, 2015, doi.org/10.1051/metal/2015006, www.metallurgical-research.org

14-15   Tiziana Heiss, Ulrich E. Klotz and Dario Tiberto, Platinum Investment Casting, Part I: Simulation and Experimental Study of the Casting Process, Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2015, 59, (2), 95, doi.org/10.1595/205651315×687399

138-14 Christopher Thoma, Wolfram Volk, Ruben Heid, Klaus Dilger, Gregor Banner and Harald Eibisch, Simulation-based prediction of the fracture elongation as a failure criterion for thin-walled high-pressure die casting components, International Journal of Metalcasting, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 47-54, 2014. doi.org/10.1007/BF03355594

107-14  Mehran Seyed Ahmadi, Dissolution of Si in Molten Al with Gas Injection, ProQuest Dissertations And Theses; Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Toronto (Canada), 2014; Publication Number: AAT 3637106; ISBN: 9781321195231; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-02(E), Section: B.; 191 p.

99-14   R. Bhola and S. Chandra, Predicting Castability for Thin-Walled HPDC Parts, Foundry Management Technology, December 2014

92-14   Warren Bishenden and Changhua Huang, Venting design and process optimization of die casting process for structural components; Part II: Venting design and process optimization, Die Casting Engineer, November 2014

90-14   Ken’ichi Kanazawa, Ken’ichi Yano, Jun’ichi Ogura, and Yasunori Nemoto, Optimum Runner Design for Die-Casting using CFD Simulations and Verification with Water-Model Experiments, Proceedings of the ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2014, November 14-20, 2014, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, IMECE2014-37419

89-14   P. Kapranos, C. Carney, A. Pola, and M. Jolly, Advanced Casting Methodologies: Investment Casting, Centrifugal Casting, Squeeze Casting, Metal Spinning, and Batch Casting, In Comprehensive Materials Processing; McGeough, J., Ed.; 2014, Elsevier Ltd., 2014; Vol. 5, pp 39–67.

77-14   Andrei Y. Korotchenko, Development of Scientific and Technological Approaches to Casting Net-Shaped Castings in Sand Molds Free of Shrinkage Defects and Hot Tears, Post-doctoral thesis: Russian State Technological University, 2014. In Russian.

69-14   L. Xue, M.C. Carter, A.V. Catalina, Z. Lin, C. Li, and C. Qiu, Predicting, Preventing Core Gas Defects in Steel Castings, Modern Casting, September 2014

68-14   L. Xue, M.C. Carter, A.V. Catalina, Z. Lin, C. Li, and C. Qiu, Numerical Simulation of Core Gas Defects in Steel Castings, Copyright 2014 American Foundry Society, 118th Metalcasting Congress, April 8 – 11, 2014, Schaumburg, IL

51-14   Jesus M. Blanco, Primitivo Carranza, Rafael Pintos, Pedro Arriaga, and Lakhdar Remaki, Identification of Defects Originated during the Filling of Cast Pieces through Particles Modelling, 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM XI), 5th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM V), 6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD VI), E. Oñate, J. Oliver and A. Huerta (Eds)

47-14   B. Vijaya Ramnatha, C.Elanchezhiana, Vishal Chandrasekhar, A. Arun Kumarb, S. Mohamed Asif, G. Riyaz Mohamed, D. Vinodh Raj , C .Suresh Kumar, Analysis and Optimization of Gating System for Commutator End Bracket, Procedia Materials Science 6 ( 2014 ) 1312 – 1328, 3rd International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterisation (ICMPC 2014)

42-14  Bing Zhou, Yong-lin Kang, Guo-ming Zhu, Jun-zhen Gao, Ming-fan Qi, and Huan-huan Zhang, Forced convection rheoforming process for preparation of 7075 aluminum alloy semisolid slurry and its numerical simulation, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24(2014) 1109−1116

37-14    A. Karwinski, W. Lesniewski, P. Wieliczko, and M. Malysza, Casting of Titanium Alloys in Centrifugal Induction Furnaces, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Volume 59, Issue 1, doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0068, 2014.

26-14    Bing Zhou, Yonglin Kang, Mingfan Qi, Huanhuan Zhang and Guoming Zhu, R-HPDC Process with Forced Convection Mixing Device for Automotive Part of A380 Aluminum Alloy, Materials 2014, 7, 3084-3105; doi.org/10.3390/ma7043084

20-14  Johannes Hartmann, Tobias Fiegl, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foams with tailored density profile by adapted blowing agents, Applied Physics A, doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8377-4, March 2014.

19-14    A.Y. Korotchenko, N.A. Nikiforova, E.D. Demjanov, N.C. Larichev, The Influence of the Filling Conditions on the Service Properties of the Part Side Frame, Russian Foundryman, 1 (January), pp 40-43, 2014. In Russian.

11-14 B. Fuchs and C. Körner, Mesh resolution consideration for the viability prediction of lost salt cores in the high pressure die casting process, Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014, Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

08-14 FY Hsu, SW Wang, and HJ Lin, The External and Internal Shrinkages in Aluminum Gravity Castings, Shape Casting: 5th International Symposium 2014. Available online at Google Books

103-13  B. Fuchs, H. Eibisch and C. Körner, Core Viability Simulation for Salt Core Technology in High-Pressure Die Casting, International Journal of Metalcasting, July 2013, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp 39–45

94-13    Randall S. Fielding, J. Crapps, C. Unal, and J.R.Kennedy, Metallic Fuel Casting Development and Parameter Optimization Simulations, International Conference on Fast reators and Related Fuel Cycles (FR13), 4-7 March 2013, Paris France

90-13  A. Karwińskia, M. Małyszaa, A. Tchórza, A. Gila, B. Lipowska, Integration of Computer Tomography and Simulation Analysis in Evaluation of Quality of Ceramic-Carbon Bonded Foam Filter, Archives of Foundry Engineering, doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0084, Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ISSN, (2299-2944), Volume 13, Issue 4/2013

88-13  Litie and Metallurgia (Casting and Metallurgy), 3 (72), 2013, N.V.Sletova, I.N.Volnov, S.P.Zadrutsky, V.A.Chaikin, Modeling of the Process of Removing Non-metallic Inclusions in Aluminum Alloys Using the FLOW-3D program, pp 138-140. In Russian.

85-13    Michał Szucki,Tomasz Goraj, Janusz Lelito, Józef S. Suchy, Numerical Analysis of Solid Particles Flow in Liquid Metal, XXXVII International Scientific Conference Foundryman’ Day 2013, Krakow, 28-29 November 2013

84-13  Körner, C., Schwankl, M., Himmler, D., Aluminum-Aluminum compound castings by electroless deposited zinc layers, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.12.01483-13.

77-13  Antonio Armillotta & Raffaello Baraggi & Simone Fasoli, SLM tooling for die casting with conformal cooling channels, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5523-7, December 2013.

64-13   Johannes Hartmann, Christina Blümel, Stefan Ernst, Tobias Fiegl, Karl-Ernst Wirth, Carolin Körner, Aluminum integral foam castings with microcellular cores by nano-functionalization, J Mater Sci, doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7668-z, September 2013.

46-13  Nicholas P. Orenstein, 3D Flow and Temperature Analysis of Filling a Plutonium Mold, LA-UR-13-25537, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Los Alamos Annual Student Symposium 2013, 2013-07-24 (Rev.1)

42-13   Yang Yue, William D. Griffiths, and Nick R. Green, Modelling of the Effects of Entrainment Defects on Mechanical Properties in a Cast Al-Si-Mg Alloy, Materials Science Forum, 765, 225, 2013.

39-13  J. Crapps, D.S. DeCroix, J.D Galloway, D.A. Korzekwa, R. Aikin, R. Fielding, R. Kennedy, C. Unal, Separate effects identification via casting process modeling for experimental measurement of U-Pu-Zr alloys, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 15 July 2013.

35-13   A. Pari, Real Life Problem Solving through Simulations in the Die Casting Industry – Case Studies, © Die Casting Engineer, July 2013.

34-13  Martin Lagler, Use of Simulation to Predict the Viability of Salt Cores in the HPDC Process – Shot Curve as a Decisive Criterion, © Die Casting Engineer, July 2013.

24-13    I.N.Volnov, Optimizatsia Liteynoi Tekhnologii, (Casting Technology Optimization), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), 3, 2013, 27-29. In Russian

23-13  M.R. Barkhudarov, I.N. Volnov, Minimizatsia Zakhvata Vozdukha v Kamere Pressovania pri Litie pod Davleniem, (Minimization of Air Entrainment in the Shot Sleeve During High Pressure Die Casting), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), 3, 2013, 30-34. In Russian

09-13  M.C. Carter and L. Xue, Simulating the Parameters that Affect Core Gas Defects in Metal Castings, Copyright 2012 American Foundry Society, Presented at the 2013 CastExpo, St. Louis, Missouri, April 2013

08-13  C. Reilly, N.R. Green, M.R. Jolly, J.-C. Gebelin, The Modelling Of Oxide Film Entrainment In Casting Systems Using Computational Modelling, Applied Mathematical Modelling, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.03.061, April 2013.

03-13  Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A fast simulation of transient metal flow and solidification in a narrow channel. Part II. Model validation and parametric study, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.061.

02-13  Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A fast simulation of transient metal flow and solidification in a narrow channel. Part I: Model development using lubrication approximation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.060.

116-12  Jufu Jianga, Ying Wang, Gang Chena, Jun Liua, Yuanfa Li and Shoujing Luo, “Comparison of mechanical properties and microstructure of AZ91D alloy motorcycle wheels formed by die casting and double control forming, Materials & Design, Volume 40, September 2012, Pages 541-549.

107-12  F.K. Arslan, A.H. Hatman, S.Ö. Ertürk, E. Güner, B. Güner, An Evaluation for Fundamentals of Die Casting Materials Selection and Design, IMMC’16 International Metallurgy & Materials Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 2012.

103-12 WU Shu-sen, ZHONG Gu, AN Ping, WAN Li, H. NAKAE, Microstructural characteristics of Al−20Si−2Cu−0.4Mg−1Ni alloy formed by rheo-squeeze casting after ultrasonic vibration treatment, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 22 (2012) 2863-2870, November 2012. Full paper available online.

109-12 Alexandre Reikher, Numerical Analysis of Die-Casting Process in Thin Cavities Using Lubrication Approximation, Ph.D. Thesis: The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Engineering Department (2012) Theses and Dissertations. Paper 65.

97-12 Hong Zhou and Li Heng Luo, Filling Pattern of Step Gating System in Lost Foam Casting Process and its Application, Advanced Materials Research, Volumes 602-604, Progress in Materials and Processes, 1916-1921, December 2012.

93-12  Liangchi Zhang, Chunliang Zhang, Jeng-Haur Horng and Zichen Chen, Functions of Step Gating System in the Lost Foam Casting Process, Advanced Materials Research, 591-593, 940, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.591-593.940, November 2012.

91-12  Hong Yan, Jian Bin Zhu, Ping Shan, Numerical Simulation on Rheo-Diecasting of Magnesium Matrix Composites, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.192-193.287, Solid State Phenomena, 192-193, 287.

89-12  Alexandre Reikher and Krishna M. Pillai, A Fast Numerical Simulation for Modeling Simultaneous Metal Flow and Solidification in Thin Cavities Using the Lubrication Approximation, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications: An International Journal of Computation and Methodology, 63:2, 75-100, November 2012.

82-12  Jufu Jiang, Gang Chen, Ying Wang, Zhiming Du, Weiwei Shan, and Yuanfa Li, Microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-wall and high-rib parts of AM60B Mg alloy formed by double control forming and die casting under the optimal conditions, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.086, October 2012.

78-12   A. Pari, Real Life Problem Solving through Simulations in the Die Casting Industry – Case Studies, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

77-12  Y. Wang, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian and R.A. Miller, Rheological behavior models of metal matrix alloys in semi-solid casting process, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

76-12  A. Reikher and H. Gerber, Analysis of Solidification Parameters During the Die Cast Process, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

75-12 R.A. Miller, Y. Wang and K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, Estimating Cavity Fill Time, 2012 Die Casting Congress & Exposition, © NADCA, October 8-10, 2012, Indianapolis, IN.

65-12  X.H. Yang, T.J. Lu, T. Kim, Influence of non-conducting pore inclusions on phase change behavior of porous media with constant heat flux boundary, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Available online 10 October 2012. Available online at SciVerse.

55-12  Hejun Li, Pengyun Wang, Lehua Qi, Hansong Zuo, Songyi Zhong, Xianghui Hou, 3D numerical simulation of successive deposition of uniform molten Al droplets on a moving substrate and experimental validation, Computational Materials Science, Volume 65, December 2012, Pages 291–301.

52-12 Hongbing Ji, Yixin Chen and Shengzhou Chen, Numerical Simulation of Inner-Outer Couple Cooling Slab Continuous Casting in the Filling Process, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 557-559), Advanced Materials and Processes II, pp. 2257-2260, July 2012.

47-12    Petri Väyrynen, Lauri Holappa, and Seppo Louhenkilpi, Simulation of Melting of Alloying Materials in Steel Ladle, SCANMET IV – 4th International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking, Lulea, Sweden, June 10-13, 2012.

46-12  Bin Zhang and Dave Salee, Metal Flow and Heat Transfer in Billet DC Casting Using Wagstaff® Optifill™ Metal Distribution Systems, 5th International Metal Quality Workshop, United Arab Emirates Dubai, March 18-22, 2012.

45-12 D.R. Gunasegaram, M. Givord, R.G. O’Donnell and B.R. Finnin, Improvements engineered in UTS and elongation of aluminum alloy high pressure die castings through the alteration of runner geometry and plunger velocity, Materials Science & Engineering.

44-12    Antoni Drys and Stefano Mascetti, Aluminum Casting Simulations, Desktop Engineering, September 2012

42-12   Huizhen Duan, Jiangnan Shen and Yanping Li, Comparative analysis of HPDC process of an auto part with ProCAST and FLOW-3D, Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 184-185 (2012) pp 90-94, Online available since 2012/Jun/14 at www.scientific.net, © (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.184-185.90.

41-12    Deniece R. Korzekwa, Cameron M. Knapp, David A. Korzekwa, and John W. Gibbs, Co-Design – Fabrication of Unalloyed Plutonium, LA-UR-12-23441, MDI Summer Research Group Workshop Advanced Manufacturing, 2012-07-25/2012-07-26 (Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States)

29-12  Dario Tiberto and Ulrich E. Klotz, Computer simulation applied to jewellery casting: challenges, results and future possibilities, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.33 012008. Full paper available at IOP.

28-12  Y Yue and N R Green, Modelling of different entrainment mechanisms and their influences on the mechanical reliability of Al-Si castings, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33,012072.Full paper available at IOP.

27-12  E Kaschnitz, Numerical simulation of centrifugal casting of pipes, 2012 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 33 012031, Issue 1. Full paper available at IOP.

15-12  C. Reilly, N.R Green, M.R. Jolly, The Present State Of Modeling Entrainment Defects In The Shape Casting Process, Applied Mathematical Modelling, Available online 27 April 2012, ISSN 0307-904X, 10.1016/j.apm.2012.04.032.

12-12   Andrei Starobin, Tony Hirt, Hubert Lang, and Matthias Todte, Core drying simulation and validation, International Foundry Research, GIESSEREIFORSCHUNG 64 (2012) No. 1, ISSN 0046-5933, pp 2-5

10-12  H. Vladimir Martínez and Marco F. Valencia (2012). Semisolid Processing of Al/β-SiC Composites by Mechanical Stirring Casting and High Pressure Die Casting, Recent Researches in Metallurgical Engineering – From Extraction to Forming, Dr Mohammad Nusheh (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0356-1, InTech

07-12     Amir H. G. Isfahani and James M. Brethour, Simulating Thermal Stresses and Cooling Deformations, Die Casting Engineer, March 2012

06-12   Shuisheng Xie, Youfeng He and Xujun Mi, Study on Semi-solid Magnesium Alloys Slurry Preparation and Continuous Roll-casting Process, Magnesium Alloys – Design, Processing and Properties, ISBN: 978-953-307-520-4, InTech.

04-12 J. Spangenberg, N. Roussel, J.H. Hattel, H. Stang, J. Skocek, M.R. Geiker, Flow induced particle migration in fresh concrete: Theoretical frame, numerical simulations and experimental results on model fluids, Cement and Concrete Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.007, February 2012.

01-12   Lee, B., Baek, U., and Han, J., Optimization of Gating System Design for Die Casting of Thin Magnesium Alloy-Based Multi-Cavity LCD Housings, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Springer New York, Issn: 1059-9495, 10.1007/s11665-011-0111-1, Volume 1 / 1992 – Volume 21 / 2012. Available online at Springer Link.

104-11  Fu-Yuan Hsu and Huey Jiuan Lin, Foam Filters Used in Gravity Casting, Metall and Materi Trans B (2011) 42: 1110. doi:10.1007/s11663-011-9548-8.

99-11    Eduardo Trejo, Centrifugal Casting of an Aluminium Alloy, thesis: Doctor of Philosophy, Metallurgy and Materials School of Engineering University of Birmingham, October 2011. Full paper available upon request.

93-11  Olga Kononova, Andrejs Krasnikovs ,Videvuds Lapsa,Jurijs Kalinka and Angelina Galushchak, Internal Structure Formation in High Strength Fiber Concrete during Casting, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 59 2011

76-11  J. Hartmann, A. Trepper, and C. Körner, Aluminum Integral Foams with Near-Microcellular Structure, Advanced Engineering Materials 2011, Volume 13 (2011) No. 11, © Wiley-VCH

71-11  Fu-Yuan Hsu and Yao-Ming Yang Confluence Weld in an Aluminum Gravity Casting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Available online 23 November 2011, ISSN 0924-0136, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.11.006.

65-11     V.A. Chaikin, A.V. Chaikin, I.N.Volnov, A Study of the Process of Late Modification Using Simulation, in Zagotovitelnye Proizvodstva v Mashinostroenii, 10, 2011, 8-12. In Russian.

54-11  Ngadia Taha Niane and Jean-Pierre Michalet, Validation of Foundry Process for Aluminum Parts with FLOW-3D Software, Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting, 2011.

51-11    A. Reikher and H. Gerber, Calculation of the Die Cast parameters of the Thin Wall Aluminum Cast Part, 2011 Die Casting Congress & Tabletop, Columbus, OH, September 19-21, 2011

50-11   Y. Wang, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, and R.A. Miller, Runner design optimization based on CFD simulation for a die with multiple cavities, 2011 Die Casting Congress & Tabletop, Columbus, OH, September 19-21, 2011

48-11 A. Karwiński, W. Leśniewski, S. Pysz, P. Wieliczko, The technology of precision casting of titanium alloys by centrifugal process, Archives of Foundry Engineering, ISSN: 1897-3310), Volume 11, Issue 3/2011, 73-80, 2011.

46-11  Daniel Einsiedler, Entwicklung einer Simulationsmethodik zur Simulation von Strömungs- und Trocknungsvorgängen bei Kernfertigungsprozessen mittels CFD (Development of a simulation methodology for simulating flow and drying operations in core production processes using CFD), MSc thesis at Technical University of Aalen in Germany (Hochschule Aalen), 2011.

44-11  Bin Zhang and Craig Shaber, Aluminum Ingot Thermal Stress Development Modeling of the Wagstaff® EpsilonTM Rolling Ingot DC Casting System during the Start-up Phase, Materials Science Forum Vol. 693 (2011) pp 196-207, © 2011 Trans Tech Publications, July, 2011.

43-11 Vu Nguyen, Patrick Rohan, John Grandfield, Alex Levin, Kevin Naidoo, Kurt Oswald, Guillaume Girard, Ben Harker, and Joe Rea, Implementation of CASTfill low-dross pouring system for ingot casting, Materials Science Forum Vol. 693 (2011) pp 227-234, © 2011 Trans Tech Publications, July, 2011.

40-11  A. Starobin, D. Goettsch, M. Walker, D. Burch, Gas Pressure in Aluminum Block Water Jacket Cores, © 2011 American Foundry Society, International Journal of Metalcasting/Summer 2011

37-11 Ferencz Peti, Lucian Grama, Analyze of the Possible Causes of Porosity Type Defects in Aluminum High Pressure Diecast Parts, Scientific Bulletin of the Petru Maior University of Targu Mures, Vol. 8 (XXV) no. 1, 2011, ISSN 1841-9267

31-11  Johannes Hartmann, André Trepper, Carolin Körner, Aluminum Integral Foams with Near-Microcellular Structure, Advanced Engineering Materials, 13: n/a. doi: 10.1002/adem.201100035, June 2011.

27-11  A. Pari, Optimization of HPDC Process using Flow Simulation Case Studies, Die Casting Engineer, July 2011

26-11    A. Reikher, H. Gerber, Calculation of the Die Cast Parameters of the Thin Wall Aluminum Die Casting Part, Die Casting Engineer, July 2011

21-11 Thang Nguyen, Vu Nguyen, Morris Murray, Gary Savage, John Carrig, Modelling Die Filling in Ultra-Thin Aluminium Castings, Materials Science Forum (Volume 690), Light Metals Technology V, pp 107-111, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.690.107, June 2011.

19-11 Jon Spangenberg, Cem Celal Tutum, Jesper Henri Hattel, Nicolas Roussel, Metter Rica Geiker, Optimization of Casting Process Parameters for Homogeneous Aggregate Distribution in Self-Compacting Concrete: A Feasibility Study, © IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2011, New Orleans, USA

16-11  A. Starobin, C.W. Hirt, H. Lang, and M. Todte, Core Drying Simulation and Validations, AFS Proceedings 2011, © American Foundry Society, Presented at the 115th Metalcasting Congress, Schaumburg, Illinois, April 2011.

15-11  J. J. Hernández-Ortega, R. Zamora, J. López, and F. Faura, Numerical Analysis of Air Pressure Effects on the Flow Pattern during the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity, AIP Conf. Proc., Volume 1353, pp. 1238-1243, The 14th International Esaform Conference on Material Forming: Esaform 2011; doi:10.1063/1.3589686, May 2011. Available online.

10-11 Abbas A. Khalaf and Sumanth Shankar, Favorable Environment for Nondentric Morphology in Controlled Diffusion Solidification, DOI: 10.1007/s11661-011-0641-z, © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2011, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, March 11, 2011.

08-11 Hai Peng Li, Chun Yong Liang, Li Hui Wang, Hong Shui Wang, Numerical Simulation of Casting Process for Gray Iron Butterfly Valve, Advanced Materials Research, 189-193, 260, February 2011.

04-11  C.W. Hirt, Predicting Core Shooting, Drying and Defect Development, Foundry Management & Technology, January 2011.

76-10  Zhizhong Sun, Henry Hu, Alfred Yu, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Squeeze Casting Magnesium Alloy AM50, Magnesium Technology 2010, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, February 14-18, 2010, Seattle, WA.

68-10  A. Reikher, H. Gerber, K.M. Pillai, T.-C. Jen, Natural Convection—An Overlooked Phenomenon of the Solidification Process, Die Casting Engineer, January 2010

54-10    Andrea Bernardoni, Andrea Borsi, Stefano Mascetti, Alessandro Incognito and Matteo Corrado, Fonderia Leonardo aveva ragione! L’enorme cavallo dedicato a Francesco Sforza era materialmente realizzabile, A&C – Analisis e Calcolo, Giugno 2010. In  Italian.

48-10  J. J. Hernández-Ortega, R. Zamora, J. Palacios, J. López and F. Faura, An Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Patterns and Air Entrapment Phenomena During the Filling of a Vertical Die Cavity, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., October 2010, Volume 132, Issue 5, 05101, doi:10.1115/1.4002535.

47-10  A.V. Chaikin, I.N. Volnov, and V.A. Chaikin, Development of Dispersible Mixed Inoculant Compositions Using the FLOW-3D Program, Liteinoe Proizvodstvo, October, 2010, in Russian.

