Fig. 1. Protection matt over the scour pit.

Numerical study of the flow at a vertical pile with net-like scourprotection matt

๊ทธ๋ฌผํ˜• ์„ธ๊ตด๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง๋ง๋š์˜ ์œ ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

Minxi Zhanga,b, Hanyan Zhaoc, Dongliang Zhao d, Shaolin Yuee, Huan Zhoue,Xudong Zhaoa
, Carlo Gualtierif, Guoliang Yua,b,โˆ—
a SKLOE, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
b KLMIES, MOE, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
c Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510610, China
d CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
e CCCC Road & Bridge Special Engineering Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430071, China
f Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

Abstract

Local scour at a pile or pier in current or wave environments threats the safety of the upper structure all over the world. The application of a net-like matt as a scour protection cover at the pile or pier was proposed. The matt weakens and diffuses the flow in the local scour pit and thus reduces local scour while enhances sediment deposition. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the flow at the pile covered by the matt. The simulation results were used to optimize the thickness dt (2.6d95 โˆผ 17.9d95) and opening size dn (7.7d95 โˆผ 28.2d95) of the matt. It was found that the matt significantly reduced the local velocity and dissipated the vortex at the pile, substantially reduced the extent of local scour. The smaller the opening size of the matt, the more effective was the flow diffusion at the bed, and smaller bed shear stress was observed at the pile. For the flow conditions considered in this study, a matt with a relative thickness of T = 7.7 and relative opening size of S = 7.7 could be effective in scour protection.

์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋‘์˜ ๊ตญ์ง€์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ตด์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ต๊ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ‡ด์ ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฎ์ธ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งคํŠธ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ dt(2.6d95 โˆผ 17.9d95)์™€ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ dn(7.7d95 โˆผ 28.2d95)์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋š์˜ ์™€๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ธต์—์„œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ์ธต ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์œ ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋‘๊ป˜ T = 7.7, ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ S = 7.7์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋งคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ฐฉ์ง€์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Keywords

Numerical simulation, Pile foundation, Local scour, Protective measure, Net-like matt

Fig. 1. Protection matt over the scour pit.
Fig. 1. Protection matt over the scour pit.
Fig. 2. Local scour pit of pile below the protection matt.
Fig. 2. Local scour pit of pile below the protection matt.

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The impacts of profile concavity on turbidite deposits: Insights from the submarine canyons on global continental margins

The impacts of profile concavity on turbidite deposits: Insights from the submarine canyons on global continental margins

ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ์˜ค๋ชฉ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํƒ๋„ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์ € ํ˜‘๊ณก์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ

Kaiqiย Yuย a,ย Eldaย Miramontesย bc,ย Matthieu J.B.ย Cartignyย d,ย Yupingย Yangย a,ย Jingpingย Xuย a
aDepartment of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Rd., Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
bMARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germanyc
Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
dDepartment of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

Received 10 August 2023, Revised 13 March 2024, Accepted 13 March 2024, Available online 17 March 2024, Version of Record 20 March 2024.

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Highlights

  • โ€ขThe impact of submarine canyon concavity on turbidite deposition was assessed.
  • โ€ขDistribution of turbidite deposits varies with changes in canyon concavity.
  • โ€ขThree distinct deposition patterns were identified.
  • โ€ขThe recognized deposition patterns align well with the observed turbidite deposits.

Abstract

Submarine canyons are primary conduits for turbidity currents transporting terrestrial sediments, nutrients, pollutants and organic carbon to the deep sea. The concavity in the longitudinal profile of these canyons (i.e. the downstream flattening rate along the profiles) influences the transport processes and results in variations in turbidite thickness, impacting the transfer and burial of particles. To better understand the controlling mechanisms of canyon concavity on the distribution of turbidite deposits, here we investigate the variation in sediment accumulation as a function of canyon concavity of 20 different modern submarine canyons, distributed on global continental margins. In order to effectively assess the isolated impact of the concavity of 20 different canyons, a series of two-dimensional, depth-resolved numerical simulations are conducted. Simulation results show that the highly concave profile (e.g. Surveyor and Horizon) tends to concentrate the turbidite deposits mainly at the slope break, while nearly straight profiles (e.g. Amazon and Congo) result in deposition focused at the canyon head. Moderately concave profiles with a smoother canyon floor (e.g. Norfolk-Washington and Mukluk) effectively facilitate the downstream transport of suspended sediments in turbidity currents. Furthermore, smooth and steep upper reaches of canyons commonly contribute to sediment bypass (i.e. Mukluk and Chirikof), while low slope angles lead to deposition at upper reaches (i.e. Bounty and Valencia). At lower reaches, the distribution of turbidite deposits is consistent with the occurrence of hydraulic jumps. Under the influence of different canyon concavities, three types of deposition patterns are inferred in this study, and verified by comparison with observed turbidite deposits on the modern or paleo-canyon floor. This study demonstrates a potential difference in sediment transport efficiency of submarine canyons with different concavities, which has potential consequences for sediment and organic carbon transport through submarine canyons.

Introduction

Submarine canyons are pivotal links in source-to-sink systems on continental margins (Sรธmme et al., 2009; Nyberg et al., 2018; Pope et al., 2022a, Pope et al., 2022b) that provide efficient pathways for moving prodigious volumes of terrestrial materials to the abyssal basin (Spychala et al., 2020; Heijnen et al., 2022). When turbidity currents, the main force that transports the above mentioned sediments (Xu et al., 2004; Xu, 2010; Talling et al., 2013; Stevenson et al., 2015), slow down after entering a flatter and/or wider stretch of the canyon downstream, the laden sediments settle, often rapidly, to form a deposit called turbidite that is known for organic carbon burial, hydrocarbon reserves and the accumulation of microplastics (Galy et al., 2007; Pohl et al., 2020a; Pope et al., 2022b; Pierdomenico et al., 2023). A set of flume experiments by Pohl et al. (2020b) revealed that the variation of bed slope plays a dominant role in controlling the sizes and locations of the deposit: a) a more gently dipping upper slope leads to upstream migration of upslope pinch-out; b) the increase of lower slope results in a decrease of the deposit thickness (Fig. 1a).

From upper continental slopes to deepwater basins, turbidity currents are commonly confined by submarine canyons that facilitate the longer distance transport of sediments (Eggenhuisen et al., 2022; Pope et al., 2022a; Wahab et al., 2022, Li et al., 2023a). The concavity, defined here as the downstream flattening rate of profiles (Covault et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2019; Seybold et al., 2021; Soutter et al., 2021a), of the longitudinal bed profile of the submarine canyons is therefore a key factor that determines hydrodynamic processes of turbidity currents, including the accumulation of sediments along the canyon thalweg (Covault et al., 2014; de Leeuw et al., 2016; Heerema et al., 2022; Heijnen et al., 2022). Due to the comprehensive impacts of sediment supply, grain size, climate change, regional tectonics, associated river and self-incision, the concavity of submarine canyons on global continental margins varies greatly (Parker et al., 1986; Harris and Whiteway, 2011; Casalbore et al., 2018; Nyberg et al., 2018; Soutter et al., 2021a, Li et al., 2023b), which is much more complex than the two constant slope setup of Pohl et al. (2020b)โ€™s flume experiment (Fig. 1a). This raises the question of how the more complex concavity influences the dynamics of turbidity currents and the resultant distribution of turbidite deposits. For instance, the longitudinal profile concavity can also be increased by steepening the upper slope and/or gentling the lower slope of canyons (Fig. 1b). Parameters, known as significant factors influencing flow dynamics, include dip angle (Pohl et al., 2019), bed roughness (Baghalian and Ghodsian, 2020), obstacle presence (Howlett et al., 2019), and confinement conditions (Soutter et al., 2021b). However, the role of channel concavity in determining the downstream evolution of flow dynamics remains poorly understood (Covault et al., 2011; Georgiopoulou and Cartwright, 2013), and it is still unclear whether changes in concavity can result in different locations of pinch-out points and variations in turbidite deposit thicknesses (Pohl et al., 2020b).

In this study, we hypothesize that a more concave profile resulting from a steeper upper slope and a gentler lower slope may lead to a downstream migration of the upslope pinch-out and an increase of deposit thickness (Fig. 1b). This hypothesis is tested in 20 modern submarine canyons (shown in Fig. 2) whose longitudinal profiles are extracted from the GEBCO_2022 grid. Due to the lack of data describing the turbidite thickness trends in these canyons, we used a numerical model (FLOW-3Dยฎ software) to simulate the depositional process. The simulation results allow us to address at least two questions: (1) How does the concavity affect the distribution and thickness of turbidite deposits along the canyon thalwegs? (2) What is the impact of canyon concavity on the dynamics of the turbidity currents? Such answers on a global scale are undoubtedly helpful in understanding not only the sediment transport processes but also the efficient transfer and burial of organic carbon along global continental margins.

Section snippets

Submarine canyons used in this study

The longitudinal profiles of 20 modern submarine canyons are obtained using Global Mapperยฎ from a public domain database GEBCO_2022 (doi:https://doi.org/10.5285/e0f0bb80-ab44-2739-e053-6c86abc0289c). The GEBCO_2022 grid provides elevation data, in meters, on a 15 arc-second interval grid. The 20 selected submarine canyons, which span the typical distance covered by turbidity currents, have been chosen from a diverse range of submarine canyon and channel systems that extend at least 250 km

Concavity of longitudinal canyon profiles

The NCI and ฮฑ values of all 20 canyon profiles utilized in this study are plotted in Fig. 4, indicating the majority of these submarine canyons typically exhibit a concave profile, characterized by a negative NCI, except for the Amazon. In most of the profiles, the NCI is lower than โˆ’0.08, with the most concave point (indicated by the minimum ratio ฮฑ) located closer to the canyon head than to the profile end, and their upper reaches are steeper than lower reaches, typically observed as the

Validation of the hypothesis

As previously mentioned in this paper, one of the primary objectives of this study is to evaluate the hypothesis inferred from the flume tank experiment of Pohl et al. (2020b): whether a more concave canyon profile can exert a comparable influence on turbidite deposits as the steepness of the lower and upper slopes in a slope-break system (Fig. 1). Shown as the modeling results, the deposition pattern of this study is more โ€˜irregularโ€™ compared with the flume tank experiment (Pohl et al., 2020b

Conclusion

Based on global bathymetry, this study simulates the depositional behavior of turbidity currents flowing through the 20 different submarine canyons on the margins of open ocean and marginal sea. Influenced by the different concavities, the resulted deposition patterns are characterized by a variable distribution of turbidite deposits.

  • 1)The simulation results demonstrate that the accumulation of turbidite deposits is primarily observed in downstream regions near the slope break for highly concave

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Kaiqi Yu: Writing โ€“ review & editing, Writing โ€“ original draft, Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Conceptualization. Elda Miramontes: Writing โ€“ review & editing, Supervision, Conceptualization. Matthieu J.B. Cartigny: Writing โ€“ review & editing, Supervision. Yuping Yang: Software, Methodology. Jingping Xu: Writing โ€“ review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This study is supported by the Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation (JCYJ20210324105211031). Matthieu J. B. Cartigny was supported by Royal Society Research Fellowship (DHF/R1/180166). We thank the Chief Editor Zhongyuan Chen, the associate editor and two reviewers for their constructive comments that helped us improve our manuscript.

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Fig. 3. Free surface and substrate profiles in all Sp and Ls cases at t = 1 s, t = 3 s, and t = 5 s, arranged left to right (note: the colour contours correspond to the horizontal component of the flow velocity (u), expressed in m/s).

Numerical investigation of dam break flow over erodible beds with diverse substrate level variations

๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์นจ์‹์„ฑ ์ธต ์œ„์˜ ๋Œ ํŒŒ์† ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ

Alireza Khoshkonesh1, Blaise Nsom2, Saeid Okhravi3*, Fariba Ahmadi Dehrashid4, Payam Heidarian5,
Silvia DiFrancesco6
1 Department of Geography, School of Social Sciences, History, and Philosophy, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.
2 Universitรฉ de Bretagne Occidentale. IRDL/UBO UMR CNRS 6027. Rue de Kergoat, 29285 Brest, France.
3 Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dรบbravskรก cesta 9, 84104, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
4Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65178-38695, Hamedan, Iran.
5 Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
6Niccol`o Cusano University, via Don C. Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +421-944624921. E-mail: saeid.okhravi@savba.sk

Abstract

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the influence of substrate level difference and material composition on dam break wave evolution over two different erodible beds. Utilizing the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, we tracked free surface advection and reproduced wave evolution using experimental data from the literature. For model validation, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis encompassed mesh resolution, turbulence simulation methods, and bed load transport equations. The implementation of Large Eddy Simulation (LES), non-equilibrium sediment flux, and van Rijnโ€™s (1984) bed load formula yielded higher accuracy compared to alternative approaches. The findings emphasize the significant effect of substrate level difference and material composition on dam break morphodynamic characteristics. Decreasing substrate level disparity led to reduced flow velocity, wavefront progression, free surface height, substrate erosion, and other pertinent parameters. Initial air entrapment proved substantial at the wavefront, illustrating pronounced air-water interaction along the bottom interface. The Shields parameter experienced a one-third reduction as substrate level difference quadrupled, with the highest near-bed concentration observed at the wavefront. This research provides fresh insights into the complex interplay of factors governing dam break wave propagation and morphological changes, advancing our comprehension of this intricate phenomenon.

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นจ์‹์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ ํŒŒ๊ดดํŒŒ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. VOF(์œ ์ฒด๋Ÿ‰) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋™ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„, ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์นจ๋Œ€ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. LES(Large Eddy Simulation), ๋น„ํ‰ํ˜• ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ๋ฐ van Rijn(1984)์˜ ํ•˜์ƒ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ณต์‹์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ˜•ํƒœ์—ญํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ ์†, ํŒŒ๋ฉด ์ง„ํ–‰, ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋†’์ด, ๊ธฐํŒ ์นจ์‹ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํฌ์ง‘์€ ํŒŒ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ-๋ฌผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ 4๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Shields ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” 1/3๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŒŒ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋ฒ ๋“œ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ ํŒŒ๊ดดํŒŒ ์ „ํŒŒ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Keywords

Dam break; Substrate level difference; Erodible bed; Sediment transport; Computational fluid dynamics CFD.

Fig. 3. Free surface and substrate profiles in all Sp and Ls cases at t = 1 s, t = 3 s, and t = 5 s, arranged left to right (note: the colour contours
correspond to the horizontal component of the flow velocity (u), expressed in m/s).
Fig. 3. Free surface and substrate profiles in all Sp and Ls cases at t = 1 s, t = 3 s, and t = 5 s, arranged left to right (note: the colour contours correspond to the horizontal component of the flow velocity (u), expressed in m/s).

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Figura 1 โ€“ Mapa de localizaรงรฃo da PCH Salto Paraopeba

ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์นจ์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง(CFD) ๊ธฐ์ค€

Natรกlia Melo da Silva1 1; Jorge Luis Zegarra Tarqui2,Edna Maria de Faria Viana 3

Abstract

์ €์ˆ˜์ง€ ์นจ์ „์€ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์€ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ(SHP)๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ณด์™„์  ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„, ๊ฑด์„ค, ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋‚ด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ด๋™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

3์ฐจ์› ์ „์‚ฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ – CFD 3D ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ MG Jeceaba ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ PCH Salto Paraopeba์˜ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ทจ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์นจ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž‘๋™์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์Šค์ œ๋ผ์ด์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ(CPH)์— ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Abstract: The reservoir silting is one of the main problems for sustainable development in the
generation of hydroelectric energy and it is of great significance for Brazil. The main source of energy
in Brazil comes from hydroelectric power plant. The Small Hydroelectric Power Plant (SHP) are an
important alternative for complementary generation of renewable energy.
Seeking to optimize the design, construction, operation, and repowering of these, it is extremely
important to study the hydrodynamics and transport of sediments in their reservoirs. Threedimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics – CFD 3D modeling is the most appropriate method for
complex flow problems. The proposed method aims to reproduce and evaluate the hydrodynamic and
sediment transport phenomena of the PCH Salto Paraopeba, located in the municipality of Jeceaba,
MG, which stopped working due to the complete silting up of its water intake. The validation of the
model will be done using experimental data from the reduced physical model, built at the Hydraulic
Research Center (CPH) at the Federal University of Minas Gerais.

Keywords

ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ, Sediment transport, physical model, Small Hydroelectric Power Plant.

Figura 1 โ€“ Mapa de localizaรงรฃo da PCH Salto Paraopeba
Figura 1 โ€“ Mapa de localizaรงรฃo da PCH Salto Paraopeba
Figura 2 โ€“ PCH Salto Paraopeba e modelo reduzido.
Figura 2 โ€“ PCH Salto Paraopeba e modelo reduzido.

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Study on the critical sediment concentration determining the optimal transport capability of submarine sediment flows with different particle size composition

Study on the critical sediment concentration determining the optimal transport capability of submarine sediment flows with different particle size composition

Yupengย Renย abc,ย Huiguangย Zhouย cd,ย Houjieย Wangย ab,ย Xiaoย Wuย ab,ย Guohuiย Xuย cd,ย Qingshengย Mengย cd

Abstract

ํ•ด์ € ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ฌํ•ด๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์ข… ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ ฅ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ด๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ ์œ ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์†ก๋œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ํ‡ด์  ์œ„์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ ํ†  ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„(๋ฏธ์‚ฌ/์ ํ†  ๋น„์œจ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋†๋„์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ/์ ํ†  ๋น„์œจ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„๊ณ„ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋†๋„์™€ ์ด์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ ํ†  ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž„๊ณ„ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋†๋„์™€ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ฑฐ๋™์€ ํ๋ฆ„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ํƒํ•œ ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก์˜ ์œ ์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ Bingham ์œ ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋‚ด ์ž…์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์„ค๋ช…๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Submarine sediment flows is one of the main means for transporting sediment to the deep sea, often traveling long-distance and transporting significant volumes of sediment for tens or even hundreds of kilometers. Its strong destructive force often causes serious damage to submarine utilities on its course of movement. The sediment concentration of the sediment flow determines its density difference with the ambient seawater, and this density difference determines the flow ability of the sediment flow, and thus affects the final deposition locations of the transported sediment. In this paper, sediment flows of different sediment concentration with various silt and clay weight ratios (referred to as silt/clay ratio) are studied using flume tests. Our test results indicate that there is a critical sediment concentration at which sediment flows travel the fastest for a specific sediment composition. The critical sediment concentrations and their corresponding maximum velocities for each of the four silt/clay ratios are obtained. The results further indicate that the clay content is linearly negatively correlated with the critical sediment concentration. As the sediment concentration increases, the flow behaviors of sediment flows transform from the flow state to the collapsed state, and the fluid properties of the two turbid suspensions with changing flow behaviors are both Bingham fluids. Additionally, this paper also provides a microscopic explanation of the above-mentioned results by analyzing the arrangement of particles within the sediment flow.

Introduction

Submarine sediment flows are important carriers for sea floor sediment movement and may carry and transport significant volumes of sediment for tens or even hundreds of kilometers (Prior et al., 1987; Pirmez and Imran, 2003; Zhang et al., 2018). Earthquakes, storms, and floods may all trigger submarine sediment flow events (Hsu et al., 2008; Piper and Normark, 2009; Pope et al., 2017b; Gavey et al., 2017). Sediment flows have strong forces during the movement, which will cause great harm to submarine structures such as cables and pipelines (Pope et al., 2017a). It was first confirmed that the cable breaking event caused by the sediment flow occurred in 1929. The sediment flow triggered by the Grand Banks earthquake damaged 12 cables. According to the time sequence of the cable breaking, the maximum velocity of the sediment flow is as high as 28 m/s (Heezen and Ewing, 1952; Kuenen, 1952; Heezen et al., 1954). Subsequent research shows that the lowest turbidity velocity that can break the cable also needs to reach 19 m/s (Piper et al., 1988). Since then, there have been many damage events of submarine cables and oil and gas pipelines caused by sediment flows in the world (Hsu et al., 2008; Carter et al., 2012; Cattaneo et al., 2012; Carter et al., 2014). During its movement, the sediment flow will gradually deposit a large amount of sediment carried by it along the way, that is, the deposition process of the sediment flow. On the one hand, this process brings a large amount of terrestrial nutrients and other materials to the ocean, while on the other hand, it causes damage and burial to benthic organisms, thus forming the largest sedimentary accumulation on Earth – submarine fans, which are highly likely to become good reservoirs for oil and gas resources (Daly, 1936; Yuan et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2022). The study on sediment flows (such as, the study of flow velocity and the forces acting on seabed structures) can provide important references for the safe design of seabed structures, the protection of submarine ecosystems, and exploration of turbidity sediments related oil and gas deposits. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the movement of sediment flows.