42-10  H. Lakshmi, M.C. Vinay Kumar, Raghunath, P. Kumar, V. Ramanarayanan, K.S.S. Murthy, P. Dutta, Induction reheating of A356.2 aluminum alloy and thixocasting as automobile component, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 20(20101) s961-s967.

41-10  Pamela J. Waterman, Understanding Core-Gas Defects, Desktop Engineering, October 2010. Available online at Desktop Engineering. Also published in the Foundry Trade Journal, November 2010.

39-10  Liu Zheng, Jia Yingying, Mao Pingli, Li Yang, Wang Feng, Wang Hong, Zhou Le, Visualization of Die Casting Magnesium Alloy Steering Bracket, Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys, ISSN: 1001-2249, CN: 42-1148/TG, 2010-04. In Chinese.

37-10  Morris Murray, Lars Feldager Hansen, and Carl Reinhardt, I Have Defects – Now What, Die Casting Engineer, September 2010

36-10  Stefano Mascetti, Using Flow Analysis Software to Optimize Piston Velocity for an HPDC Process, Die Casting Engineer, September 2010. Also available in Italian: Ottimizzare la velocita del pistone in pressofusione.  A & C, Analisi e Calcolo, Anno XII, n. 42, Gennaio 2011, ISSN 1128-3874.

32-10  Guan Hai Yan, Sheng Dun Zhao, Zheng Hui Sha, Parameters Optimization of Semisolid Diecasting Process for Air-Conditioner’s Triple Valve in HPb59-1 Alloy, Advanced Materials Research (Volumes 129 – 131), Vol. Material and Manufacturing Technology, pp. 936-941, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.129-131.936, August 2010.

29-10 Zheng Peng, Xu Jun, Zhang Zhifeng, Bai Yuelong, and Shi Likai, Numerical Simulation of Filling of Rheo-diecasting A357 Aluminum Alloy, Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys, DOI: CNKI:SUN:TZZZ.0.2010-01-024, 2010.

27-10 For an Aerospace Diecasting, Littler Uses Simulation to Reveal Defects, and Win a New Order, Foundry Management & Technology, July 2010

23-10 Michael R. Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment, The Canadian Die Caster, June 2010

15-10 David H. Kirkwood, Michel Suery, Plato Kapranos, Helen V. Atkinson, and Kenneth P. Young, Semi-solid Processing of Alloys, 2010, XII, 172 p. 103 illus., 19 in color., Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-642-00705-7.

09-10  Shannon Wetzel, Fullfilling Da Vinci’s Dream, Modern Casting, April 2010.

08-10 B.I. Semenov, K.M. Kushtarov, Semi-solid Manufacturing of Castings, New Industrial Technologies, Publication of Moscow State Technical University n.a. N.E. Bauman, 2009 (in Russian)

07-10 Carl Reilly, Development Of Quantitative Casting Quality Assessment Criteria Using Process Modelling, thesis: The University of Birmingham, March 2010 (Available upon request)

06-10 A. Pari, Optimization of HPDC Process using Flow Simulation – Case Studies, CastExpo ’10, NADCA, Orlando, Florida, March 2010

05-10 M.C. Carter, S. Palit, and M. Littler, Characterizing Flow Losses Occurring in Air Vents and Ejector Pins in High Pressure Die Castings, CastExpo ’10, NADCA, Orlando, Florida, March 2010

04-10 Pamela Waterman, Simulating Porosity Factors, Foundry Management Technology, March 2010, Article available at Foundry Management Technology

03-10 C. Reilly, M.R. Jolly, N.R. Green, JC Gebelin, Assessment of Casting Filling by Modeling Surface Entrainment Events Using CFD, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition (Jim Evans Honorary Symposium), Seattle, Washington, USA, February 14-18, 2010

02-10 P. Väyrynen, S. Wang, J. Laine and S.Louhenkilpi, Control of Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Inclusions in Continuous Casting – CFD and Neural Network Studies, 2010 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition (Jim Evans Honorary Symposium), Seattle, Washington, USA, February 14-18, 2010

60-09   Somlak Wannarumon, and Marco Actis Grande, Comparisons of Computer Fluid Dynamic Software Programs applied to Jewelry Investment Casting Process, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 55 2009.

59-09   Marco Actis Grande and Somlak Wannarumon, Numerical Simulation of Investment Casting of Gold Jewelry: Experiments and Validations, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol:3 2009-07-24

56-09  Jozef Kasala, Ondrej Híreš, Rudolf Pernis, Start-up Phase Modeling of Semi Continuous Casting Process of Brass Billets, Metal 2009, 19.-21.5.2009

51-09  In-Ting Hong, Huan-Chien Tung, Chun-Hao Chiu and Hung-Shang Huang, Effect of Casting Parameters on Microstructure and Casting Quality of Si-Al Alloy for Vacuum Sputtering, China Steel Technical Report, No. 22, pp. 33-40, 2009.

42-09  P. Väyrynen, S. Wang, S. Louhenkilpi and L. Holappa, Modeling and Removal of Inclusions in Continuous Casting, Materials Science & Technology 2009 Conference & Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, October 25-29, 2009

41-09 O.Smirnov, P.Väyrynen, A.Kravchenko and S.Louhenkilpi, Modern Methods of Modeling Fluid Flow and Inclusions Motion in Tundish Bath – General View, Proceedings of Steelsim 2009 – 3rd International Conference on Simulation and Modelling of Metallurgical Processes in Steelmaking, Leoben, Austria, September 8-10, 2009

21-09 A. Pari, Case Studies – Optimization of HPDC Process Using Flow Simulation, Die Casting Engineer, July 2009

20-09 M. Sirvio, M. Wos, Casting directly from a computer model by using advanced simulation software, FLOW-3D Cast, Archives of Foundry Engineering Volume 9, Issue 1/2009, 79-82

19-09 Andrei Starobin, C.W. Hirt, D. Goettsch, A Model for Binder Gas Generation and Transport in Sand Cores and Molds, Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Solidification Processes XII, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Minerals Society), June 2009

11-09 Michael Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment in a Shot Sleeve during Slow-Shot Stage, Die Casting Engineer (The North American Die Casting Association ISSN 0012-253X), May 2009

10-09 A. Reikher, H. Gerber, Application of One-Dimensional Numerical Simulation to Optimize Process Parameters of a Thin-Wall Casting in High Pressure Die Casting, Die Casting Engineer (The North American Die Casting Association ISSN 0012-253X), May 2009

7-09 Andrei Starobin, Simulation of Core Gas Evolution and Flow, presented at the North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

6-09 A.Pari, Optimization of HPDC PROCESS: Case Studies, North American Die Casting Association – 113th Metalcasting Congress, April 7-10, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

2-09 C. Reilly, N.R. Green and M.R. Jolly, Oxide Entrainment Structures in Horizontal Running Systems, TMS 2009, San Francisco, California, February 2009

30-08 I.N.Volnov, Computer Modeling of Casting of Pipe Fittings, © 2008, Pipe Fittings, 5 (38), 2008. Russian version

28-08 A.V.Chaikin, I.N.Volnov, V.A.Chaikin, Y.A.Ukhanov, N.R.Petrov, Analysis of the Efficiency of Alloy Modifiers Using Statistics and Modeling, © 2008, Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), October, 2008

27-08 P. Scarber, Jr., H. Littleton, Simulating Macro-Porosity in Aluminum Lost Foam Castings, American Foundry Society, © 2008, AFS Lost Foam Conference, Asheville, North Carolina, October, 2008

25-08 FMT Staff, Forecasting Core Gas Pressures with Computer Simulation, Foundry Management and Technology, October 28, 2008 © 2008 Penton Media, Inc. Online article

24-08 Core and Mold Gas Evolution, Foundry Management and Technology, January 24, 2008 (excerpted from the FM&T May 2007 issue) © 2008 Penton Media, Inc.

22-08 Mark Littler, Simulation Eliminates Die Casting Scrap, Modern Casting/September 2008

21-08 X. Chen, D. Penumadu, Permeability Measurement and Numerical Modeling for Refractory Porous Materials, AFS Transactions © 2008 American Foundry Society, CastExpo ’08, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

20-08 Rolf Krack, Using Solidification Simulations for Optimising Die Cooling Systems, FTJ July/August 2008

19-08 Mark Littler, Simulation Software Eliminates Die Casting Scrap, ECS Casting Innovations, July/August 2008

13-08 T. Yoshimura, K. Yano, T. Fukui, S. Yamamoto, S. Nishido, M. Watanabe and Y. Nemoto, Optimum Design of Die Casting Plunger Tip Considering Air Entrainment, Proceedings of 10th Asian Foundry Congress (AFC10), Nagoya, Japan, May 2008

08-08 Stephen Instone, Andreas Buchholz and Gerd-Ulrich Gruen, Inclusion Transport Phenomena in Casting Furnaces, Light Metals 2008, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2008

07-08 P. Scarber, Jr., H. Littleton, Simulating Macro-Porosity in Aluminum Lost Foam Casting, AFS Transactions 2008 © American Foundry Society, CastExpo ’08, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

06-08 A. Reikher, H. Gerber and A. Starobin, Multi-Stage Plunger Deceleration System, CastExpo ’08, NADCA, Atlanta, Georgia, May 2008

05-08 Amol Palekar, Andrei Starobin, Alexander Reikher, Die-casting end-of-fill and drop forge viscometer flow transients examined with a coupled-motion numerical model, 68th World Foundry Congress, Chennai, India, February 2008

03-08 Petri J. Väyrynen, Sami K. Vapalahti and Seppo J. Louhenkilpi, On Validation of Mathematical Fluid Flow Models for Simulation of Tundish Water Models and Industrial Examples, AISTech 2008, May 2008

53-07   A. Kermanpur, Sh. Mahmoudi and A. Hajipour, Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Metal Flow and Solidification in the Multi-cavity Casting Moulds of Automotive Components, International Journal of Iron & Steel Society of Iran, Article 2, Volume 4, Issue 1, Summer and Autumn 2007, pages 8-15.

36-07 Duque Mesa A. F., Herrera J., Cruz L.J., Fernández G.P. y Martínez H.V., Caracterización Defectológica de Piezas Fundida por Lost Foam Casting Mediante Simulación Numérica, 8° Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingenieria Mecanica, Cusco, Peru, 23 al 25 de Octubre de 2007 (in Spanish)

27-07 A.Y. Korotchenko, A.M. Zarubin, I.A.Korotchenko, Modeling of High Pressure Die Casting Filling, Russian Foundryman, December 2007, pp 15-19. (in Russian)

26-07 I.N. Volnov, Modeling of Casting Processes with Variable Geometry, Russian Foundryman, November 2007, pp 27-30. (in Russian)

16-07 P. Väyrynen, S. Vapalahti, S. Louhenkilpi, L. Chatburn, M. Clark, T. Wagner, Tundish Flow Model Tuning and Validation – Steady State and Transient Casting Situations, STEELSIM 2007, Graz/Seggau, Austria, September 12-14 2007

11-07 Marco Actis Grande, Computer Simulation of the Investment Casting Process – Widening of the Filling Step, Santa Fe Symposium on Jewelry Manufacturing Technology, May 2007

09-07 Alexandre Reikher and Michael Barkhudarov, Casting: An Analytical Approach, Springer, 1st edition, August 2007, Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-84628-849-4. U.S. Order Form; Europe Order Form.

07-07 I.N. Volnov, Casting Modeling Systems – Current State, Problems and Perspectives, (in Russian), Liteyshik Rossii (Russian Foundryman), June 2007

05-07 A.N. Turchin, D.G. Eskin, and L. Katgerman, Solidification under Forced-Flow Conditions in a Shallow Cavity, DOI: 10.1007/s1161-007-9183-9, © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2007

04-07 A.N. Turchin, M. Zuijderwijk, J. Pool, D.G. Eskin, and L. Katgerman, Feathery grain growth during solidification under forced flow conditions, © Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.02.030, April 2007

03-07 S. Kuyucak, Sponsored Research – Clean Steel Casting Production—Evaluation of Laboratory Castings, Transactions of the American Foundry Society, Volume 115, 111th Metalcasting Congress, May 2007

02-07 Fu-Yuan Hsu, Mark R. Jolly and John Campbell, The Design of L-Shaped Runners for Gravity Casting, Shape Casting: 2nd International Symposium, Edited by Paul N. Crepeau, Murat Tiryakioðlu and John Campbell, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), Orlando, FL, Feb 2007

30-06 X.J. Liu, S.H. Bhavnani, R.A. Overfelt, Simulation of EPS foam decomposition in the lost foam casting process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 182 (2007) 333–342, © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

25-06 Michael Barkhudarov and Gengsheng Wei, Modeling Casting on the Move, Modern Casting, August 2006; Modeling of Casting Processes with Variable Geometry, Russian Foundryman, December 2007, pp 10-15. (in Russian)

24-06 P. Scarber, Jr. and C.E. Bates, Simulation of Core Gas Production During Mold Fill, © 2006 American Foundry Society

7-06 M.Y.Smirnov, Y.V.Golenkov, Manufacturing of Cast Iron Bath Tubs Castings using Vacuum-Process in Russia, Russia’s Foundryman, July 2006. In Russian.

6-06 M. Barkhudarov, and G. Wei, Modeling of the Coupled Motion of Rigid Bodies in Liquid Metal, Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes – XI, May 28 – June 2, 2006, Opio, France, eds. Ch.-A. Gandin and M. Bellet, pp 71-78, 2006.

2-06 J.-C. Gebelin, M.R. Jolly and F.-Y. Hsu, ‘Designing-in’ Controlled Filling Using Numerical Simulation for Gravity Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys, Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2006, Vol.19 No.1

1-06 Michael Barkhudarov, Using Simulation to Control Microporosity Reduces Die Iterations, Die Casting Engineer, January 2006, pp. 52-54

30-05 H. Xue, K. Kabiri-Bamoradian, R.A. Miller, Modeling Dynamic Cavity Pressure and Impact Spike in Die Casting, Cast Expo ’05, April 16-19, 2005

22-05 Blas Melissari & Stavros A. Argyropoulous, Measurement of Magnitude and Direction of Velocity in High-Temperature Liquid Metals; Part I, Mathematical Modeling, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 36B, October 2005, pp. 691-700

21-05 M.R. Jolly, State of the Art Review of Use of Modeling Software for Casting, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 337-346

20-05 J-C Gebelin, M.R. Jolly & F-Y Hsu, ‘Designing-in’ Controlled Filling Using Numerical Simulation for Gravity Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 355-364

19-05 F-Y Hsu, M.R. Jolly & J Campbell, Vortex Gate Design for Gravity Castings, TMS Annual Meeting, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, Eds, M. Tiryakioglu & P.N Crepeau, TMS, Warrendale, PA, ISBN 0-87339-583-2, Feb 2005, pp 73-82

18-05 M.R. Jolly, Modelling the Investment Casting Process: Problems and Successes, Japanese Foundry Society, JFS, Tokyo, Sept. 2005

13-05 Xiaogang Yang, Xiaobing Huang, Xiaojun Dai, John Campbell and Joe Tatler, Numerical Modelling of the Entrainment of Oxide Film Defects in Filling of Aluminium Alloy Castings, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 17 (6), 2004, 321-331

10-05 Carlos Evaristo Esparza, Martha P. Guerro-Mata, Roger Z. Ríos-Mercado, Optimal Design of Gating Systems by Gradient Search Methods, Computational Materials Science, October 2005

6-05 Birgit Hummler-Schaufler, Fritz Hirning, Jurgen Schaufler, A World First for Hatz Diesel and Schaufler Tooling, Die Casting Engineer, May 2005, pp. 18-21

4-05 Rolf Krack, The W35 Topic—A World First, Die Casting World, March 2005, pp. 16-17

3-05 Joerg Frei, Casting Simulations Speed Up Development, Die Casting World, March 2005, p. 14

2-05 David Goettsch and Michael Barkhudarov, Analysis and Optimization of the Transient Stage of Stopper-Rod Pour, Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2005

36-04  Ik Min Park, Il Dong Choi, Yong Ho Park, Development of Light-Weight Al Scroll Compressor for Car Air Conditioner, Materials Science Forum, Designing, Processing and Properties of Advanced Engineering Materials, 449-452, 149, March 2004.

32-04 D.H. Kirkwood and P.J Ward, Numerical Modelling of Semi-Solid Flow under Processing Conditions, steel research int. 75 (2004), No. 8/9

30-04 Haijing Mao, A Numerical Study of Externally Solidified Products in the Cold Chamber Die Casting Process, thesis: The Ohio State University, 2004 (Available upon request)

28-04 Z. Cao, Z. Yang, and X.L. Chen, Three-Dimensional Simulation of Transient GMA Weld Pool with Free Surface, Supplement to the Welding Journal, June 2004.

23-04 State of the Art Use of Computational Modelling in the Foundry Industry, 3rd International Conference Computational Modelling of Materials III, Sicily, Italy, June 2004, Advances in Science and Technology,  Eds P. Vincenzini & A Lami, Techna Group Srl, Italy, ISBN: 88-86538-46-4, Part B, pp 479-490

22-04 Jerry Fireman, Computer Simulation Helps Reduce Scrap, Die Casting Engineer, May 2004, pp. 46-49

21-04 Joerg Frei, Simulation—A Safe and Quick Way to Good Components, Aluminium World, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 42-43

20-04 J.-C. Gebelin, M.R. Jolly, A. M. Cendrowicz, J. Cirre and S. Blackburn, Simulation of Die Filling for the Wax Injection Process – Part II Numerical Simulation, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, Volume 35B, August 2004

14-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov, Charles H. Sherwin, and Ruel A. Overfelt, Hot Distortion Studies In Phenolic Urethane Cold Box System, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA

13-04 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov and Ruel A. Overfelt, First V-Process Casting of Magnesium, American Foundry Society, 108th Casting Congress, June 12-15, 2004, Rosemont, IL, USA

5-04 C. Schlumpberger & B. Hummler-Schaufler, Produktentwicklung auf hohem Niveau (Product Development on a High Level), Druckguss Praxis, January 2004, pp 39-42 (in German).

3-04 Charles Bates, Dealing with Defects, Foundry Management and Technology, February 2004, pp 23-25

1-04 Laihua Wang, Thang Nguyen, Gary Savage and Cameron Davidson, Thermal and Flow Modeling of Ladling and Injection in High Pressure Die Casting Process, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 16 No 4 2003, pp 409-417

2-03 J-C Gebelin, AM Cendrowicz, MR Jolly, Modeling of the Wax Injection Process for the Investment Casting Process – Prediction of Defects, presented at the Third International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Minerals and Process Industries, December 10-12, 2003, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 415-420

29-03 C. W. Hirt, Modeling Shrinkage Induced Micro-porosity, Flow Science Technical Note (FSI-03-TN66)

28-03 Thixoforming at the University of Sheffield, Diecasting World, September 2003, pp 11-12

26-03 William Walkington, Gas Porosity-A Guide to Correcting the Problems, NADCA Publication: 516

22-03 G F Yao, C W Hirt, and M Barkhudarov, Development of a Numerical Approach for Simulation of Sand Blowing and Core Formation, in Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Process-X”, Ed. By Stefanescu et al pp. 633-639, 2003

21-03 E F Brush Jr, S P Midson, W G Walkington, D T Peters, J G Cowie, Porosity Control in Copper Rotor Die Castings, NADCA Indianapolis Convention Center, Indianapolis, IN September 15-18, 2003, T03-046

12-03 J-C Gebelin & M.R. Jolly, Modeling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes,  Trans AFS, 2002, 110, pp. 109-120

11-03 M.R. Jolly, Casting Simulation – How Well Do Reality and Virtual Casting Match – A State of the Art Review, Intl. J. Cast Metals Research, 2002, 14, pp. 303-313

10-03 Gebelin., J-C and Jolly, M.R., Modeling of the Investment Casting Process, Journal of  Materials Processing Tech., Vol. 135/2-3, pp. 291 – 300

9-03 Cox, M, Harding, R.A. and Campbell, J., Optimised Running System Design for Bottom Filled Aluminium Alloy 2L99 Investment Castings, J. Mat. Sci. Tech., May 2003, Vol. 19, pp. 613-625

8-03 Von Alexander Schrey and Regina Reek, Numerische Simulation der Kernherstellung, (Numerical Simulation of Core Blowing), Giesserei, June 2003, pp. 64-68 (in German)

7-03 J. Zuidema Jr., L Katgerman, Cyclone separation of particles in aluminum DC Casting, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 607-614

6-03 Jean-Christophe Gebelin and Mark Jolly, Numerical Modeling of Metal Flow Through Filters, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 431-438

5-03 N.W. Lai, W.D. Griffiths and J. Campbell, Modelling of the Potential for Oxide Film Entrainment in Light Metal Alloy Castings, Proceedings from the Tenth International Conference on Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes, Destin, FL, May 2003, pp. 415-422

21-02 Boris Lukezic, Case History: Process Modeling Solves Die Design Problems, Modern Casting, February 2003, P 59

20-02 C.W. Hirt and M.R. Barkhudarov, Predicting Defects in Lost Foam Castings, Modern Casting, December 2002, pp 31-33

19-02 Mark Jolly, Mike Cox, Ric Harding, Bill Griffiths and John Campbell, Quiescent Filling Applied to Investment Castings, Modern Casting, December 2002 pp. 36-38

18-02 Simulation Helps Overcome Challenges of Thin Wall Magnesium Diecasting, Foundry Management and Technology, October 2002, pp 13-15

17-02 G Messmer, Simulation of a Thixoforging Process of Aluminum Alloys with FLOW-3D, Institute for Metal Forming Technology, University of Stuttgart

16-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Lost Foam Process, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 319-324

15-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Computer Simulation of Inclusion Tracking, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 341-346

14-02 Barkhudarov, Michael, Advanced Simulation of the Flow and Heat Transfer of an Alternator Housing, Casting Simulation Background and Examples from Europe and the USA, World Foundrymen Organization, 2002, pp 219-228

8-02 Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov, and Ruel A. Overfelt, Experimental and Numerical Study of Bonded Sand-Air Two-Phase Flow in PUA Process, Auburn University, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-091, Kansas City, MO

7-02 A Habibollah Zadeh, and J Campbell, Metal Flow Through a Filter System, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-020, Kansas City, MO

6-02 Phil Ward, and Helen Atkinson, Final Report for EPSRC Project: Modeling of Thixotropic Flow of Metal Alloys into a Die, GR/M17334/01, March 2002, University of Sheffield

5-02 S. I. Bakhtiyarov and R. A. Overfelt, Numerical and Experimental Study of Aluminum Casting in Vacuum-sealed Step Molding, Auburn University, 2002 American Foundry Society, AFS Transactions 02-050, Kansas City, MO

4-02 J. C. Gebelin and M. R. Jolly, Modelling Filters in Light Alloy Casting Processes, University of Birmingham, 2002 American Foundry Society AFS Transactions 02-079, Kansas City, MO

3-02 Mark Jolly, Mike Cox, Jean-Christophe Gebelin, Sam Jones, and Alex Cendrowicz, Fundamentals of Investment Casting (FOCAST), Modelling the Investment Casting Process, Some preliminary results from the UK Research Programme, IRC in Materials, University of Birmingham, UK, AFS2001

49-01   Hua Bai and Brian G. Thomas, Bubble formation during horizontal gas injection into downward-flowing liquid, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 1143-1159, 2001. doi.org/10.1007/s11663-001-0102-y

45-01 Jan Zuidema; Laurens Katgerman; Ivo J. Opstelten;Jan M. Rabenberg, Secondary Cooling in DC Casting: Modelling and Experimental Results, TMS 2001, New Orleans, Louisianna, February 11-15, 2001

43-01 James Andrew Yurko, Fluid Flow Behavior of Semi-Solid Aluminum at High Shear Rates,Ph.D. thesis; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2001. Abstract only; full thesis available at http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8451 (for a fee).