The sediment flow, as a highly sediment-concentrated fluid flowing on the sea floor, has a dense bottom layer and a dilute turbulent cloud. Observations at the Monterey Canyon indicated that the sediment flow can maintain its movement over long distances if its bottom has a relatively high sediment concentration. This dense bottom layer can be very destructive along its movement path to any facilities on the sea floor (Paull et al., 2018; Heerema et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). The sediment flow mentioned in this research paper is the general term of sediment density flow.

The sediment flow, which occurs on the seafloor, has the potential to cause erosion along its path. In this process, the suspended sediment is replenished, allowing the sediment flow to maintain its continuous flow capacity (Zhao et al., 2018). The dynamic force of sediment flow movement stem from its own gravity and density difference with surrounding water. In cases that the gravity drive of the slope is absent (on a flat sea floor), the flow velocity and distance of sediment flows are essentially determined by the sediment composition and concentration of the sediment flows as previous studies have demonstrated. Ilstad et al. (2004) conducted underwater flow tests in a sloped tank and employed high speed video camera to perform particle tracking. The results indicated that the premixed sand-rich and clay-rich slurries demonstrated different flow velocity and flow behavior. Using mixed kaolinite(d50 = 6 ฮผm) and silica flour(d50 = 9 ฮผm) in three compositions with total volumetric concentration ranged 22% or 28%, Felix and Peakall (2006) carried out underwater flow tests in a 5ยฐ slope Perspex channel and found that the flow ability of sediment flows is different depending on sediment compositions and concentrations. Sumner et al. (2009) used annular flume experiments to investigate the depositional dynamics and deposits of waning sediment-laden flows, finding that decelerating fast flows with fixed sand content and variable mud content resulted in four different deposit types. Chowdhury and Testik (2011) used lock-exchange tank, and experimented the kaolin clay sediment flows in the concentration range of 25โ€“350 g/L, and predicted the fluid mud sediment flows propagation characteristics, but this study focused on giving sediment flows propagate phase transition time parameters, and is limited to clay. Lv et al. (2017) found through experiments that the rheological properties and flow behavior of kaolin clay (d50 = 3.7 ฮผm) sediment flows were correlated to clay concentrations. In the field monitoring conducted by Liu et al. (2023) at the Manila Trench in the South China Sea in 2021, significant differences in the velocity, movement distance, and flow morphology of turbidity currents were observed. These differences may be attributed to variations in the particle composition of the turbidity currents.

On low and gentle slopes, although sediment flow with sand as the main sediment composition moves faster, it is difficult to propagate over long distances because sand has greater settling velocity and subaqueous angle of repose. Whereas the sediment flows with silt and clay as main composition may maintain relatively stable currents. Although its movement speed is slow, it has the ability to propagate over long distances because of the low settling rate of the fine particles (Ilstad et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2023). In a field observation at the Gaoping submarine canyon, the sediments collected from the sediment flows exhibited grain size gradation and the sediment was mostly composed of silt and clay (Liu et al., 2012). At the largest deltas in the world, for instance, the Mississippi River Delta, the sediments are mainly composed of silt and clay, which generally distributed along the coast in a wide range and provided the sediment sources for further distribution. The sediment flows originated and transported sediment from the coast to the deep sea are therefore share the same sediment compositions as delta sediments. To study the sediment flows composed of silt and clay is of great importance.

The sediment concentration of the sediment flows determines the density difference between the sediment flows and the ambient water and plays a key role in its flow ability. For the sediment flow with sediment composed of silt and clay, low sediment concentration means low density and therefore leads to low flow ability; however, although high sediment concentration results in high density, since there is cohesion between fine particles, it changes fluid properties and leads to low flow ability as well. Therefore, there should be a critical sediment concentration with mixed composition of silt and clay, at which the sediment flow maintains its strongest flow capacity and have the highest movement speed. In other words, the two characteristics of particle diameter and concentration of the sediment flow determine its own motion ability, which, if occurs, may become the most destructive force to submarine structures.

The objectives of this work was to study how the sediment composition (measured in relative weight of silt and clay, and referred as silt/clay ratio) and sediment concentration affect flow ability and behavior of the sediment flows, and to quantify the critical sediment concentration at which the sediment flows reached the greatest flow velocity under the experiment setting. We used straight flume without slope and conducted a series of flume tests with varying sediment compositions (silt-rich or clay-rich) and concentrations (96 to 1212 g/L). Each sediment flow sample was tested and analyzed for rheological properties using a rheometer, in order to characterize the relationship between flow behavior and rheological properties. Combined with the particle diameter, density and viscosity characteristics of the sediment flows measured in the experiment, a numerical modeling study is conducted, which are mutually validated with the experimental results.

The sediment concentration determines the arrangements of the sediment particles in the turbid suspension, and the arrangement impacts the fluid properties of the turbid suspension. The microscopic mode of particle arrangement in the turbid suspension can be constructed to further analyze the relationship between the fluid properties of turbid suspension and the flow behaviors of the sediment flow, and then characterize the critical sediment concentration at which the sediment flow runs the fastest. A simplified microscopic model of particle arrangement in turbid suspension was constructed to analyze the microscopic arrangement characteristics of sediment particles in turbid suspension with the fastest velocity.

Section snippets

Equipment and materials

The sediment flows flow experiments were performed in a Perspex channel with smooth transparent walls. The layout and dimensions of the experimental set-up were shown in Fig. 1. The bottom of the channel was flat and straight, and a gate was arranged to separate the two tanks. In order to study the flow capacity of turbidity currents from the perspective of their own composition (particle size distribution and concentration), we used a straight channel instead of an inclined one, to avoid any

Relationship between sediment flow flow velocity and sediment concentration

After the sediment flow is generated, its movement in the first half (50 cm) of the channel is relatively stable, and there is obvious shock diffusion in the second half. The reason is that the excitation wave (similar to the surge) will be formed during the sediment flow movement, and its speed is much faster than the speed of the sediment flow head. When the excitation wave reaches the tail of the channel, it will be reflected, thus affecting the subsequent flow of the sediment flow.

Sediment flows motion simulation based on FLOW-3D

As a relatively mature 3D fluid simulation software, FLOW-3D can accurately predict the free surface flow, and has been used to simulate the movement process of sediment flows for many times (Heimsund, 2007). The model adopted in this paper is RNG turbulence model, which can better deal with the flow with high strain rate and is suitable for the simulation of sediment flows with variable shape during movement. The governing equations of the numerical model involved include continuity equation,

Conclusions

In this study, we conducted a series of sediment flow flume tests with mixed silt and clay sediment samples in four silt/clay ratios on a flat slope. Rheological measurements were carried out on turbid suspension samples and microstructure analysis of the sediment particle arrangements was conducted, we concluded that:

  • (1)The flow velocity of the sediment flow is controlled by the sediment concentration and its own particle diameter composition, the flow velocity increased with the increase of the

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant no. 42206055]; the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant no. 41976049]; and the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant no. 42272327].

References (39)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Intrusion of fine sediments into river bed and its effect on river environment โ€“ a research review

๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ•๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฒœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ โ€“ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† 

Intrusion of fine sediments into river bed and its effect on river environment โ€“ a research review

Nilav Karna,K.S. Hari Prasad, Sanjay Giriย & A.S. Lodhi

Abstract

Fine sediments enter into the river through various sources such as channel bed, bank, and catchment. It has been regarded as a type of pollution in river. Fine sediments present in a river have a significant effect on river health. Benthic micro-organism, plants, and large fishes, all are part of food chain of river biota. Any detrimental effect on any of these components of food chain misbalances the entire riverine ecosystem. Numerous studies have been carried out on the various environmental aspects of rivers considering the presence of fine sediment in river flow. The present paper critically reviews many of these aspects to understand the various environmental impacts of suspended sediment on river health, flora and fauna.

Keywords: 

  1. Introduction
    The existence of fine sediment in a river system is a natural phenomenon. But in many cases it is exacerbated by the manmade activities. The natural cause of fines being in flow generally keeps the whole system in equilibrium except during some calamites whereas anthropogenic activities leading to fines entering into the flow puts several adverse impacts on the entire river system and its ecology. Presence of fines in flow is considered as a type of pollution in water. In United States,
    the fine sediment in water along with other non point source pollution is considered as a major obstacle in providing quality water for fishes and recreation activities (Diplas and Parker 1985).
    Sediments in a river are broadly of two types, organic and inorganic, and they both move in two ways either along the bed of the channel called bed load or in suspension called suspended load and their movements depend upon fluid flow and sediment characteristics. Further many investigators have divided the materials in suspension into two different types.
    One which originates from channel bed and bank is called bed material suspended load and another that migrates from feeding catchment area is called wash load. A general perception is that wash loads are very fine materials like clay, silt but it may not always be true (Woo et al. 1986). In general, suspended materials are of size less than 2 mm. The impact of sand on the various aspects of river is comparatively less than that of silt and clay. The latter are chemically active and good carrier of many contaminants and nutrients such as dioxins, phosphorous, heavy and trace metals, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), radionuclide, etc. (Foster and Charlesworth 1996; Horowitz et al. 1995; Owens et al. 2001; Salomons and Fรถrstner 1984; Stone and Droppo 1994; Thoms 1987). Foy and Bailey-Watt (1998) reported that out of 129 lakes in England and Wales, 69% have phosphorous contamination. Ten percent lakes, rivers, and bays of United States have sediment contaminants with chemicals as reported by USEPA. Several field and experimental studies have been conducted
    considering, sand, silt, and clay as suspended material. Hence, the subject reported herein is based on considering the fine sediment size smaller than 2 mm.
    Fine sediments have the ability to alter the hydraulics of the flow. Presence of fines in flow can change the magnitude of turbulence, it can change the friction resistance to flow. Fines can change the mobility and permeability of the bed material. In some extreme cases, fines in flow may even change the morphology of the river (Doeg and Koehn 1994; Nuttall 1972; Wright and Berrie 1987). Fines in the flow adversely affect the producer by increasing the turbidity, hindering the
    photosynthesis process by limiting the light penetration. This is ultimately reflected in the entire food ecosystem of river (Davis-Colley et al. 1992; Van Niewenhuyre and Laparrieve 1986). In addition, abrasion due to flowing sediment kills the aquatic flora (Edwards 1969; Brookes 1986). Intrusion of fines into the pores of river bed reduces space for several invertebrates, affects the spawning process (Petts 1984; Richards and Bacon 1994; Schalchli 1992). There are several other direct
    or indirect, short-term or long-term impacts of fines in river.
    The present paper reports the physical/environmental significance of fines in river. The hydraulic significance of presence of fines in the river has been reviewed in another paper (Effect of fine sediments on river hydraulics โ€“ a research review – http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2014.982001).

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Fig. 1. Protection matt over the scour pit.

๊ทธ๋ฌผํ˜• ์„ธ๊ตด๋ฐฉ์ง€๋งคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง๋ง๋š์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

Numerical study of the flow at a vertical pile with net-like scour protection matt
Minxi Zhanga,b
, Hanyan Zhaoc
, Dongliang Zhao d, Shaolin Yuee
, Huan Zhoue
,
Xudong Zhaoa
, Carlo Gualtierif
, Guoliang Yua,b,โˆ—
a SKLOE, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China b KLMIES, MOE, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China c Guangdong Research Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Guangzhou 510610, China d CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China e CCCC Road & Bridge Special Engineering Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430071, China f Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

Abstract

ํ˜„์žฌ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ง๋š ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‘์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋š์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋‘์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋ฎ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์•ฝํ™” ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ‡ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฎํžŒ ๋ง๋š์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งคํŠธ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ dt(2.6d95 ~ 17.9d95)์™€ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ dn(7.7d95 ~ 28.2d95)์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋š์—์„œ ์™€๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฒ ๋“œ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋™ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง๋š์—์„œ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฒ ๋“œ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์œ ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋‘๊ป˜ T = 7.7 ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ S = 7.7์ธ ๋งคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ฐฉ์ง€์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Fig. 1. Protection matt over the scour pit.
Fig. 26. Distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy on the y-z plane (X = 0.5) for various S
Fig. 26. Distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy on the y-z plane (X = 0.5) for various S

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Design optimization of perforation on deflector for improved performance of vortex settling basin

์™€๋ฅ˜ ์นจ์ „ ์ˆ˜์กฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฒœ๊ณต ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”*

Abstract

Zhuoyun MuYiyi MaLin Li

First published: 18 August 2021

https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2640

*Optimisation de la conception de la perforation sur le dรฉflecteur pour une meilleure performance du bassin de dรฉcantation par vortex.

โ€กFunding information:ย Graduate Research and Innovation Project of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Grant/Award Number: XJ2020G171; Xinjiang Agricultural University, Grant/Award Number: SLXK-YJS-2019-04; National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 52069028; Tianshan Youth Project, Grant/Award Number: 2018Q017; Department of Education, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Grant/Award Number: XJEDU2018I010

ENTHIS LINK GOES TO A ENGLISH SECTIONFRTHIS LINK GOES TO A FRENCH SECTION

For vortex settling basins (VSBs) installed with a deflector, perforation is an effective retrofit to reduce the self-weight of the deflector and sediment deposition on it. The current study investigated experimentally the performance of VSBs the deflector of which was perforated at different locations with various opening ratios. The results showed that perforating the outside overflow area of the deflector was the optimum for reducing sediment deposition. With an opening ratio of 8.67โ€“13% in the outside overflow area of the deflector, the VSB exhibited similar sediment removal efficiency to the original design without any openings on the deflector. The current study provided the design optimization for deflector perforation in VSBs.

๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์™€๋ฅ˜ ์นจ์ „ ๋ถ„์ง€(VSB)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฒœ๊ณต์€ ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ๊ณต๋œ VSB์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ฒœ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ํ‡ด์ ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ 8.67-13%์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋กœ VSB๋Š” ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์— ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” VSB์˜ ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ ์ฒœ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 2. Different PKW Types.

A review of Piano Key Weir as a superior alternative for dam rehabilitation

๋Œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ Piano Key Weir์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† 

Amiya Abhash &

K. K. Pandey

Pages 541-551 | Received 03 Mar 2020, Accepted 07 May 2020, Published online: 21 May 2020

ABSTRACT

Dams fall in โ€˜installations containing dangerous forcesโ€™ because of their massive impact on the environment and civilian life and property as per International humanitarian law. As such, it becomes vital for hydraulic engineers to refurbish various solutions for dam rehabilitation. This paper presents a review of a new type of weir installation called Piano Key Weir (PKW), which is becoming popular around the world for its higher spillway capacity both for existing and new dam spillway installations. This paper reviews the geometry along with structural integrity, discharging capacity, economic aspects, aeration requirements, sediment transport and erosion aspects of Piano Key Weir (PKW) as compared with other traditional spillway structures and alternatives from literature. The comparison with other alternatives shows PKW to be an excellent alternative for dam risk mitigation owing to its high spillway capabilities and economy, along with its use in both existing and new hydraulic structures.

๋Œ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ธ๋„๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ‘์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํž˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ’์— ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ์•• ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋Š” ๋Œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์žฌ์ •๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ฐฑ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” PKW(Piano Key Weir)๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋‘‘ ์„ค์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PKW๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋Œ ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ฐฑ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์„ฑ, ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด, ํญ๊ธฐ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ PKW(Piano Key Weir)์˜ ์นจ์‹ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” PKW๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์—ฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

KEYWORDS: 

Figure 2. Different PKW Types.
Figure 2. Different PKW Types.

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Fig. 8 Distribution of solidification properties on the yz cross section at the maximum width of the melt pool.(a) thermal gradient G, (b) solidification velocity vT, (c) cooling rate Gร—vT, and (d) morphology factor G/vT. These profiles are calculated with a laser power 300 W and velocity 400 mm/s using (a1 through d1) analytical Rosenthal simulation and (a2 through d2) high-fidelity CFD simulation. The laser is moving out of the page from the upper left corner of each color map (Color figure online)

Quantifying Equiaxedย vsย Epitaxial Solidification in Laser Melting of CMSX-4 Single Crystal Superalloy

CMSX -4 ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ดˆํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์‘๊ณ ์™€ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ ์‘๊ณ  ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋…์ž์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์›๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Abstract

์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์‘๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต ๋™์•ˆ CMSX-4 ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ดˆํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ํŠธ๋ž™ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ”์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์‘๊ณ ๋œ CMSX-4 ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ง ์—†๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. EBSD(Electron Backscattered Diffraction) ๋งคํ•‘์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์‹๋ณ„์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์—ญ ๋ถ„์œจ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์œตํ•ฉ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•ต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ “์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ”์€ ์ถฉ์‹ค๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ „์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๋‚ด์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์†๋„ ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์† ์ ์ธต ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ ์‘๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ ์ž…์ž ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„์™€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ,๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The competition between epitaxial vs. equiaxed solidification has been investigated in CMSX-4 single crystal superalloy during laser melting as practiced in additive manufacturing. Single-track laser scans were performed on a powder-free surface of directionally solidified CMSX-4 alloy with several combinations of laser power and scanning velocity. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping facilitated identification of new orientations, i.e., โ€œstray grainsโ€ that nucleated within the fusion zone along with their area fraction and spatial distribution. Using high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations, both the temperature and fluid velocity fields within the melt pool were estimated. This information was combined with a nucleation model to determine locations where nucleation has the highest probability to occur in melt pools. In conformance with general experience in metals additive manufacturing, the as-solidified microstructure of the laser-melted tracks is dominated by epitaxial grain growth; nevertheless, stray grains were evident in elongated melt pools. It was found that, though a higher laser scanning velocity and lower power are generally helpful in the reduction of stray grains, the combination of a stable keyhole and minimal fluid velocity further mitigates stray grains in laser single tracks.

Introduction

๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ดˆํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ ๊ธด ๋…ธ์ถœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋†’์€ ์ธ์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋„, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฆฌํ”„ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ€์Šค ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ์—”์ง„ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CMSX-4๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌํ”„ ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ ˆ๋Š„ ํ•จ์œ  ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ดˆํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1 , 2 ]์ž…๊ณ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฆฌํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ์—”์ง„์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘๋™ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘ ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 , 4 , 5 ]

์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ(AM)๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ์ ‘ ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ดˆํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท ์—ด [ 6 , 7 ] ๋ฐ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž 8 , 9 ] ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์ด ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์— ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ “์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ”์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‘๊ณ  ์ค‘ ๋ชจ์žฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ดˆํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 , 10 ]๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์†์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  ์›๋ž˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์†์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์‘๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋– ๋Œ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ „ ์ž‘์—…์€ ์šฉ์œต ์˜์—ญ(FZ) ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‘๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋– ๋Œ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ์‘๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ์šฉ์ ‘ ์ค‘์— ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋‹จ์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋“ฑ์ถ• ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ด๋“œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”๋Š” ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ, ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์œ„์น˜์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ์˜ˆ ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์ž…์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ TiB์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ต์ œ์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.22์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์—์„œ.

ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์—์„œ Hunt 11 ] ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์ด(CET)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Gaumann๊ณผ Kurz๋Š” Hunt์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์‘๊ณ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋– ๋Œ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์ด ํ•ต์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 12 , 14 ] ์ดํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ Vitek์€ Gaumann์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฉ์ ‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Vitek์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํŒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 , 10 ]์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์šฉ์ ‘ ์†๋„์™€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์ ‘ ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3,10 ] ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Vitek์€ ๋ด๋“œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ท ์งˆ ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์ ‘๋œ CMSX -4 ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ž„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ Vitek์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ธˆ์† AM์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์†๋„์™€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

AM์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์ œ์กฐ ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 16 ] EBM(Electron Beam Melting)์— ์˜ํ•œ CMSX-4์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ž์ฃผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] CMSX์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. – 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ถ„๋ง ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์œตํ•ฉ(LPBF)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, AM์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 22 ]์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] ๊ณต์ • ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜( ์˜ˆ: ์—ด์› ์ „๋ ฅ, ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„, ์Šคํฟ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์˜ˆ์—ด ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์Šค์บ” ์ „๋žต)์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์กฐ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ. 25 ] EBM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ท ์—ด ์—†๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 19 , 24 ] ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.23 , 26 ]

์ด ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ LPBF๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • CMSX-4์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. LPBF๋Š” ์Šค์บ๋‹ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ถ„๋ง์˜ ์–‡์€ ์ธต์„ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ๋…น์ด๊ณ  ์œตํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธต๋ณ„ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ, ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์—ด/๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์„ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์— ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 28 , 29 , 30 ] ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ํ‚คํ™€์˜ ๋™์—ญํ•™( ์˜ˆ:, ๊ธฐํ™” ์œ ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ ํ•จ๋ชฐ) ๋ฐ ์—ด์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์€ AM ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์‘๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ] ๊ธฐํ•˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ํ‚คํ™€์€ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ, ๋ณผ๋ง, ์ŠคํŒจํ„ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ‚คํ™€ ์ง„ํ™”์™€ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ์ฐฉ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํŠน์„ฑํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ . ๊ณ ์ถฉ์‹ค๋„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์‚ฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™(CFD)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €-๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 36 ] ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‘๊ณ ๋œ ์šฉ์œต๋ฌผ ํ’€์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํŠน์„ฑํ™”์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์œต๋ฌผ ํ’€ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

CMSX-4 ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ AM ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณต์ • ์ฐฝ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‘๊ณ  ์ค‘ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ ํŠธ๋ž™ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์€ ๋ถ„๋ง ์ธต์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—†๋Š” AM ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 37 , 38 , 39 ]๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” CMSX-4์˜ ์‘๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ํŠธ๋ž™ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” CMSX-4 ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ LPBF ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์šฉ์ ‘์—์„œ LPBF์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธ‰์† ์šฉ์ ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฉ์œต๋ฌผ ํ’€์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๋™์ ์ธ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

๋‹จ์ผ ํŠธ๋ž™ ์‹คํ—˜

๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ฐ€๊ณต(EDM)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ CMSX-4 ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์‘๊ณ  ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ž‰๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์€ ์น˜์ˆ˜ 20์˜ ์ง์œก๋ฉด์ฒด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ร—ร—20ร—ร—6mm. 6๊ฐœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜โŸจ 001 โŸฉโŸจ001โŸฉ์ž‰๊ณณ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŠธ๋ž™์ด ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šค์บ”๋˜๋„๋ก ์ ˆ๋‹จ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต ํŠธ๋ž™์€ EOS M290 ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„๋ง์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ 400W, ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ๋น” ์ง๊ฒฝ 100์˜ ์ดํ„ฐ๋ธ€ ํŒŒ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ LPBF ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ฮผฮผ์ดˆ์ ์—์„œ m. ์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘์— ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ LPBF ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์šฉ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ํ™€๋”์˜ ํฌ์ผ“์— ๋ผ์›Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋†’์ด๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ํ™€๋”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ์€ ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค ํผ์ง€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ˆ์—ด์€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋‹จ์ผ ํŠธ๋ž™ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ(200~370W)๊ณผ ์Šค์บ” ์†๋„(0.4~1.4m/s)์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ

๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋‹ ํ›„, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น” ์Šค์บ๋‹ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์ˆ˜์ง์ธ ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ FZ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ํ†ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  220 ๊ทธ๋ฆฟ SiC ํŽ˜์ดํผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝœ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์นด ํ˜„ํƒ์•ก ๊ด‘ํƒ์ œ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋™ ์—ฐ๋งˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๋Š” 20kV์˜ ๊ฐ€์† ์ „์••์—์„œ TESCAN MIRA 3XMH ์ „๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(SEM)์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. EBSD ์ง€๋„๋Š”0.4ฮผm _0.4ฮผ๋ฏธ๋””์—„๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํฌ๊ธฐ. Bruker ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ EBSD ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. EBSD ํด๋ฆฐ์—…์€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ์ ‘์ด‰์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ ๋ฃจํ‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ธ๋ฑ์Šค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํšŒ์ ˆ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ํ”ฝ์…€์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์›ƒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํด๋ฆฐ์—… ๋ฃจํ‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘ํ•™ ํŠน์„ฑํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 10g CuSO๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ Marbles ์‹œ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์—์นญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.44, 50mL HCl ๋ฐ 70mL H22์˜ํ˜•.

์‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ์œ  ์ž…์ž์˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ด์ „ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 , 10 ] ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 3 ์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด , ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ์ด ํ‘œ์œ  ์ž…์ž ๋ฉด์  ๋ถ„์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ LPBF ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์ „ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Vitek์˜ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ Rosenthal ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 3 ]๋˜ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ FZ์˜ ์—ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Rosenthal ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์€ ์—ด์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฌดํ•œ ํŒ์˜ ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ์ ์›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ „๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 40 , 41 ] .

ํ‹ฐ=ํ‹ฐ0+ฮทํ”ผ2 ํŒŒ์ด์ผ€์ด์—‘์Šค2+์™€์ด2+์ง€2———-โˆš๊ฒฝํ—˜์น˜[- ๋ธŒ์ด(์—‘์Šค2+์™€์ด2+์ง€2———-โˆšโˆ’ ์—‘์Šค )2ฮฑ _] ,ํ‹ฐ=ํ‹ฐ0+ฮทํ”ผ2ํŒŒ์ด์ผ€์ด์—‘์Šค2+์™€์ด2+์ง€2๊ฒฝํ—˜์น˜โก[-V(์—‘์Šค2+์™€์ด2+์ง€2-์—‘์Šค)2ฮฑ],(1)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ T ๋Š” ์˜จ๋„,ํ‹ฐ0ํ‹ฐ0๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ 313K( ์ฆ‰ , EOS ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์˜จ๋„)๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์˜จ๋„, P ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น” ํŒŒ์›Œ, V ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น” ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„,ฮทฮท๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ, k ๋Š” ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ,ฮฑฮฑ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ์—ดํ™•์‚ฐ์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. x , y , z ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋‹ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด ์ง๊ต ์ขŒํ‘œ๋Š” ์ฐธ์กฐ 3 ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . CMSX-4์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ƒ์„  ์˜จ๋„(1603K)์™€ ์•ก์ƒ์„  ์˜จ๋„(1669K)์˜ ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„  ํ‰๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ์‘๊ณ  ํ”„๋ŸฐํŠธ( ์ฆ‰ , ๊ณ ์ฒด-์•ก์ฒด ๊ณ„๋ฉด)๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 42 , 43 , 44 ] ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์—ด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ํ‘œ I ์— ๋‚˜์—ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํ‘œ I CMSX-4์˜ ์‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์—ด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ

ํ’€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”

์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์—ด ํ๋ฆ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โˆ‡ ํ‹ฐโˆ‡ํ‹ฐ45 ] ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด :

์ง€ = | โˆ‡ ํ‹ฐ| =โˆฃโˆฃโˆฃโˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์—‘์Šค๋‚˜^^+โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์™€์ด์ œ์ด^^+โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์ง€์ผ€์ด^^โˆฃโˆฃโˆฃ=(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์—‘์Šค)2+(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์™€์ด)2+(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์ง€)2————————โˆš,G=|โˆ‡ํ‹ฐ|=|โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์—‘์Šค๋‚˜^^+โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์™€์ด์ œ์ด^^+โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์ง€์ผ€์ด^^|=(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์—‘์Šค)2+(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์™€์ด)2+(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์ง€)2,(2)

์–ด๋””๋‚˜^^๋‚˜^^,์ œ์ด^^์ œ์ด^^, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ผ€์ด^^์ผ€์ด^^๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ x , y ๋ฐ z ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‘๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„  ์†๋„,Vํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น” ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„ V ์™€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Vํ‹ฐ= V์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ธฮธ =Vโˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์—‘์Šค(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์—‘์Šค)2+(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์™€์ด)2+(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์ง€)2——————-โˆš,Vํ‹ฐ=V์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ธโกฮธ=Vโˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์—‘์Šค(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์—‘์Šค)2+(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์™€์ด)2+(โˆ‚ํ‹ฐโˆ‚์ง€)2,(์‚ผ)

์–ด๋””ฮธฮธ๋Š” ์Šค์บ” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฒ•์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ( ์ฆ‰ , ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์—ด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์šฉ์ ‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด-์•ก์ฒด ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„ ์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์ œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.Vํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ. 46 ]

์‘๊ณ  ์ „์„ ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ตญ์ง€์  ๋น„์œจฮฆฮฆ, ์•ก์ฒด ์˜จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ G ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ • , ์‘๊ณ  ์„ ๋‹จ ์†๋„Vํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ๋ฐ ํ•ต ๋ฐ€๋„N0N0. ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จโ–ณํ‹ฐNโ–ณํ‹ฐN, ๋“ฑ์ถ• ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์ด ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผ์ƒ ์ „์„ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์‹œ๊ฐ„d (ฮ”T_) / dt = – _Vํ‹ฐG๋””(โ–ณํ‹ฐ)/๋””ํ‹ฐ=-Vํ‹ฐG, ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ G ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ , ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋ถ„์œจฮฆฮฆ, ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ํŒ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐฮ”T _โ–ณํ‹ฐ, ํ•ต ๋ฐ€๋„N0N0, ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ n ๋ฐ ํ•ต์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐโ–ณํ‹ฐNโ–ณํ‹ฐN, Gรคumann ์™ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . 12 , 14 ] Hunt์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ 11 ] ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•จ :

์ง€ =1์—” + 1- 4ฯ€ _N03 ์ธ์น˜( 1 โˆ’ ฮฆ )———โˆš์‚ผฮ”T _( 1 -โ–ณํ‹ฐ์—” + 1Nโ–ณํ‹ฐ์—” + 1) .G=1N+1-4ํŒŒ์ดN0์‚ผ์ธโก(1-ฮฆ)์‚ผโ–ณํ‹ฐ(1-โ–ณํ‹ฐNN+1โ–ณํ‹ฐN+1).(4)

๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ด๋“œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํŒ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ–ณํ‹ฐ์”จโ–ณํ‹ฐ์”จ, ๋ฉฑ๋ฒ•์น™ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ–ณํ‹ฐ์”จ= ( _Vํ‹ฐ)1 / ์—”โ–ณํ‹ฐ์”จ=(ใ…Vํ‹ฐ)1/N, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ a ์™€ n ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ข…์† ์ƒ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CMSX-4์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๊ฐ’์€a = 1.25 ร—106ใ…=1.25ร—106 s K 3.4mโˆ’ 1-1,์—” = 3.4N=3.4, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ N0= 2 ร—1015N0=2ร—1015๋ฏธ๋””์—„โˆ’ 3,-์‚ผ,์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 3 ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด .โ–ณํ‹ฐNโ–ณํ‹ฐN2.5K์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์†๋„์—์„œ ์‘๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.106106 K/s. ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ฮฆฮฆ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ฮฆ= 1 -์ด์žํ˜•์—์Šค\ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ\  S=- 4ฯ€ _N0์‚ผ(1( ์—” + 1 ) (GN/ ์•„Vํ‹ฐ)1 / ์—”)์‚ผ=โˆ’2.356ร—1019(vTG3.4)33.4.ฮฆ=1โˆ’eS\ where\ S=โˆ’4ฯ€N03(1(n+1)(Gn/avT)1/n)3=โˆ’2.356ร—1019(vTG3.4)33.4.

(5)

As proposed by Hunt,[11] a value of ฮฆโ‰ค0.66ฮฆโ‰ค0.66 pct represents fully columnar epitaxial growth condition, and, conversely, a value of ฮฆโ‰ฅ49ฮฆโ‰ฅ49 pct indicates that the initial single crystal microstructure is fully replaced by an equiaxed microstructure. To calculate the overall stray grain area fraction, we followed Vitekโ€™s method by dividing the FZ into roughly 19 to 28 discrete parts (depending on the length of the melt pool) of equal length from the point of maximum width to the end of melt pool along the x direction. The values of G and vTvT were determined at the center on the melt pool boundary of each section and these values were used to represent the entire section. The area-weighted average of ฮฆฮฆ over these discrete sections along the length of melt pool is designated as ฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ, and is given by:

ฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏ=โˆ‘kAkฮฆkโˆ‘kAk,ฮฆยฏ=โˆ‘kAkฮฆkโˆ‘kAk,

(6)

where k is the index for each subsection, and AkAk and ฮฆkฮฆk are the areas and ฮฆฮฆ values for each subsection. The summation is taken over all the sections along the melt pool. Vitekโ€™s improved model allows the calculation of stray grain area fraction by considering the melt pool geometry and variations of G and vTvT around the tail end of the pool.

์ˆ˜๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” FLOW-3D์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ์ถฉ์‹ค๋„ CFD๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉ FVM(Finite Volume Method)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 47 , 48 ] CFD๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ์šด๋™๊ณผ ์—ด ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ฌ ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 36 ]๋จผ์ €, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ๋ช…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์…€์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐ ์ž…์‚ฌ ๊ด‘์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž…์‚ฌ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์‚ฌ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์† ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฒ•์„  ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์™€ ์ •๋ ฌ๋  ๋•Œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์†์— ์˜ํ•ด ํก์ˆ˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ Fresnel ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„  ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉฐ , ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ํž˜์ด ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์••๋ ฅ์€ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์••๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ํ”ผ์•„๋ฅด ์žํ˜•= ํŠน๊ธ‰ _{ B ( 1- _ํ‹ฐV/ ํ‹ฐ) }ํ”ผ์•„๋ฅด ์žํ˜•=ใ…๊ฒฝํ—˜์น˜โก{๋น„(1-ํ‹ฐV/ํ‹ฐ)}, ์–ด๋””ํ”ผ์•„๋ฅด ์žํ˜•ํ”ผ์•„๋ฅด ์žํ˜•๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋™์••๋ ฅ, A ์™€ B ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 75์™€ 15์ด๋‹ค.ํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐV๋Š” ํฌํ™” ์˜จ๋„์ด๊ณ  T ๋Š” ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ํ‚คํ™€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” Marangoni ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋„์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ,ฯƒ =1.79-9.90โ‹…10โˆ’ 4( ํ‹ฐโˆ’ 1654์ผ€์ด )ฯƒ=1.79-9.90โ‹…10-4(ํ‹ฐ-1654๋…„์ผ€์ด)์—”์— โˆ’ 1-1. 49 ] ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ์€ ๋ฒ ์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(2300 ฮผฮผ๋ฏธ๋””์—„ร—ร—250 ฮผฮผ๋ฏธ๋””์—„ร—ร—500 ฮผฮผm) xz ํ‰๋ฉด ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด . ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 8์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ฮผฮผm์ด๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 0.15์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ฮผฮผs๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜

์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ํ˜•ํƒœ

์ด ์ž‘์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŒŒ์›Œ( P )์™€ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„( V )๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 29๊ฐœ์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํ”ผ- ๋ธŒ์ดํ”ผ-V์กฐํ•ฉ. P ์™€ V ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1 ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ณผ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค  .

๋‹จ์ผ ํŠธ๋ž™ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  1 ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 39 ] : (1) ์ „๋„ ๋ชจ๋“œ(ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ƒ์ž), (2) ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ๋“œ(๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰), (3) ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ(๋งˆ์  ํƒ€), (4) ๋ณผ๋ง ๋ชจ๋“œ(๋…น์ƒ‰). ๋†’์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ธ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์šฉ์œต๋ฌผ ํ’€์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋น„/๊นŠ์ด( W / D ) ๋น„์œจ์ด 0.5๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฐ ๊นŠ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋А๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์ด ์–•์•„์ ธ W / D ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 0.5์ธ ๋ฐ˜์›ํ˜• ์ „๋„ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. W / D _์ „ํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1์—์„œ 0.5 ์‚ฌ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„๋ฅผ 1200 ๋ฐ 1400mm/s๋กœ ๋” ๋†’์ด๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํฐ ์บก ๋†’์ด์™€ ๋ณผ๋ง ๋ชจ๋“œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ธ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์–ธ๋”์ปท์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํž˜๊ณผ ์†๋„์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ๋„ˆ๋น„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  2 (a)์™€ (b)์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ํญ์€ ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  2 (a)๋Š” ๊นŠ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊นŠ์ด ๋Œ€ ํŒŒ์›Œ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์†๋„ ๊ณก์„ ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒน์นจ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ”๋‹น ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋งŒ ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํ˜• ๋™์ž‘์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 (b) ์˜ ๋„ˆ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค  . ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  2(c)๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„ P / V ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์šฉ์œต ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ํญ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์„ ํ˜• ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ธธ์ด๋‹น ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 50 ] ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋„ˆ๋น„๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ค€๊ณต ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€, ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์†์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 50 ]

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2

๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ ํ‰๊ฐ€

๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ LPBF ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 31 , 51 , 52 ] ์ ๋ถ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์˜ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌํ˜„์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 51 ] ๊ทธ ์™ธ . 39 ] ์ „๋„ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Rosenthal ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ‚คํ™€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 40 ] ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฐ„์™ธ . 53 ] Tiโ€“6Alโ€“4V์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 30๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ์ถฉ์‹ค๋„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ธ ํŠน์ • ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ ํก์ˆ˜(ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ์šฉ์œต ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” CMSX-4์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฐ ํ•˜ํ•œ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊นŠ์€ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋น›์„ ๊ฐ€๋‘๋Š” ํ‚คํ™€ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์ด 0.8๋งŒํผ ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5152 , 54 ] ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์˜ ์ƒํ•œ์„ 0.8๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 51 ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด , ์ „๋„ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์€ ์•ฝ 0.3์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ•˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํก์ˆ˜์œจ ๊ฐ’์„ 0.55 ยฑ 0.25๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Vitek์˜ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ๋Š” 1.0์˜ ๊ณ ์ • ํก์ˆ˜์œจ ๊ฐ’์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 ]

ํ“จ์ „ ์กด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ

๊ทธ๋ฆผ  3 ์€ 200~300W ๋ฐ 600~300W ๋ฐ 600~300W ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์†๋„๋กœ 9๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ CMSX-4 ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ yz ๋‹จ๋ฉด ์—์„œ ์ทจํ•œ EBSD ์—ญ๊ทน์ ๋„์™€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ญ๊ทน์ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1400mm/s. EBSD ๋งต์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ EBSD ๋งต์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ RGB ์ƒ‰์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 5๋„์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  3 ์—์„œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์šฉ์ ‘๋œ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • CMSX-4์˜ ์ด์ „ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 10 ]์—ญ ๊ทน์ ๋„์—์„œ, ์  ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐโŸจ 001 โŸฉโŸจ001โŸฉ์œตํ•ฉ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ๋กœ ์‘๊ณ ๋œ ๋ด๋“œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์€ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๊ฐ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœโŸจ 001 โŸฉโŸจ001โŸฉ๋น„๋ก ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ. ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์‘๊ณ ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆโŸจ 001 โŸฉโŸจ001โŸฉ์ฃผ์ƒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹จ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค  . ์ด ์ „์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ „ํ™˜์€ CET์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FZ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„  ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ์‘๊ณ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋” ๊นŠ์€ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์นจ์ „๋œ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ํ•ต์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ถ•์ด ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ์˜ ์ „๋„ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์†๋„์˜ ์Šค์บ๋‹ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋” ์–•์€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ํฐ ๋ฉด์  ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ €์†์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊นŠ์€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์‘๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์†๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ›„์† ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3

์‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

์„œ๋ก ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์šฉ์ ‘ ์ค‘์— ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 55 ]๋…ผ์˜๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ (1) ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋‹จ์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์  ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ด์ข… ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ (2) ์šฉ์œต๋ฌผ ํ’€์˜ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ด๋“œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์› ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๊ณ ์ฒด๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด๋งŒํผ ๋งŽ์€ ์šฉ์งˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‘๊ณ  ์ค‘์— ์šฉ์งˆ์„ ์•ก์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ์šฉ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํ• ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ํ‰ํ˜• ์•ก์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒด์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์˜ ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 56 ]์ „์ฒด ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์€ ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๋™์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ณก๋ฅ  ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ๋™์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ณก๋ฅ  ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์ด ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฉ์งˆ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์˜ ๋” ํฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 57 ]

์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉดํ”ผ- ๋ธŒ์ดํ”ผ-V์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(ฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ) ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ๋น„์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด (ฮฆฮฆ) ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ธˆ์† AM์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๊ณ  ๋™์•ˆ ์‘๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4

๊ทธ๋ฆผ  4 ๋Š” ํ•ด์„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฉด์  ๋น„์œจ์ด ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์„ 0.30์—์„œ 0.80์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉดฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ์•ฝ 3๋ฐฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ €์† ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๋‚ด ํ‰๊ท  ์‘๊ณ ์œจ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‰๊ท  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ Vitek์˜ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5 ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋œ ์šฉ์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค  . 3 ] ๋” ํฐ ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ( ์ฆ‰, ์ง€ /Vํ‹ฐG/Vํ‹ฐ์˜์—ญ)์€ ์šฉ์ ‘ ํ’€์˜ ํ‘œ์œ  ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฉด์  ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ์˜์—ญ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” LPBF ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฉด์  ๋น„์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ , ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  5 ์—์„œ ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ LPBF ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‘œ์œ  ์ž…์ž ๋ฉด์  ๋ถ„์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  6 (a)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ์˜ EBSD ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‹คํ—˜์  ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ๋ฉด์  ๋ถ„์œจ  ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4 ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ  ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.. ์—ด์‡  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ FZ์—์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€, ํŠนํžˆ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด 300W์ธ 2๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Rosenthal ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ์ „๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ด์‡  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์—ด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 39 , 40 ] ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  4 ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ , ์ฆ‰ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋™์•ˆ ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  6 (b)๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋น„๊ตฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ์ˆ˜์น˜ CFD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ. CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ดˆ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์ง€๋งŒฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœํ”ผ- ๋ธŒ์ดํ”ผ-V์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์—ด์‡  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋„ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5

๋ชจ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ G ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ์‘๊ณ ์œจ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌVํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์Œ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  7 (a)์˜ CMSX-4 ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ ํƒ ๋งต์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ณต์ง€ /Vํ‹ฐG/Vํ‹ฐ( ์ฆ‰ , ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ธ์ž)๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ง€ ร—Vํ‹ฐGร—Vํ‹ฐ( ์ฆ‰ , ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์†๋„)๋Š” ์‘๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  , 58 , 59 ]์ง€ -Vํ‹ฐG-Vํ‹ฐํ”Œ๋กฏ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •๊ณผ AM ๊ณต์ • ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”Œ๋กฏ์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋“ฑ์ถ•, ์ฃผ์ƒ, ํ‰๋ฉด ์ „๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์ „์ด ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  7 (a)๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ ํƒ ๋งต์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  7 (b)๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์—ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋งต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์ถ• ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ G ์ด์ƒ ์—์„œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.Vํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ์ •ํ™ฉ. ์ด ํ”Œ๋กฏ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ์ „๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ง€์ ์€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋„ˆ๋น„ ์œ„์น˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ง€์ ์˜ ๋์€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ํ›„๋ฉด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  7 (a)์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜์ง€ -Vํ‹ฐG-Vํ‹ฐ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์˜ ์Œ์€ ์›์ฃผํ˜• ์˜์—ญ์— ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ฐจ CET ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์˜์—ญ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํ”ผ- ๋ธŒ์ดํ”ผ-V์กฐํ•ฉ. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7 (a) ์˜ ๊ณก์„  ์ค‘ ์–ด๋А ๊ฒƒ๋„  ํ‰๋ฉด ์ „๋ฉด ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์† ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต ๊ณต์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณก์„ ์ด ํ‰๋ฉด ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ CET ์˜์—ญ์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CET ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์„น์…˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ์‘๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์—์„œ.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6

๊ทธ๋งŒํผ์ง€ -Vํ‹ฐG-Vํ‹ฐCFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋œ ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์˜ ์Œ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  7 (b)์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜๋œ ์ขŒํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ํ•ด์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ณ ์ถฉ์‹ค๋„ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์ฒด ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  G ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 3D ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณด๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ Vํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ ํƒ ๋งต์— ํ”Œ๋กฏ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  7 (a)์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋™์ ์ธ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ์ง€ -Vํ‹ฐG-Vํ‹ฐ๋ถ„์„ ์—ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์Œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๊ตด๊ณก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ด๋Š” G ๋ฐVํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ) ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8

์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ ์‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

์ˆ˜์น˜ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋™ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ •๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ Rosenthal ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  8 ์€ ์‘๊ณ  ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ G ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.Vํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ,์ง€ /Vํ‹ฐG/Vํ‹ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง€ ร—Vํ‹ฐGร—Vํ‹ฐyz ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ x ๋Š” FLOW-3D์—์„œ (a1โ€“d1) ๋ถ„์„ ์—ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ (a2โ€“d2) FVM ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  8 ์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ์‘๊ณ  ์ „์„ ์ด ํŠน์ • ์œ„์น˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ž„์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ฐ’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ 300W ๋ฐ ์†๋„ 400mm/s์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (a2โ€“d2)์˜ CFD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” 342์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ฮผฮผm, ์ธก์ • ๊นŠ์ด 352์™€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ ฮผฮผ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ์—ด์‡  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1 ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜ FZ์˜ m  . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ฐ˜์› ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” 264์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ฮผฮผ์—ด์‡  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋‹ค. CFD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์•ก์ฒด-์ฆ๊ธฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ธฐ ํ•จ๋ชฐ์˜ ๋™์  ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— FZ ํ•˜๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ท ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8 (a1) ๋ฐ (a2) ์—์„œ ์‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค  . ์‘๊ณ ์œจ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8 ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 0์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (b1) ๋ฐ (b2). ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์‘๊ณ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฒ•์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋‹ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์ˆ˜์ง์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒฮธ โ†’ ฯ€/ 2ฮธโ†’ํŒŒ์ด/2๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ Vํ‹ฐโ†’ 0Vํ‹ฐโ†’0์‹์—์„œ [ 3 ]. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„  ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฒ•์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋‹ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ฮธ โ†’ 0ฮธโ†’0๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ Vํ‹ฐโ†’ ๋ธŒ์ดVํ‹ฐโ†’V, ๋น” ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„. G ์™€ _Vํ‹ฐVํ‹ฐ๊ฐ’์ด ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์†๋„์ง€ ร—Vํ‹ฐGร—Vํ‹ฐ๋ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ธ์ž์ง€ /Vํ‹ฐG/Vํ‹ฐ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8 (c2)๋Š” ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๋กœ  ์ธํ•ด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„  ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  8 (c1)์— ์บก์ฒ˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8 ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์š”์ธ (d1) ๋ฐ (d2)๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํฐ ๊ฐ’์€ ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 0์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋†’์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ์ฃผ์ƒ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ค‘์•™ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋“ฑ์ถ• ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Tanet al. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ์ ‘ ํ’€ 59 ] ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‘๊ณ  ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฅผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  3 ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ง€ /Vํ‹ฐG/Vํ‹ฐ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  8 (d1) ๋ฐ (d2)์˜ ๊ฐ’. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์น˜๋Š” ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์— ์ถ•์ ๋œ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„  ์†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰์ง„๋จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9

๊ทธ๋ฆผ  9 ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ์†๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ฮฆฮฆ300W์˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ 400, 800 ๋ฐ 1200mm/s์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์†๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ 3D ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  9 (d)~(f)๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌฮฆฮฆํ•ด๋‹น 3D ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ํ‰๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ํŠน์ • yz ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ. ์ด yz ์„น์…˜์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 23.40, 11.85 ๋ฐ 2.45pct์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  3 ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ’์ด๋ฉฐฮฆยฏยฏยฏยฏฮฆยฏ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  6 ์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ์ด ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ณ ์ฒด-์•ก์ฒด ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€๊น์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ทจํ•ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ํ•ต์ด ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ต ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณ ์ฒด-์•ก์ฒด ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ  3 (a), (d), (g), (h)์—์„œ ์œ„์ชฝ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์™€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‘๊ณ  ์†๋„ ํ•„๋“œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋– ๋Œ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์ฆ‰ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์—ด ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†๋„ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ฒด-์•ก์ฒด ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ๋•Œ, ์ฃผ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตญ์ง€์  ์žฌ์šฉ์œต์€ ์šฉ์งˆ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฌผํ๋ฌผํ•œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์•ก์ƒ์„  ๋“ฑ์˜จ์„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋™ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. . 55] ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์•ก์ฒด๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’€์ด ๊ณผ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒŒํŽธ์€ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธธ ์žƒ์€ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ™œ์„ฑ ํ•ต์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.N0N0) ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ 15 , 60 , 61 ] ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ  9 (a) ๋ฐ (b)์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์••๋ ฅ์€ ์šฉ์œต ์œ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฒด ์†๋„์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” V = 400 ๋ฐ 800mm/s์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’ 1.0 ๋ฐ 1.6m/s๋กœ ๋” ๋А๋ ค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  9 (c)์—์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ์นจํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–•๊ณ  ๋„“์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ ์นจ๊ฐ•์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’ 3.5m/s๋กœ ๋” ๋นจ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋„ˆ๋น„์—์„œ yz ๋‹จ๋ฉด  ์˜ ํ‚คํ™€ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์ฒด ์†๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 0.46, 0.45 ๋ฐ 1.44m/s์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.9 (a), (b) ๋ฐ (c). ํ‚คํ™€ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 240 ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ฆผ ๋ณ€๋™ ฮผฮผm์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9 (a)์˜ V = 400mm/s ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ณ€๋™์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  9 (c)์—์„œ 16์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ฮผฮผ๋ฏธ๋””์—„. V = 400mm/s์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ ์œ ์ฒด์žฅ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๋ณ€๋™ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์ด์ „ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋™์—ญํ•™ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 34 ]

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ V = 400mm/s ํ‚คํ™€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‘๊ณ ๋œ ์ฃผ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. V = 1200mm/s์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ญ๋ฅ˜ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. . ๋ด๋“œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ์œ ๋™์žฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋– ๋Œ์ด ์ž…์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ํ‘œ์œ  ์ž…์ž ๋ฉด์  ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ  9 ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ์˜์—ญ ๋น„์œจ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ์ • ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋†’์€ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์œ„์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•ต ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•„์ง ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹จํŽธํ™” ์ด๋ก ์€ ์šฉ์ ‘ ๋ฌธํ—Œ [ 62 ] ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋  ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜ ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ถ€์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1200mm/s๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ๋ฉด์  ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ณผ๋ง์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ AM ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ P ๋ฐ ๋†’์€ V ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ฒด ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์™„๋งŒํ•ด์ง„ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค., ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์˜ ๊ทนํ•œ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ ์‘๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋™์•ˆ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์†Œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์€ 250W ์ •๋„์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ 600~800mm/s์˜ ์Šค์บ” ์†๋„๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณต์ • ์ฐฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” CMSX-4 AM ๋นŒ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 63 ]์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด AM ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŠธ๋ž™ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €, CMSX-4 ๋ถ„๋ง ๋ฐ ๋ฒŒํฌ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์˜ CMSX-4 ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šค์บ” ์ „๋žต์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ง์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Lopez-Galilea ๋“ฑ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ„๋ง์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ถ„๋ง๊ณผ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . 22 ]๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ CMSX-4 ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € AM์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์ถœ๋ ฅ, ์†๋„, ํ•ด์น˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ์ธต ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ 2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŠธ๋ž™ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์—ด์žฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” AM ๋นŒ๋“œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋น„๋“œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๋ก 

LPBF ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ CMSX-4 ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ • ์˜ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ(๊ธฐ๋‘ฅํ˜•) ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์ถ• ์‘๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์‘๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‘๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ‘œ์œ  ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์„์  ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ๊ณ ์ถฉ์‹ค๋„ CFD ์—ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ํ˜•์ƒ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํก์ˆ˜์œจ, ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ํ‚คํ™€ ์š”๋™, ์ž…์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์ ‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ํ‘œ์œ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต AM ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ์ „๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ณผ๋ง ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ‚คํ™€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„น์…˜์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์ฒด ์†๋„ ํ•„๋“œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์—ด์žฅ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ‘œ์œ  ์ž…์ž ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฐ์žฅ๋œ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ธ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผ ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผ ํ•ตํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ง€ /Vํ‹ฐG/Vํ‹ฐ์ •๊ถŒ.
  • ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๊นŠ์€ ํ‚คํ™€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ๋…์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฐํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์šฉ์œต ํ’€์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋‹ ์†๋„์™€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‚คํ™€๊ณผ ์ตœ์†Œ ์œ ์ฒด ์†๋„๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ž…์ž ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋‹จ์ผ ํŠธ๋ž™์—์„œ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์…œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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The failure propagation of weakly stable sediment: A reason for the formation of high-velocity turbidity currents in submarine canyons

์•ฝํ•œ ์•ˆ์ • ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹คํŒจ ์ „ํŒŒ: ํ•ด์ € ํ˜‘๊ณก์—์„œ ๊ณ ์† ํƒ๋„ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ 

Abstract

Abstractํ•ด์ € ํ˜‘๊ณก์—์„œ ํƒ๋„์˜ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ฌํ•ด ํ‰์›์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 5.9~28.0m/s ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์†์ƒ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ํƒ๋„ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์†๋„์™€ 0.15~7.2m/s ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ด์ € ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํƒํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ € ํ˜‘๊ณก์„ ๊ณ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด์ €ํ˜‘๊ณก์˜ ํƒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณ ์† ๋ฐ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์šด๋™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ฝ์•ˆ์ • ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ๋ธ(์•ฝ์•ˆ์ • ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ์† ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ œ์•ˆ, ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ WSS-PFP ๋ชจ๋ธ)์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ.ย ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย 1) ์›๋ž˜ ํƒ๋„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ์งˆ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  2) ์›๋ž˜ ํƒ๋„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก.ย ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹ฌํ•ด ํ‡ด์ , ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์†์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™์  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The long-distance movement of turbidity currents in submarine canyons can transport large amounts of sediment to deep-sea plains. Previous studies show obvious differences in the turbidity current velocities derived from the multiple cables damage events ranging from 5.9 to 28.0 m/s and those of field observations between 0.15 and 7.2 m/s. Therefore, questions remain regarding whether a turbid fluid in an undersea environment can flow through a submarine canyon for a long distance at a high speed. A new model based on weakly stable sediment is proposed (proposed failure propagation model for weakly stable sediments, WSS-PFP model for short) to explain the high-speed and long-range motion of turbidity currents in submarine canyons through the combination of laboratory tests and numerical analogs. The model is based on two mechanisms: 1) the original turbidity current triggers the destabilization of the weakly stable sediment bed and promotes the destabilization and transport of the soft sediment in the downstream direction and 2) the excitation wave that forms when the original turbidity current moves into the canyon leads to the destabilization and transport of the weakly stable sediment in the downstream direction. The proposed model will provide dynamic process interpretation for the study of deep-sea deposition, pollutant transport, and optical cable damage.

Keyword

  • turbidity current
  • excitation wave
  • dense basal layer
  • velocity
  • WSS-PFP model

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Acknowledgment

We thank Hanru WU from Ocean University of China for his help in thesis writing, and Hao TIAN and Chenxi WANG from Ocean University of China for their helps in the preparation of the experimental materials. Guohui XU is responsible for the development of the initial concept, processing of test data, and management of coauthor contributions to the paper; Yupeng REN for the experiment setup and drafting of the paper; Yi ZHANG and Xingbei XU for the simulation part of the experiment; Houjie WANG for writing guidance; Zhiyuan CHEN for the experiment setup.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Qingdao, 266100, ChinaYupeng Ren, Yi Zhang, Guohui Xu, Xingbei Xu & Zhiyuan Chen
  2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, ChinaYupeng Ren & Houjie Wang
  3. Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, ChinaYi Zhang, Guohui Xu, Xingbei Xu & Zhiyuan Chen

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guohui Xu.

Additional information

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41976049, 41720104001) and the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province (No. TS20190913), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 202061028)

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Ren, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, G. et al. The failure propagation of weakly stable sediment: A reason for the formation of high-velocity turbidity currents in submarine canyons. J. Ocean. Limnol. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-022-1285-0

Flow Field in a Sloped Channel with Damaged and Undamaged Piers: Numerical and Experimental Studies

Flow Field in a Sloped Channel with Damaged and Undamaged Piers: Numerical and Experimental Studies

Ehsan Oveici,ย Omid Tayariย &ย Navid Jalalkamali
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineeringย volumeย 25,ย pages4240โ€“4251 (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋งŒํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ์†์ƒ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ต๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์œ ๋™ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 12m์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 0.008์ธ ์ง์„  ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter(ADV)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 3์ฐจ์› ์œ ์† ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ธ”๋ก ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ทจ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜(SSIIM)์€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ 2m ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณต์  ์ˆ˜์•• ์ ํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์†์ƒ ๋ฐ ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ต๊ฐ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ 12๋ฐฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ต๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธก ์ˆ˜์œ„๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„ํ•ด 72.5% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 8.3% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ต๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ Froude ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ 5.7๋ฐฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

This paper analyzed the flow pattern around damaged and undamaged bridge piers in a channel with a mild slope. The experiments were carried out on a straight channel with a length of 12 meters and a slope of 0.008. Acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was employed to collect three-dimensional flow velocity data, and the results were analyzed and compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV) data. Sediment Simulation in Intakes with Multiblock option (SSIIM) was incorporated for the numerical simulation of the flow in this study. Generally, the results obtained from the comparisons referred to the appropriate agreement between the numerical and the experimental data. The results showed that an undular hydraulic jump occurred at a distance of two meters from the channel entrance in every case; the maximum bed shear stress in the sloped channel was 12 times that in a horizontal channel for installing two damaged and undamaged piers. With this position of the piers in the sloped channel, the upstream water level underwent a 72.5% reduction compared to similar conditions in a horizontal channel, while the amount of this water level decrease was equal to 8.3% compared to the other cases in a sloped channel. In addition, with the presence of both piers, the maximum Froude number was 5.7 times that in a horizontal channel.

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Numerical study of the effect of flow velocity and flood roughness components on hydraulic flow performance in composite sections with converging floodplains

Numerical study of the effect of flow velocity and flood roughness components on hydraulic flow performance in composite sections with converging floodplains

Authors

1 Civil Enigneering Department, Lahijan Branch.Islamic Azad University.Lahijan.Iran

2 Department of Civil Engnieering, University of Qom,Qom,Iran

3 Civil Engineering Department, Lahijan Branch,Islamic Azad Univeristy,Lahijan,Iran

Abstract

ํ™์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™์ˆ˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ™์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ™์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ง€์ •, ํ•˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ฉด์  ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์œ ์ฒด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 3D ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3D ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด FLOW-3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ ๊ฐํ˜• ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Younesi(2013) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๊ณ ์ •์ธต์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋น„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋น„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹คํ—˜์€ 15๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šดํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋‹น 250๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์žฌ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์†๊ณผ 0.0088 000์˜ ์ข…๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํญ 400mm์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์šดํ•˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” 0.18๋ฏธํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ์ฃผ์š” ์šดํ•˜์˜ ๋„ˆ๋น„๋Š” 0.4๋ฏธํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1).