33-01 Juang, S.H., CAE Application on Design of Die Casting Dies, 2001 Conference on CAE Technology and Application, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, November 2001, (article in Chinese with English-language abstract)

32-01 Juang, S.H. and C. M. Wang, Effect of Feeding Geometry on Flow Characteristics of Magnesium Die Casting by Numerical Analysis, The Preceedings of 6th FADMA Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, July 2001, Chinese language with English abstract

26-01 C. W. Hirt., Predicting Defects in Lost Foam Castings, December 13, 2001

21-01 P. Scarber Jr., Using Liquid Free Surface Areas as a Predictor of Reoxidation Tendency in Metal Alloy Castings, presented at the Steel Founders’ Society of American, Technical and Operating Conference, October 2001

20-01 P. Scarber Jr., J. Griffin, and C. E. Bates, The Effect of Gating and Pouring Practice on Reoxidation of Steel Castings, presented at the Steel Founders’ Society of American, Technical and Operating Conference, October 2001

19-01 L. Wang, T. Nguyen, M. Murray, Simulation of Flow Pattern and Temperature Profile in the Shot Sleeve of a High Pressure Die Casting Process, CSIRO Manufacturing Science and Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Presented by North American Die Casting Association, Oct 29-Nov 1, 2001, Cincinnati, To1-014

18-01 Rajiv Shivpuri, Venkatesh Sankararaman, Kaustubh Kulkarni, An Approach at Optimizing the Ingate Design for Reducing Filling and Shrinkage Defects, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Presented by North American Die Casting Association, Oct 29-Nov 1, 2001, Cincinnati, TO1-052

5-01 Michael Barkhudarov, Simulation Helps Overcome Challenges of Thin Wall Magnesium Diecasting, Diecasting World, March 2001, pp. 5-6

2-01 J. Grindling, Customized CFD Codes to Simulate Casting of Thermosets in Full 3D, Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding 2000 Conference, October 31-November 2, 20

20-00 Richard Schuhmann, John Carrig, Thang Nguyen, Arne Dahle, Comparison of Water Analogue Modelling and Numerical Simulation Using Real-Time X-Ray Flow Data in Gravity Die Casting, Australian Die Casting Association Die Casting 2000 Conference, September 3-6, 2000, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

15-00 M. Sirvio, Vainola, J. Vartianinen, M. Vuorinen, J. Orkas, and S. Devenyi, Fluid Flow Analysis for Designing Gating of Aluminum Castings, Proc. NADCA Conf., Rosemont, IL, Nov 6-8, 1999

14-00 X. Yang, M. Jolly, and J. Campbell, Reduction of Surface Turbulence during Filling of Sand Castings Using a Vortex-flow Runner, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000

13-00 H. S. H. Lo and J. Campbell, The Modeling of Ceramic Foam Filters, Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August 2000

12-00 M. R. Jolly, H. S. H. Lo, M. Turan and J. Campbell, Use of Simulation Tools in the Practical Development of a Method for Manufacture of Cast Iron Camshafts,” Conference for Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, Aachen, Germany, August, 2000

14-99 J Koke, and M Modigell, Time-Dependent Rheological Properties of Semi-solid Metal Alloys, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Aachen University of Technology, Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 3: 15-30, 1999

12-99 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, Schneider, Wolfgang, Ray, Steven, Marthinusen, Jan-Olaf, Recent Improvements in Ceramic Foam Filter Design by Coupled Heat and Fluid Flow Modeling, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1999, pp. 1041-1047

10-99 Bongcheol Park and Jerald R. Brevick, Computer Flow Modeling of Cavity Pre-fill Effects in High Pressure Die Casting, NADCA Proceedings, Cleveland T99-011, November, 1999

8-99 Brad Guthrie, Simulation Reduces Aluminum Die Casting Cost by Reducing Volume, Die Casting Engineer Magazine, September/October 1999, pp. 78-81

7-99 Fred L. Church, Virtual Reality Predicts Cast Metal Flow, Modern Metals, September, 1999, pp. 67F-J

19-98 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Numerical Modeling of Fluid Flow Phenomena in the Launder-integrated Tool Within Casting Unit Development, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1998, pp. 1175-1182

18-98 X. Yang & J. Campbell, Liquid Metal Flow in a Pouring Basin, Int. J. Cast Metals Res, 1998, 10, pp. 239-253

15-98 R. Van Tol, Mould Filling of Horizontal Thin-Wall Castings, Delft University Press, The Netherlands, 1998

14-98 J. Daughtery and K. A. Williams, Thermal Modeling of Mold Material Candidates for Copper Pressure Die Casting of the Induction Motor Rotor Structure, Proc. Int’l Workshop on Permanent Mold Casting of Copper-Based Alloys, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Oct. 15-16, 1998

10-98 C. W. Hirt, and M.R. Barkhudarov, Lost Foam Casting Simulation with Defect Prediction, Flow Science Inc, presented at Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VIII Conference, June 7-12, 1998, Catamaran Hotel, San Diego, California

9-98 M. R. Barkhudarov and C. W. Hirt, Tracking Defects, Flow Science Inc, presented at the 1st International Aluminum Casting Technology Symposium, 12-14 October 1998, Rosemont, IL

5-98 J. Righi, Computer Simulation Helps Eliminate Porosity, Die Casting Management Magazine, pp. 36-38, January 1998

3-98 P. Kapranos, M. R. Barkhudarov, D. H. Kirkwood, Modeling of Structural Breakdown during Rapid Compression of Semi-Solid Alloy Slugs, Dept. Engineering Materials, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. and Flow Science Inc, USA, Presented at the 5th International Conference Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 23-25 June 1998

1-98 U. Jerichow, T. Altan, and P. R. Sahm, Semi Solid Metal Forming of Aluminum Alloys-The Effect of Process Variables Upon Material Flow, Cavity Fill and Mechanical Properties, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, published in Die Casting Engineer, p. 26, Jan/Feb 1998

8-97 Michael Barkhudarov, High Pressure Die Casting Simulation Using FLOW-3D, Die Casting Engineer, 1997

15-97 M. R. Barkhudarov, Advanced Simulation of the Flow and Heat Transfer Process in Simultaneous Engineering, Flow Science report, presented at the Casting 1997 – International ADI and Simulation Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May 28-30, 1997

14-97 M. Ranganathan and R. Shivpuri, Reducing Scrap and Increasing Die Life in Low Pressure Die Casting through Flow Simulation and Accelerated Testing, Dept. Welding and Systems Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, presented at 19th International Die Casting Congress & Exposition, November 3-6, 1997

13-97 J. Koke, Modellierung und Simulation der Fließeigenschaften teilerstarrter Metallegierungen, Livt Information, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen, October 1997

10-97 J. P. Greene and J. O. Wilkes, Numerical Analysis of Injection Molding of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics – Part 2 Fiber Orientation, Body-in-White Center, General Motors Corp. and Dept. Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 37, No. 6, June 1997

9-97 J. P. Greene and J. O. Wilkes, Numerical Analysis of Injection Molding of Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics. Part 1 – Injection Pressures and Flow, Manufacturing Center, General Motors Corp. and Dept. Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 37, No. 3, March 1997

8-97 H. Grazzini and D. Nesa, Thermophysical Properties, Casting Simulation and Experiments for a Stainless Steel, AT Systemes (Renault) report, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

7-97 R. Van Tol, L. Katgerman and H. E. A. Van den Akker, Horizontal Mould Filling of a Thin Wall Aluminum Casting, Laboratory of Materials report, Delft University, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

6-97 M. R. Barkhudarov, Is Fluid Flow Important for Predicting Solidification, Flow Science report, presented at the Solidification Processing ’97 Conference, July 7-10, 1997, Sheffield, U.K.

22-96 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich & Schneider, Wolfgang, 3-D Modeling of the Start-up Phase of DC Casting of Sheet Ingots, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1996, pp. 971-981

9-96 M. R. Barkhudarov and C. W. Hirt, Thixotropic Flow Effects under Conditions of Strong Shear, Flow Science report FSI96-00-2, to be presented at the “Materials Week ’96” TMS Conference, Cincinnati, OH, 7-10 October 1996

4-96 C. W. Hirt, A Computational Model for the Lost Foam Process, Flow Science final report, February 1996 (FSI-96-57-R2)

3-96 M. R. Barkhudarov, C. L. Bronisz, C. W. Hirt, Three-Dimensional Thixotropic Flow Model, Flow Science report, FSI-96-00-1, published in the proceedings of (pp. 110- 114) and presented at the 4th International Conference on Semi-Solid Processing of Alloys and Composites, The University of Sheffield, 19-21 June 1996

1-96 M. R. Barkhudarov, J. Beech, K. Chang, and S. B. Chin, Numerical Simulation of Metal/Mould Interfacial Heat Transfer in Casting, Dept. Mech. & Process Engineering, Dept. Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield and Flow Science Inc, 9th Int. Symposium on Transport Phenomena in Thermal-Fluid Engineering, June 25-28, 1996, Singapore

11-95 Barkhudarov, M. R., Hirt, C.W., Casting Simulation Mold Filling and Solidification-Benchmark Calculations Using FLOW-3D, Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, pp 935-946

10-95 Grun, Gerd-Ulrich, & Schneider, Wolfgang, Optimal Design of a Distribution Pan for Level Pour Casting, Proc TMS Annual Meeting, 1995, pp. 1061-1070

9-95 E. Masuda, I. Itoh, K. Haraguchi, Application of Mold Filling Simulation to Die Casting Processes, Honda Engineering Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan, presented at the Modelling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1995

6-95 K. Venkatesan, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Process Parameters on the Erosive Wear of Die Casting Dies, presented for Ph.D. degree at Ohio State University, 1995

5-95 J. Righi, A. F. LaCamera, S. A. Jones, W. G. Truckner, T. N. Rouns, Integration of Experience and Simulation Based Understanding in the Die Design Process, Alcoa Technical Center, Alcoa Center, PA 15069, presented by the North American Die Casting Association, 1995

2-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation and Comparison with Water Modeling Studies of the Inertia Dominated Cavity Filling in Die Casting, NUMIFORM, 1995

1-95 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Gate Velocity and Gate Size on the Quality of Die Casting Parts, NAMRC, 1995.

15-94 D. Liang, Y. Bayraktar, S. A. Moir, M. Barkhudarov, and H. Jones, Primary Silicon Segregation During Isothermal Holding of Hypereutectic AI-18.3%Si Alloy in the Freezing Range, Dept. of Engr. Materials, U. of Sheffield, Metals and Materials, February 1994

13-94 Deniece Korzekwa and Paul Dunn, A Combined Experimental and Modeling Approach to Uranium Casting, Materials Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, presented at the Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting, El Dorado Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1994

12-94 R. van Tol, H. E. A. van den Akker and L. Katgerman, CFD Study of the Mould Filling of a Horizontal Thin Wall Aluminum Casting, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, HTD-Vol. 284/AMD-Vol. 182, Transport Phenomena in Solidification, ASME 1994

11-94 M. R. Barkhudarov and K. A. Williams, Simulation of ‘Surface Turbulence’ Fluid Phenomena During the Mold Filling Phase of Gravity Castings, Flow Science Technical Note #41, November 1994 (FSI-94-TN41)

10-94 M. R. Barkhudarov and S. B. Chin, Stability of a Numerical Algorithm for Gas Bubble Modelling, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K., International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 19, 415-437 (1994)

16-93 K. Venkatesan and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Simulation of Die Cavity Filling in Die Castings and an Evaluation of Process Parameters on Die Wear, Dept. of Industrial Systems Engineering, Presented by: N.A. Die Casting Association, Cleveland, Ohio, October 18-21, 1993

15-93 K. Venkatesen and R. Shivpuri, Numerical Modeling of Filling and Solidification for Improved Quality of Die Casting: A Literature Survey (Chapters II and III), Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing, Report C-93-07, August 1993, Ohio State University

1-93 P-E Persson, Computer Simulation of the Solidification of a Hub Carrier for the Volvo 800 Series, AB Volvo Technological Development, Metals Laboratory, Technical Report No. LM 500014E, Jan. 1993

13-92 D. R. Korzekwa, M. A. K. Lewis, Experimentation and Simulation of Gravity Fed Lead Castings, in proceedings of a TMS Symposium on Concurrent Engineering Approach to Materials Processing, S. N. Dwivedi, A. J. Paul and F. R. Dax, eds., TMS-AIME Warrendale, p. 155 (1992)

12-92 M. A. K. Lewis, Near-Net-Shaiconpe Casting Simulation and Experimentation, MST 1992 Review, Los Alamos National Laboratory

2-92 M. R. Barkhudarov, H. You, J. Beech, S. B. Chin, D. H. Kirkwood, Validation and Development of FLOW-3D for Casting, School of Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, presented at the TMS/AIME Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992

1-92 D. R. Korzekwa and L. A. Jacobson, Los Alamos National Laboratory and C.W. Hirt, Flow Science Inc, Modeling Planar Flow Casting with FLOW-3D, presented at the TMS/AIME Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992

12-91 R. Shivpuri, M. Kuthirakulathu, and M. Mittal, Nonisothermal 3-D Finite Difference Simulation of Cavity Filling during the Die Casting Process, Dept. Industrial and Systems Engineering, Ohio State University, presented at the 1991 Winter Annual ASME Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Dec. 1-6, 1991

3-91 C. W. Hirt, A FLOW-3D Study of the Importance of Fluid Momentum in Mold Filling, presented at the 18th Annual Automotive Materials Symposium, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, May 1-2, 1991 (FSI-91-00-2)

11-90 N. Saluja, O.J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Melts, accepted in J. Appl. Physics, 1990

10-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, On the Calculation of the Electromagnetic Force Field in the Circular Stirring of Metallic Molds in Continuous Castings, presented at the 6th Iron and Steel Congress of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Nagoya, Japan, October 1990

9-90 N. Saluja, O. J. Ilegbusi, and J. Szekely, Fluid Flow in Phenomena in the Electromagnetic Stirring of Continuous Casting Systems, Part I. The Behavior of a Cylindrically Shaped, Laboratory Scale Installation, accepted for publication in Steel Research, 1990

8-89 C. W. Hirt, Gravity-Fed Casting, Flow Science Technical Note #20, July 1989 (FSI-89-TN20)

6-89 E. W. M. Hansen and F. Syvertsen, Numerical Simulation of Flow Behaviour in Moldfilling for Casting Analysis, SINTEF-Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Report No. STS20 A89001, June 1989

1-88 C. W. Hirt and R. P. Harper, Modeling Tests for Casting Processes, Flow Science report, Jan. 1988 (FSI-88-38-01)

2-87 C. W. Hirt, Addition of a Solidification/Melting Model to FLOW-3D, Flow Science report, April 1987 (FSI-87-33-1)

Lost Foam Casting Workspace, 소실모형주조

Lost Foam Casting Workspace Highlights, 소실모형주조

  • 최첨단 Foam 잔여물 추적
  • 진보된 Foam 증발 및 금속 유동 모델링
  • 응고, 다공성 및 표면 결함 분석

Workspace Overview

Lost Foam Casting Workspace(소실모형주조) 는 Lost Foam Casting에 필요한 충진, 응고 및 냉각 하위 프로세스를 시뮬레이션하는 모든 도구를 제공합니다. 각 하위 프로세스는 해석 엔지니어가 사용하기 쉬운 인터페이스를 제공하도록 맞춤화된 템플릿 디자인을 기반으로합니다.

Lost Foam Casting 의 결함은 충진 프로파일에서 추적할 수 있기 때문에  FLOW-3D  CAST 의 용탕유동 및 소실모형(foam)의 연소 시뮬레이션의 탁월한 정확도는 고품질의 Lost Foam Casting 주물을 생산하는 데 귀중한 통찰력을 제공합니다. 기포. 잔류물 형성과 같은 주입 결함은 최종 주조에서 정확하게 추적되고 처리됩니다.

Lost Foam Casting Workspace | FLOW-3D CAST
Lost Foam Residue Tracking – Filling Simulation | FLOW-3D CAST
Lost Foam Impeller Tree – Filling Simulation | FLOW-3D CAST
Lost Foam Residue Simulation | FLOW-3D CAST

PROCESSES MODELED

  • Filling
  • Solidification
  • Cooling

FLEXIBLE MESHING

  • Structured meshing for fast, easy generation
  • Multi-block meshing for localized accuracy control
  • Foam-conforming meshes for memory optimization

MOLD MODELING

  • Ceramic filters
  • Inserts – standard and porous
  • Air vents
  • Chills
  • Insulating and exothermic sleeves
  • Moving ladles and stoppers

ADVANCED SOLIDIFICATION

  • Chemistry-based solidification
  • Dimensionless Niyama criteria
  • Cooling rates, SDAS, grain size mechanical properties

FILLING ACCURACY

  • Foam/melt interface tracking
  • Gas/bubble entrapment
  • Automatic melt flow drag calculation in filters

DEFECT PREDICTION

  • Foam residue defect tracking
  • Cold shuts
  • Porosity prediction
  • Shrinkage
  • Hot spots

DYNAMIC SIMULATION CONTROL

  • Probe-controlled pouring control

COMPLETE ANALYSIS PACKAGE

  • Animations with multi-viewports – 3D, 2D, history plots, volume rendering
  • Porosity analysis tool
  • Side-by-side simulation results comparison
  • Sensors for measuring melt temperature, solid fraction
  • Particle tracers
  • Batch post-processing
  • Report generation

Gravity Die Casting Workspace, 중력주조

Gravity Die Casting Workspace Highlights, 중력주조

  • 최첨단 다이 열 관리, 동적 냉각 채널, 분무 냉각 및 열 순환
  • Ladle 주입 조건에 따라 동적 Ladle 모션이 있는 Ladle 주입
  • 첨단 유량 솔루션으로 정확한 가스 갇힘 및 가스 다공성 제공

Workspace Overview

Gravity Die Casting Workspace(중력주조)는 엔지니어가 FLOW-3D CAST를 사용하여 중력주조 제품을 성공적으로 모델링할 수 있도록 설계된 직관적인 모델링 환경입니다.

Ladle 모션, 벤트 및 배압이 충진해석에 포함되어 공기 갇힘 및 미세 응고수축공의 정확한 예측과 금형온도분포 및 상태 예측이 가능합니다.-첨단 응고 모델은 Workspace의 하위 프로세스 아키텍처를 통해 충준해석기능에 원활하게 연결됩니다. Gravity Die Casting Workspace는 다목적 모델링 환경에서 시뮬레이션의 모든 측면을 위한 완전하고 정확한 솔루션을 제공합니다.

PROCESSES MODELED

  • Gravity die casting
  • Vacuum die casting

FLEXIBLE MESHING

  • FAVOR™ simple mesh generation tool
  • Multi-block meshing
  • Nested meshing

MOLD MODELING

  • Localized die heating elements and cooling channels
  • Spray cooling of the die surface
  • Ceramic filters
  • Air vents

ADVANCED SOLIDIFICATION

  • Porosity
  • Shrinkage
  • Hot spots
  • Mechanical property
  • Microstructure

SAND CORES

  • Core gas evolution
  • Material definitions for core properties

DIE THERMAL MANAGEMENT

  • Thermal die cycling
  • Heat saturation
  • Full heat transfer

LADLE MOTION

  • 6 degrees of freedom motion definition

DEFECT PREDICTION

  • Macro and micro porosity
  • Gas porosity
  • Early solidification
  • Oxide formation
  • Surface defect analysis

VACUUM AND VENTING

  • Interactive probe placement
  • Area and loss coefficient calculator

MACRO AND MICRO POROSITY

  • Gas porosity
  • Early solidification
  • Oxide formation
  • Surface defect analysis

FILLING ACCURACY

  • Gas and bubble entrapment
  • Surface oxide calculation
  • RNG and LES turbulence models
  • Backpressure

COMPLETE ANALYSIS PACKAGE

  • Animations with multi-viewports – 3D, 2D, history plots, volume rendering
  • Porosity analysis tool
  • Side-by-side simulation results comparison
  • Sensors for measuring melt temperature, solid fraction
  • Particle tracers
  • Batch post-processing
  • Report generation

모터 냉각에 관한 성능 연구

모터 냉각에 관한 성능 연구

본 연구는 모터 냉각 성능을 실험적으로, 그리고 수치적으로 조사한다. 모터는 원심 팬, 2개의 축 팬, 축, 스테이터, 로터, 637개의 냉각 튜브가 있는 열 교환기로 구성된다.

1800rpm에서 냉각팬의 압력 상승-유량(P-Q) 성능 곡선은 중국 국가표준(CNS) 2726을 준수하는 시험 장치를 사용하여 시험한다. 수치해석 결과, 실험 측정과 비교했을 때 축방향 팬과 원심형 팬의 P-Q 성능 곡선은 각각 약 2%와 6% 이내에서 추정할 수 있다.

단순화된 모델을 사용하여 열교환기와 스테이터를 다공성 매체로 설정함으로써 모터의 흐름장을 계산한다. 로터와 스테이터 근처의 유장 결과를 사용하고, 열 발생 속도를 경계조건으로 하여 스테이터와 로터의 온도분포도 계산한다.

시뮬레이션 결과 축 팬 근처에 있는 스테이터 권선의 계산온도는 측정값보다 약 5% 낮으며, 스테이터 중심에 위치한 스테이터 코어의 계산온도는 측정값보다 약 1% 높다. 이외에도 모터 냉각 성능 향상을 위한 논의가 이루어지고 있다.

모터는 우리 생활에서 널리 사용되고 있지만, 온도는은 모터 생산에서 중요한 고려사항이 된다. 과열은 모터의 수명을 감소시키는 결과를 가져올 것이다. 따라서 비용을 절감하고 최적화된 성능을 얻는 방법은 노력을 기울여야 한다.

CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) 코드를 통해 모터의 열 전달을 이해하고 모터의 열 관리를 개선하는 데 유용할 것이다.

모터 성능을 향상시키기 위해, 많은 연구들이 팬의 성능 예측과 최적화에 전념하였다[1-6]. 좋은 팬은 기하학 및 블레이드 번호를 포함하여 모터의 냉각 용량에 영향을 미친다. 게다가, 선풍기에서 발생하는 소음과 진동은 데시벨을 낮추는 방법을 제안할 필요가 있는 핵심이다.

모터 온도와 관련하여 모터 온도를 결정하기 위해 전력 소산 및 모터 열 저항을 고려할 수 있다[7]. 밀폐된 모터 냉각 시스템의 흐름 구조에 따라 달라지는 대류 열전달 때문에 밀폐된 전기 모터의 유체 흐름은 수치적 방법에 의해 연구된다[8]. 모터 성능 연구에서는 CFD 모델링 기법을 사용하여 모터의 열 관리를 조사한다.

[9-13]. 본 연구는 주로 원심 팬(외부 팬), 2개의 축 팬(내부 팬), 샤프트, 스테이터, 로터 및 637개의 냉각 튜브가 장착된 열 교환기로 구성된 2350kW TEAC(Tall Closed Air to Air Cooling) 모터를 조사한다. 이 모델에서 흐름은 외부 흐름과 내부 흐름으로 구분할 수 있다. 그림 1에서, 파란색 화살표는 외부의 차가운 흐름을 나타낸다.

원심 팬이 회전하면서 주변 공기가 공기 장막을 통해 흐른 뒤 637개의 열교환 튜브로 들어가 밖으로 나가는 데서 유래한다. 빨간색 화살표의 순환은 축 팬의 회전으로 인한 내부 열류, 스테이터를 의미한다. 그런 다음 열교환기로 들어가 외부 저온 흐름으로 열교환한다.

Flow fields of the axial fan
Path lines of the axial fan
Calculation results of the pressure and flow fields

본 연구에서는 모터 성능을 Fluent[14]와 상업용 코드인 Flow-3D[15]로 시뮬레이션하고, Gambit을 사용하여 Fluent용 메쉬를 생성한다.

이 모터의 복잡한 지오메트리를 다루기 위해서는 구조화되지 않은 메쉬나 하이브리드 메쉬가 우선 고려되었다. 아쉽게도 멀티 블록 구조 메시 생성 방식을 시도했지만 효과가 없었다. 또한 심하게 치우친 요소를 생성하지 않고 메쉬 확인을 위한 메쉬 테스트도 시뮬레이션 과정에서 중요하다.