๋ณธ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‰๊ท ์ง๊ฒฝ 0.65mm์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›์˜ ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์€ ํ‰๊ท ์ง๊ฒฝ 0.65, 1.3, 1.78์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ค. (mm). ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜• ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์šดํ•˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์šดํ•˜๋กœ์˜ ์œ ์ž…๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ƒ๋Œ€๊นŠ์ด 0.15์™€ 0.25, ์ง๊ฒฝ 14mm์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๊นŠ์ด 0.35์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์†์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 3์ฐจ์› ์†๋„๊ณ„(ADV)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์œ„๋Š” 0.1mm์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ๊นŠ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€๋กœ ์ธก์ • ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜ 0.25-2์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋์—์„œ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊นŠ์ด ์†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ) -11.3-NP ๋ฐ 0.25-2-5.7-NP ๋ฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐํ˜• ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ 0.25-2-2 P ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐํ˜• ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ P.20-2-2-P ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ RMSE ๋ฐ NRMSE ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ (2) ์‹คํ—˜ 11.3์—์„œ RMSE ๋ฐ NRMSE ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’ -2-0.25-NP ๋ฐ -0.25. 2-5.7-NP๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ 0.25-2-5.7-NP-11.3-2-0.25, NP ๋ฐ P.2.0-2-2-P์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊นŠ์ด ์†๋„์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 0.25-2-5.7-NP ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์ดˆ, ์ค‘, ๊ธฐ๋ง NRMSE์˜ ์–‘์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5.7, 11.8, 10.3%๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธ‰์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜, ์ค‘๊ธ‰์ด ์–‘ํ˜ธ, ์ตœ์ข… ์„ฑ์ . ๋ฐฐ์น˜. ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, RMSE ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.026, 0.037 ๋ฐ 0.026์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹คํ—˜ 11.3-2-0.25, NP์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธ‰, ์ค‘๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ NRMSE ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 7, 11.2 ๋ฐ 15.4%๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธ‰์—์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆ˜์ค€. ๊ฐ€์ ธ ๊ฐ€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, RMSE ๊ฐ’์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.032, 0.038, 0.04๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 0.25-2-P ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ NRMSE ๊ฐ’์€ 1.7%๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ RMSE ๊ฐ’๋„ 0.004๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ์†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ์˜์—ญ์— ์ž‘์€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋งŒ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2์ฐจ ์ „์ง€์˜ ์ด๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด.
๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ฐจ์› ์œ ๋™ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ Flow 3D ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ฐํ˜• ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์œ ๋™ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ(1, 2 ๋ฐ 2.74)์™€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊นŠ์ด(0.15, 0.25 ๋ฐ 0.35) ๋ฐ 5.7 ๋ฐ 11.3๋„์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†๋„์˜ ์„ธ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ํ‰๊ท  ๊นŠ์ด ์†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์†๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›์˜ ํญ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์†๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋™ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์œ ์†๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์›์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋™ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊นŠ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์™€ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์› ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์†๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Intrpduction: The need to control floods and their dangers is not hidden from anyone. In addition, a wide range of economic, social and environmental issues are affected by this phenomenon. The first step in the design and optimal management of flood control methods is the correct identification of river behavior during floods. In most river engineering projects such as flood routing, determining the bed and river area, etc., calculating the average values of hydraulic parameters of the river section is sufficient. Today, the use of numerical and analytical methods in the study of fluid environment have grown and developed. Due to the production of reliable results, they have been able to be a good alternative to physical models. Today, with the rapid development of numerical models and increasing the speed of computer calculations, the use of 3D numerical models is preferred and also due to the fact that measuring the velocity distribution and shear stress in rivers is very time consuming and expensive, the results of 3D numerical models It will be valuable. On the other hand, the present studies show that comprehensive numerical research using FLOW-3D model has not been performed on composite sections, so a suitable ground for research is provided. Therefore, the innovation of the present study is the numerical study of the effects of parameters such as roughness on the status and hydraulic performance of the flow in non-prismatic composite sections, which are accompanied by divergent and convergent floodplains, which have received less attention numerically.

Methodology: Younesi (2013) research has been used to validate the results of numerical simulation. In these experiments, first the hydraulic flow in composite prismatic and non-prismatic sections with fixed bed was examined and then, while maintaining the conditions, sediment transfer experiments were performed in prismatic and non-prismatic mode. The experiments were performed in a research channel 15 meters long. This canal is a composite canal with two symmetrical floodplains with a width of 400 mm with a flow rate that can be provided for recirculation in the system of 250 liters per second and a longitudinal slope of 0.0088 000. The depth of the main canal to the edge of the floodplain is equal to 0.18 meters and the width of the main canal is equal to 0.4 meters (Figure 1). In order to roughen the bed and walls of the main canal, sediments with an average diameter of 0.65 mm have been used and at each stage, the walls and bed of floodplains have been roughened by sediments with an average diameter of 0.65, 1.3 and 1.78 (mm). A triangular overflow is used to measure the inflow to the canal, upstream of the canal. In order to measure the flow velocity in experiments with relative depth of 0.15 and 0.25, a micromolina with a diameter of 14 mm and in experiments with relative depth of 0.35, a three-dimensional speedometer (ADV) was used. The water level was also taken by depth gauges with an accuracy of 0.1 mm.
Result and Diccussion: In the present study, in order to validate the numerical model of water surface profile, average depth velocity distribution and boundary shear stress in the three sections at the beginning, middle and end of the divergence zone) in experiments 0.25-2-11.3-NP and 0.25-2-5.7-NP and Also, the 0.25-2-2 P test of the prismatic composite section has been evaluated. In Table (1) the values of RMSE and NRMSE indices related to the P.20-2-2-P test of the prismatic composite section, and also in Table (2) the values of the RMSE and NRMSE indices in the experiments 11.3-2-0.25-NP and -0.25. 2-5.7-NP is provided. The results related to the validation of the average depth velocity of the experiments 0.25-2-5.7- NP-11.3-2-0.25, NP and P.2.0-2-2-P are shown. In 0.25-2-5.7-NP experiment, the amount of NRMSE in elementary, middle and final grades was calculated to be 5.7, 11.8 and 10.3%, respectively, which is in the excellent grade in the elementary grade and good in the middle and final grades. Placed. As can be seen, the RMSE values are calculated as 0.026, 0.037 and 0.026, respectively. In the experiment 11.3-2-0.25, NP, the NRMSE values in the primary, middle and final levels were calculated as 7, 11.2 and 15.4%, respectively, which are in the excellent category in the primary level and in the good category in the middle and final levels. Take. As can be seen, the RMSE values are calculated as 0.032, 0.038 and 0.04, respectively. In the 0.25-2-P experiment, the NRMSE value was calculated to be 1.7%, which is in the excellent category. As can be seen, the RMSE value is also calculated to be 0.004. Regarding the medium-depth velocity distribution, it can be said that the numerical model has an acceptable compliance with the laboratory results and only a small error has been entered in the junction area, which can be considered as a result of the movement of secondary cells towards the corners.
Conclusion: in this research The flow pattern in waterways with composite prismatic and non-prismatic sections was investigated using Flow 3D software that is capable of three-dimensional flow analysis. For three different relative roughnesses (1, 2 and 2.74) as well as three relative depths (0.15, 0.25 and 0.35) and divergence angles of 5.7 and 11.3 degrees, changes in the longitudinal component of velocity, The average depth velocity distribution, the boundary shear stress distribution as well as the flow rate transmitted by the floodplains were investigated. The results showed that with increasing the width of floodplains along the canal, the amount of velocity decreases. Also, the study of the effect of roughness on the flow pattern showed that in general, with wall roughness, the amount of velocity has decreased in all sections and also the flow pattern at the junction of the main canal and floodplain is more affected by wall roughness. The results also showed that with increasing relative depth or decreasing relative roughness, the velocity gradient between the main channel and floodplains decreases

Keywords

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์‹คํ—˜์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‰๋ฉด๋„(Agaccioglu, 1998)

FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณก๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ •

Discharge Coefficient of Side Weir for Various Curvatures Simulated
by FLOW-3D

Chang Sam Jeong*
์ ‘์ˆ˜์ผ์ž: 2015๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ/์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์ผ: 2015๋…„ 6์›” 9์ผ/๊ฒŒ์žฌ์ผ์ž: 2015๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ

ABSTRACT

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ ์™ธ์ธก์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์˜ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.

๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งŒ๊ณก๋ถ€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ์ด 180ยฐ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, FLOW-3D๋ชจํ˜•์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์„  ์ˆ˜๋กœ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ•˜ํญ(b)์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ(Rc)์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ Rc/b์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜(CM)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์›”๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰(Qwc)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์›”๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰(Qwc)์˜ ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜์‹ฌ, ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง์„ ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์˜ ์›”๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

KEYWORDS

discharge coefficient, side weir, curvature, meandering channel, FLOW-3D, ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด, ๊ณก๋ฅ , ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ

์„œ ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด์ƒํ™์ˆ˜์™€ ์œ ์—ญ์˜ ๋„์‹œํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถˆํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™์ˆ˜์‹œ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๊ธฐ ์กด์˜ ํ•˜๋„์˜ ์ ์ • ์†Œํ†ต๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ํ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€์˜ ๊ณ ๋„ ์ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋„์˜ ํ™•ํญ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋„์‹œ์œ  ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ ํ™์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ™์ˆ˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์€ ์ œ๋ฐฉ ์ฆ๊ณ , ์ €๋ฅ˜์ง€ ์„ค์น˜, ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ €๋ฅ˜์ง€๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋„์˜ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ํ™์ˆ˜ ์†Œํ†ต๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ถœ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ™์ˆ˜๋Œ€์ฑ…์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ˆ์—ฐ์œ„์–ด, ๊ด‘์ •์œ„์–ด,์•”๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ง„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด(side weir ๋˜๋Š” lateral weir)๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.

์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ด ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด ์›”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ„์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ์„ ์›”๋ฅ˜์‹œ์ผœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ์‚ฐ, ์ˆ˜์œ„์กฐ์ ˆ, ์ผ์ • ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ทจ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ, ์ดˆ๊ณผ ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ์ „ ํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ทจ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ, ์ดˆ๊ณผ ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด๋Š” off-line์ €๋ฅ˜์ง€, ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋„ ์„ค๋น„, ๋Œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‚˜, ์œ ์ž…์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด๋Š” ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์‹๋“ค์€ ์ œ์•ˆ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์„œ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ๋˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Cheong(1991)์€ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด๋กœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ํ”„๋ฃจ๋“œ์ˆ˜์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Uyumaz (1997)๋Š” U-๋ชจ์–‘ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ์ฃผ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์‹œ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Agaccioglu (1998)๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๋‹จ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์›๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‡ด์ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜ ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ํ”„๋ฃจ๋“œ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Agaccioglu(2004)๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ์™€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œค์„ธ์˜ (1990)๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜ํญ์˜ ๋น„(Rc/b)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์ข…ํƒœ(1991)๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋งŒ๊ณก๋ถ€ ํ๋ฆ„ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ์ž์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์„œ์ผ์› ๋“ฑ(2004)์ด ์‹ค๋‚ด ์‹ค ํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ์ด์ฐจ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋‘ํ•œ ๋“ฑ(2005)์€ ๋ณต๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‚ฌํ–‰์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์„œ ๋งŒ๊ณก๋ถ€์˜ ์ €์ˆ˜๋กœ์™€ ํ™์ˆ˜ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ํšŒ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์„ ๊ด€ ์ธกํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ €์ˆ˜๋กœ์™€ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์† ์ฐจ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํ–‰์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์šฉ 3์ฐจ์› CFD๋ชจํ˜•์ธ FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšก ์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณก๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งŒ๊ณก๋ถ€ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์— ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ํ๋ฆ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์œ ์†๋ณ€ํ™”, ์›”๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์›” ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž์ธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ ๊ณก๋ถ€์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์˜ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์‹คํ—˜์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‰๋ฉด๋„(Agaccioglu, 1998)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. ์‹คํ—˜์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‰๋ฉด๋„(Agaccioglu, 1998)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. Fr1์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Agaccioglu, 1998)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. Fr1์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Agaccioglu, 1998)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. Fr1์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜(3D ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. Fr1์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„์ˆ˜(3D ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์™€ mesh block
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4. ์ง์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์™€ mesh block
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. ๋งŒ๊ณก ์ˆ˜๋กœ(Rc = 2.5 m)์˜ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์™€ mesh block
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5. ๋งŒ๊ณก ์ˆ˜๋กœ(Rc = 2.5 m)์˜ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์™€ mesh block
ํ‘œ 2. Case๋ณ„ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์ œ์›
ํ‘œ 2. Case๋ณ„ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์ œ์›
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํ˜•(0.04 m3 /sec)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6. ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํ˜•(0.04 m3 /sec)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํ˜•(0.06 m3 /sec)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7. ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํ˜•(0.06 m3 /sec)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํ˜•(0.1 m3 /sec)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8. ํšก์›”๋ฅ˜ ์œ„์–ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉดํ˜•(0.1 m3 /sec)
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. Rc/b์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CMC/CMS์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9. Rc/b์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CMC/CMS์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ CMC/CMS์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”
๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ CMC/CMS์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”

์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ

  1. ์„œ์ผ์›, ์„ฑ๊ธฐํ›ˆ, ๋ฐฑ๊ฒฝ์˜ค, ์ •์„ฑ์ง„(2004) ์‚ฌํ–‰์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œํ๋ฆ„ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ž์›ํ•™ํšŒ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ง‘, 37(7), pp.527~540.
  2. ์ด๋‘ํ•œ, ์ด์ฐฌ์ฃผ, ๊น€๋ช…ํ™˜(2005) ๋ณต๋‹จ๋ฉด ์‚ฌํ–‰ ํ•˜๋„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋Œ€ํ•œํ† ๋ชฉํ•™ํšŒ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ง‘, 25(3B), pp.197~206.
  3. ์ด์ข…ํƒœ, ์œค์„ธ์˜(1991) ๋งŒ๊ณก๋ถ€ ๊ณก๋ฅ ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ๋ฆ„ํŠน์„ฑ, ๋Œ€ํ•œํ† ๋ชฉํ•™ํšŒ ํ•™์ˆ ๋ฐœํ‘œํšŒ ๊ฐœ์š”์ง‘, pp.394~397.
  4. ์œค์„ธ์˜, ์ด์ข…ํƒœ(1990) ๋งŒ๊ณก์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๋ฆ„ํŠน์„ฑ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ˆ˜๋ฌธํ•™ํšŒ์ง€, 23(4), pp.435~444.
  5. Agaccioglu, H., Yalcin, Y. (1998) Side-Weir Flow in Curved Channels, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 124(3), pp.163~175.
  6. Agaccioglu, H., Ali, C. (2004) Discharge Coefficient of a Triangular Side-Weir Located on a Curved Channels, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 130(5), pp.410~423.
  7. Cheong, H. F. (1991) Discharge coefficient of lateral diversion from trapezoidal channel, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 117(4), pp.461~475.
  8. Uyumaz, A. (1997) Side Weir in U-Shaped Channels Journal of Hydraulics Engineering. 123(7), pp.639~646.
Flow-3D ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์–ด์ดˆ ์„ค์น˜ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ž…๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ตด ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

Flow-3D ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์–ด์ดˆ ์„ค์น˜ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ž…๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ตด ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

Abstract

ํ•ด์ € ์ง€๋ฐ˜์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์–ด์ดˆ๋Š” ์œ ์† ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋„ ์ง€๋ฐ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ๊ตด ํŒจํ„ด์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜, ์‹คํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ ํ†  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•ด์ € ์ง€๋ฐ˜์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์–ด์ดˆ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐ˜๊ณตํ•™์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž Flow-3D๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ตด ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐ˜ ์ž…๊ฒฝ์ด ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ธ๊ณต์–ด์ดˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฉฐ, ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ž…๊ฒฝ์ด ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์„ธ๊ตด๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ๊ตด๋œ ์ง€๋ฐ˜ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต์–ด์ดˆ ํ›„๋ฉด๋ถ€์— ํ‡ด์ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ๋„์™€ ์ž…๊ฒฝ์€ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธ๋ฆฝํ† ์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Artificial reef-installed seabeds may have significantly different scouring patterns depending on the ground conditions, such as the soil particle size, even though the flow velocity and water depth are similar. In this study, the scour characteristics of the ground were determined using Flow-3D to evaluate the geotechnical stability of artificial reefs installed on various seabeds, such as sand, silt, and clay. The analysis results indicated that the smaller the particle size of the soil, the larger the amount of scour that occurs around the artificial reef and the longer it takes to reach an equilibrium state. However, eroded soil particles were deposited on the rear part of the artificial reef as the soil particle size increased. The maximum scour depth and average particle size showed a non-linear relationship. In particular, the maximum scour depth increased significantly in fine-grained soils.

Keywords

์ธ๊ณต์–ด์ดˆย ,ย Flow-3D, ์ง€๋ฐ˜ ์ž…๊ฒฝย ,ย ์„ธ๊ตดย ,ย ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ๋„ย ,ย Artificial Reefย ,ย Flow-3Dย ,ย Soil Particle Sizeย ,ย Scourย ,ย Maximum Scour Depth

View of King Edward Memorial Park Foreshore interception structures and approach to vortex drop shaft - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald

Thames Tideway Tunnel โ€“ East Contract โ€“ Hydraulic Modelling

์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜ (Experiences in the hydraulic design and modelling of the hydraulic structures)

CFD Modelling: View of Earl Pumping Station interception structures and approach to vortex drop shaft - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald
CFD Modelling: View of Earl Pumping Station interception structures and approach to vortex drop shaft – Courtesy of Mott MacDonald

ํ…œ์Šค ํƒ€์ด๋“œ์›จ์ด ํ„ฐ๋„์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ…œ์Šค ๊ฐ• ์•„๋ž˜ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ด์†ก ํ„ฐ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฆ„ 7.2m์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์•ฝ 25km์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ„ฐ๋„์€ ์„œ์ชฝ์•กํ†ค์—์„œ ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์› ๋ฐ€์Šค๊นŒ์ง€ ์šดํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ…œ์Šค ๊ฐ•์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฑ„๊ณ  ์ €์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ(CSOS)์˜ 34๊ฐœ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…œ์Šค ํƒ€์ด๋“œ์›จ์ด ํ„ฐ๋„์€ ๋ฒ ํฌํ„ด ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ˆ˜์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„์› ๋ฐ€์Šค์˜ ๋ฆฌ ํ„ฐ๋„์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CSO ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฑ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๊นŠ์€ ์ €์žฅ ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ˆ˜์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

East main works

ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๋‚ฉํ’ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ Tideway๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ชฝ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŠ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ, 65m ๊นŠ์ด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„๋ชฌ๋“œ์‹œ์˜ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๋ถ€๋‘๋Š” ์• ๋น„ ๋ฐ€์Šค (Abbey Mills)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š”์ด 5.5km ํ„ฐ๋„ ์„น์…˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์น˜ ํŽŒํ•‘ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์Šค์›Œํ”„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ„ฐ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 4.5km์˜ 5m ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง๊ฒฝ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ„ฐ๋„์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ 24-36m 3/s ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋žฉ ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„, ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์ž…๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋“œ๋กญ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํƒˆ๊ธฐ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์œ ์•• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The challenge/ hydraulic modelling

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ 36m3/s์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด CSO๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์บก์ฒ˜๋˜์–ด ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ž‘๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 50m๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋™์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํŒ€์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ CFD(๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง: ์–ผ ํŽŒํ•‘ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ €์žฅ ํ„ฐ๋„ ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธฐ - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald
CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง: arl Pumping Station ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ €์žฅ ํ„ฐ๋„ ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธฐ – Courtesy of Mott MacDonald

์ „์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

CFD๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ์•• ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์•• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ 3D ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ •๋ณด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง(BIM) ํ˜•์ƒ์„ CFD ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜์—ฌ CFD ์œ ์ฒด ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FlowScience Inc์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ Flow 3D๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ-๋ฌผ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์ฒด ์ฒด์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž…๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ 3D ๊ตฌ์กฐํ˜• ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆํ‰๊ท  Navier-Stokes ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ k-omega ๋‚œ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

View of King Edward Memorial Park Foreshore interception structures and approach to vortex drop shaft - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald
View of King Edward Memorial Park Foreshore interception structures and approach to vortex drop shaft – Courtesy of Mott MacDonald

๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ „ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋กญ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ „์ฒด ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์™€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ™๋„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์œ„, ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, ํ๋ฆ„ ์œ ์„ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์†๋„ ํ”Œ๋กฏ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์œ ๋™์žฅ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

View of King Edward Memorial Park Foreshore drop shaft and energy dissipation chamber - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald
View of King Edward Memorial Park Foreshore drop shaft and energy dissipation chamber – Courtesy of Mott MacDonald

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์œ ์•• ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ์ž‘๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‹ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋„ MEICA ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜๋„ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์œ ์•• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์น˜ ํŽŒํ•‘ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์€ 1:10 ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ž‘์—… ํ˜„์žฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • CSO ์ฐจ๋‹จ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ King Edward Memorial Park ๋ฐ Foreshore๋Š” 1:10 ์ถ•์ฒ™์œผ๋กœ, ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํƒˆ๊ธฐ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ณ„๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 1:12 ์ถ•์ฒ™์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ „๋ฌธ ํ•˜์ฒญ ์—…์ฒด BHR ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ตœ์‹  ๋””์ž์ธ BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋„๋ฉด์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํผ์ŠคํŽ™์Šค์™€ ํ•ฉํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ ์‹œ๊ณต์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋„๋ฉด์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์œ ์•• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ๋ณธ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด BIM ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Model of King Edward Mermorial Park and Foreshore energy dissipation chamber in operation - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald & BHR Group
Model of King Edward Mermorial Park and Foreshore energy dissipation chamber in operation – Courtesy of Mott MacDonald & BHR Group