본 연구의 첫 번째 부분은 축 및 원심 팬의 성능을 조사하는 것이다. 두 번째는 스테이터와 로터 부근의 전체 모터의 유량장, 압력장, 온도에 대해 논의한다. 모델의 정확성을 입증하기 위해 팬 성능 및 스테이터 온도의 계산 결과를 실험 데이터와 비교한다.

상세한 내용은 첨부된 논문을 참조하기 바랍니다.

The-Investigation-of-Motor-Cooling-Performance.pdf

HPDC Part III – Cooling & Solidification

응고의 특성

  • 용융된 금속의 에너지가 차가운 다이로 손실됨
  • 합금은 온도 범위를 넘어 굳음. 주조의 mushy zone은 액체와 고체의 혼합물이 공존하는 영역임
  • 액체 밀도가 증가하여 고체 밀도에 도달하면 수축때문에 다공성을 생성함

응고시 결함

  • 수축 다공성
    – 거대 다공성 : 액체 공급 실패로 인한 결과
    – 미세 다공성 : 인터덴드리틱 부식으로 인한 결과
  • 최종 액상 영역

시뮬레이션의 필요성

  • 정확한 충진으로 적절한 열의 프로필을 캡처하며, 응고 분석을 위하여 초기조건으로 사용함
  • 냉각 채널(위치와 열 제거)
    – 수축 이동
    – 정상 응고를 촉진
  • 다공성 예측
  • squeeze 핀이 필요할지 결정

Squeeze Pins : 스퀴즈(압착) 핀

  • 국부적인 수축을 감소
  • 플런저 팁에서 비스킷의 강화 압력
  • 응력 모델 유무에 관계없이 응고에 사용

냉각의 특성

  • 부품은 일반적으로 주변 공기에 냉각됨
  • 탄성 응력 및 변형이 발생할 수 있음
    – 주변 유체에 의해 가해지는 힘으로부터
    – 응고된 유체 내의 열 구배로부터
    – 벽과 주변 구성 요소에 의해 부과된 구속조건으로부터

냉각시 결함

  • 굽힘
  • 치수 부정확
  • 소성 변형

시뮬레이션의 필요성

  • 공구 수명의 향상
    – 다이에서 발생하는 응력 및 열 구배 평가
  • 다이 설계 또는 공정 매개 변수의 변경이 허용 가능한지 확인하기 위해 응력 위치 분석
    – 냉각 채널 위치
    – 러너 또는 게이트 설계
    – 스프레이 기간 및 위치
    – 다이 설계

열 응력

  • 유한체적법 (FVM)을 유체 흐름 및 응고 분석에 사용
  • 유한요소법 (FEM)을 응력 분석에 사용
  • FVM과 FEM이 결합된 환경
    – 자동적인 격자 생성
    – 외부 격자 생성기의 중요성

High pressure die casting workspace:Advanced simulation options / 고압 다이캐스팅 workspace : 고급 시뮬레이션 옵션

고압 다이 캐스팅의 이점

  • 고압 다이캐스팅 기술은 매우 큰 경합금 부품을 대량으로 생산가능
  • 높은 정밀도, 우수한 표면 조도, 우수한 균일성 및 최적의 기계적 특성
  • 고압 다이캐스팅 공정은 또한 얇은 벽을 가진 부품과 스크류 및 라이너와 같은 다른 유형의 인서트를 가진 “공동 주조된”부품을 생산하여 제품 자체의 필수 부품이 될 수 있음

PQ2 해석

  • 다이 캐스팅 기의 기능과 게이트 속도를 일치시키는 표준 절차
  • 작동 시간은 충전 시간, 게이트 속도 및 금속 압력 등에 따라 다름
  • 기계 기능 내에서 유지되도록 샷 프로파일의 속도 변경
  • 정확한 샷 슬리브 모델링
  • No adjustment
  • With adjustment

Filling

Thermal die cycling

Spray cooling model

Filling with shot sleeve – fast shot activation

Solidification and porosity prediction

Advances in Nanotechnology

Advances in Nanotechnology

This article was contributed by Prof. Edward Furlani and his students from the University at Buffalo, SUNY.

Microfluidics와 nanofluidics는 나노와 나노사이의 기능을 가진 재료와 시스템을 통한 유체 흐름의 과학과 기술을 포함하는 분야입니다. 최근 몇 년 사이에 이 분야의 연구는 재료 개발과 시스템의 급속한 발전된 유체공정의 독특한 이점으로 증가해 왔습니다. Microfluidic 및 nanofluidic 시스템은 화학 반응, 유체 가열, 혼합 및 감지와 같은 순차적 또는 다중화된 공정을 포함할 수 있는 응용 분야에서 마이크로 사이즈의 유체 유동은 매우 효율적이고 반복 가능하며 신속한 처리를 가능하게 합니다. 풀 라니 (Furlani) 교수 그룹의 연구는 새로운 공정 및 장치 개발에 대한 모델링 및 시뮬레이션을 보여줍니다. 이 연구의 대부분은 뉴턴 및 비 뉴턴 유체, 열 전달, 상변화 분석, 자유표면 및 다상분석, 유체와 관련된 유체 현상을 연구하기 위해 최첨단 전산 유체역학을 강조합니다. 매체 상호작용, 다공성 매체를 통한 유동, 완전히 결합된 유체구조 및 입자, 유체 상호작용에 대해 콜로이드. 국제 나노 기술 학술 대회에서 3 편의 논문이 발표될 예정입니다. 2014년 6월 15일부터 18 일까지 워싱턴 DC의 Gaylord National Hotel 및 Convention Center에서 개최됩니다. 이들은 버팔로 대학교 (University at Buffalo)에서 진행되는 획기적인 결과를 선보입니다. 여기에서는 이러한 작품의 미리 보기와 FLOW-3D로 생성된 시뮬레이션 결과 중 일부를 제시합니다.

Analysis of Stem Cell Culture Performance in a Microcarrier Bioreactor System

Koushik Ponnuru1, Jincheng Wu1, Preeti Ashok1, Emmanuel S. Tzanakakis1,3,4,5,6 and Edward P. Furlani1,2

1Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2 Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 3Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, 4New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 5Western New York Stem Cell Culture and Analysis Center, 6Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University at Buffalo, SUNY

(left) Shear stress distribution along with velocity vectors in a cross sectional plane of the bioreactor running at 60 rpm; (right) Kolmogorov length scale distribution at the same plane under the same conditions.

CFD 기반 시뮬레이션과 실험결과의 조합으로 교반 탱크의 마이크로 캐리어 생물 반응기 시스템에서 세포 배양에 대한 난류 전단응력의 영향에 대한 분석을 제시합니다. Corning’s bench-scale spinner flask의 3D 계산 모델은 최첨단 CFD 소프트웨어 인 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 제작되었습니다. 임펠러 속도, 배양액 및 입자 크기와 같은 매개변수가 마이크로 캐리어 입자에 작용되는 전단응력에 미치는 영향을 CFD 분석을 사용하여 연구하였습니다. 이것은 세포가 겪는 정확한 전단 조건을 예측하고 세포의 손상을 방지하는 최적의 작동조건을 확인하는데 사용됩니다. 또한, 다원능 마커 Oct4, Sox2 및 Nanog를 운반하는 세포의 비율을 세포 계측법 및 정량적 PCR을 사용하여 측정함으로써 hPSCs의 다능성 전단효과를 연구합니다.

Numerical Analysis of Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Transport and Free-Flow Magnetophoretic Sorting in Microfluidic Systems

Chenxu Liu1, Xiaozheng Xue1 and Edward P. Furlani 1,2

1Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY

Magnetic nanoparticle chaining and rotating following an external field and causing the mixing of two different molecular concentrations.

Magnetic 입자는 생체 의학 및 임상 진단 응용을 위해 생체 재료를 선택적으로 분리 및 분류하는 마이크로 유체시스템에 점점 더 많이 사용되고 있습니다. 그러한 시스템의 합리적인 설계에 사용될 수 있는 전산모델이 도입되었습니다. 이 모델은 자기 및 유체 역학적 힘, 완전 결합 입자 – 유체 상호 작용 및 입자의 자기 조립을 유도하는 자기 쌍극자와 쌍극자의 상호 작용을 비롯한 입자 수송에 대한 지배적 메커니즘을 고려합니다. 응용 프로그램을 통해 연속흐름 분리시스템 및 회전 조립 체인을 기반으로 하는 미세 유체 혼합프로세스로 시연됩니다.

Numerical Analysis of Laser Induced Photothermal Effects using Colloidal Plasmonic Nanostructures

Ioannis H. Karampelas1, Young Hwa Kim2 and Edward P. Furlani 1,2

1Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2 Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY

Photothermal heat cycle of a nanocage (a=50nm, t=5nm) (perspective 1/8 view): plot of nanocage temperature vs. time, pulse duration indicated by the red arrow and dashed line and inset plots showing various phases of the thermo -fluidic cycle: (a) nanobubble formation, (b) nanobubble (maximum size), (c) nanobubble collapse, (d) cooling.

Colloidal 귀금속 (plasmonic) 나노 구조는 나노 입자 합성에서부터 바이오 이미징 (bioimaging), 의학 요법 (medical therapy)에 이르기까지 다양한 광열 (photothermal) 분야에서 점점 더 많이 사용되고 있습니다. 많은 응용분야에서, 펄스 레이저는 plasmonic 공진 주파수에서 나노 구조를 사용하며, 이는 광자의 흡수 및 고도로 국부화된 파장필드의 향상을 가져옵니다. 원격 소스로부터 효율적인 나노 스케일 가열하는 것 외에도, 합성동안 나노 입자의 구조를 조정함으로써 근적외선 스펙트럼을 통한 공진 가열파장을 조정할 수 있습니다. 우리 그룹은 nanosecond-pulsed, laser-heated colloidal metallic nanoparticles 및 열 유체 거동을 예측하는 전산모델을 개발했습니다. 이 모델은 플라즈몬 공명, 입자에서 주변 유체로의 열 전달 및 균일한 기포 핵 형성을 유도하는 유체의 위상변화에서 나노 입자 내의 에너지 전환을 시뮬레이션 하는데 사용되었습니다. nanorods, nanotori, nanorings 및 nanocages 등 다양한 nanoparticle 형상이 연구되었습니다. 이 분석은 레이저 강도, 입사 파장, 편광, 펄스 지속 시간 및 나노 입자의 방향 및 모양과 같은 공정 매개 변수가 광열 공정을 최적화하도록 조정될 수 있음을 보여줍니다. Plasmonic nanoparticles는 악성 조직의 약물 치료, 약물 전달 및 생체치료에 사용됩니다.

냉각 및 공급 시스템 설계 / Cooling and Feeding System Design

캐비티 또는 다공성 결함은 일반적으로 마지막 냉각 지점에서 발생됩니다. 라이저는 일반적으로 주조물이 응고 될 때 용융 금속을 주물에 제공하여 이러한 결함을 방지하는 데 사용됩니다. 그러나 라이저(risers)가 효과적이려면 수축을 보상하기에 충분한 재료를 포함 할 수 있도록 적절한 크기로 올바른 위치에 배치해야합니다. FLOW-3D에서 캐스터가 결함이 없는 주물을 위한 냉각 및 공급 시스템을 설계할 수 있도록 도와 주는 두가지 새로운 도구가 개발되었습니다. 즉, 마지막으로 동결할 장소의 예측과 열 계수의 계산입니다.

마지막으로 냉각할 위치 / Last Places to Freeze

주조물 내에서 마지막으로 냉각되고 수축 다공성 결함이 발생할 가능성이 높은 직접 표시 위치. 이러한 장소들은 고체 부분의 진행이나 응고 시간으로부터 파생될 수 있지만, 그것들을 시각화하는 좀 더 직접적인 방법이 항상 선호된다.

그림 2. 핫스팟 입자를 포함하는 액체 부피의 진행 예시 : t3> t2> t1.
그림 1. 핫스팟 입자는 바로 이웃이 고체가 된 후 응고 될 때 셀의 중앙에 삽입됩니다.Hot spot particle그림 2. 핫스팟 입자를 포함하는 액체 부피의 진화 예시 : t3> t2> t1.

특수한 유형의 고정 입자가 “핫 스폿”이라고 하는 가장 최근의 자유로운 위치를 식별하고 시각화하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 출력은 응고 모델이 사용될 때 자동으로 생성됩니다. 핫 스폿 입자는 그림 1에서 도해로 나타난 것처럼 모든 인접 요소가 고체가 된 후 응고될 때 셀에 삽입됩니다.

이러한 입자는 자유로운 마지막 위치를 식별하는것 외에도 이러한 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함의 가능성과 크기, 즉 셀 응고 시간, 핫 스폿 ID및 핫 스폿 크기를 결정하는 데 사용할 수 있는 다른 속성을 가지고 있습니다. 셀 응고 시간은 셀 이 응고되는 시간입니다. 핫 스폿 ID는 핫 스폿이 응고되는 순서를 보여 줍니다(1은 첫번째, 2는 두번째 등). 마지막으로, 핫 스폿 크기는 다음 등식으로 계산된다.

hsm (i) 는 입자 i의 핫스팟 크기입니다 .
t 0 은 입자의 위치에서 셀 응고 시간입니다.
ν liq (t) 는 시간 t 에

그림 2는 연결된 액체 영역 부피가 입자 i 의 시간 함수로 어떻게 변하는 지 보여줍니다 . 계산 된 양은 모든 핫스팟 크기의 값을 0과 1 사이의 범위로 가져 오도록 정규화됩니다. 이는 다공성 형성에 대한 잠재적 인 영향과 관련하여 주조 내 여러 핫스팟의 간단한 비교 분석을 허용합니다. 값이 높을수록 응고 중에 연결된 액체 영역이 더 커졌으며 마지막 동결 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함이있을 가능성이 더 큽니다.

열 모듈러스 방법 / The Thermal Modulus Method

열 계수 법은 특히 알루미늄 합금 및 강철 주조물의 경우 일반적인 라이저 설계에 가장 많이 사용되는 방법 중 하나입니다. 주어진 주물 부품의 경우 그 계수는 다음과 같이 정의됩니다.

, 여기서:

V는 주조 부품의 체적이고,

A은(는)주물 부품의 표면적입니다.

주물의 기하학적 계수는 구 또는 블록과 같은 일반적인 형상에 대해 계산하기 쉽습니다. 이보다 더 복잡한 작업에는 일반적인 모양에 따라 주조 섹션을 지루하게 근사치를 계산해야 합니다. 또한 기하학적 계수 접근 방식은 주물의 기하학적 구조에 전적으로 의존합니다. 실제 주조물은 한기 및 절연체를 사용하여 응고 진행을 제어합니다. 이러한 특성은 기하학적 계수 접근 방식에서 무시된다. 계수 계산을 자동화하고 냉각, 단열 및 기타 몰드 변화와 관련된 열 효과를 고려하기 위해 라이저 설계에 흔히 열 계수라는 혁신적인 접근 방식이 사용됩니다.

열 계수 접근 방식의 경우 먼저 주물의 응고 시뮬레이션을 실행합니다. 시뮬레이션이 완료되면, Chvorinov의 규칙에 따른 응고 시간으로부터 주물 전체에 해당하는 계수를 계산할 수 있습니다. 이 방법을 사용하여 계산된 등가 계수를 열 계수라고 합니다. 라이저 설계를 안내하기 위해 기하학적 계수와 동일한 방법으로 사용할 수 있다.

Chvorinov의 규칙은 응고 시간 사이의 관계를 제공하며, 그 계수는 다음과 같이 기록될 수 있다.

, 여기서:

  • t는 주조 응고 시간입니다.
  • N은 상수(일반적으로 2와 같음)입니다.
  • B는 금형의 상수입니다. 다음 공식을 사용하여 계산할 수 있습니다.

, 여기서:

  • mρρ는 금속의 밀도이고,
  • mT는 금속의 용해 또는 동결 온도입니다.
  • 0TT는 금형의 초기 온도입니다.
  • k는 주형의 열 전도율입니다.
  • ρ는 주형의 밀도입니다.
  • c는 곰팡이의 특정한 열이다.
  • L은 금속의 융해열이다.
  • mcc는 금속의 특정한 열이며,
  • pourTT는 금속 주입 온도이다.

일반적으로 주조 공정을 설계할 때 라이저의 응고 시간이 인접한 주조 섹션의 응고 시간보다 긴 방식으로 라이저를 선택하여 적절한 이송을 할 수 있습니다. Chvorinov의 규칙에 따르면 응고 시간은 주물의 계수에 정비례합니다. 따라서 응고 시간을 비교할 때 모듈을 직접 비교할 수 있습니다. 모듈은 기하학적인 양에 불과하기 때문에 모듈의 비교는 설계 작업을 훨씬 더 단순하게 만든다. 금속 주조 엔지니어는 실제 주조 공정의 구체적인 내용을 고려하지 않고도 보다 큰 계수로 압탕을 설계하여 부품을 적절하게 이송할 수 있습니다.

냉방 및 공급 시스템 설계를 위한 새로운 도구의 적용

예를 들어, 새로운 공구를 사용하는 증기 터빈 실린더의 절반에 대한 중력 주조를 위한 냉각 및 공급 시스템 설계가 유량 과학 중국에 의해 제공되고 이 절에서 논의된다. 부품의 외부 치수는 2.83×2.34×1.10 m이며, 총 용적은 아래와 같이 약 0.95입방 미터이다. 주조 재료는 탄소강이며 주입 온도는 1530°C이다.

Casting part geometry
그림 3. 주물 부품 지오 메트리

첫째, 냉각 장치와 라이저가 없는 주물의 응고 시뮬레이션을 실행합니다. 그 목적은 뜨거운 스폿 위치를 식별하고 한기와 라이저의 위치와 라이저의 크기를 결정하는 것이다. 이 두가지 새로운 공구는 냉기와 라이저 설계를 개선하는데 사용됩니다.

마지막으로 입자를 동결하는 장소는 셀 응고 시간, 입자 ID및 핫 스폿 크기로 각각 색상이 지정된 다음 그림에 표시됩니다. 핫 스폿 위치와 수축 다공성 결함이 발생할 가능성은 이러한 그림에서 직접 확인할 수 있습니다. 주조물의 기하학적 특성에 따라 라이저 배치 위치는 그림. 4의 마지막 프레임에서 볼 수 있듯이 쉽게 결정할 수 있습니다. 단, 바닥 껍질에는 라이저 배치에 적합하지 않은 몇개의 핫 스폿이 있습니다. 이러한 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함을 방지하기 위해 한기를 사용하여 응고 패턴을 변경하고 라이저 영역에 마지막으로 동결하는 위치를 구동할 수 있습니다.

Hot spot locations
그림 4. 핫 스폿 위치는 세가지 속성(왼쪽 위에서 시계 방향)으로 색상이 지정됩니다. 핫 스폿 응고 시간, 입자 ID및 핫 스폿 크기.

열 모듈 계산

계산된 열 계수는 오른쪽에 표시되어 있습니다. 값이 클수록 마지막으로 고정할 위치와 일치합니다. 또한 열 계수를 사용하여 핫 스폿 위치의 라이저 크기를 결정할 수 있습니다.

일단 한기와 라이저가 결정되면 냉각제와 라이저를 사용한 두번째 응고 시뮬레이션을 실행하여 냉각제와 라이저 설계를 검증한다. 핫 스폿 크기로 채색된 마지막 자유형 입자와 열 계수는 그림. 6과 같다. 한기가 마지막 부분을 성공적으로 운전하여 라이저 부위를 얼리는 것을 볼 수 있다. 하지만, 라이저 아래에는 여전히 위험한 핫 스폿이 있다. 실제로 실제 주조물은 아래 그림과 같이 핫 스폿 입자로 식별된 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함을 보여 줍니다.

Calculated thermal modulus
그림 5. 계산된 열 계수

마지막으로 동결할 장소는 라이저가 아니라 주조물에 있습니다. 이는 라이저 위치와 크기가 올바르게 결정되더라도 주물이 라이저 쪽으로 방향성 있게 응고되지 않도록 응고 패턴이 올바르지 않음을 나타냅니다. 한가지 해결책은 발열체 슬리브를 사용하여 응고 패턴을 수정하는 것이다. 이것은 이 글의 범위를 벗어나므로 더 이상의 논의는 없을 것이다.

Cooling and feeding system design
그림 6. 핫 스폿 위치(상단 좌측), 단열 계수(상단 오른쪽)는 계측된 주조물로 계산되며 수축 결함의 관측된 위치입니다.

결론

금속 공학자들이 결함이 없는 주물을 위한 냉각 및 공급 시스템을 설계하는 데 도움이 되도록 FLOW-3DCAST5.0에서 두개의 새로운 공구가 개발되었습니다:마지막으로 동결할 장소와 열 계수의 계산입니다. 수축 다공성 결함이 발생할 가능성이 높은 곳은 마지막으로 동결할 장소입니다. 이들은 한기와 라이저가 위치해야 하는 위치를 나타냅니다. 열 계수는 냉기와 라이저 위치를 결정하는 데도 사용할 수 있습니다. 또한 라이저 크기를 결정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

이 비디오는 벽 온도에 의해 색칠 된 금형을 통해 10 사이클을 보여줍니다. 슬라이스는 첫 번째 단계에서 코어 냉각 채널을 표시하고 한 단계에서 다른 단계에서 꺼지는 것을 표시하도록 선택되었습니다.

Additive Manufacturing & Welding Bibliography

Additive Manufacturing & Welding Bibliography

다음은 적층 제조 및 용접 참고 문헌의 기술 문서 모음입니다. 이 모든 논문에는 FLOW-3D AM 결과가 나와 있습니다. FLOW-3D AM을 사용하여 적층 제조, 레이저 용접 및 기타 용접 기술에서 발견되는 프로세스를 성공적으로 시뮬레이션하는 방법에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

2022년 5월 23일 update

42-22   Islam Hassan, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, Microfluidic printheads for highly switchable multimaterial 3D printing of soft materials, Advanced Materials Technologies, 2101709, 2022. doi.org/10.1002/admt.202101709

41-22   Nan Yang, Youping Gong, Honghao Chen, Wenxin Li, Chuanping Zhou, Rougang Zhou, Huifeng Shao, Personalized artificial tibia bone structure design and processing based on laser powder bed fusion, Machines, 10.3; 205, 2022. doi.org/10.3390/machines10030205

31-22   Bo Shen, Raghav Gnanasambandam, Rongxuan Wang, Zhenyu (James) Kong, Multi-Task Gaussian process upper confidence bound for hyperparameter tuning and its application for simulation studies of additive manufacturing, IISE Transactions, 2022. doi.org/10.1080/24725854.2022.2039813

27-22   Lida Zhu, Shuhao Wang, Hao Lu, Dongxing Qi, Dan Wang, Zhichao Yang, Investigation on synergism between additive and subtractive manufacturing for curved thin-walled structure, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 17.2; 2022. doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2022.2029009

24-22   Hoon Sohn, Peipei Liu, Hansol Yoon, Kiyoon Yi, Liu Yang, Sangjun Kim, Real-time porosity reduction during metal directed energy deposition using a pulse laser, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 116; pp. 214-223. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.12.013

18-22   Yaohong Xiao, Zixuan Wan, Pengwei Liu, Zhuo Wang, Jingjing Li, Lei Chen, Quantitative simulations of grain nucleation and growth at additively manufactured bimetallic interfaces of SS316L and IN625, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 302; 117506, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117506

06-22   Amal Charles, Mohamad Bayat, Ahmed Elkaseer, Lore Thijs, Jesper Henri Hattel, Steffen Scholz, Elucidation of dross formation in laser powder bed fusion at down-facing surfaces: Phenomenon-oriented multiphysics simulation and experimental validation, Additive Manufacturing, 50; 102551, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102551

05-22   Feilong Ji, Xunpeng Qin, Zeqi Hu, Xiaochen Xiong, Mao Ni, Mengwu Wu, Influence of ultrasonic vibration on molten pool behavior and deposition layer forming morphology for wire and arc additive manufacturing, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 130; 105789, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105789

150-21   Daniel Knüttel, Stefano Baraldo, Anna Valente, Konrad Wegener, Emanuele Carpanzano, Model based learning for efficient modelling of heat transfer dynamics, Procedia CIRP, 102; pp. 252-257, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.09.043

149-21   T. van Rhijn, W. du Preez, M. Maringa, D. Kouprianoff, Towards predicting process parameters for selective laser melting of titanium alloys through the modelling of melt pool characteristics, Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie, 40.1; 2021. 