์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ ํž˜์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ฑ„๋„ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…(์ „์ฒด ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์„ค๊ณ„) ๋ฐ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ์ถ•์†Œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ Froude ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Froude ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋™์ผ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์œ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์ž„์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ปค์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ Weber ์ˆ˜(์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํž˜๊ณผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„)๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์–‘๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ž‘๋™ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜๋œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ์ €์žฅ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ณด์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์œ ์ž…๊ตฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ˆ˜์œ„๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ ํƒœํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ธก๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋ˆˆ๊ธˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ ์ถ”์ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ํ๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ๋‚™ํ•˜ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์€ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋งฅ๋™๊ณผ ๋„๋ฏธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ํ๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋“œ๋กญ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์€ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋งฅ๋™ ๊ณผ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์™€๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋“œ๋กญ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฝ”์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(left) Physical model of Greenwich Pumping Station interception chamber flap valves in operation and (right) physical model of Greenwich PS internal structures for energy dissipation within the shaft - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald and BHR Group
(left) Physical model of Greenwich Pumping Station interception chamber flap valves in operation and (right) physical model of Greenwich PS internal structures for energy dissipation within the shaft – Courtesy of Mott MacDonald and BHR Group

์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž„๊ณ„์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‘-๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์œ„๋ฅผ ํŒ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ์•”๊ฑฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ ํƒญํ•‘์€ ์œ ์† ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์šธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋‘ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์—์„œ ์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” โ€‹โ€‹๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋“œ๋กญ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ ํ’€๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์••์ถ• ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์ €์žฅ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ €์žฅ ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํƒˆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ฒด์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฒฝ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ํ”Œ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ํ’€์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ/์œ ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ํŠน์ • ์˜์—ญ์€ ์œ„์ชฝ ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €์žฅ ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํƒˆ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ €์žฅ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฌผ ๋ณ€์œ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ๋ฆ„์— ํ˜ผ์ž…๋œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋“œ๋กญ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 6๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

hysical model of Greenwich PS showing energy dissipation chamber and entrance to connection tunnel - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald and BHR Group
hysical model of Greenwich PS showing energy dissipation chamber and entrance to connection tunnel – Courtesy of Mott MacDonald and BHR Group

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ •๋œ ๋ชจ์˜๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํƒˆ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ •, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒค์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์กฐ์น˜์˜ ํฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์žฌํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์น˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ํฐ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠน์ • ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์•• ๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์žฅ๋น„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋†’์€ ์œ ์†์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์™€๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋†’์€ ํญํ’ ์œ ์†์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ๋ฆ„์„ Thames Tideway Tunnel๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ณด์œ  CSO๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ ์ถœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋‹จ์‹ค๊ณผ ์™€๋ฅ˜ ๋‚™ํ•˜์ถ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์•”๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๊ณ  ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ๋‚™ํ•˜ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์€ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Conclusions

Thames Tideway Tunnel์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์„ค๊ณ„์—๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ 3D ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์œ ๋™ ๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ CFD๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด์ ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋„์‹œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Physical Modelling โ€“ View of King Edward Memorial Park and Foreshore Energy Dissipation Chamber - Courtesy of Mott MacDonald and BHR Group
Physical Modelling โ€“ View of King Edward Memorial Park and Foreshore Energy Dissipation Chamber – Courtesy of Mott MacDonald and BHR Group

๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  CFD๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ตœ์ข… ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Timescale

5๊ฐœ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ์ค‘ 4๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1์ฐจ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ์™€ 2์ฐจ ๋ผ์ด๋‹์ด ์˜ฌํ•ด ๋ง ์ „์— ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ์— ๋ถ€์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ํ„ฐ๋„์ธ Selina์˜ TBM์€ 2020๋…„ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๋ง์— ํ˜„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The editor and publishers thank Ricardo Telo, Senior Hydraulic Engineer, and Tejal Shah, Senior Mechanical Engineer, both withย Mott MacDonald, for providing the above article for publication.

์ฒจ๋ถ€ ํŒŒ์ผ

Solved Aging Dam Dilemma

๋…ธํ›„ ๋Œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…

How Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Solved Aging Dam Dilemma

By AyresApril 6, 2021No Comments

Solved Aging Dam Dilemma
Solved Aging Dam Dilemma

Keyword : 3D Hydraulic Modeling,CFD, CFD Model, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Dam Hydraulics, Hydrology structure damage

๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ์—์„œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ‘œ์ค€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ์•• ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์‚ฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™(CFD) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

About the Expert:

Matthew Hickox, PE, brings civil engineering expertise in stormwater and river design, planning, and construction phase services. His experience is founded on a solid understanding of hydrologic modeling, 1- and 2-dimensional hydraulic modeling, in-stream hydraulic structures, scour protection measures, culvert and bridge hydraulics, and the regulatory environment for stormwater projects.

How Does CFD Work in Practice?

์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ง€ํ˜•ํ•™์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜๋‘ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋„์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋Œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์นจ์‹๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋Œ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 3-4ํ”ผํŠธ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ์ •์ˆ˜์žฅ apron์—์„œ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํ•˜์ค‘์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋А ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋Œ์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ์ง€ํ˜•ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์›๋ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ธฐ์กด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋„ˆ๋น„ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ˜„์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์žฅ์— ์ˆ˜์•• ์ ํ”„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1).

Figure 1. Existing conditions unit width CFD model results showing velocity, cross section view of structure.
Figure 1. Existing conditions unit width CFD model results showing velocity, cross section view of structure.

์„ค๊ณ„ ํ‘œ๊ณ (์—ดํ™” ์ „)์—์„œ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ํ‘œ๊ณ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋„ˆ๋น„ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ •์ˆ˜ ์œ ์—ญ ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์•• ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋„ˆ๋น„ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์ƒ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์†๋Œ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2)

Figure 2. Original design conditions unit width CFD model results showing velocity, cross section view of structure. The only difference with Figure 1 is the downstream bed elevation.
Figure 2. Original design conditions unit width CFD model results showing velocity, cross section view of structure. The only difference with Figure 1 is the downstream bed elevation.

์ „์ฒด ๊ธฐ์กด ์กฐ๊ฑด CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ •์ˆ˜์กฐ ์•ž์น˜๋งˆ ๋งˆ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ๋ฐ 4)

Figure 3. Existing conditions CFD model results showing velocity streamlines at 2-year event discharge. High velocities are areas of significant abrasion damage, low velocity areas have little or no abrasion damage.
Figure 3. Existing conditions CFD model results showing velocity streamlines at 2-year event discharge. High velocities are areas of significant abrasion damage, low velocity areas have little or no abrasion damage.
Figure 4. Existing conditions shows rebar exposed from significant abrasion damage to stilling basin apron in high velocity areas
Figure 4. Existing conditions shows rebar exposed from significant abrasion damage to stilling basin apron in high velocity areas

์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ† ์šฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™์  ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ •์ˆ˜ ์œ ์—ญ ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทนํ•œ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5 ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ด ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์ œ์•ˆ ์กฐ๊ฑด CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์—”๋“œ ์‹ค ๋†’์ด๋งŒ ๋†’์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ง€ํ˜•์€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ตœ์ข… ์„ค๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 5. Preliminary design check to verify velocities under a raised tailwater condition at a 2-year event discharge. Velocity cross section slices shown.
Figure 5. Preliminary design check to verify velocities under a raised tailwater condition at a 2-year event discharge. Velocity cross section slices shown.

CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์— ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ์œ ์••์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์œ ์—ญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ž‘๋™์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CFD๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ ์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

CFD ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ Ayres์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์•• ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ Matthew Hickox, PE์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

Fig. 11. Velocity vectors along x-direction through the center of the box culvert for B0, B30, B50, and B70 respectively.

Numerical investigation of scour characteristics downstream of blocked culverts

๋ง‰ํžŒ ์•”๊ฑฐ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด ํŠน์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ

NesreenTahabMaged M.El-FekyaAtef A.El-SaiadaIsmailFathya
aDepartment of Water and Water Structures Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
bLab Manager, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt

Abstract

ํšก๋‹จ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ง‰ํž˜์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ง‰ํž˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ์„ธ๊ตด ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ƒ์ž ์•”๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ง‰ํž˜์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด FLOW 3D v11.1.0์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ƒ์ž ์•”๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW 3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” FLOW 3D ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์„ธ๊ตด ๋‹ค์šด์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ์ƒ์ž ์•”๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ง‰ํžŒ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์„ ํ”Œ๋กฏํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์ฐจ๋‹จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€(๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€)์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์•”๊ฑฐ ๋†’์ด์˜ 70% ์ฐจ๋‹จ์œจ์€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์„ ์•”๊ฑฐ ๋†’์ด์˜ 2.3๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์†์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 3๋ฐฐ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰ํž˜ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Blockage through crossing structures is one of the dangerous problems that threaten its stability. There are few researches concerned with blockage shape in culverts and its effect on characteristics of scour downstream it.

The study’s purpose is to discuss the action of blockage through box culvert on both water surface and scour numerically. A sediment transport model has been investigated for this purpose using FLOW 3D v11.1.0. Different ratios of blockage through box culvert have been studied. The FLOW 3D model was calibrated with experimental data.

The results present that the FLOW 3D program was capable to simulate accurately the scour downstream box culvert. The velocity distribution, maximum scour depth and water depths for blocked cases have been plotted and compared with the non-blocked case (base case).

The results proved that the blockage ratio 70% of culvert height makes the water depth upstream increases by 2.3 times of culvert height and mean velocity increases by 3 times more than in the base case. An equation has been created to estimate the relative maximum scour depth as a function of blockage ratio.

1. Introduction

Local scour is the removal of granular bed material by the action of hydrodynamic forces. As the depth of scour hole increases, the stability of the foundation of the structure may be endangered, with a consequent risk of damage and failure [1]. So the prediction and control of scour is considered to be very important for protecting the water structures from failure. Most previous studies were designed to study the different factors that impact on scour and their relationship with scour hole dimensions like fluid characteristics, flow conditions, bed properties, and culvert geometry. Many previous researches studied the effect of flow rate on scour hole by information Froude number or modified Froude number [2][3][4][5][6]. Cesar Mendoza [6] found a good correlation between the scour depth and the discharge Intensity (Qgโˆ’.5Dโˆ’2.5). Breusers and Raudkiv [7] used shear velocity in the outlet-scour prediction procedure. Ali and Lim [8] used the densimetric Froude number in estimation of the scour depth [1][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. โ€œThe densimetric Froude number presents the ratio of the tractive force on sediment particle to the submerged specific weight of the sedimentโ€ [15](1)Fd=uฯsฯ-1gD50

Ali and Lim [8] pointed to the consequence of tailwater depth on scour behavior [1][2][8][13]. Abida and Townsend [2] indicated that the maximum depth of local scour downstream culvert was varying with the tailwater depth in three ways: first, for very shallow tailwater depths, local scouring decreases with a decrease in tailwater depth; second, when the ratio of tailwater depth to culvert height ranged between 0.2 and 0.7, the scour depth increases with decreasing tailwater depth; and third for a submerged outlet condition. The tailwater depth has only a marginal effect on the maximum depth of scour [2]. Ruff et al. [16] observed that for materials having similar mean grain sizes (d50) but different standard deviations (ฯƒ). As (ฯƒ) increased, the maximum scour hole depth decreased. Abt et al. [4] mentioned to role of soil type of maximum scour depth. It was noticed that local scour was more dangerous for uniform sands than for well-graded mixtures [1][2][4][9][17][18]. Abt et al [3][19] studied the culvert shape effect on scour hole. The results evidenced that the culvert shape has a limited effect on outlet scour. Under equivalent discharge conditions, it was noted that a square culvert with height equal to the diameter of a circular culvert would reduce scour [16][20]. The scour hole dimension was also effected by the culvert slope. Abt et al. [3][21] showed that the culvert slope is a key element in estimating the culvert flow velocity, the discharge capacity, and sediment transport capability. Abt et al. [21][22] tested experimentally culvert drop height effect on maximum scour depth. It was observed that as the drop height was increasing, the depth of scour was also increasing. From the previous studies, it could have noticed that the most scour prediction formula downstream unblocked culvert was the function of densimetric Froude number, soil properties (d50, ฯƒ), tailwater depth and culvert opening size. Blockage is the phenomenon of plugging water structures due to the movement of water flow loaded with sediment and debris. Water structures blockage has a bad effect on water flow where it causes increasing of upstream water level that may cause flooding around the structure and increase of scour rate downstream structures [23][24]. The blockage phenomenon through was studied experimentally and numerical [15][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Jaeger and Lucke [33] studied the debris transport behavior in a natural channel in Australia. Froude number scale model of an existing culvert was used. It was noticed that through rainfall event, the mobility of debris was impressed by stream shape (depth and width). The condition of the vegetation (size and quantities) through the catchment area was the main factor in debris transport. Rigby et al. [26] reported that steep slope was increasing the ability to mobilize debris that form field data of blocked culverts and bridges during a storm in Wollongong city.

Streftaris et al. [32] studied the probability of screen blockage by debris at trash screens through a numerical model to relate between the blockage probability and nature of the area around. Recently, many commercial computational fluid programs (CFD) such as SSIIM, Fluent, and FLOW 3D are used in the analysis of the scour process. Scour and sediment transport numerical model need to validate by using experimental data or field data [34][35][36][37][38]. Epely-Chauvin et al. [36] investigated numerically the effect of a series of parallel spur diked. The experimental data were compared by SSIIM and FLOW 3D program. It was found that the accuracy of calibrated FLOW 3D model was better than SSIIM model. Nielsen et al. [35] used the physical model and FLOW 3D model to analyze the scour process around the pile. The soil around the pile was uniform coarse stones in the physical models that were simulated by regular spheres, porous media, and a mixture of them. The calibrated porous media model can be used to determine the bed shear stress. In partially blocked culverts, there arenโ€™t many studies that explain the blockage impact on scour dimensions. Sorourian et al. [14][15] studied the effect of inlet partial blockage on scour characteristics downstream box culvert. It resulted that the partial blockage at the culvert inlet could be the main factor in estimating the depth of scour. So, this study is aiming to investigate the effects of blockage through a box culvert on flow and scour characteristics by different blockage ratios and compares the results with a non-blocked case. Create a dimensionless equation relates the blockage ratio of the culvert with scour characteristics downstream culvert.

2. Experimental data

The experimental work of the study was conducted in the Hydraulics and Water Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt. The flume had a rectangular cross-section of 66 cm width, 65.5 cm depth, and 16.2 m long. A rectangular culvert was built with 0.2 m width, 0.2 m height and 3.00 m long with ฮธ = 25ยฐ gradually outlet and 0.8 m fixed apron. The model was located on the mid-point of the channel. The sediment part was extended for a distance 2.20 m with 0.66 m width and 0.20 m depth of coarse sand with specific weight 1.60 kg/cm3, d50 = 2.75 mm and ฯƒ (d90/d50) = 1.50. The particle size distribution was as shown in Fig. 1. The experimental model was tested for different inlet flow (Q) of 25, 30, 34, 40 l/s for different submerged ratio (S) of 1.25, 1.50, 1.75.

3. Dimensional analysis

A dimensional analysis has been used to reduce the number of variables which affecting on the scour pattern downstream partial blocked culvert. The main factors affecting the maximum scour depth are:(2)ds=f(b.h.L.hb.lb.Q.ud.hu.hd.D50.ฯ.ฯs.g.ls.dd.ld)

Fig. 2 shows a definition sketch of the experimental model. The maximum scour depth can be written in a dimensionless form as:(3)dsh=f(B.Fd.S)where the ds/h is the relative maximum scour depth.

4. Numerical work

The FLOW 3D is (CFD) program used by many researchers and appeared high accuracy in solving hydrodynamic and sediment transport models in the three dimensions. Numerical simulation with FLOW 3D was performed to study the impacts of blockage ratio through box culvert on shear stress, velocity distribution and the sediment transport in terms of the hydrodynamic features (water surface, velocity and shear stress) and morphological parameters (scour depth and sizes) conditions in accurately and efficiently. The renormalization group (RNG) turbulence model was selected due to its high ability to predict the velocity profiles and turbulent kinetic energy for the flow through culvert [39]. The one-fluid incompressible mode was used to simulate the water surface. Volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed in FLOW 3D to tracks a liquid interface through arbitrary deformations and apply the correct boundary conditions at the interface [40].1.

Governing equations

Three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equation was applied for incompressible viscous fluid motion. The continuity equation is as following:(4)VFโˆ‚ฯโˆ‚t+โˆ‚โˆ‚xฯuAx+โˆ‚โˆ‚yฯvAy+โˆ‚โˆ‚zฯwAz=RDIF(5)โˆ‚uโˆ‚t+1VFuAxโˆ‚uโˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚uโˆ‚y+ฯ‰Azโˆ‚uโˆ‚z=-1ฯโˆ‚Pโˆ‚x+Gx+fx(6)โˆ‚vโˆ‚t+1VFuAxโˆ‚vโˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+ฯ‰Azโˆ‚vโˆ‚z=-1ฯโˆ‚Pโˆ‚y+Gy+fy(7)โˆ‚ฯ‰โˆ‚t+1VFuAxโˆ‚ฯ‰โˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚ฯ‰โˆ‚y+ฯ‰Azโˆ‚ฯ‰โˆ‚z=-1ฯโˆ‚Pโˆ‚z+Gz+fz

ฯ is the fluid density,

VF is the volume fraction,

(x,y,z) is the Cartesian coordinates,

(u,v,w) are the velocity components,

(Ax,Ay,Az) are the area fractions and

RDIF is the turbulent diffusion.

P is the average hydrodynamic pressure,

(Gx, Gy, Gz) are the body accelerations and

(fx, fy, fz) are the viscous accelerations.

The motion of sediment transport (suspended, settling, entrainment, bed load) is estimated by predicting the erosion, advection and deposition process as presented in [41].

The critical shields parameter is (ฮธcr) is defined as the critical shear stress ฯ„cr at which sediments begin to move on a flat and horizontal bed [41]:(8)ฮธcr=ฯ„crgd50(ฯs-ฯ)

The Soulsbyโ€“Whitehouse [42] is used to predict the critical shields parameter as:(9)ฮธcr=0.31+1.2dโˆ—+0.0551-e(-0.02dโˆ—)(10)dโˆ—=d50g(Gs-1ฮฝ3where:

d* is the dimensionless grain size

Gs is specific weight (Gs = ฯs/ฯ)

The entrainment coefficient (0.005) was used to scale the scour rates and fit the experimental data. The settling velocity controls the Soulsby deposition equation. The volumetric sediment transport rate per width of the bed is calculated using Van Rijn [43].2.

Meshing and geometry of model

After many trials, it was found that the uniform cell size with 0.03 m cell size is the closest to the experimental results and takes less time. As shown in Fig. 3. In x-direction, the total model length in this direction is 700 cm with mesh planes at โˆ’100, 0, 300, 380 and 600 cm respectively from the origin point, in y-direction, the total model length in this direction is 66 cm at distances 0, 23, 43 and 66 cm respectively from the origin point. In z-direction, the total model length in this direction is 120 cm. with mesh planes at โˆ’20, 0, 20 and 100 cm respectively.3.

Boundary condition

As shown in Fig. 4, the boundary conditions of the model have been defined to simulate the experimental flow conditions accurately. The upstream boundary was defined as the volume flow rate with a different flow rate. The downstream boundary was defined as specific pressure with different fluid elevation. Both of the right side, the left side, and the bottom boundary were defined as a wall. The top boundary defined as specified pressure with pressure value equals zero.

5. Validation of experimental results and numerical results

The experimental results investigated the flow and scour characteristics downstream culvert due to different flow conditions. The measured value of maximum scour depth is compared with the simulated depth from FLOW 3D model as shown in Fig. 5. The scour results show that the simulated results from the numerical model is quite close to the experimental results with an average error of 3.6%. The water depths in numerical model results is so close to the experimental results as shown in Fig. 6 where the experiment and numerical results are compared at different submerged ratios and flow rates. The results appear maximum error percentage in water depths upstream and downstream the culvert is about 2.37%. This indicated that the FLOW 3D is efficient for the prediction of maximum scour depth and the flow depths downstream box culvert.