148-21   Qian Chen, Multiscale process modeling of residual deformation and defect formation for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA, 2021. 

147-21   Pareekshith Allu, Developing process parameters through CFD simulations, Lasers in Manufacturing Conference, 2021.

143-21   Asif Ur Rehman, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Fatih Pitir, Metin Uymaz Salamci, Andrei C. Popescu, Ion N. Mihailescu, Spatter formation and splashing induced defects in laser-based powder bed fusion of AlSi10Mg alloy: A novel hydrodynamics modelling with empirical testing, Metals, 11.12; 2023, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/met11122023

142-21   Islam Hassan, Ponnambalam Ravi Selvaganapathy, A microfluidic printhead with integrated hybrid mixing by sequential injection for multimaterial 3D printing, Additive Manufacturing, 102559, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102559

137-21   Ting-Yu Cheng, Ying-Chih Liao, Enhancing drop mixing in powder bed by alternative particle arrangements with contradictory hydrophilicity, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 104160, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.104160

134-21   Asif Ur Rehman, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Fatih Pitir, Metin Uymaz Salamci, Andrei C. Popescu, Ion N. Mihailescu, Keyhole formation by laser drilling in laser powder bed fusion of Ti6Al4V biomedical alloy: Mesoscopic computational fluid dynamics simulation versus mathematical modelling using empirical validation, Nanomaterials, 11.2; 3284, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/nano11123284

128-21   Sang-Woo Han, Won-Ik Cho, Lin-Jie Zhang, Suck-Joo Na, Coupled simulation of thermal-metallurgical-mechanical behavior in laser keyhole welding of AH36 steel, Materials & Design, 212; 110275, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110275

127-21   Jiankang Huang, Zhuoxuan Li, Shurong Yu, Xiaoquan Yu, Ding Fan, Real-time observation and numerical simulation of the molten pool flow and mass transfer behavior during wire arc additive manufacturing, Welding in the World, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01214-z

123-21   Boxue Song, Tianbiao Yu, Xingyu Jiang, Wenchao Xi, Xiaoli Lin, Zhelun Ma, ZhaoWang, Development of the molten pool and solidification characterization in single bead multilayer direct energy deposition, Additive Manufacturing, 102479, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102479

112-21   Kathryn Small, Ian D. McCue, Katrina Johnston, Ian Donaldson, Mitra L. Taheri, Precision modification of microstructure and properties through laser engraving, JOM, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04959-6

111-21   Yongki Lee, Jason Cheon, Byung-Kwon Min, Cheolhee Kim, Modelling of fume particle behaviour and coupling glass contamination during vacuum laser beam welding, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2021.1990658

110-21   Menglin Liu, Hao Yi, Huajun Cao, Rufeng Huang, Le Jia, Heat accumulation effect in metal droplet-based 3D printing: Evolution mechanism and elimination strategy, Additive Manufacturing, 48.A; 102413, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102413

108-21   Nozomi Taura, Akiya Mitsunobu, Tatsuhiko Sakai, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Akira Okada, Formation and its mechanism of high-speed micro-grooving on metal surface by angled CW laser irradiation, Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering, 16.2, 2021. doi.org/10.2961/jlmn.2021.02.2006

105-21   Jon Spangenberg, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Raphaël Comminal, Md. Tusher Mollah, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang, Numerical simulation of multi-layer 3D concrete printing, RILEM Technical Letters, 6; pp. 119-123, 2021. doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.142

104-21   Lin Chen, Chunming Wang, Gaoyang Mi, Xiong Zhang, Effects of laser oscillating frequency on energy distribution, molten pool morphology and grain structure of AA6061/AA5182 aluminum alloys lap welding, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 15; pp. 3133-3148, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.09.141

101-21   R.J.M. Wolfs, T.A.M. Salet, N. Roussel, Filament geometry control in extrusion-based additive manufacturing of concrete: The good, the bad and the ugly, Cement and Concrete Research, 150; 106615, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106615

89-21   Wenlin Ye, Jin Bao, Jie Lei, Yichang Huang, Zhihao Li, Peisheng Li, Ying Zhang, Multiphysics modeling of thermal behavior of commercial pure titanium powder during selective laser melting, Metals and Materials International, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01019-1

81-21   Lin Chen, Gaoyang Mi, Xiong Zhang, Chunming Wang, Effects of sinusoidal oscillating laser beam on weld formation, melt flow and grain structure during aluminum alloys lap welding, Journals of Materials Processing Technology, 298; 117314, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117314

77-21   Yujie Cui, Yufan Zhao, Haruko Numata, Kenta Yamanaka, Huakang Bian, Kenta Aoyagi, Akihiko Chiba, Effects of process parameters and cooling gas on powder formation during the plasma rotating electrode process, Powder Technology, 393; pp. 301-311, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.07.062

76-21   Md Tusher Mollah, Raphaël Comminal, Marcin P. Serdeczny, David B. Pedersen, Jon Spangenberg, Stability and deformations of deposited layers in material extrusion additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing, 46; 102193, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102193

72-21   S. Sabooni, A. Chabok, S.C. Feng, H. Blaauw, T.C. Pijper, H.J. Yang, Y.T. Pei, Laser powder bed fusion of 17–4 PH stainless steel: A comparative study on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties, Additive Manufacturing, 46; 102176, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102176

71-21   Yu Hao, Nannan Chena, Hui-Ping Wang, Blair E. Carlson, Fenggui Lu, Effect of zinc vapor forces on spattering in partial penetration laser welding of zinc-coated steels, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 298; 117282, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117282

67-21   Lu Wang, Wentao Yan, Thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamic model for laser-based metal additive manufacturing, Physical Review Applied, 15.6; 064051, 2021. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.064051

61-21   Ian D. McCue, Gianna M. Valentino, Douglas B. Trigg, Andrew M. Lennon, Chuck E. Hebert, Drew P. Seker, Salahudin M. Nimer, James P. Mastrandrea, Morgana M. Trexler, Steven M. Storck, Controlled shape-morphing metallic components for deployable structures, Materials & Design, 208; 109935, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109935

60-21   Mahyar Khorasani, AmirHossein Ghasemi, Martin Leary, William O’Neil, Ian Gibson, Laura Cordova, Bernard Rolfe, Numerical and analytical investigation on meltpool temperature of laser-based powder bed fusion of IN718, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 177; 121477, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121477

57-21   Dae-Won Cho, Yeong-Do Park, Muralimohan Cheepu, Numerical simulation of slag movement from Marangoni flow for GMAW with computational fluid dynamics, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 125; 105243, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105243

55-21   Won-Sang Shin, Dae-Won Cho, Donghyuck Jung, Heeshin Kang, Jeng O Kim, Yoon-Jun Kim, Changkyoo Park, Investigation on laser welding of Al ribbon to Cu sheet: Weldability, microstructure and mechanical and electrical properties, Metals, 11.5; 831, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/met11050831

50-21   Mohamad Bayat, Venkata K. Nadimpalli, Francesco G. Biondani, Sina Jafarzadeh, Jesper Thorborg, Niels S. Tiedje, Giuliano Bissacco, David B. Pedersen, Jesper H. Hattel, On the role of the powder stream on the heat and fluid flow conditions during directed energy deposition of maraging steel—Multiphysics modeling and experimental validation, Additive Manufacturing, 43;102021, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102021

47-21   Subin Shrestha, Kevin Chou, An investigation into melting modes in selective laser melting of Inconel 625 powder: single track geometry and porosity, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07105-3

34-21   Haokun Sun, Xin Chu, Cheng Luo, Haoxiu Chen, Zhiying Liu, Yansong Zhang, Yu Zou, Selective laser melting for joining dissimilar materials: Investigations ofiInterfacial characteristics and in situ alloying, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 52; pp. 1540-1550, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06178-9

32-21   Shanshan Zhang, Subin Shrestha, Kevin Chou, On mesoscopic surface formation in metal laser powder-bed fusion process, Supplimental Proceedings, TMS 150th Annual Meeting & Exhibition (Virtual), pp. 149-161, 2021. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65261-6_14

22-21   Patiparn Ninpetch, Pruet Kowitwarangkul, Sitthipong Mahathanabodee, Prasert Chalermkarnnon, Phadungsak Rattanadecho, Computational investigation of thermal behavior and molten metal flow with moving laser heat source for selective laser melting process, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 24; 100860, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.100860

19-21   M.B. Abrami, C. Ransenigo, M. Tocci, A. Pola, M. Obeidi, D. Brabazon, Numerical simulation of laser powder bed fusion processes, La Metallurgia Italiana, February; pp. 81-89, 2021.

16-21   Wenjun Ge, Jerry Y.H. Fuh, Suck Joo Na, Numerical modelling of keyhole formation in selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 62; pp. 646-654, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.01.005

11-21   Mohamad Bayat, Venkata K. Nadimpalli, David B. Pedersen, Jesper H. Hattel, A fundamental investigation of thermo-capillarity in laser powder bed fusion of metals and alloys, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 166; 120766, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120766

10-21   Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka, Akihiko Chiba, Thermal properties of powder beds in energy absorption and heat transfer during additive manufacturing with electron beam, Powder Technology, 381; pp. 44-54, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.082

9-21   Subin Shrestha, Kevin Chou, A study of transient and steady-state regions from single-track deposition in laser powder bed fusion, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 61; pp. 226-235, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.11.023

6-21   Qian Chen, Yunhao Zhao, Seth Strayer, Yufan Zhao, Kenta Aoyagi, Yuichiro Koizumi, Akihiko Chiba, Wei Xiong, Albert C. To, Elucidating the effect of preheating temperature on melt pool morphology variation in Inconel 718 laser powder bed fusion via simulation and experiment, Additive Manufacturing, 37; 101642, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101642

04-21   Won-Ik Cho, Peer Woizeschke, Analysis of molten pool dynamics in laser welding with beam oscillation and filler wire feeding, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 164; 120623, 2021. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120623

121-20   Yufan Zhao, Yujie Cui, Haruko Numata, Huakang Bian, Kimio Wako, Kenta Yamanaka, Kenta Aoyagi, Akihiko Chiba, Centrifugal granulation behavior in metallic powder fabrication by plasma rotating electrode process, Scientific Reports, 10; 18446, 2020. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75503-w

116-20   Raphael Comminal, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang, Jon Spangenberg, Modelling of 3D concrete printing based on computational fluid dynamics, Cement and Concrete Research, 138; 106256, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106256

112-20   Peng Liu, Lijin Huan, Yu Gan, Yuyu Lei, Effect of plate thickness on weld pool dynamics and keyhole-induced porosity formation in laser welding of Al alloy, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 111; pp. 735-747, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05818-5

108-20   Fan Chen, Wentao Yan, High-fidelity modelling of thermal stress for additive manufacturing by linking thermal-fluid and mechanical models, Materials & Design, 196; 109185, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109185

104-20   Yunfu Tian, Lijun Yang, Dejin Zhao, Yiming Huang, Jiajing Pan, Numerical analysis of powder bed generation and single track forming for selective laser melting of SS316L stainless steel, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 58; pp. 964-974, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.09.002

100-20   Raphaël Comminal, Sina Jafarzadeh, Marcin Serdeczny, Jon Spangenberg, Estimations of interlayer contacts in extrusion additive manufacturing using a CFD model, International Conference on Additive Manufacturing in Products and Applications (AMPA), Zurich, Switzerland, September 1-3: Industrializing Additive Manufacturing, pp. 241-250, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54334-1_17

97-20   Paree Allu, CFD simulation for metal Additive Manufacturing: Applications in laser- and sinter-based processes, Metal AM, 6.4; pp. 151-158, 2020.

95-20   Yufan Zhao, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka, Akihiko Chiba, Role of operating and environmental conditions in determining molten pool dynamics during electron beam melting and selective laser melting, Additive Manufacturing, 36; 101559, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101559

94-20   Yan Zeng, David Himmler, Peter Randelzhofer, Carolin Körner, Processing of in situ Al3Ti/Al composites by advanced high shear technology: influence of mixing speed, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 110; pp. 1589-1599, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05956-w

93-20   H. Hamed Zargari, K. Ito, M. Kumar, A. Sharma, Visualizing the vibration effect on the tandem-pulsed gas metal arc welding in the presence of surface tension active elements, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 161; 120310, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120310

90-20   Guangxi Zhao, Jun Du, Zhengying Wei, Siyuan Xu, Ruwei Geng, Numerical analysis of aluminum alloy fused coating process, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Science and Engineering, 42; 483, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-02569-y

85-20   Wenkang Huang, Hongliang Wang, Teresa Rinker, Wenda Tan, Investigation of metal mixing in laser keyhold welding of dissimilar metals, Materials & Design, 195; 109056, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109056

82-20   Pan Lu, Zhang Cheng-Lin, Wang Liang, Liu Tong, Liu Jiang-lin, Molten pool structure, temperature and velocity flow in selective laser melting AlCu5MnCdVA alloy, Materials Research Express, 7; 086516, 2020. doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abadcf

80-20   Yujie Cui, Yufan Zhao, Haruko Numata, Huakang Bian, Kimio Wako, Kento Yamanaka, Kenta Aoyagi, Chen Zhang, Akihiko Chiba, Effects of plasma rotating electrode process parameters on the particle size distribution and microstructure of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy powder, Powder Technology, 376; pp. 363-372, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.08.027

78-20   F.Q. Liu, L. Wei, S.Q. Shi, H.L. Wei, On the varieties of build features during multi-layer laser directed energy deposition, Additive Manufacturing, 36; 101491, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101491

75-20   Nannan Chen, Zixuan Wan, Hui-Ping Wang, Jingjing Li, Joshua Solomon, Blair E. Carlson, Effect of Al single bond Si coating on laser spot welding of press hardened steel and process improvement with annular stirring, Materials & Design, 195; 108986, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108986

72-20   Yujie Cui, Kenta Aoyagi, Yufan Zhao, Kenta Yamanaka, Yuichiro Hayasaka, Yuichiro Koizumi, Tadashi Fujieda, Akihiko Chiba, Manufacturing of a nanosized TiB strengthened Ti-based alloy via electron beam powder bed fusion, Additive Manufacturing, 36; 101472, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101472

64-20   Dong-Rong Liu, Shuhao Wang, Wentao Yan, Grain structure evolution in transition-mode melting in direct energy deposition, Materials & Design, 194; 108919, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108919

61-20   Raphael Comminal, Wilson Ricardo Leal da Silva, Thomas Juul Andersen, Henrik Stang, Jon Spangenberg, Influence of processing parameters on the layer geometry in 3D concrete printing: Experiments and modelling, 2nd RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, RILEM Bookseries, 28; pp. 852-862, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49916-7_83

60-20   Marcin P. Serdeczny, Raphaël Comminal, Md. Tusher Mollah, David B. Pedersen, Jon Spangenberg, Numerical modeling of the polymer flow through the hot-end in filament-based material extrusion additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing, 36; 101454, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101454

58-20   H.L. Wei, T. Mukherjee, W. Zhang, J.S. Zuback, G.L. Knapp, A. De, T. DebRoy, Mechanistic models for additive manufacturing of metallic components, Progress in Materials Science, preprint, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100703

55-20   Masoud Mohammadpour, Experimental study and numerical simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in laser welded and brazed joints, Thesis, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, US; Available in Mechanical Engineering Research Theses and Dissertations, 24, 2020.

48-20   Masoud Mohammadpour, Baixuan Yang, Hui-Ping Wang, John Forrest, Michael Poss, Blair Carlson, Radovan Kovacevica, Influence of laser beam inclination angle on galvanized steel laser braze quality, Optics and Laser Technology, 129; 106303, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106303

34-20   Binqi Liu, Gang Fang, Liping Lei, Wei Liu, A new ray tracing heat source model for mesoscale CFD simulation of selective laser melting (SLM), Applied Mathematical Modeling, 79; pp. 506-520, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.10.049

27-20   Xuesong Gao, Guilherme Abreu Farira, Wei Zhang and Kevin Wheeler, Numerical analysis of non-spherical particle effect on molten pool dynamics in laser-powder bed fusion additive manufacturing, Computational Materials Science, 179, art. no. 109648, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2020.109648

26-20   Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka and Akihiko Chiba, Isothermal γ → ε phase transformation behavior in a Co-Cr-Mo alloy depending on thermal history during electron beam powder-bed additive manufacturing, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 50, pp. 162-170, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.11.040

21-20   Won-Ik Cho and Peer Woizeschke, Analysis of molten pool behavior with buttonhole formation in laser keyhole welding of sheet metal, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 152, art. no. 119528, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119528

06-20  Wei Xing, Di Ouyang, Zhen Chen and Lin Liu, Effect of energy density on defect evolution in 3D printed Zr-based metallic glasses by selective laser melting, Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 63, art. no. 226111, 2020. doi.org/10.1007/s11433-019-1485-8

04-20   Santosh Reddy Sama, Tony Badamo, Paul Lynch and Guha Manogharan, Novel sprue designs in metal casting via 3D sand-printing, Additive Manufacturing, 25, pp. 563-578, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.009

02-20   Dongsheng Wu, Shinichi Tashiro, Ziang Wu, Kazufumi Nomura, Xueming Hua, and Manabu Tanaka, Analysis of heat transfer and material flow in hybrid KPAW-GMAW process based on the novel three dimensional CFD simulation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 147, art. no. 118921, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118921

01-20   Xiang Huang, Siying Lin, Zhenxiang Bu, Xiaolong Lin, Weijin Yi, Zhihong Lin, Peiqin Xie, and Lingyun Wang, Research on nozzle and needle combination for high frequency piezostack-driven dispenser, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 96, 2020. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.102453

88-19   Bo Cheng and Charles Tuffile, Numerical study of porosity formation with implementation of laser multiple reflection in selective laser melting, Proceedings Volume 1: Additive Manufacturing; Manufacturing Equipment and Systems; Bio and Sustainable Manufacturing, ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA, June 10-14, 2019. doi.org/10.1115/MSEC2019-2891

87-19   Shuhao Wang, Lida Zhu, Jerry Ying His Fuh, Haiquan Zhang, and Wentao Yan, Multi-physics modeling and Gaussian process regression analysis of cladding track geometry for direct energy deposition, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 127:105950, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2019.105950

78-19   Bo Cheng, Lukas Loeber, Hannes Willeck, Udo Hartel, and Charles Tuffile, Computational investigation of melt pool process dynamics and pore formation in laser powder bed fusion, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 28:11, 6565-6578, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04435-y

77-19   David Souders, Pareekshith Allu, Anurag Chandorkar, and Ruendy Castillo, Application of computational fluid dynamics in developing process parameters for additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing Journal, 9th International Conference on 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing Technologies (AM 2019), Bangalore, India, September 7-9, 2019.

75-19   Raphaël Comminal, Marcin Piotr Serdeczny, Navid Ranjbar, Mehdi Mehrali, David Bue Pedersen, Henrik Stang, Jon Spangenberg, Modelling of material deposition in big area additive manufacturing and 3D concrete printing, Proceedings, Advancing Precision in Additive Manufacturing, Nantes, France, September 16-18, 2019.

73-19   Baohua Chang, Zhang Yuan, Hao Cheng, Haigang Li, Dong Du 1, and Jiguo Shan, A study on the influences of welding position on the keyhole and molten pool behavior in laser welding of a titanium alloy, Metals, 9:1082, 2019. doi.org/10.3390/met9101082

57-19     Shengjie Deng, Hui-Ping Wang, Fenggui Lu, Joshua Solomon, and Blair E. Carlson, Investigation of spatter occurrence in remote laser spiral welding of zinc-coated steels, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 140, pp. 269-280, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.06.009

53-19     Mohamad Bayat, Aditi Thanki, Sankhya Mohanty, Ann Witvrouw, Shoufeng Yang, Jesper Thorborg, Niels Skat Tieldje, and Jesper Henri Hattel, Keyhole-induced porosities in Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) of Ti6Al4V: High-fidelity modelling and experimental validation, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 30, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100835

51-19     P. Ninpetch, P. Kowitwarangkul, S. Mahathanabodee, R. Tongsri, and P. Ratanadecho, Thermal and melting track simulations of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), International Conference on Materials Research and Innovation (ICMARI), Bangkok, Thailand, December 17-21, 2018. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 526, 2019. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/526/1/012030

46-19     Hongze Wang and Yu Zou, Microscale interaction between laser and metal powder in powder-bed additive manufacturing: Conduction mode versus keyhole mode, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 142, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118473

45-19     Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Kenta Yamanaka, and Akihiko Chiba, Manipulating local heat accumulation towards controlled quality and microstructure of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy in powder bed fusion with electron beam, Materials Letters, Vol. 254, pp. 269-272, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.07.078

44-19     Guoxiang Xu, Lin Li, Houxiao Wang, Pengfei Li, Qinghu Guo, Qingxian Hu, and Baoshuai Du, Simulation and experimental studies of keyhole induced porosity in laser-MIG hybrid fillet welding of aluminum alloy in the horizontal position, Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 119, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105667

38-19     Subin Shrestha and Y. Kevin Chou, A numerical study on the keyhole formation during laser powder bed fusion process, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol. 141, No. 10, 2019. doi.org/10.1115/1.4044100

34-19     Dae-Won Cho, Jin-Hyeong Park, and Hyeong-Soon Moon, A study on molten pool behavior in the one pulse one drop GMAW process using computational fluid dynamics, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 139, pp. 848-859, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.038

30-19     Mohamad Bayat, Sankhya Mohanty, and Jesper Henri Hattel, Multiphysics modelling of lack-of-fusion voids formation and evolution in IN718 made by multi-track/multi-layer L-PBF, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 139, pp. 95-114, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.003

29-19     Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Daixiu Wei, Kenta Yamanaka, and Akihiko Chiba, Comprehensive study on mechanisms for grain morphology evolution and texture development in powder bed fusion with electron beam of Co–Cr–Mo alloy, Materialia, Vol. 6, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100346

28-19     Pareekshith Allu, Computational fluid dynamics modeling in additive manufacturing processes, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) 148th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, March 10-14, 2019.

24-19     Simulation Software: Use, Advantages & Limitations, The Additive Manufacturing and Welding Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019

22-19     Hunchul Jeong, Kyungbae Park, Sungjin Baek, and Jungho Cho, Thermal efficiency decision of variable polarity aluminum arc welding through molten pool analysis, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 138, pp. 729-737, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.04.089

07-19   Guangxi Zhao, Jun Du, Zhengying Wei, Ruwei Geng and Siyuan Xu, Numerical analysis of arc driving forces and temperature distribution in pulsed TIG welding, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 41, No. 60, 2019. doi.org/10.1007/s40430-018-1563-0

04-19   Santosh Reddy Sama, Tony Badamo, Paul Lynch and Guha Manogharan, Novel sprue designs in metal casting via 3D sand-printing, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 25, pp. 563-578, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.009

03-19   Dongsheng Wu, Anh Van Nguyen, Shinichi Tashiro, Xueming Hua and Manabu Tanaka, Elucidation of the weld pool convection and keyhole formation mechanism in the keyhold plasma arc welding, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 131, pp. 920-931, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.11.108

97-18   Wentao Yan, Ya Qian, Wenjun Ge, Stephen Lin, Wing Kam Liu, Feng Lin, Gregory J. Wagner, Meso-scale modeling of multiple-layer fabrication process in Selective Electron Beam Melting: Inter-layer/track voids formation, Materials & Design, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.12.031

84-18   Bo Cheng, Xiaobai Li, Charles Tuffile, Alexander Ilin, Hannes Willeck and Udo Hartel, Multi-physics modeling of single track scanning in selective laser melting: Powder compaction effect, Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, pp. 1887-1902, 2018.