6. Computation time

The run time was chosen according to reaching to the stability limit. Hydraulic stability was achieved after 50 s, where the scour development may still go on. For run 1, the numerical simulation was run for 1000 s as shown in Fig. 7 where it mostly reached to scour stability at 800 s. The simulation time was taken 500 s at about 95% of scour stability.

7. Analysis and discussions

Fig. 8 shows the study sections where sec 1 represents to upstream section, sec2 represents to inside section and sec3 represents to downstream stream section. Table 1 indicates the scour hole dimensions at different blockage case. The symbol (B) represents to blockage and the number points to blockage ratio. B0 case signifies to the non-blocked case, B30 is that blockage height is 30% to the culvert height and so on.

Table 1. The scour results of different blockage ratio.

Casehb cmB = hb/hQ lit/sSFdd50 mmds/h measuredls/hdd/hld/hds/h estimated
B000351.261.692.50.581.500.275.000.46
B3060.30351.261.682.50.481.250.274.250.40
B50100.50351.221.742.50.451.100.244.000.37
B70140.70351.231.732.50.431.500.165.500.33

7.1. Scour hole geometry

The scour hole geometry mainly depends on the properties of soil of the bed downstream the fixed apron. From Table 1, the results show that the maximum scour depth in B0 case is about 0.58 of culvert height while the maximum deposition in B0 is 0.27 culvert height. There is a symmetric scour hole as shown in Fig. 9 in B0 case. An asymmetric scour hole is created in B50 and B70 due to turbulences that causes the deviation of the jet direction from the center of the flume where appear in Fig. 11 and Fig. 19.

7.2. Flow water surface

Fig. 10 presents the relative free surface water (hw/h) along the x-direction at center of the box culvert. From the mention Figure, it is easy to release the effect of different blockage ratios. The upstream water level rises by increasing the blockage ratio. Increasing upstream water level may cause flooding over the banks of the waterway. In the 70% blockage case, the upstream water level rises to 2.3 times of culvert height more than the non-blocked case at the same discharge and submerged ratio. The water surface profile shows an increase in water level upstream the culvert due to a decrease in transverse velocity. Because of decreasing velocity downstream culvert, there is an increase in water level before it reaches its uniform depth.

7.3. Velocity vectors

Scour downstream hydraulic structures mainly affects by velocities distribution and bed shear stress. Fig. 11 shows the velocity vectors and their magnitude in xz plane at the same flow conditions. The difference in the upstream water level due to the different blockage ratios is so clear. The maximum water level is in B70 and the minimum level is in B0. The inlet mean velocity value is about 0.88 m/s in B0 increases to 2.86 m/s in B70. As the blockage ratio increases, the inlet velocity increases. The outlet velocity in B0 case makes downward jet causes scour hole just after the fixed apron in the middle of the bed while the blockage causes upward water flow that appears clearly in B70. The upward jet decreases the scour depth to 0.13 culvert height less than B0 case. After the scour hole, the velocity decreases and the flow becomes uniform.

7.4. Velocity distribution

Fig. 12 represents flow velocity (Vx) distribution along the vertical depth (z/hu) upstream the inlet for the different blockage ratios at the same flow conditions. From the Figure, the maximum velocity creates closed to bed in B0 while in blocked case, the maximum horizontal velocity creates at 0.30 of relative vertical depth (z/hu). Fig. 13 shows the (Vz) distribution along the vertical depth (z/hu) upstream culvert at sec 1. From the mentioned Figure, it is easy to note that the maximum vertical is in B70 which appears that as the blockage ratio increases the vertical ratio also increases. In the non-blocked case. The vertical velocity (Vz) is maximum at (z/hu) equals 0.64. At the end of the fixed apron (sec 3), the horizontal velocity (Vx) is slowly increasing to reach the maximum value closed to bed in B0 and B30 while the maximum horizontal velocity occurs near to the top surface in B50 and B70 as shown in Fig. 14. The vertical velocity component along the vertical depth (z/hd) is presented in Fig. 15. The vertical velocity (Vz) is maximum in B0 at vertical depth (z/hd) 0.3 with value 0.45 m/s downward. Figs. 16 and 17 observe velocity components (Vx, Vz) along the vertical depth just after the end of blockage length at the centerline of the culvert barrel. It could be noticed the uniform velocity distribution in B0 case with horizontal velocity (Vx) closed to 1.0 m/s and vertical velocity closed to zero. In the blocked case, the maximum horizontal velocity occurs in depth more than the blockage height.

7.5. Bed velocity distribution

Fig. 18 presents the x-velocity vectors at 1.5 cm above the bed for different blockage ratios from the velocity vectors distribution and magnitude, it is easy to realize the position of the scour hole and deposition region. In B0 and B30, the flow is symmetric so that the scour hole is created around the centerline of flow while in B50 and B70 cases, the flow is asymmetric and the scour hole creates in the right of flow direction in B50. The maximum scour depth is found in the left of flow direction in B70 case where the high velocity region is found.

8. Maximum scour depth prediction

Regression analysis is used to estimate maximum scour depth downstream box culvert for different ratios of blockage by correlating the maximum relative scour by other variables that affect on it in one formula. An equation is developed to predict maximum scour depth for blocked and non-blocked. As shown in the equation below, the relative maximum scour depth(ds/hd) is a function of densimetric Froude number (Fd), blockage ratio (B) and submerged ratio (S)(11)dsh=0.56Fd-0.20B+0.45S-1.05

In this equation the coefficient of correlation (R2) is 0.82 with standard error equals 0ยท08. The developed equation is valid for Fd = [0.9 to 2.10] and submerged ratio (S) โ‰ฅ 1.00. Fig. 19 shows the comparison between relative maximum scour depths (ds/h) measured and estimated for different blockage ratios. Fig. 20 clears the comparison between residuals and ds/h estimated for the present study. From these figures, it could be noticed that there is a good agreement between the measured and estimated relative scour depth.

9. Comparison with previous scour equations

Many previous scour formulae have been produced for calculation the maximum scour depth downstream non-blockage culvert. These equations have been included the effect of flow regime, culvert shape, soil properties and the flow rate on maximum scour depth. Two of previous experimental studies data have been chosen to be compared with the present study results in non-blocked study data. Table 2 shows comparison of culvert shape, densmetric Froude number, median particle size and scour equations for these previous studies. By applying the present study data in these studies scour formula as shown in Fig. 21, it could be noticed that there are a good agreement between present formula results and others empirical equations results. Where that Lim [44] and Abt [4] are so closed to the present study data.

Table 2. Comparison of some previous scour formula.

ResearchersFdCulvert shaped50(mm)Proposed equationSubmerged ratio
Present study0.9โ€“2.11square2.75dsh=0.56Fd-0.20B+0.45S-1.051.25โ€“1.75
Lim [44]1โ€“10Circular1.65dsh=0.45Fd0.47
Abt [4]Fd โ‰ฅ 1Circular0.22โ€“7.34-dsh=3.67Fd0.57โˆ—D500.4โˆ—ฯƒ-0.4โ€“

10. Conclusions

The present study has shown that the FLOW 3D model can accurately simulate water surface and the scour hole characteristics downstream the box culvert with error percentage in water depths does not exceed 2.37%. Velocities distribution through and outlets culvert barrel helped on understanding the scour hole shape.

The blockage through culvert had caused of increasing of water surface upstream structure where the upstream water level in B70 was 2.3 of culvert height more than non-blocked case at the same discharge that could be dangerous on the stability of roads above. The depth averaged velocity through culvert barrel increased by 3 times its value in non-blocked case.

On the other hand, blockage through culvert had a limited effect on the maximum scour depth. The little effect of blockage on maximum scour depth could be noticed in Fig. 11. From this Figure, it could be noted that the residual part of culvert barrel after the blockage part had made turbulences. These turbulences caused the deviation of the flow resulting in the formation of asymmetric scour hole on the side of channel. This not only but in B70 the blockage height caused upward jet which made a wide far scour hole as cleared from the results in Table 1.

An empirical equation was developed from the results to estimate the maximum scour depth relative to culvert height function of blockage ratio (B), submerged ratio (S), and densimetric Froude number (Fd). The equation results was compared with some scour formulas at the same densimetric Froude number rang where the present study results was in between the other equations results as shown in Fig. 21.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.

Fig1 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets

3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets

Abstract

The most widely used method of flushing of reservoirs is to remove the deposited sediment through the bottom outlets. The size and shape of gates affect the outflow volume of water, the volume of removed sediments, and flushing efficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the area, number and shape of the bottom outlet gates on the velocity, concentration, and volume of the removed sediments and the dimensions of the flushing cone. Four different shapes with the same area were used for this purpose. Moreover, to study the effect of area and number of gates on flushing efficiency, circular gates with two different diameters were used. In this research, various pressure flushing modes were simulated using the Flow-3D model. Calibration and evaluation of this model were performed based on experimental findings. Results showed the parameters of the Flow-3D measures such as length, width, maximum depth, and flushing cone size with an average error of 3%, which is in good agreement with experimental results. As the area of the outlet gates increases, flushing is less risky in viewpoints of the operation process. Furthermore, the gate with a horizontal-rectangular section has an optimal shape with the highest flushing efficiency.

์ €์ˆ˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นจ์ „๋œ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘ ๋ฐ ์„ธ์ฒ™ ํšจ์œจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์†๋„, ๋†๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์™€ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹ฑ ์ฝ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ถœ๊ตฌ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ฉด์ , ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 4 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹ฑ ํšจ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง๊ฒฝ์˜ ์›ํ˜• ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Flow-3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹ฑ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ณด์ • ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด, ๋„ˆ๋น„, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹ฑ ์ฝ˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ Flow-3D ์ธก์ •์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ท  ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” 3 %๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๊ตฌ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž‘๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹ฑ์ด ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ธ์ฒ™ ํšจ์œจ๋กœ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Keywords

  • Computer model
  • Scouring
  • Flushing
  • Bottom outlet
  • Flow-3D
  • Sedimentation
Fig1 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets
Fig1 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets
Fig2 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets
Fig2 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets
Fig8 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets
Fig8 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets
Fig10 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets
Fig10 3D flow simulation to improve the design and operation of the dam bottom outlets

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FIGURA 4.9. DISTRIBUCIร“N DE PRESIONES SOBRE EL PANEL SUMERGIDO ELABORADO: Jurado โ€“ Oรฑate, 2020

Analysis of Sediment Transport Downstream of Submerged Panels Applying the Flow 3D Program

Jurado Amaluisa, Luis Alfredo
Oรฑate Oรฑate, Veronica Cristina

FLOW-3D ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ํŒจ๋„์˜ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ ๋ถ„์„

์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ f Khaled Hamad์˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ธ Submerged Vanes์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ FLOW 3D ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 3 ์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์†๋„์™€ ์••๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜์ธต์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์นจ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณด์ •๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ณด์ •์€ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋น„์šฉ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ป์–ด ์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ 23 ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋ณด์ • ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์†๋„, ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ ์ „๋‹จ, ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์šด๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์†Œ์‚ฐ ์†๋„, ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ Kolmogorov ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FIGURA 1.2. (ARRIBA) EROSIร“N DE UN BANCO DE SEDIMENTOS POR LA CORRIENTE NATURAL;(ABAJO) MITIGACIร“N DE LA EROSIร“N MEDIANTE LA INSTALACIร“N DE PANELES SUMERGIDOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)
FIGURA 1.2. (ARRIBA) EROSIร“N DE UN BANCO DE SEDIMENTOS POR LA CORRIENTE NATURAL;(ABAJO) MITIGACIร“N DE LA EROSIร“N MEDIANTE LA INSTALACIร“N DE PANELES SUMERGIDOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)
FIGURA 1.3. REDISTRIBUCIร“N DEL FLUJO POR ACCIร“N DE PANELES SUMERGIDOS DENTRO DE UNA SECCIร“N TRANSVERSAL DEL CANAL FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)
FIGURA 1.3. REDISTRIBUCIร“N DEL FLUJO POR ACCIร“N DE PANELES SUMERGIDOS DENTRO DE UNA SECCIร“N TRANSVERSAL DEL CANAL FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)
FIGURA 2.2. BOSQUEJO DE LA CIRCULACIร“N INDUCIDA POR UNA SERIE DE TRES PANELES SUMERGIDOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)
FIGURA 2.2. BOSQUEJO DE LA CIRCULACIร“N INDUCIDA POR UNA SERIE DE TRES PANELES SUMERGIDOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)
FIGURA 2.3. ESQUEMA QUE MUESTRA EL CAMBIO PROVOCADO POR TRES PANELES SUMERGIDOS EN EL PERFIL DE LA CAMA DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)
FIGURA 2.3. ESQUEMA QUE MUESTRA EL CAMBIO PROVOCADO POR TRES PANELES SUMERGIDOS EN EL PERFIL DE LA CAMA DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Odgaard, 2009)
FIGURA 2.4. ESQUEMA DEL TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Sarango, 2013)
FIGURA 2.4. ESQUEMA DEL TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Sarango, 2013)
FIGURA 2.5. FORMAS DEL TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Garcia & Maza, 1996)
FIGURA 2.5. FORMAS DEL TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS FUENTE: (Garcia & Maza, 1996)
FOTOGRAFรA 3.1. VISTA EN PLANTA DEL CANAL FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FOTOGRAFรA 3.1. VISTA EN PLANTA DEL CANAL FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FOTOGRAFรA 3.2. PANEL SUMERGIDO INSTALADO FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FOTOGRAFรA 3.2. PANEL SUMERGIDO INSTALADO FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FOTOGRAFรA 3.3. SISTEMA DE COORDENADAS DEL PANEL SUMERGIDO FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FOTOGRAFรA 3.3. SISTEMA DE COORDENADAS DEL PANEL SUMERGIDO FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FIGURA 4.9. DISTRIBUCIร“N DE PRESIONES SOBRE EL PANEL SUMERGIDO ELABORADO: Jurado โ€“ Oรฑate, 2020
FIGURA 4.9. DISTRIBUCIร“N DE PRESIONES SOBRE EL PANEL SUMERGIDO ELABORADO: Jurado โ€“ Oรฑate, 2020
FOTOGRAFรA 4.1. TOPOGRAFรA FINAL DEL LECHO DE ARENA EN MODELO EXPERIMENTAL FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FOTOGRAFรA 4.1. TOPOGRAFรA FINAL DEL LECHO DE ARENA EN MODELO EXPERIMENTAL FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FIGURA 4.15. TOPOGRAFรA FINAL DEL LECHO DE ARENA TRAZADA EN MATLAB FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)
FIGURA 4.15. TOPOGRAFรA FINAL DEL LECHO DE ARENA TRAZADA EN MATLAB FUENTE: (Hamad, 2015)

TABLA 4.6. TENSIONES DE REYNOLDS TANTO PARA EL MODELO NUMร‰RICO (PRUEBA 23) COMO PARA EL MODELO EXPERIMENTAL PARA LOS PUNTOS DE ESTUDIO
TABLA 4.6. TENSIONES DE REYNOLDS TANTO PARA EL MODELO NUMร‰RICO (PRUEBA 23) COMO PARA EL MODELO EXPERIMENTAL PARA LOS PUNTOS DE ESTUDIO
Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering (JISE)

FLOW-3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค ์—…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ข… ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํšก ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†๋„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

Modeling Longitudinal and Transverse Velocity Profiles Upstream of an Orifice Using the FLOW-3D Model

Authors

1 MS Student, Department of Water Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Water Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

3 shahid chamran university

Abstract

Due to the crisis of water scarcity, water resources management has become inevitable in Iran. Dam reservoirs are among the most important used water resources. Construction of a dam on a river reduces the flow velocity in the reservoir, finally resulting in the deposit of sediments in it. The depositing of sediments in the dam reservoir reduces its useful volume and disturbs the dam’s performance in terms of water storage. Therefore, solutions have always been proposed to manage and discharge sediments in the reservoir during the service period. In this regard, pressurized flushing is a common solution for eliminating sediments. In this method, by opening the bottom gates, the upstream water pressure discharges the sediments through the orifice. The volume of the exited sediments is a function of factors, such as gate diameter, sediments type and size, water height upstream the gate, and outflow discharge. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effect of the mentioned factors on the volume of sediments exited from an orifice. Shahmirzadi et al. (2010) experimentally evaluated the effect of the diameter of bottom dischargers on the dimensions of the flushing cone. Powell and Khan (2015) conducted tests to investigate the flow pattern upstream of a dam orifice under the fixed bed and equilibrium scour (mobile bed) conditions. Their results demonstrated that the velocity’s horizontal component was almost equal for both fixed and equilibrium scour conditions. The same conditions were also the case for the vertical component of the velocity.

Keywords : Flushing, orifice, turbulence model, shear stress

๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ž€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ž์› ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ์œ ์†์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์ด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์— ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์Œ“์ด๋ฉด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฌผ ์ €์žฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋Œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ œ์•ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์•• ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹ฑ์€ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹จ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์—ด๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์••์ด ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์ง๊ฒฝ, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์œ„, ์œ ์ถœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ ๋œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Shahmirzadi et al. (2010)์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์‹ฑ ์ฝ˜์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Powell and Khan (2015)์€ ๊ณ ์ •์ธต ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋Œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ๋™ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ํ‰ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ (์ด๋™ ์ธต) ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์†๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฐ ํ‰ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

A photo of HeMOSU-1.

FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ž์ผ“๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜

Numerical Simulation Test of Scour around Offshore Jacket Structure using FLOW-3D

J Korean Soc Coast Ocean Eng. 2015;27(6):373-381Publication date (electronic) : 2015 December 31doi : https://doi.org/10.9765/KSCOE.2015.27.6.373Dong Hui Ko*Shin Taek Jeong,**Nam Sun Oh****Hae Poong Engineering Inc.**Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wonkwang University***OceanยทPlant Construction Engineering, Mokpo Maritime National University
๊ณ ๋™ํœ˜*, ์ •์‹ ํƒ,**, ์˜ค๋‚จ์„ ***

*(์ฃผ)ํ•ดํ’๊ธฐ์ˆ **์›๊ด‘๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ† ๋ชฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ***๋ชฉํฌํ•ด์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•ด์–‘ยทํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ

Abstract

ํ•ด์ƒํ’๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ํ•ด์ƒ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ๊ตด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ์ค‘์š”์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ตด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ๊ตด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ HeMOSU-1ํ˜ธ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ž์ผ“๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 10,000์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” 1.32 m์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” 1.44 m์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก๊ฐ’์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ฝ 1.5~2.0 m์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.

Keywords ์„ธ๊ตด์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„ํ•ด์ƒ ์ž์ผ“๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผFLOW-3D์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ, scouruni-directional flowbi-directional tidal current flowoffshore jacket substructureFlow-3Dmaximum scour depth

As offshore structures such as offshore wind and offshore platforms have been installed frequently in ocean, scour effects are considered important. To test the scour effect, numerical simulation of scour has been carried out. However, the test was usually conducted under the uni-directional flow without bi-directional current flow in western sea of Korea. Thus, in this paper, numerical simulations of scour around offshore jacket substructure of HeMOSU-1 installed in western sea of Korea are conducted using FLOW-3D. The conditions are uni-directional and bi-directional flow considering tidal current. And these results are compared to measured data. The analysis results for 10,000 sec show that under uni-directional conditions, maximum scour depth was about 1.32 m and under bi-directional conditions, about 1.44 m maximum scour depth occurred around the structure. Meanwhile, about 1.5~2.0 m scour depths occurred in field observation and the result of field test is similar to result under bi-directional conditions.