81-18 Yufan Zhao, Yuichiro Koizumi, Kenta Aoyagi, Daixiu Wei, Kenta Yamanaka and Akihiko Chiba, Molten pool behavior and effect of fluid flow on solidification conditions in selective electron beam melting (SEBM) of a biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloy, Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 26, pp. 202-214, 2019. doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.002

77-18   Jun Du and Zhengying Wei, Numerical investigation of thermocapillary-induced deposited shape in fused-coating additive manufacturing process of aluminum alloy, Journal of Physics Communications, Vol. 2, No. 11, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aaedc7

76-18   Yu Xiang, Shuzhe Zhang, Zhengying We, Junfeng Li, Pei Wei, Zhen Chen, Lixiang Yang and Lihao Jiang, Forming and defect analysis for single track scanning in selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V, Applied Physics A, 124:685, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2056-9

74-18   Paree Allu, CFD simulations for laser welding of Al Alloys, Proceedings, Die Casting Congress & Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, October 15-17, 2018.

72-18   Hunchul Jeong, Kyungbae Park, Sungjin Baek, Dong-Yoon Kim, Moon-Jin Kang and Jungho Cho, Three-dimensional numerical analysis of weld pool in GMAW with fillet joint, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, Vol. 19, No. 8, pp. 1171-1177, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s12541-018-0138-4

60-18   R.W. Geng, J. Du, Z.Y. Wei and G.X. Zhao, An adaptive-domain-growth method for phase field simulation of dendrite growth in arc preheated fused-coating additive manufacturing, IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063, 012077, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012077 (Available at http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012077/pdf and in shared drive)

59-18   Guangxi Zhao, Jun Du, Zhengying Wei, Ruwei Geng and Siyuan Xu, Coupling analysis of molten pool during fused coating process with arc preheating, IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063, 012076, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012076 (Available at http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012076/pdf and in shared drive)

58-18   Siyuan Xu, Zhengying Wei, Jun Du, Guangxi Zhao and Wei Liu, Numerical simulation and analysis of metal fused coating forming, IOP Conference Series: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063, 012075, 2018. doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012075

55-18   Jason Cheon, Jin-Young Yoon, Cheolhee Kim and Suck-Joo Na, A study on transient flow characteristic in friction stir welding with realtime interface tracking by direct surface calculation, Journal of Materials Processing Tech., vol. 255, pp. 621-634, 2018.

54-18   V. Sukhotskiy, P. Vishnoi, I. H. Karampelas, S. Vader, Z. Vader, and E. P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic drop-on-demand liquid metal additive manufacturing: System overview and modeling, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, Niagara Falls, Canada, June 7 – 9, 2018; Paper no. 155, 2018. doi.org/10.11159/ffhmt18.155

52-18   Michael Hilbinger, Claudia Stadelmann, Matthias List and Robert F. Singer, Temconex® – Kontinuierliche Pulverextrusion: Verbessertes Verständnis mit Hilfe der numerischen Simulation, Hochleistungsmetalle und Prozesse für den Leichtbau der Zukunft, Tagungsband 10. Ranshofener Leichtmetalltage, 13-14 Juni 2018, Linz, pp. 175-186, 2018.

38-18   Zhen Chen, Yu Xiang, Zhengying Wei, Pei Wei, Bingheng Lu, Lijuan Zhang and Jun Du, Thermal dynamic behavior during selective laser melting of K418 superalloy: numerical simulation and experimental verification, Applied Physics A, vol. 124, pp. 313, 2018. doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1737-8

19-18   Chenxiao Zhu, Jason Cheon, Xinhua Tang, Suck-Joo Na, and Haichao Cui, Molten pool behaviors and their influences on welding defects in narrow gap GMAW of 5083 Al-alloy, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 126:A, pp.1206-1221, 2018. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.05.132

16-18   P. Schneider, V. Sukhotskiy, T. Siskar, L. Christie and I.H. Karampelas, Additive Manufacturing of Microfluidic Components via Wax Extrusion, Biotech, Biomaterials and Biomedical TechConnect Briefs, vol. 3, pp. 162 – 165, 2018.

09-18   The Furlani Research Group, Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal 3D Printing, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, © University at Buffalo, May 2018.

08-18   Benjamin Himmel, Dominik Rumschöttel and Wolfram Volk, Thermal process simulation of droplet based metal printing with aluminium, Production Engineering, March 2018 © German Academic Society for Production Engineering (WGP) 2018.

07-18   Yu-Che Wu, Cheng-Hung San, Chih-Hsiang Chang, Huey-Jiuan Lin, Raed Marwan, Shuhei Baba and Weng-Sing Hwang, Numerical modeling of melt-pool behavior in selective laser melting with random powder distribution and experimental validation, Journal of Materials Processing Tech. 254 (2018) 72–78.

60-17   Pei Wei, Zhengying Wei, Zhen Chen, Yuyang He and Jun Du, Thermal behavior in single track during selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg powder, Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, 123:604, 2017. doi.org/10.1007/z00339-017-1194-9

51-17   Koichi Ishizaka, Keijiro Saitoh, Eisaku Ito, Masanori Yuri, and Junichiro Masada, Key Technologies for 1700°C Class Ultra High Temperature Gas Turbine, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, vol. 54, no. 3, 2017.

49-17   Yu-Che Wu, Weng-Sing Hwang, Cheng-Hung San, Chih-Hsiang Chang and Huey-Jiuan Lin, Parametric study of surface morphology for selective laser melting on Ti6Al4V powder bed with numerical and experimental methods, International Journal of Material Forming, © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2017. doi.org/10.1007/s12289-017-1391-2.

37-17   V. Sukhotskiy, I. H. Karampelas, G. Garg, A. Verma, M. Tong, S. Vader, Z. Vader, and E. P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic Drop-on-Demand Liquid Metal 3D Printing, Solid Freeform Fabrication 2017: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference

15-17   I.H. Karampelas, S. Vader, Z. Vader, V. Sukhotskiy, A. Verma, G. Garg, M. Tong and E.P. Furlani, Drop-on-Demand 3D Metal Printing, Informatics, Electronics and Microsystems TechConnect Briefs 2017, Vol. 4

14-17   Jason Cheon and Suck-Joo Na, Prediction of welding residual stress with real-time phase transformation by CFD thermal analysis, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 131–132 (2017) 37–51.

91-16   Y. S. Lee and D. F. Farson, Surface tension-powered build dimension control in laser additive manufacturing process, Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2016) 85:1035–1044, doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7974-5.

84-16   Runqi Lin, Hui-ping Wang, Fenggui Lu, Joshua Solomon, Blair E. Carlson, Numerical study of keyhole dynamics and keyhole-induced porosity formation in remote laser welding of Al alloys, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 108 (2017) 244–256, Available online December 2016.

68-16   Dongsheng Wu, Xueming Hua, Dingjian Ye and Fang Li, Understanding of humping formation and suppression mechanisms using the numerical simulation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 104, January 2017, Pages 634–643, Published online 2016.

39-16   Chien-Hsun Wang, Ho-Lin Tsai, Yu-Che Wu and Weng-Sing Hwang, Investigation of molten metal droplet deposition and solidification for 3D printing techniques, IOP Publishing, J. Micromech. Microeng. 26 (2016) 095012 (14pp), doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/9/095012, July 8, 2016

29-16   Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Advances in Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, Nanotech 2016 Conference & Expo, May 22-25, Washington, DC.

26-16   Y.S. Lee and W. Zhang, Modeling of heat transfer, fluid flow and solidification microstructure of nickel-base superalloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, S2214-8604(16)30087-2, doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.05.003, ADDMA 86.

123-15   Koji Tsukimoto, Masashi Kitamura, Shuji Tanigawa, Sachio Shimohata, and Masahiko Mega, Laser welding repair for single crystal blades, Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress, pp. 1354-1358, 2015.

116-15   Yousub Lee, Simulation of Laser Additive Manufacturing and its Applications, Ph.D. Thesis: Graduate Program in Welding Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2015, Copyright by Yousub Lee 2015

103-15   Ligang Wu, Jason Cheon, Degala Venkata Kiran, and Suck-Joo Na, CFD Simulations of GMA Welding of Horizontal Fillet Joints based on Coordinate Rotation of Arc Models, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Available online December 29, 2015

96-15   Jason Cheon, Degala Venkata Kiran, and Suck-Joo Na, Thermal metallurgical analysis of GMA welded AH36 steel using CFD – FEM framework, Materials & Design, Volume 91, February 5 2016, Pages 230-241, published online November 2015

86-15   Yousub Lee and Dave F. Farson, Simulation of transport phenomena and melt pool shape for multiple layer additive manufacturing, J. Laser Appl. 28, 012006 (2016). doi: 10.2351/1.4935711, published online 2015.

63-15   Scott Vader, Zachary Vader, Ioannis H. Karampelas and Edward P. Furlani, Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing, TechConnect World Innovation Conference & Expo, Washington, D.C., June 14-17, 2015

46-15   Adwaith Gupta, 3D Printing Multi-Material, Single Printhead Simulation, Advanced Qualification of Additive Manufacturing Materials Workshop, July 20 – 21, 2015, Santa Fe, NM

25-15   Dae-Won Cho and Suck-Joo Na, Molten pool behaviors for second pass V-groove GMAW, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88 (2015) 945–956.

21-15   Jungho Cho, Dave F. Farson, Kendall J. Hollis and John O. Milewski, Numerical analysis of weld pool oscillation in laser welding, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29 (4) (2015) 1715~1722, www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x, doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-0344-2.

82-14  Yousub Lee, Mark Nordin, Sudarsanam Suresh Babu, and Dave F. Farson, Effect of Fluid Convection on Dendrite Arm Spacing in Laser Deposition, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, August 2014, Volume 45, Issue 4, pp 1520-1529

59-14   Y.S. Lee, M. Nordin, S.S. Babu, and D.F. Farson, Influence of Fluid Convection on Weld Pool Formation in Laser Cladding, Welding Research/ August 2014, VOL. 93

18-14  L.J. Zhang, J.X. Zhang, A. Gumenyuk, M. Rethmeier, and S.J. Na, Numerical simulation of full penetration laser welding of thick steel plate with high power high brightness laser, Journal of Materials Processing Technology (2014), doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.03.016.

36-13  Dae-Won Cho,Woo-Hyun Song, Min-Hyun Cho, and Suck-Joo Na, Analysis of Submerged Arc Welding Process by Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2013. doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.06.017

12-13 D.W. Cho, S.J. Na, M.H. Cho, J.S. Lee, A study on V-groove GMAW for various welding positions, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, April 2013, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.02.015.

01-13  Dae-Won Cho & Suck-Joo Na & Min-Hyun Cho & Jong-Sub Lee, Simulations of weld pool dynamics in V-groove GTA and GMA welding, Weld World, doi.org/10.1007/s40194-012-0017-z, © International Institute of Welding 2013.

63-12  D.W. Cho, S.H. Lee, S.J. Na, Characterization of welding arc and weld pool formation in vacuum gas hollow tungsten arc welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.09.024, September 2012.

77-10  Lim, Y. C.; Yu, X.; Cho, J. H.; et al., Effect of magnetic stirring on grain structure refinement Part 1-Autogenous nickel alloy welds, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume: 15 Issue: 7, Pages: 583-589, doi.org/10.1179/136217110X12720264008277, October 2010

18-10 K Saida, H Ohnishi, K Nishimoto, Fluxless laser brazing of aluminium alloy to galvanized steel using a tandem beam–dissimilar laser brazing of aluminium alloy and steels, Welding International, 2010

58-09  Cho, Jung-Ho; Farson, Dave F.; Milewski, John O.; et al., Weld pool flows during initial stages of keyhole formation in laser welding, Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics, Volume: 42 Issue: 17 Article Number: 175502 ; doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/17/175502, September 2009

57-09  Lim, Y. C.; Farson, D. F.; Cho, M. H.; et al., Stationary GMAW-P weld metal deposit spreading, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume: 14 Issue: 7 ;Pages: 626-635, doi.org/10.1179/136217109X441173, October 2009

1-09 J.-H. Cho and S.-J. Na, Three-Dimensional Analysis of Molten Pool in GMA-Laser Hybrid Welding, Welding Journal, February 2009, Vol. 88

52-07   Huey-Jiuan Lin and Wei-Kuo Chang, Design of a sheet forming apparatus for overflow fusion process by numerical simulation, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 353 (2007) 2817–2825.

50-07  Cho, Min Hyun; Farson, Dave F., Understanding bead hump formation in gas metal arc welding using a numerical simulation, Metallurgical and Mateials Transactions B-Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, Volume: 38, Issue: 2, Pages: 305-319, doi.org/10.1007/s11663-007-9034-5, April 2007

49-07  Cho, M. H.; Farson, D. F., Simulation study of a hybrid process for the prevention of weld bead hump formation, Welding Journal Volume: 86, Issue: 9, Pages: 253S-262S, September 2007

48-07  Cho, M. H.; Farson, D. F.; Lim, Y. C.; et al., Hybrid laser/arc welding process for controlling bead profile, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume: 12 Issue: 8, Pages: 677-688, doi.org/10.1179/174329307X236878, November 2007

47-07   Min Hyun Cho, Dave F. Farson, Understanding Bead Hump Formation in Gas Metal Arc Welding Using a Numerical Simulation, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 38, Issue 2, pp 305-319, April 2007

36-06  Cho, M. H.; Lim, Y. C.; Farson, D. F., Simulation of weld pool dynamics in the stationary pulsed gas metal arc welding process and final weld shape, Welding Journal, Volume: 85 Issue: 12, Pages: 271S-283S, December 2006

Advances in Nanotechnology

Advances in Nanotechnology

This article was contributed by Prof. Edward Furlani and his students from the University at Buffalo, SUNY.

 

Microfluidics와 nanofluidics는 나노와 나노사이의 기능을 가진 재료와 시스템을 통한 유체 흐름의 과학과 기술을 포함하는 분야입니다. 최근 몇 년 사이에 이 분야의 연구는 재료 개발과 시스템의 급속한 발전된 유체공정의 독특한 이점으로 증가해 왔습니다. Microfluidic 및 nanofluidic 시스템은 화학 반응, 유체 가열, 혼합 및 감지와 같은 순차적 또는 다중화된 공정을 포함할 수 있는 응용 분야에서 마이크로 사이즈의 유체 유동은 매우 효율적이고 반복 가능하며 신속한 처리를 가능하게 합니다. 풀 라니 (Furlani) 교수 그룹의 연구는 새로운 공정 및 장치 개발에 대한 모델링 및 시뮬레이션을 보여줍니다. 이 연구의 대부분은 뉴턴 및 비 뉴턴 유체, 열 전달, 상변화 분석, 자유표면 및 다상분석, 유체와 관련된 유체 현상을 연구하기 위해 최첨단 전산 유체역학을 강조합니다. 매체 상호작용, 다공성 매체를 통한 유동, 완전히 결합된 유체구조 및 입자, 유체 상호작용에 대해 콜로이드. 국제 나노 기술 학술 대회에서 3 편의 논문이 발표될 예정입니다. 2014년 6월 15일부터 18 일까지 워싱턴 DC의 Gaylord National Hotel 및 Convention Center에서 개최됩니다. 이들은 버팔로 대학교 (University at Buffalo)에서 진행되는 획기적인 결과를 선보입니다. 여기에서는 이러한 작품의 미리 보기와 FLOW-3D로 생성된 시뮬레이션 결과 중 일부를 제시합니다.

Analysis of Stem Cell Culture Performance in a Microcarrier Bioreactor System

Koushik Ponnuru1, Jincheng Wu1, Preeti Ashok1, Emmanuel S. Tzanakakis1,3,4,5,6 and Edward P. Furlani1,2

1Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2 Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 3Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, 4New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 5Western New York Stem Cell Culture and Analysis Center, 6Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University at Buffalo, SUNY

(left) Shear stress distribution along with velocity vectors in a cross sectional plane of the bioreactor running at 60 rpm; (right) Kolmogorov length scale distribution at the same plane under the same conditions.

CFD 기반 시뮬레이션과 실험결과의 조합으로 교반 탱크의 마이크로 캐리어 생물 반응기 시스템에서 세포 배양에 대한 난류 전단응력의 영향에 대한 분석을 제시합니다. Corning’s bench-scale spinner flask의 3D 계산 모델은 최첨단 CFD 소프트웨어 인 FLOW-3D를 사용하여 제작되었습니다. 임펠러 속도, 배양액 및 입자 크기와 같은 매개변수가 마이크로 캐리어 입자에 작용되는 전단응력에 미치는 영향을 CFD 분석을 사용하여 연구하였습니다. 이것은 세포가 겪는 정확한 전단 조건을 예측하고 세포의 손상을 방지하는 최적의 작동조건을 확인하는데 사용됩니다. 또한, 다원능 마커 Oct4, Sox2 및 Nanog를 운반하는 세포의 비율을 세포 계측법 및 정량적 PCR을 사용하여 측정함으로써 hPSCs의 다능성 전단효과를 연구합니다.

 

Numerical Analysis of Fully-Coupled Particle-Fluid Transport and Free-Flow Magnetophoretic Sorting in Microfluidic Systems

Chenxu Liu1, Xiaozheng Xue1 and Edward P. Furlani 1,2

1Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY

Magnetic nanoparticle chaining and rotating following an external field and causing the mixing of two different molecular concentrations.

 

Magnetic 입자는 생체 의학 및 임상 진단 응용을 위해 생체 재료를 선택적으로 분리 및 분류하는 마이크로 유체시스템에 점점 더 많이 사용되고 있습니다. 그러한 시스템의 합리적인 설계에 사용될 수 있는 전산모델이 도입되었습니다. 이 모델은 자기 및 유체 역학적 힘, 완전 결합 입자 – 유체 상호 작용 및 입자의 자기 조립을 유도하는 자기 쌍극자와 쌍극자의 상호 작용을 비롯한 입자 수송에 대한 지배적 메커니즘을 고려합니다. 응용 프로그램을 통해 연속흐름 분리시스템 및 회전 조립 체인을 기반으로 하는 미세 유체 혼합프로세스로 시연됩니다.

 

Numerical Analysis of Laser Induced Photothermal Effects using Colloidal Plasmonic Nanostructures

Ioannis H. Karampelas1, Young Hwa Kim2 and Edward P. Furlani 1,2

1Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2 Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY

 

Photothermal heat cycle of a nanocage (a=50nm, t=5nm) (perspective 1/8 view): plot of nanocage temperature vs. time, pulse duration indicated by the red arrow and dashed line and inset plots showing various phases of the thermo -fluidic cycle: (a) nanobubble formation, (b) nanobubble (maximum size), (c) nanobubble collapse, (d) cooling.

Colloidal 귀금속 (plasmonic) 나노 구조는 나노 입자 합성에서부터 바이오 이미징 (bioimaging), 의학 요법 (medical therapy)에 이르기까지 다양한 광열 (photothermal) 분야에서 점점 더 많이 사용되고 있습니다. 많은 응용분야에서, 펄스 레이저는 plasmonic 공진 주파수에서 나노 구조를 사용하며, 이는 광자의 흡수 및 고도로 국부화된 파장필드의 향상을 가져옵니다. 원격 소스로부터 효율적인 나노 스케일 가열하는 것 외에도, 합성동안 나노 입자의 구조를 조정함으로써 근적외선 스펙트럼을 통한 공진 가열파장을 조정할 수 있습니다. 우리 그룹은 nanosecond-pulsed, laser-heated colloidal metallic nanoparticles 및 열 유체 거동을 예측하는 전산모델을 개발했습니다. 이 모델은 플라즈몬 공명, 입자에서 주변 유체로의 열 전달 및 균일한 기포 핵 형성을 유도하는 유체의 위상변화에서 나노 입자 내의 에너지 전환을 시뮬레이션 하는데 사용되었습니다. nanorods, nanotori, nanorings 및 nanocages 등 다양한 nanoparticle 형상이 연구되었습니다. 이 분석은 레이저 강도, 입사 파장, 편광, 펄스 지속 시간 및 나노 입자의 방향 및 모양과 같은 공정 매개 변수가 광열 공정을 최적화하도록 조정될 수 있음을 보여줍니다. Plasmonic nanoparticles는 악성 조직의 약물 치료, 약물 전달 및 생체치료에 사용됩니다.

Increasing Productivity by Reducing Ejection Times

Increasing Productivity by Reducing Ejection Times

This article was contributed by Eugene Moore of Hellebusch Tool & Die

시뮬레이션 소프트웨어는 설계자와 엔지니어가 주조 공정의 세부 사항을 이해하고 경쟁사보다 저렴한 비용으로 고품질 부품을 일관성 있게 제작할 수 있게 해주는 유용한 도구입니다. 고압 다이캐스팅에서 시뮬레이션 소프트웨어는 주조 내로 금속을 공급하고 난류로 인한 공기 유입을 방지하기 위해 샷 슬리브 팁의 타이밍을 개선하고 오버 플로우에 대한 가장 효과적인 위치를 식별하는 더 나은 게이팅 시스템을 설계하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 기사에서는 프로세스 시간을 단축하기 위해 부품을 다이에서 배출하기 전에 시간을 줄이는 방법을 살펴 보겠습니다.

비스킷은 주조 과정에서 고형화 된 마지막 장소이기 때문에 우리의 노력에 집중할 수 있는 자연스러운 곳이며 따라서 부품을 언제 꺼낼 수 있는지를 결정합니다. 따라서 비스킷의 응고 시간을 줄일 수 있다면 전반적인 공정 시간을 줄일 수 있습니다. 이를 수행하는 한 가지 방법은 유체와 접촉하는 영역의 양을 늘려 샷팁을 통해 금속에서 더 많은 열을 제거하는 것입니다. 이 경우 정확하게 적용할 수는 없지만, 아래에 표시된 정상상태 대류 방정식을 사용하면 이 접근법의 기초가 가장 쉽게 표시됩니다.

이 방정식에서 열 흐름은 대류 열 전달 계수이고, 금속 팁과 샷 팁 온도의 차이이며, 금속과 접촉하는 샷 팁의 표면적입니다. 그림 1에서 볼 수 있듯이 오늘날 시장에서 볼 수 있는 다양한 형태의 플런저 팁이 금속과 접촉하는 표면적을 증가시키도록 설계되었습니다.

Figure 1: Plunger tips varying in size and surface area [1]

비스킷에서 제거된 열을 증가시키는 또 다른 방법은 비스켓에서 샷 팁과 금속 사이의 온도 차이를 조절하는 것입니다. 이는 그림 2 에서처럼 냉각 선을 팁에 추가하여 수행됩니다. 이 접근법의 단점은 피스톤 어셈블리에 상당한 복잡성을 추가한다는 것입니다.

Figure 2: Cooling within plunger tip [2]

New design

이 기사에서 FLOW-3D Cast를 사용하여 새로운 플런저 팁 디자인을 분석하고 수정되지 않은 표준 원통형 팁과 비교했습니다. 그림 3에서와 같이 끝 부분에 별 모양의 컷 아웃이 있는 원통형 팁으로 구성된 수정된 팁은 수정되지 않은 샷 팁보다 20 % 더 많은 표면적을 갖습니다. 팁은 분석을 위해 물로 냉각되지 않습니다.

Figure 3: Shape of the modified tip to give 20% increase in area

 

Analysis

각 샷 팁 디자인에 대해 충진 (샷 팁 모션 포함) 및 응고 (플로우 미포함) 시뮬레이션을 실행했습니다. 모든 다른 매개 변수는 사례간에 동일합니다. 주요 관심사는 두 가지입니다. 즉, 충전 중 흐름 패턴과 전반적인 응고 시간입니다. 샷 팁 디자인이 파동 및 공기 유입을 유발하는 경우 팁 또는 샷 슬리브 프로파일을 다시 설계해야 하기 때문에 충진 중 흐름 패턴이 중요합니다.

첫 번째 비교는 그림 4에 표시된 샷 슬리브의 흐름 패턴입니다. 이 그림은 수정 된 팁이 있거나 없는 샷 슬리브 중 유체의 이미지를 보여 주며 팁의 모양이 샷 슬리브에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났습니다. 흐름 패턴. 샷 프로파일에 거의 영향을 주지 않기 때문에 응고에 집중할 수 있습니다.

Figure 4: Flow patterns in the shot sleeves from both tips.

 

두 번째 비교는 응고 시간입니다. 그림 5는 시간의 함수로서 팁의 평균 온도, 시간의 함수로서 금속으로부터 팁으로의 열 유속 및 추출시의 액체 금속의 온도 프로파일을 비교합니다

Figure 5: The above time plots show the average temperature in tip on the upper left hand corner and the heat flux from the metal to the tip in the upper right hand corner. The images below this show the metal temperature within the biscuit of the two castings.

그림 5에서 볼 수 있듯이, 그래프는 금속에서 더 많은 열을 추출했기 때문에 수정 된 팁의 평균 온도가 더 높음을 보여줍니다. 이것은 또한 열 유속 플롯에 표시됩니다. 그래프 아래의 이미지는 비스킷과 탄환의 경계면에서 액체금속을 보여줍니다. 데이터는 수정된 팁을 사용하여 열 제거가 12.7 % 증가한 것을 보여줍니다.

Conclusions

샷 팁 디자인은 주조 부품의 응고 시간에 눈에 띄는 영향을 미칩니다. 시뮬레이션 소프트웨어는 효과를 분석하고 이 지식을 사용하여 프로세스 매개변수를 최적화하는 방법을 제공합니다.

 

References
[1] http://www.metalminotti.it/copper-alloys-semi-and-finished-products/plunger-tips-for-die-casting/
[2] http://www.castool.com/product/plunger-rod

Learn more about the versatility and power of modeling metal casting processes with FLOW-3D Cast >

Cooling and Feeding System Design

Cooling and Feeding System Design

공동 또는 다공성 결함은 일반적으로 마지막 응고 위치에서 형성됩니다. 라이저는 일반적으로 주조물이 굳을 때 녹은 금속을 주조물에 제공하여 이러한 결함을 방지하는데 사용됩니다. 그러나 라이저가 효과를 발휘하려면 적절한 크기에 적절한 위치에 배치하여 수축량을 보상할 수 있는 충분한 재료를 포함해야 합니다. FLOW-3D CAST에서는 캐스터가 결점 없는 주물을 위한 냉각 및 공급 시스템을 설계할 수 있도록 두 가지 새로운 도구가 개발되었습니다. 즉, 마지막으로 응고될 장소의 예측과 열 계수 계산입니다.

Last Places to Freeze

마지막으로 응고딜 장소는 주물 내 가장 늦게 응고되는 위치와 수축 다공성 결함이 형성될 가능성이 있는 위치를 직접 표시합니다. 이러한 장소는 고체 분율 진화 또는 응고 시간으로부터 파생될 수 있지만, 보다 직접적인 시각화 방법이 항상 선호됩니다.

특수 유형의 고정 입자는 “핫 스폿”이라고 불리는 마지막 응고 위치를 식별하고 시각화하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 출력은 응고 모델을 사용할 때 자동으로 생성됩니다. 핫 스폿 입자는 그림 1에 도식적으로 나타난 바와 같이, 모든 인접 영역이 고체화된 후에 응고될 때 셀에 삽입됩니다.

이러한 입자는 최종 자유도 위치를 파악하는 것 외에 이러한 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함의 가능성과 크기를 결정하는 데 사용할 수 있는 다른 속성을 가지고 있습니다. 즉, 셀 응고 시간, 핫 스폿 ID 및 핫 스폿크기,  셀이 응고되는 시간입니다. 핫 스폿 ID는 핫 스폿이 첫번째 지점, 두번째 지점인 순서를 나타냅니다. 마지막으로 핫 스팟크기는 다음 공식으로 계산됩니다.

이 입자들은 마지막으로 동결된 위치를 식별하는 것 외에도 이러한 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함의 가능성 및 크기, 즉 셀 응고 시간, 핫 스폿 ID 및 핫 스폿 크기를 결정하는 데 사용할 수 있는 다른 속성을 가지고 있습니다. 셀 응고 시간은 셀이 응고되는 시간입니다. 핫 스폿 ID는 핫 스폿이 굳어지는 순서를 나타냅니다. 1은 첫 번째, 2는 두 번째 등. 마지막으로, 핫 스폿 크기는 다음 방정식으로 계산됩니다.

 

  • hsm(i) 는 입자 i에 대한 핫스팟 크기입니다.
  • t0 는 입자 위치에서의 세포 응고 시간입니다.
  • νliq(t) 는 시간 t에서 입자를 포함하는 액체 영역의 부피입니다.

Figure 1. A hot spot particle is inserted at the center of a cell when it solidifies after its immediate neighbors become solid.

Figure 2. 핫스팟 입자를 포함하는 액체 부피의 진행상태 예시 : t3> t2> t1.

그림 2는 연결된 액체 지역의 부피가 입자 속도의 함수로서 어떻게 변하는지를 보여 준다. 그런 다음 계산된 양을 정규화하여 모든 핫 스팟 크기 값을 0과 1사이의 범위로 가져옵니다. 이를 통해 다공성 형성에 미치는 잠재적인 영향과 관련하여 주물 내 여러 핫 스폿을 간단하게 비교 분석할 수 있습니다. 값이 높을수록 응고하는 동안 연결된 액체 영역이 커지며 최종-동결 위치에서 다공성 결함이 줄어들 가능성이 높아집니다.

 

The Thermal Modulus Method

열 계수 법은 일반적인 라이저 설계 시 가장 많이 사용되는 방법 중 하나이며, 특히 알루미늄 합금 및 강철 주물에 사용됩니다. 주어진 주물 부품의 경우, 그 계수는 다음과 같이 정의됩니다.

  • V는 주조 부품의 체적이며
  • A는 주조 부품의 표면적입니다.

주물의 기하학적 계수는 구체나 블록과 같은 정규 형상에 대해 계산하기 쉽습니다. 그보다 더 복잡한 것은 보통 모양으로 주조 섹션을 지루하게 근사치를 구하는 것입니다. 또한, 기하학적 계수형 접근 방식은 주물의 기하학적 구조에 전적으로 의존합니다.

실제 주조물은 냉각제와 절연체를 사용하여 응고 진행을 제어합니다. 이러한 형상은 기하 계수 접근 방식에서는 무시된다. 계수 계산을 자동화하고, 동결 융해, 단열 및 기타 주형 변형과 관련된 열 영향을 고려하기 위해 열 계수라고 하는 혁신적인 접근법이 라이저 디자인에 사용된다.

열 계수 접근 방식의 경우 먼저 주조물의 응고 시뮬레이션이 실행됩니다. 시뮬레이션이 완료되면, Cavorinov의 규칙에 근거한 응고 시간으로부터 주물 전체의 등가 계수를 계산할 수 있습니다. 이 접근법을 사용하여 계산된 등가 계수를 열 계수라고 한다. 그것은 라이저 설계를 가이드하기 위해 기하학적 계수와 동일한 방법으로 사용될 수 있다.

 

Chvorinov의 법칙은 응고 시간과의 관계를 나타내며 그 계수는 다음과 같이 쓸 수 있습니다.

  • t is the casting solidification time,
  • N is a constant (usually equal to 2), and
  • B is the mold constant. It can be calculated using the following formula:

주조 공정을 설계할 때 라이저는 적절한 유동을 위해 라이저의 응고 시간이 인접 주조 섹션의 응고 시간보다 긴 방식으로 설계됩니다. Chvorinov의 규칙에 따르면 응고 시간은 주물의 계수에 정비례합니다. 따라서 응고 시간을 비교할 때 모듈화를 직접 비교할 수 있습니다. 모듈형은 기하학적인 양이기 때문에, 모듈형의 비교는 훨씬 단순하게 설계를 할수있습니다. 금속 주조 엔지니어는 실제 주조 공정의 세부 사항을 고려하지 않고도 부품을 적절하게 이송할 수 있도록 계수가 큰 라이저를 설계할 수 있습니다.

 

Application of the New Tools to Cooling and Feeding System Design  

예를 들어, 새로운 도구를 사용하는 증기 터빈 실린더의 절반에 대한 냉각 및 공급 시스템 설계가 제공되고 이 섹션에서 Flow Science China 도움을 받아 논의됩니다. 부품의 외부 치수는 2.83×2.34×1.10미터이고 총 부피는 아래와 같이 약 0.95 세제곱미터입니다. 주물 재료는 탄소강이며 주입 온도는 150°C입니다.

Figure 3. Casting part geometry

첫째, 냉각제와 라이저가 없는 주조물의 응고 시뮬레이션을 실행합니다. 그 목적은 핫 스폿 위치를 확인하고 응고 건조기 및 라이저의 위치와 라이저의 크기를 결정하는 것입니다. 두개의 새로운 도구는 냉기와 라이저 설계를 개선하는 데 사용됩니다.

입자를 응고할 마지막 위치는 각각 셀 응고 시간, 입자 ID 및 핫 스폿 크기로 표시된 다음 그림과 같습니다. 이러한 그림을 통해 핫 스폿 위치와 수축 다공성 결함을 형성할 가능성을 직접 확인할 수 있습니다. 주물의 기하학적 특성에 기초하여, 라이저를 배치하는 위치는 그림의 마지막 프레임과 같이 쉽게 확인할 수 있습니다.

그러나 하단 쉘에 몇개의 핫 스폿이 있으며 이는 라이저를 배치하는 데 적합하지 않습니다. 이러한 위치에서 다공성 결함의 수축을 방지하기 위해 냉각제를 사용하여 응고 패턴을 변경하고 마지막으로 라이저 영역까지 응고시킬 수 있습니다.

Figure 4. Hot spot locations colored by three attributes (clockwise from top left): hot spot solidification time, particle id and hot spot magnitude.

 

Thermal Modulus Computation

계산 된  thermal modulus는 오른쪽에 표시됩니다. 더 큰 값은 응고될 마지막 위치와 일치합니다. 또한 열 모듈러스를 사용하여 핫스팟 위치에서 라이저의 크기를 결정할 수 있습니다.

냉각 및 라이저가 결정되면 냉각 및 라이저 설계를 확인하기 위해 냉각 및 라이저가 포함된 두 번째 응고 시뮬레이션이 실행됩니다. 핫스팟 크기로 채색된 마지막 응고 위치 입자와 thermal modulus가 그림 6에 나와 있습니다. 냉각이 마지막 장소를 라이저 영역으로 성공적으로 응고시키는 것을 볼 수 있습니다. 그러나 라이저 아래에는 여전히 위험한 핫 스팟이 있습니다. 실제로 실제 주조는 아래 그림에 표시된 것처럼 핫스팟 입자로 식별된 위치에서 수축 다공성 결함을 보여줍니다.

 

 

 

Figure 5. Calculated thermal modulus

Calculated thermal modulus 마지막으로 동결할 장소는 라이저가 아닌 주물 안에 있습니다. 즉, 라이저 위치와 크기가 올바르게 결정되더라도 주물이 라이저 쪽 방향으로 굳지 않도록 응고 패턴이 올바르지 않다는 것을 의미합니다. 한 가지 해결책은 발열 라이저 슬리브를 사용하여 응고 패턴을 수정하는 것입니다. 이것은 본 기사의 범위를 벗어나기 때문에, 더 이상 논의되지 않을 것입니다.

 

Figure 6. 핫 스폿 위치(왼쪽 위), 계측된 주조물을 사용하여 계산된 열적 계수(오른쪽 위) 및 수축 결함이 관찰된 위치

 

 

Validations

Validations

금속 주조 설계 과정에서 FLOW-3D CAST의 사용은 회사의 비용 절감 방안을 제시하여 수익성을 개선할 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D CAST 는 엔지니어와 설계자에게 경험과 전문지식을 향상시킬 수 있는 강력한 도구가 될 수 있습니다. 보통 수익성은 비용 절감과 비용 회피에서 찾을 수 있습니다. 지금, 품질과 생산성 문제는 제품개발 단계에서 다양한 시뮬레이션 통해 짧은 공정시간, 낮은 비용으로 해결 할 수 있는 방안을 찾을 수 있습니다. 새로운 개발도구인 FLOW-3D CAST의 효율성은 생산이 시작되기 전에 문제를 해결할 수 있는 방안을 제시하여 생산성을 크게 개선할 수 있습니다.

Ladle Pour

샷 슬리브 공정을 최적화하는 것은 고품질 부품을 확보하는 데 필수적입니다. FLOW-3D CAST의 시뮬레이션 결과와 실제 사례의 비교를 통해, 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 엔지니어가 값 비싼 툴링을 제작하기 전에 설계를 개선하는 방법을 강조합니다. FLOW-3D CAST는 프로세스 전반에 걸쳐 유체의 움직임을 정확하게 포착할 수 있으므로, 엔지니어가 실제 레들 주입 공정에서 신속하게 파악할 수 있습니다. 시뮬레이션은 Nemak Poland Sp. z o.o로부터 제공받았습니다.

Gravity Casting

열전대 데이터를 기반으로 한 실제 충진 재구성과 비교 한 중력 주조 시뮬레이션. Courtesy of XC Engineering and Peugeot PSA.

Foundry: Simulating a Flow Fill Pattern


사형 주조 충진중의 X- 레이 검증

X -레이 결과와 FLOW-3D CAST 시뮬레이션 결과를 나란히 비교합니다. A356 알루미늄 합금으로 사형 주조의 3 차원 충진 색상은 금속의 압력을 나타냅니다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 수직 대칭 평면에 표시됩니다. Modeling of Casting, Welding, and Advanced Solidification Processes VII, London, 1995.

HPDC: Flow Pattern


Short sleeve validation – 시뮬레이션 결과와 주조 부품, Littler Diecast Corporation의 예

Modeling Air Entrapment


디젤 엔진 용 오일 필터 하우징의 X-ray vs. FLOW-3D CAST 검증.

디젤 엔진 용 오일 필터 하우징의 X- 레이 검증, 380 다이캐스팅 합금. 결과는 혼입 된 공기의 비율로 표시됩니다. X- 레이의 상세한 영역은 최대 다공도 농도를 나타냅니다.

HPDC Filling


FLOW-3D 결과를 실제 부품과 비교하는 HPDC 캐스팅 검증

Short Shot Simulation


실제 주조 부품의 유효성 검사. 스냅 샷과 FLOW-3D CAST 시뮬레이션 결과. 왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 : 변속기 하우징, 오일 팬 및 자동차 부품.

HPDC Air Entrapment Defects


Antrametal에 의한 주조 시뮬레이션 대 실험 결과의 성공적인 비교.

Antmetetal의 고객 검증은 FLOW-3D CAST의 Air Entrapment 모델을 사용하여 실험 결과와 시뮬레이션을 비교 한 결과를 보여줍니다. 세탁기 용 전동 모터의 앞 커버의 HPDC입니다. 공기 관련 결함은 이미지의 색상에 정 성적으로 표시됩니다. FLOW-3D CAST 내의 다른 수치 기능에 의해 포착 된 물리적 공기 포켓 또한 명확하게 표현됩니다.

Core Drying


시뮬레이션과 무기 코어의 건조 실험 사이의 BMW에 의한 비교.

Predicting Die Erosion


캐비테이션으로 인한 다이 침식 영역은 FLOW-3D CAST 결과를 실제 사례와 비교하여 올바르게 배치되었습니다.

Predicting Lost Foam Filling


Lost foam L850 블록 벌크 헤드 슬라이스에 대한 실시간 X-ray 및 FLOW-3D CAST 유동 시뮬레이션 결과의 비교. 시뮬레이션은 GM Powertrain의 예입니다.

Porosity Defects


Porosity due to entrained air

Predicting Shrinkage Porosity


A380 diesel engine block casting

 

Downloads
FLOW-3D Cast Brochure
Bibliography
Models
Case Studies

Conference Proceedings

FLOW-3D CAST Suites

FLOW-3D CAST Suites

FLOW-3D CAST v5 comes in Suites of relevant casting processes: 

HIGH PRESSURE DIE CASTING SUITE

Process Workspace

High Pressure Die Casting

Features

Thermal Die Cycling
– Cooling/heating channels
– Spray cooling
Filling
– Shot sleeve with Plunger
– Shot motion
– Ladles, stoppers
– Venting efficiency
– PQ^2 analysis
– HPDC machine database
Solidification
– Squeeze pins
Cooling

PERMANENT MOLD CASTING SUITE

Process Workspaces

Permanent Mold Casting
Low Pressure Die Casting
Tilt Pour Casting

Features

Thermal Die Cycling
– Cooling/heating channels
Filling
– Tilt pouring
Solidification
– Squeeze pins
Cooling

SAND CASTING SUITE

Process Workspaces

Sand Casting
Low Pressure Sand Casting

Features

Filling
– Permeable molds
– Moisture evaporation in molds
– Gas generation in cores
– Ladle model
Solidification
– Exothermic sleeves
– Chills
– Cast iron solidification
Cooling

LOST FOAM CASTING SUITE

Process Workspaces

Lost Foam
Sand Casting
Low Pressure Sand Casting

Features

Filling
– Permeable molds
– Moisture evaporation in molds
– Gas generation in cores
– Ladle model
– Lost foam pattern evaporation models (Fast model and Full model)
– Lost foam defect prediction
Solidification
– Exothermic sleeves
– Chills
– Cast iron solidification
Cooling

 

ALL SUITES INCLUDE THESE CORE FEATURES:

Solver Engine

  • TruVOF – The most accurate filling simulation tool in the industry
  • Heat transfer and solidification
  • Shrinkage – Rapid Shrinkage model and Shrinkage with flow model
  • Temperature dependent properties
  • Multi-block meshing including conforming meshes
  • Turbulence models
  • Non-Newtonian viscosity (shear thinning/thickening, thixotropic)
  • Flow tracers
  • Active Simulation Control with Global Conditions
  • Surface tension model
  • Thermal stress analysis with warpage
  • General moving geometry w/6 DOF

FlowSight

  • Multi-case analysis
  • Porosity analysis tool

Defect Prediction Tools

  • Gas entrainment model
  • Thermal Modulus output
  • Hot Spot identification
  • Micro and macro porosity prediction
  • Surface defect prediction
  • Shrinkage
  • Cavitation and Cavitation Potential
  • Particle models (Inclusion modeling, collapsed bubble tracking)

User Conveniences

  • Process-oriented workspaces
  • Configurable Simulation Monitor
  • Metal and solid material databases
  • Heat transfer database
  • Filter database
  • Remote solving queues
  • Quick Analyze/Display tool

ALL NEW FLOW-3D CAST v5

ALL NEW FLOW-3D CAST v5

HPC version of FLOW-3D CAST v5 releasedALL NEW FLOW-3D CAST v5 는 금속 주조 시뮬레이션 및 공정 모델링에 있어 큰 발전입니다. 이제 FLOW-3D CAST는 시뮬레이션 할 프로세스를 선택할 수 있으며, 소프트웨어는 적절한 프로세스 매개 변수, 지오메트리 유형 및 합리적인 기본 값을 제공합니다. 이렇게 하면 시뮬레이션 설정이 상당히 간소화됩니다. 또한 FLOW-3D CAST의 강력한 시뮬레이션 엔진과 결함 예측을 위한 새로운 도구는 설계 주기를 단축하고 비용을 절감하는 통찰력을 제공합니다. 대표적인 개발 기능으로 응고 시뮬레이션을 위한 열 계수 및 핫 스팟 식별 출력, 갇혀 있는 가스를 식별하고 환기 효율을 예측하기 위한 결함 채우기 도구 등이 포함됩니다. 그리고 더 빠르고 더 강력한 압력과 및 응력 해소 기능이 모두 포함합니다.

ALL NEW FLOW-3D CAST v5 는 관련 프로세스가 포함된 Suite제품으로 제공됩니다. 영구 금형 제품군은 중력 다이 캐스팅, 저압 다이캐스팅(LPDC), 틸트 주입 주조와 같은 프로세스 작업 공간을 포함합니다. 각 프로세스에 대해 사용자 인터페이스는 특정 프로세스와 관련된 내용만 표시합니다. 모래 주조 Suite에는 중력 사형 주조 및 저압 사형 주조(LPSC)와 같은 프로세스가 포함되어 있습니다. 소실 폼 제품 군에는 사형 주조 Suite의 모든 것과 소실 폼 공정 작업 공간이 포함됩니다. HPDC 제품군은 열 응력 및 변형을 포함하여 고압 다이 캐스팅과 관련된 모든 것을 포함합니다. 각 프로세스 작업 공간 내에서 채우기, 응고 및 냉각과 같은 하위 프로세스는 서로 연결된 시뮬레이션으로, 처음부터 끝까지 차례로 전체 프로세스를 모델링 합니다. 사용자가 그것을 작업장 바닥에서 하는 것처럼. 사용자는 레들을 용융 풀 안에 담갔다가, 숏 슬리브 또는 주입 컵에 옮겨, 전체 이동 및 주입과 같은 단계를 포함하도록 프로세스를 확장할 수 있습니다. LPDC의 경우 프로세스 엔지니어는 도가니의 가압 및 금속 흐름을 주형으로 모델링 할 수 있습니다.  FLOW-3D CAST v5를 사용하면 가능성이 무한해 집니다.

WYSIWYN Process Workspaces

What-You-See-Is-What-You-Need (WYSIWYN) 프로세스 작업 공간은 FLOW-3D CAST의 다기능성을 간소화하여 사용 편의성과 탁월한 솔루션입니다. 대부분의 인터페이스는 사용자가 제공해야 하는 정보만을 요구하고, 사용자 설계 원칙을 적용하여 단순화되었습니다.

FLOW-3D CAST v4.2에 도입된 프로세스 중심 작업 공간은 중력 다이 주조, 저압 주조 및 경사 주입, 모래 등과 같은 영구 금형 공정으로 확장되었습니다. 중력 모래 주조, 저압 모래 주조 및 소실 폼과 같은 주조 공정 지속적인 주조, 투자 주조, 모래 코어 제작, 원심 주조를 포함한 더 많은 공정 작업 공간이 현재 진행 중에 있습니다.

Simulation setup is simplified by only showing the components applicable for a given process.

Types of casting components available in a HPDC simulation. Mold pieces available in a high pressure die casting include cover and ejector dies, sliders, and shot sleeves.

Defect Prediction / 결함 예측

Identify Filling Defects using Particles  결함 예측 및 입자를 이용한 주입 결함 식별

파티클을 사용하는 FLOW-3D CAST v5를 통해 유입된 가스로 인한 충전 결함을 식별하는 것이 훨씬 쉬워 졌습니다. 결함을 식별하기가 훨씬 용이할 뿐만 아니라, 결함 예측에 따른 계산 비용도 크게 절감되었습니다.

붕괴된 가스 지역을 나타내는 보이드 입자가 도입되었습니다. 이전에 붕괴된 가스 영역은 너무 압축되어 수치 메쉬에서 해결할 수 없으면 시뮬레이션에서 사라졌습니다. 보이드 입자는 작은 기포처럼 작용하며 드래그와 압력을 통해 금속과 상호 작용합니다. 주변의 금속 압력에 따라 크기가 변하며, 주입이 끝난 후 최종 위치를 보면 공기 침투 및 산화물로 인한 잠재적인 결함이 있음을 알 수 있습니다.

Predict filling defects caused by entrapped gas using the Particle Model.

Metal/Wall Contact Time 금속/벽 접촉 시간

벽면 접촉 시간은 금형 표면에서 다른 부위보다 금속에 더 오래 노출된 부위를 식별하는 데 유용합니다. 금속 접촉 시간은 금속이 고체 구성 요소와 접촉한 시간을 나타냅니다. 예를 들어 모래 입자가 핵분해 부위의 역할을 하기 때문에 미세 먼지가 발생할 수 있습니다. 개별 솔리드 구성 요소와의 금속 접촉 시간 출력이 모든 구성 요소와의 접촉 시간을 포함하도록 확장되었습니다. 접촉 시간 계산은 출력 탭에서 벽 접촉 시간을 선택하여 활성화합니다.

Identify solidification defects with the new Thermal Modulus output.

Solidification Defect Identification 응고 결함 식별

일반적으로 라이저 크기 조정에 사용되는 열 모듈은 이제 응고 시뮬레이션에서 출력됩니다.

Risers will likely need to be placed on the circled regions.

Hot Spots  핫 스팟

또 다른 결과인 “핫 스팟”은 라이저를 찾고 크기를 조정하며, 응고 관련 결함의 가능성을 식별하는 데 유용합니다. 핫 스팟은 최종적으로 응고된 부위를 나타냅니다. 이것들은 입자들로 표현되고 뜨거운 점 크기에 의해 색깔이 변하기도 합니다. 라이저는 핫 스팟 크기가 가장 큰 곳에 배치해야 합니다.

Porosity Analysis Tool

FlowSight의 새로운 Porosity Analysis Tool은 실제적인 측면에서 porosity-related 결점을 식별합니다. 결점은 이제 순 볼륨, 최대 선형 범위, 모양 인자 및 total count로 식별됩니다.

New defect identification tools allow users to analyze porosity.

Arbitrary 2D Clips 임의 2D 클립

기능 지향적인 2D 클립은 결함을 찾기 위해 전면적으로 살펴 볼 때 유용합니다. 이전에는 클립에 표시된 금속 영역이 솔리드에 의해 점유된 셀로 확장되었습니다. 잡식의 FLOW-3D CAST v5에서 이 클립은 구성 요소를 숨기는 옵션을 선택해야만 열린 공간(예:주조 부품)의 금속을 보여 줄 수 있습니다.

Intensification Pressure 강화 압력

고압 주조 시뮬레이션에 지정된 강화 압력은 이제 매크로 및 마이크로 Porosity모델 모두에 결합되어 형성 사이의 보다 현실적인 관계를 형성합니다. 이러한 결함의 크기 및 플런저에 의해 가해지는 압력의 크기입니다.

Adjusting Shrinkage Porosity 수축 기공 조절

사용자가 금속의 특성을 수정할 필요 없이 수축 다공성의 양과 크기를 미세 조정할 수 있도록 수축 조정 계수가 추가되었습니다. 계수를 사용하면 응고 중에 체적 수축의 양을 전화로 설정하거나 줄일 수 있습니다.

Gas Pressure and Venting Efficiency  가스 압력 및 밴트 효율성 검토

사용자가 충전 결함을 식별하고 다이캐스트에서 밴트 시스템을 설계하는 데 도움을 주기 위해 마지막 국부적인 가스 압력 및 밴트 효율성 검토 결과가 주조 시뮬레이션 출력에 추가되었습니다. 가스 압력은 셀이 금속으로 채워지기 전에 셀의 마지막 보이드 압력을 기록하며, 밴트 효율은 환기구를 배치하는 것이 밴트 위치에서 공기를 배출하는 데 가장 효율적인 영역을 보여 줍니다.

Databases 데이터베이스

주조 공정에서 일반적으로 사용되는 정보의 데이터베이스는 설정 오류를 줄이고 시뮬레이션 workflow 를 개선합니다.

Configurable Simulation Monitor 구성 가능한 시뮬레이션 모니터

시뮬레이션을 실행할 때 발생하는 중요하지만 종종 힘든 작업은 시뮬레이션을 모니터링하는 것입니다. FLOW-3D CAST를 사용하면 다음과 같은 일반적인 시뮬레이션 목표를 모니터링할 수 있습니다.

  • 게이트 속도
    주형 내 고상 분율
    최저/최고 용탕 온도 및 금형 온도
    다양한 프로브 위치에서의 온도
    시뮬레이션 진단(예:시간 스텝, 안정성 한계)

Plotting Capabilities  Plotting기능

이제 시뮬레이션 관리자에는 더 많은 플롯 기능이 포함됩니다. 플롯은 사용자가 구성할 수 있으며 구성은 다른 시뮬레이션에서 사용하기 위해 데이터베이스에 저장됩니다. 사용자는 시뮬레이션 런타임 그래프와 history-data 에서 모니터링할 이력 데이터 변수를 지정할 수 있습니다. 다중 변수를 각 그래프에 입력합니다.

Conforming Meshes

임의 형상의 활성 계산 영역을 정의할 수 있도록 적합한 메쉬 기능이 확장되었습니다. 이는 메쉬 블록이 준수할 수 있는 열린 볼륨과 솔리드 볼륨을 모두 포함하여 계산 도메인의 영역을 정의하는 meshing구성 요소라고 하는 새로운 유형의 지오메트리 구성 요소를 사용합니다.
메쉬 블록은 냉각 채널이나 공동에 선택적으로 조합할 수 있어 사용자가 이러한 기하학적 객체에 대해 최적의 해상도를 선택할 수 있습니다. 이제 확인할 수 있는 메쉬가 FAVORize 탭에 표시될 수 있습니다.

Summary Views of Components/Cooling Channels

FLOW-3D CAST v5의 인터페이스는 주조 시뮬레이션에서 다양한 형상 구성 요소를 꽉 차게 보여줍니다. 2개의 새로운 형상 요약 뷰인 구성 요소 요약 뷰와 냉각 채널 요약 뷰는 기하학적 구성 요소 및 냉각 채널의 플라이 아웃을 제공하여 사용자가 신속하게 수행할 수 있도록 합니다. 중요 설정을 한 눈에 파악하고 필요한 경우 변경 할 수 있습니다.

Under the Hood

FLOW-3D CAST의 많은 강력한 구성 요소들은 Solver Engine이라고 부르는 것 들에서 중요합니다. 아래에서는 이면에서 무거운 작업을 수행하는 데 도움이 되는 몇가지 중요한 사항을 설명합니다.

Thermal Die Cycling (TDC) Model TDC(열 다이 사이클)모델

열 다이 사이클 시뮬레이션의 주입/응고 단계는 균일하지 않은 캐비티 온도를 사용하여 개선할 수 있습니다. 이제 캐비티에 있는 금속의 초기 온도는 재시작 중에 채우기 시뮬레이션을 통해 지정하거나 초기 유체 영역을 사용하는 사용자 정의 분포에서 지정할 수 있습니다. 이 기능은 옵션으로 사용할 수 있는 균일한 초기 금속 온도에 비해 다이 사이클링의 열해석의 정확성과 현실성을 높여줍니다.

Melt temperatures in the casting cavity read from a filling simulation are applied to ejector die during filling/solidification stage of thermal die cycling simulation.

Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculator for Spray Cooling 분사 냉각을 위한 열 전달 계수 계산기

스프레이 유체와 다이 표면 사이의 열 전달 계수(HTC)를 추정하는 것은 어려운 일입니다. 계산 또는 측정을 통해 값을 사용할 수 있는 경우 사용자는 이러한 값을 스프레이 거리 및 각도의 함수로 직접 지정할 수 있습니다. 새로운 기능을 통해 노즐의 스프레이 액의 유량을 기준으로 HTC를 동적으로 계산할 수 있습니다. 단일 조정 계수를 통해 스프레이 유출량을 기준으로 HTC를 미세 조정할 수 있습니다.

냉각 열 응력과 변형 해석

FLOW-3D로 해석한 냉각 열 응력과 변형 시뮬레이션

Temperature contour after cooling

Flow Science, INC 소속의 AHG Isfahani & JM Brethour기 발표한 FLOW-3D로 냉각 열 응력과 변형을 시뮬레이션 한 결과입니다.

주조 업계에서는 고형화 및 냉각 중 열응력을 예측하고 그 결과로 변형되는 현상을 예측하는 것이 여전히 어려운 과제입니다.

플로우 사이언스는 최근 이러한 종류의 예측을 고객에게 제공하기 위해 FSI(Fuid-Structure Interaction)와 TSE(Thermal Stress Evolution) 모델을 개발했습니다. Fuid-cocus 모델링 포트폴리오에 솔리드 메카니즘이 추가됨에 따라 FLOW-3D*(www.fow3d.com)는 이제 하나의 소프트웨어 패키지에서 완전히 결합된 Auid-structure 상호 작용 모델을 제공하는 몇 안 되는 시뮬레이션 툴 중 하나가 되었습니다.

내장된 유한 요소 분석과 FLOW-3D의 입증된 자유 표면 Aows 기록은 주조 업계에 매력적인 선택입니다. 많은 사용자들이 주조 프로세스를 포함한 유체 구조 상호 작용 문제를 시뮬레이션하기 위해 여러 소프트웨어 패키지를 결합해 왔습니다.

모델 제작자는 Auid 역학을 별도로 해결한 다음 표면 경계 조건을 고체 역학적 패키지로 가져와 응력과 변형을 얻은 다음 변형된 형상을 다시 조류 해결기로 공급하고 주기는 계속됩니다.

이 프로세스의 수동 구현은 지루함을 증명하고 스크립트 및 래퍼를 통해 프로세스를 자동화하는 것은 어려운 일입니다. 게다가, 대부분의 경우 이 커플링은 사례별로 수행되어야 합니다.

FLOW-3D는 이 프로세스의 두 측면을 단일 시뮬레이션의 결과로 두 솔루션이 모두 제공되는 하나의 패키지로 원활하게 통합했습니다.

이 기사에서는 시뮬레이션 결과를 실제 주조 부품의 변형과 비교하는 경우를 제시한다. 부품 및 실험 결과는 Littler Diecast Corporation의 Mark Littler에 의해 제공되었습니다.

Introduction
In the casting industry, the ability to predict thermal stresses and resulting deformations during solidification and cooling continues to be a challenge. Flow Science has recently developed its fuid-structure interaction (FSI) and thermal stress evolution (TSE) models to provide these kinds of predictions to its customers. With the addition of solid mechanics to its existing fuid focused modeling port- folio, FLOW-3D*(www.fow3d.com) is now one of the few simulation tools that provide a fully coupled Auid-structure interaction model within one software package. The built- in finite element analysis along with FLOW-3D’s proven record in free surface Aows makes it an attractive choice to the casting industry. Many users have been coupling multiple software packages in order to simulate fuid-structure interaction problems including casting processes. The modeler solves the Auid mechanics separately, then imports the surface boundary conditions into a solid mechanics package, obtains the stresses and deformations and then feeds the deformed geometry back into the fow solver and the cycle continues. The manual implementation of this process proves tedious and automating it through scripts and wrappers is challeng- ing. Besides, most of the time, this coupling has to be done on a per case basis. FLOW-3D has seamlessly integrated both aspects of this process into one package where both solutions come out as the result of a single simulation. In this article, a case where the simulation results are compared to deformations from an actual cast part is pre- sented. The part and experimental results were provided by Mark Littler of Littler Diecast Corporation.

결론

FLOW-3D는 최근 고체 역학을 컴퓨팅하면서 Auid Aow를 동시에 시뮬레이션하는 기능을 추가했습니다.

업계에서 단일 시뮬레이션 내에서 완전히 결합된 Auid-Structure 상호 작용을 해결할 수 있는 소프트웨어 패키지는 몇 개 되지 않습니다. 이 모델은 선형 후크 모델을 기반으로 하지만 각 시간 단계에서 스트레스가 점진적으로 계산되기 때문에 큰 변형이 가능합니다.

이 방법에서, 각 작은 증가 동안의 응력-변형 관계는 대부분의 경우 선형으로 가정할 수 있다. 또한 다이 및 응고 합금의 온도 의존성 탄성 특성을 지정할 수 있습니다. 이 모델은 열 잔류 응력으로 인해 냉각 중에 부품이 원하는 형상에서 변형되는 주조 업계에 특히 유용합니다.

캐스터는 이러한 변형을 예측하고 다이를 아주 약간만 변화시켜 최종 변형 기하학이 원하는 형태가 되도록 수정합니다.

이 작업은 FLOW-3D 사용자에게 흥미로운 새로운 경로를 제시하며 향후 릴리즈에서 몇 가지 새로운 기능을 제공하는 토대가 됩니다.

그러한 노력에는 플라스틱 변형과 인접한 고체 구성 요소 간, 그리고 고체 구성 요소와 고체화된 Auid 영역 사이의 완전한 결합이 포함됩니다.

Conclusions

FLOW-3D has recently added the capability of simulta- neously simulating the Auid Aow while computing the solid mechanics. There are only a few software packages in the industry that can solve a fully coupled Auid-struc- ture interaction within a single simulation. Although the model is based on a linear Hookean model, large deformations are possible because the stress is computed incrementally during each time step. In this method, the stress-strain relationship during each small incre- ment can be assumed to be linear in most cases. Fur- thermore, temperature-dependent elastic properties of the die and solidified alloy can be specified. This model is particularly beneficial to the casting industry where thermal residual stresses cause the part to deform from the desired geometry during cooling. Casters can predict these deformations and correct for them by changing the die ever so slightly so that in fact the final deformed geometry is the desired shape. This work represents an exciting new path for FLOW- 3D users and serves as a foundation for several new capabilities in future releases. Such efforts will include plastic deformations and full coupling between neigh- boring solid components and between solid components and solidified Auid regions.

FLOW-3D CAST 사양

FLOW-3D CAST Feature

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Active Simulation Control

실행중인 해석의 제어 파라미터는 History probes에서 사용자가 정의한 조건에 따라, 런타임 동안에 자동으로 변경 될 수 있습니다. History probes에 의해 기록된 시뮬레이션 변수는 경계 조건, mass source 및 General Moving Object 기능을 이용하여, 시간에 따른 개체의 동작을 제어하기 위해 사용될 수있습니다. 예를 들어, 고압다이캐스팅 해석에서 게이트에 설정한 History probes에 유체가 도달하면, 그 정보를 캡처하는 데이터 출력 주파수를 증가시켜 플런저의 속도를 고속으로 자동 전환 될 수있습니다. 고압다이캐스팅 해석은 유체가 게이트에 도달 할 때 자동으로 고속 전환됩니다. 이 프로세스는 새로운 실행 시뮬레이션 제어 기능을 통해 자동으로 진행됩니다. 저속 구간에서 플런저의 움직임은 trigger 슬리브의 용융물에 혼입되는 공기의 양을 최소화하기 위해 Barkhudarov 방법 1을 사용하여 계산됩니다. 이 결과는 훨씬 더 높은 품질의 주조품이 나올수 있도록 설계하는데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. Read the development note > Read the blog post >

Batch Postprocessing & Report Generation

Batch 후처리 및 보고서 생성은 해석 결과 분석시 사용자의 해석 처리 시간을 절약하기 위해 개발되었습니다. Batch 후처리는, 해석이 완료된 후, 사용자가 애니메이션, 시나리오, 그래프, 텍스트 데이터 시리즈를 정의하여 자동으로 생성되도록 할 수 있습니다. 그래픽 요청은 백그라운드에서 FlowSight를 실행하여 처리되도록 FLOW-3D Cast에 정의되어 있습니다. 원하는 해석 결과를 생성할 수 있는 컨텍스트 파일을 사용하면 Batch 후처리 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. Batch 후처리가 완료되면, 사용자는 쉽게 자신의 관리자, 동료, 또는 클라이언트에 보낼 수있는 HTML5 형식의 완벽한 기능을 갖춘 보고서를 만들 수 있습니다. 이미지 및 동영상도 보고서에 포함 할 수 있고, 사용자는 텍스트, 캡션, 참고 문헌의 형식을 완벽하게 제어 하고 유지할 수 있습니다. Read the blog post >

Metal Casting Models

Squeeze Pin Model

스퀴즈 핀은 주조시 주입 공급이 어려운 영역에서, 응고하는 동안 금속 수축을 보상하기 위해 사용되는 실제의 다이 캐스팅 머신의 동작을 모델링하는 해석을 할 수 있습니다. 스퀴즈 핀은 선택된 표면에 cylinderical squeeze pin을 추가하여, STL 파일 또는 대화식으로 생성 될 수 있습니다. Read the development note >

Intensification Pressure Model

새로운 플런저 타입 형상이 추가 되었습니다. 강화된 압력 조건으로 macro-shrinkage 와 micro-porosity 제거를 지정할 수 있습니다.

Thermal Die Cycling model

FLOW-3D Cast v4.1's full process thermal die cycling model

다이싸이클링 (Thermal die cycling, TDC) 모델에 새로운 두 가지의 단계가 추가되었습니다. 금형이 열린 상태에서 제품이 여전히 금형 내부에 있는 ejection 단계와, 금형이 닫혔지만 사출 바로전의 preparation 단계가 추가되었습니다. 또한, 마지막 싸이클만이 아닌 모든 금형 싸이클 모두 수렴된 결과를 전달하기 위해 TDC 솔버가 성능 손실 없이 최적화 되었습니다. Read the blog post >

Valves and Vents

Modeling valves and vents in FLOW-3D Cast v4.1

밸브와 밴트의 외부 압력과 온도는 이제 사용자가 다이 캐스팅 공정에서 충진중에 보다 실제적인 동작을 정의 할 수 있도록, 시간의 표 함수로서 정의 할 수있습니다. 밸브 및 벤트의 압력 및 온도는 프로세스 설계 단계에서 유용한 제품 내부에 설정된 프로브에 의해 제어 될 수 있습니다.

PQ2 Diagram

PQ2다이어그램의 사용은 사용자가 더 나은 슬리브의 플런저 실제 움직임과 유사하게 적용 할 수 있습니다. 새로운 기능은 실제 공정 변수가 아직 알려져 있지 않았을 때 다이캐스팅 설계 단계 중에 특히 유용합니다. Read the blog post >

Cooling Channels

냉각 채널은 금형 각각의 냉각 유로에 의해 제거되거나 추가된 열의 총량에 의해 제어 될 수 있습니다. Read the development note >

Air Entrainment Model

Air entrainment 모델에 compressibility를 입력하는 새로운 옵션이 추가되었습니다. 고압 다이캐스팅의 충진 공정과 같은 경우, 공기 압축성은 유체 압력의 변화로 인한 유체의 흐름에 중요한 인자가 됩니다.
 

Cavitation Model

캐비테이션 모델은 유동 조건의 더 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 유체의 캐비테이션 거동을 나타내도록 개선되었습니다. 캐비테이션 생성에 대한 새로운 옵션은 경험적 관계를 기반으로, 기존의 일정한 속도로 생성되는 방식에서 보완되었습니다. 새로운 passive gas model 옵션은 open bubbles이 아닌 유체내에 cavitationg gas를 추적하여, 계산에 필요한 격자와 계산시간을 줄일 수 있습니다. Read the development note >

Two-fluid Phase Change Model

Two-fluid phase change model 은 과냉각을 포함하도록 확장되었습니다. 일정한 과냉각 온도를 정의하고 가스 온도가 응축이 일어나기 전에 포화점 이하로 내려갈 수 있게 함으로써 구현됩니다.

Simulation Results and Analysis

Simulation Results File Editor

사용자가 FLOW-3D Cast v4.1 결과 파일들을 병합 및 제거 할 수 있는 편집 유틸리티

Linking flsgrf.* files

Restart 해석 결과 파일들(flsgrf.*)은 FlowSight 에서 하나의 연속적인 애니메이션 결과를 표시하기 위해 restart source 결과로 링크될 수 있습니다.

Fluid/wall Contact Time

A new spatial quantity has been added to the solution output that stores the time that metal spent in contact with each geometric component, as well as the time spent by each component with metal.

용탕이 각 geometry 컴포넌트를 접촉한 시간과 각 컴포넌트가 용탕과의 접촉 시간을 나타내는 새로운 공간적 양이 해석 아웃풋에 추가 되었습니다.

Performance and Usability

Calculators

열전달 계수, 열 침투 깊이, 밸브 손실 계수, 슬리브에 용탕량(깊이), 플런저의 속도를 계산할 수 있는 Calculators 기능이 Model Setup 창에서 바로 가능해졌습니다. 또한 유틸리티 메뉴에서도 가능합니다.

Thermal Die Cycling

Heat transfer database in FLOW-3D Cast v4.1

열전달 계수 데이터베이스와 각 싸이클 단계들이 입력되어있어 간편하게 다이싸이클링 해석을 하실 수 있습니다.

GMRES Pressure Solver

GMRES pressure solver의 속도가 솔버 데이터 구조의 최적화로 인해 2배까지 향상되었습니다. 이로 인해 메모리 사용량이 20% 미만으로 증가할 수 있습니다. Read the blog post >

Sampling Volumes

Sampling volume 기능은 STL로 정의할 수 있습니다. 각 sampling volume에 의해 계산된 양들의 목록은 유체의 부피, 최대/최소 온도, 파티클의 갯수와 같은 전체 해석 영역에 대해 모두 같은 양이 되도록 확장되었습니다.

 

FSI/TSE Model

구조분석 모델의 성능이 부분적인 coupling으로 해석 솔버의 병렬화와 최적화를 통해 향상되었습니다.

Workspaces

Workspaces 를 이전에 설치된 FLOW-3D에서 가져올 수 있습니다. Workspaces 와 사용자가 선택한 시뮬레이션들을 복사할 수 있습니다.

Expanded Simulation Pre-check

Simulation pre-check 기능은 preprocessor checks를 포함하고, 문제가 발생하는 경우 링크됩니다.

Improved Transparency

Depth-peeling 옵션은 transparent geometries 를 좀 더 잘 표현하고, v4.0보다 10배 빨라졌습니다.

Interactive Tools

Baffles, history probes, void/fluid pointers, valves, mass-momentum sources, squeeze pins에 대한 새로운 대화형 생성 기능이 추가되었습니다. 또한 probing과 clipping 도구들이 대화형으로 개선되었습니다.

General Enable/Disable

모든 objects (e.g., mesh blocks)은 활성화/비활성화 할 수 있습니다.

Estimated Remaining Simulation Time

솔버 메세지 파일에 short-print로 추정된 잔여 해석 시간이 추가 되었습니다.

Tabular Data

테이블 형식의 데이터에서 선택된 데이터를 마우스 오른쪽 버튼을 클릭하여 csv파일 또는 외부 파일에 복사, 저장할 수 있습니다.

1 23-10 Michael R. Barkhudarov, Minimizing Air Entrainment, The Canadian Die Caster, June 2010

[FLOW-3D 물리모델] Solidification 응고

응고 모델은 열전달이 활성화되고(Physics → Heat Transfer → Fluid internal energy advection) 유체비열(Fluids → Fluid 1 → Thermal Properties → Specific heat)과 전도도(Fluids → Fluid 1 → Thermal Properties → Thermal Conductivity) 이 지정될 때 사용될 수 있다. 단지 유체 1만 상 변화를 겪을 수 있다.

Solidification - Activate solidification

응고모델을 활성화하기 위해 Fluids → Fluid 1 → Solidification Model 을 체크하고 물성 Fluids → Fluid 1 → Solidification Model 가지에서 Liquidus temperature, Solidus temperature, 그리고 Latent heat of fusion 를 지정한다. 가장 간단한 모델(Latent Heat Release Definition 에 펼쳐지는 메뉴에서 Linearly with constant 를 선택)에서, 잠열은 물체가 Liquidus 에서 Solidus 온도로 냉각될 때 선형적으로 방출된다. 고상에서의 상변화열을 포함하는, 잠열 방출의 더 자세한 모델을 위해 온도의 함수로 잠열방출을 정의하기 위해 Specific energy vs. temperature 또는 Solid fraction vs. temperature 선택을 사용한다. 이 지정에 대한 더 자세한 내용은 이론 매뉴얼의 Heat of Transformation 를 참조한다.