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒํ’๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ํ•ด์ƒํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์„ค์น˜๋Š” ์œก์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™์  ํ•˜์ค‘์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŒŒ๋ž‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์ง„๋™, ์„ธ๊ตด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ•ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๋ž‘ ๋“ฑ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•ด์ € ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ด์ƒ ์™ธ๋ ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(IEC, 2009).๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•ด์ƒ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์œ ์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์† ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ํ•ด์–‘๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ ์†(downflow), ๋ง๊ตฝํ˜• ์™€๋ฅ˜(horseshoe vortex) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฅ˜ ์™€๋ฅ˜(wake vortex)๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์œ ์†๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜์ƒ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ํ•ด์ € ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ์‹ค์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ตด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด ํ•ด์ƒํ’๋ ฅ ์ง€์ง€๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์ง€๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ์‹ค๋กœ ์ƒ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ํŽธ์‹ฌ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ ์ „๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ตด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ถ€๋“ฑ ์นจํ•˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์ƒํ’๋ ฅ ์ง€์ง€๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๋‹จ๋ฉด๋ ฅ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ธ๊ตด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ•๊ดด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ธ๊ตด์€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ง€์ง€๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ , ์นจํ•˜์™€ ์–•์€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ •, ์„ธ๊ตด ์™„ํ™” ๋Œ€์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. IEC(2009)ABS(2013)BSH(2007)MMAF(2005)์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋“ฑ ์„ธ๊ตด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ DNV(2010)CEM(2006)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์„ธ๊ตด ์‹ฌ๋„ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋“ฑ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์„ธ๊ตด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์‹œ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ธ๊ตด ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ตด์€ ์œ ์†, ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํญ, ํ˜•์ƒ, ํ•ด์ €์ž…์ž ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธ๊ตด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ชจํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜ ๋˜๋Š” CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐ˜ ์นจ์‹ ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์นจ์‹๊ณผ ํ‡ด์  ๋“ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์„ค์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ•ด์ € ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Flowscience์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ Flow-3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํ•ด์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„œ๋‚จํ•ด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—ญ์ด ๋„“๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„œ๋‚จํ•ด์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„, ์ฆ‰ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์„ธ๊ตด ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ์˜์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ ์šฉ์‹œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€์ธต์˜ ์นจ์‹๊ณผ ํ‡ด์ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ € ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์ถฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋œ ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์™•๋ณตํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Kim and Gang(2011)์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์™•๋ณต๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Kim et al.(2012)์€ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์ €ํ•ญ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ด ์ปค์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ๊ตด๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ณ ์ •์œ ์† ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ณ€๋™์œ ์†์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์„ธ๊ตด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ตด ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋‚จํ•ด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด ์˜ˆ์ธก์‹œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.

2. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจํ˜•

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Autodesk์˜ 3D max ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ง€๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ Flowscience๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฒ”์šฉ ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ FLOW-3D(Ver. 11.0.4.5)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง๊ต ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ FAVOR ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(Fractional Area/Volume Obstacle Representation Method)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ํ•œ์ฐจ๋ถ„๋ฒ•์— FAVOR ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์œ ํ•œ์ฒด์ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง๊ต์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„ ์—์„œ ๋น„์••์ถ•์„ฑ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฐ์†๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ ์šด๋™๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” RNG(renormalized group)๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.1 FLOW-3D์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹

์ˆ˜์‹์€ MathML ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‹จ๋ถ€์˜ ์›๋ฌธ๋ฐ”๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2.1.1 ์—ฐ์†๋ฐฉ์ •์‹

์ง๊ต์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„ (x,y,z)์—์„œ ๋น„์••์ถ•์„ฑ ์œ ์ฒด๋Š” ์••์ถ•์„ฑ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์—ฐ์†๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์—์„œ ์œ ๋„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (1)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(1)

โˆ‚โˆ‚x(uAx)+โˆ‚โˆ‚y(vAy)+โˆ‚โˆ‚z(wAz)=RSORฯโˆ‚โˆ‚x(uAx)+โˆ‚โˆ‚y(vAy)+โˆ‚โˆ‚z(wAz)=RSORฯ
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, u, v, w๋Š” (x,y,z) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋ณ„ ์œ ์ฒด์†๋„, Ax, Ay, Az๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋ณ„ ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ๋ฉด์ ๋น„ (Area fraction), ฯ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ๋ฐ€๋„, RSOR์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์„ฑ/์†Œ๋ฉธ(Mass source/sink)ํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค.

2.1.2 ์šด๋™๋ฐฉ์ •์‹

๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹(2)~(4)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(2)

โˆ‚uโˆ‚t+1VF(uAxโˆ‚uโˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚uโˆ‚y+wAzโˆ‚uโˆ‚z)โ€‰โ€‰โ€‰=โˆ’1ฯโˆ‚pโˆ‚x+Gx+fxโˆ’bxโˆ’RSORฯVFuโˆ‚uโˆ‚t+1VF(uAxโˆ‚uโˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚uโˆ‚y+wAzโˆ‚uโˆ‚z)โ€‰โ€‰โ€‰=โˆ’1ฯโˆ‚pโˆ‚x+Gx+fxโˆ’bxโˆ’RSORฯVFu

(3)

โˆ‚vโˆ‚t+1VF(uAxโˆ‚vโˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+wAzโˆ‚vโˆ‚z)โ€‰โ€‰โ€‰=โˆ’1ฯโˆ‚pโˆ‚y+Gy+fyโˆ’byโˆ’RSORฯVFvโˆ‚vโˆ‚t+1VF(uAxโˆ‚vโˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+wAzโˆ‚vโˆ‚z)โ€‰โ€‰โ€‰=โˆ’1ฯโˆ‚pโˆ‚y+Gy+fyโˆ’byโˆ’RSORฯVFv

(4)

โˆ‚wโˆ‚t+1VF(uAxโˆ‚wโˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚wโˆ‚y+wAzโˆ‚wโˆ‚z)โ€‰โ€‰โ€‰=โˆ’1ฯโˆ‚pโˆ‚z+Gz+fzโˆ’bzโˆ’RSORฯVFwโˆ‚wโˆ‚t+1VF(uAxโˆ‚wโˆ‚x+vAyโˆ‚wโˆ‚y+wAzโˆ‚wโˆ‚z)โ€‰โ€‰โ€‰=โˆ’1ฯโˆ‚pโˆ‚z+Gz+fzโˆ’bzโˆ’RSORฯVFw์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, RSOR์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์„ฑ/์†Œ๋ฉธ(Mass source/sink)ํ•ญ, VF๋Š” ์ฒด์ ๋น„ (Volume fraction), p๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ, Gx, Gy, Gz๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋ณ„ ์ฒด์ ๋ ฅํ•ญ, fx, fy, fz๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋ณ„ ์ ์„ฑ๋ ฅํ•ญ, bx, by, bz๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ณต์งˆ ๋งค์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋ณ„ ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์‹ค์ด๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ยต์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์„ฑ๋ ฅํ•ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (5)~(7)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(5)

ฯVffx=wsxโˆ’{โˆ‚โˆ‚x(Axฯ„xx)+Rโˆ‚โˆ‚y(Ayฯ„xy)+โˆ‚โˆ‚z(Azฯ„xz)+ฮถx(Axฯ„xxโˆ’Ayฯ„yy)}ฯVffx=wsxโˆ’{โˆ‚โˆ‚x(Axฯ„xx)+Rโˆ‚โˆ‚y(Ayฯ„xy)+โˆ‚โˆ‚z(Azฯ„xz)+ฮถx(Axฯ„xxโˆ’Ayฯ„yy)}

(6)

ฯVffy=wsyโˆ’{โˆ‚โˆ‚x(Axฯ„xy)+Rโˆ‚โˆ‚y(Ayฯ„yy)+โˆ‚โˆ‚z(Azฯ„yz)+ฮถx(Axฯ„xxโˆ’Ayฯ„xy)}ฯVffy=wsyโˆ’{โˆ‚โˆ‚x(Axฯ„xy)+Rโˆ‚โˆ‚y(Ayฯ„yy)+โˆ‚โˆ‚z(Azฯ„yz)+ฮถx(Axฯ„xxโˆ’Ayฯ„xy)}

(7)

ฯVffz=wszโˆ’{โˆ‚โˆ‚x(Axฯ„xz)+Rโˆ‚โˆ‚y(Ayฯ„yz)+โˆ‚โˆ‚z(Azฯ„zz)+ฮถx(Axฯ„zz)}ฯVffz=wszโˆ’{โˆ‚โˆ‚x(Axฯ„xz)+Rโˆ‚โˆ‚y(Ayฯ„yz)+โˆ‚โˆ‚z(Azฯ„zz)+ฮถx(Axฯ„zz)}์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, wsx, wsy, wsz๋Š” ๋ฒฝ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒฝ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฒฝ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋ฒฝ ๋ฒ•์น™ (law of the wall)์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ (8)~(13)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

(8)

ฯ„xx=โˆ’2ฮผ{โˆ‚uโˆ‚xโˆ’13(โˆ‚uโˆ‚x+Rโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+โˆ‚wโˆ‚z+ฮถux)}ฯ„xx=โˆ’2ฮผ{โˆ‚uโˆ‚xโˆ’13(โˆ‚uโˆ‚x+Rโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+โˆ‚wโˆ‚z+ฮถux)}

(9)

ฯ„yy=โˆ’2ฮผ{Rโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+ฮถuxโˆ’13(โˆ‚uโˆ‚x+Rโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+โˆ‚wโˆ‚z+ฮถux)}ฯ„yy=โˆ’2ฮผ{Rโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+ฮถuxโˆ’13(โˆ‚uโˆ‚x+Rโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+โˆ‚wโˆ‚z+ฮถux)}

(10)

ฯ„zz=โˆ’2ฮผ{Rโˆ‚wโˆ‚yโˆ’13(โˆ‚uโˆ‚x+Rโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+โˆ‚wโˆ‚z+ฮถux)}ฯ„zz=โˆ’2ฮผ{Rโˆ‚wโˆ‚yโˆ’13(โˆ‚uโˆ‚x+Rโˆ‚vโˆ‚y+โˆ‚wโˆ‚z+ฮถux)}

(11)

ฯ„xy=โˆ’ฮผ{โˆ‚vโˆ‚x+Rโˆ‚uโˆ‚yโˆ’ฮถvx}ฯ„xy=โˆ’ฮผ{โˆ‚vโˆ‚x+Rโˆ‚uโˆ‚yโˆ’ฮถvx}

(12)

ฯ„xz=โˆ’ฮผ{โˆ‚uโˆ‚y+โˆ‚wโˆ‚x}ฯ„xz=โˆ’ฮผ{โˆ‚uโˆ‚y+โˆ‚wโˆ‚x}

(13)

ฯ„yz=โˆ’ฮผ{โˆ‚vโˆ‚z+Rโˆ‚wโˆ‚y}ฯ„yz=โˆ’ฮผ{โˆ‚vโˆ‚z+Rโˆ‚wโˆ‚y}

2.1.3 Sediment scour model

Flow-3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” sediment scour model์€ ํ•ด์ €์ž…์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ด์ € ์ž…์ž์˜ ์นจ์‹, ์ด์†ก, ์ „๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ต๋ž€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ƒ ์ด๋™์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

2.1.3.1 The critical Shields parameter

๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ํ•œ๊ณ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜๋ ฅ(the dimensionless critical Shields parameter)์€ Soulsby-Whitehouse ์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (14)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Soulsby, 1997).

(14)

ฮธcr,i=0.31+1.2Rโˆ—i+0.055[1โˆ’exp(โˆ’0.02Rโˆ—i)]ฮธcr,i=0.31+1.2Ri*+0.055[1โˆ’exp(โˆ’0.02Ri*)]์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ์ƒ์ˆ˜, Rโˆ—iRi*๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (15)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(15)

Rโˆ—i=ds,i0.1(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯf)ฯfโˆฅgโˆฅds,iโˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆšฮผfRi*=ds,i0.1(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯf)ฯfโ€–gโ€–ds,iฮผf์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ฯs, i๋Š” ํ•ด์ € ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„, ฯf๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ๋ฐ€๋„, ds, i๋Š” ํ•ด์ €์ž…์ž ์ง๊ฒฝ, g๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ฐ€์†๋„์ด๋‹ค.ํ•œํŽธ, ์•ˆ์‹๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ๊ณ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (16)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(16)

ฮธโ€ฒcr,i=ฮธcr,icosฯˆsinฮฒ+cos2ฮฒtan2ฯˆiโˆ’sin2ฯˆsin2ฮฒโˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆštanฯˆiฮธcr,iโ€ฒ=ฮธcr,icosฯˆsinฮฒ+cos2ฮฒtan2ฯˆiโˆ’sin2ฯˆsin2ฮฒtanฯˆi์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ฮฒ๋Š” ํ•˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ, ฯˆi๋Š” ํ•ด์ €์ž…์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์‹๊ฐ, ฯˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์™€ ํ•ด์ €๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž‡๊ฐ์ด๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ local Shields number๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ, ฯ„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (17)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(17)

ฮธi=ฯ„โˆฅgโˆฅds,i(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯf)ฮธi=ฯ„โ€–gโ€–ds,i(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯf)์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ||g||g ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ฯ„๋Š” ์‹ (8)~(13)์˜ ๋ฒฝ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

2.1.3.2 ๋™๋ฐ˜์ดํ–‰(Entrainment)๊ณผ ํ‡ด์ 

๋‹ค์Œ ์‹์€ ํ•ด์ € ์ง€๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๋ถ€์œ ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ต๋ž€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™๋ฐ˜์ดํ–‰๊ณผ ํ‡ด์  ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ €์ž…์ž์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ดํ–‰ ์†๋„์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (18)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€์œ ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ €์˜ ์–‘์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

(18)

ulift,i=ฮฑinsd0.3โˆ—(ฮธiโˆ’ฮธโ€ฒcr,i)1.5โˆฅgโˆฅds,i(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯf)ฯfโˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆ’โˆšulift,i=ฮฑinsd*0.3(ฮธiโˆ’ฮธcr,iโ€ฒ)1.5โ€–gโ€–ds,i(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯf)ฯf์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ฮฑi๋Š” ๋™๋ฐ˜์ดํ–‰ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ns๋Š” the packed bed interface์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, ยต๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ๋™์ ์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  d*์€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ์ž…์ž ์ง๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (19)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

(19)

dโˆ—=ds,i[ฯf(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯf)โˆฅgโˆฅฮผ2]1/3d*=ds,i[ฯf(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯf)โ€–gโ€–ฮผ2]1/3๋˜ํ•œ ํ‡ด์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์นจ๊ฐ• ์†๋„ ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (20)๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(20)

usettling,i=ฮฝfds,i[(10.362+1.049d3โˆ—)0.5โˆ’10.36]usettling,i=ฮฝfds,i[(10.362+1.049d*3)0.5โˆ’10.36]์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ฮฝf๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์šด๋™์ ์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค.

2.1.3.3 ํ•˜์ƒ์ด๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ(Bedload transport)

ํ•˜์ƒ์ด๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ•ด์ €๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ํญ๋‹น ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฒด์ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (21)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

(21)

ฮฆi=ฮฒi(ฮธiโˆ’ฮธโ€ฒcr,i)1.5ฮฆi=ฮฒi(ฮธiโˆ’ฮธcr,iโ€ฒ)1.5์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ฮฆi๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ํ•˜์ƒ์ด๋™๋ฅ ์ด๋ฉฐ ฮฒi๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 8.0์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค(van Rijn, 1984).๋‹จ์œ„ ํญ๋‹น ์ฒด์  ํ•˜์ƒ์ด๋™๋ฅ , qi๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (22)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(22)

qb,i=fb,iโ€‰ฮฆi[โˆฅgโˆฅ(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯfฯf)d3s,i]1/2qb,i=fb,iโ€‰ฮฆi[โ€–gโ€–(ฯs,iโˆ’ฯfฯf)ds,i3]1/2์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, fb, i๋Š” ํ•ด์ €์ธต์˜ ์ž…์ž๋ณ„ ์ฒด์ ๋ฅ ์ด๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ ํ•˜์ƒ์ด๋™ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (23)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ด์ €๋ฉด์ธต ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(23)

ฮดi=0.3ds,id0.7โˆ—(ฮธiฮธโ€ฒcr,iโˆ’1)0.5ฮดi=0.3ds,id*0.7(ฮธiฮธcr,iโ€ฒโˆ’1)0.5๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ƒ์ด๋™ ์†๋„ ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹ (24)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

(24)

ubedload,i=qb,iฮดifb,iubedload,i=qb,iฮดifb,i

2.2 ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์—ญ ์กฐ๊ฑด

2.2.1 ํ•ด์—ญ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ

๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์€ ์œ„๋„์™€ ์•ˆ๋งˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€์ ์€ Fig. 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f1.gifFig. 1.Iso-water depth contour map in western sea of Korea.

๋ณธ ํ•ด์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•ด์—ญ์€ ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์กฐ์„ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์œ„๋„์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์กฐ์„ํ˜•ํƒœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0.21๋กœ์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ผ์ฃผ์กฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ๋™๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚™์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ 0.7~1 m/s์˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•ด์—ญ์˜ ์‹œ์ถ”์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ €์กฐ๊ฑด์€ 0.0353 mm ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (KORDI, 2011), ์ˆ˜์œ„๋Š” ๋“ฑ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 15 m๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํ•œํŽธ, ํ’ํ™ฉ์ž์› ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์„ธ๋ถ€์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ๊ณต, ์œ ์†, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ ํ•ด์–‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณ„์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ Fig. 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์ƒ๊ธฐ์ƒํƒ‘(HeMOSU-1ํ˜ธ)์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. HeMOSU-1ํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค€ 100 m ๋†’์ด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์€ 100 ํ†ค์˜ ์ž์ผ“๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ 2010๋…„ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” HeMOSU-1ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ œ์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2013๋…„ 7์›”(์„ค์น˜ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 3๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ) ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f2.gifFig. 2.A photo of HeMOSU-1.

2.2.2 ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2 case์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, Case 1์€ 1 m/s์˜ ๊ณ ์ • ์œ ์†์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์ด๋ฉฐ, Case 2๋Š” -1~1 m/s์˜ ์œ ์†๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ (-)๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. Fig. 3์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f3.gifFig. 3.Comparison of current speed conditions.

2.2.3 ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ž

HeMOSU-1ํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํƒ€์›Œ ์ž์ผ“ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ˜•์ƒ์€ Fig. 4, ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ •๋ณด๋Š” Table 1๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด 2,883,000 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง๊ต ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f4.gifFig. 4.3 Dimensional plot of jacket structure.
Table 1.

Grid information of jacket structure

Xmin/Xmax(m)Ymin/Ymax(m)Zmin/Zmax(m)No. of x gridNo. of y gridNo. of z grid
โˆ’100/100โˆ’40/40โˆ’9/2031015560
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ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํ˜•์ƒ์€ Fig. 5์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f5.gifFig. 5.3 dimensional grid of jacket structure.

2.3 ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด

๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ, Case 1์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ ์ž…๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ ์† ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ์ถœ๋ถ€๋Š” outflow ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Case 2์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์ž…๋ถ€์™€ ์œ ์ถœ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์œ ์† ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ž์œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด pressure๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ wall ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์ธก๋ฉด์€ Symmetry ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์นญ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์นญ๋ฉด์— ์ˆ˜์งํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ ์ถœ์ž…์ด ์—†๊ณ  ๋Œ€์นญ๋ฉด์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์œ ๋™์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋ณ„ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ค์Œ Table 2์— ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 2.

Basic information of two scour simulation tests

CaseStructure typeVelocityDirectionAnalysis time
Case 1Jacket1 m/sUnidirectional10,000 sec
Case 2โˆ’1~1 m/sBidirectional
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FLOW-3D๋Š” ์ž์œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ๋™์žฅ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ ํ•ด์„์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์œ ๋™ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์กฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์†์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ•ด์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 1,000์ดˆ์˜ ์œ ๋™ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ›„์— 10,000์ดˆ์˜ sediment scour ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” 1,025 kg/m3์˜ ์ ์„ฑ์œ ์ฒด๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ RNG(renormalized group) ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Go to : Goto

3. ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

3.1 Case 1

๋ณธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” 1 m/s์˜ ์œ ์†์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ํ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ, ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fig. 6์€ X-Z ํ‰๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„์ด๊ณ  Fig. 7์€ X-Y ํ‰๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์† ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ 1 m/s์˜ ์ •์ƒ ์œ ๋™ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f6.gifFig. 6.Current speed distribution in computational domain of case 1 at t = 10,000 sec (Xโ€“Z plane).
jkscoe-27-6-373f7.gifFig. 7.Current speed distribution in computational domain of case 1 at t = 10,000 sec (Xโ€“Y plane).

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ตด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ Fig. 8์— ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์นจ์‹์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์ €์ง€๋ฐ˜์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์ด ์œ ์‹ค๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ›„๋ฉด๋ถ€์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 0.13 m๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‡ด์ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f8.gifFig. 8.Sea-bed elevation change of case 1 at t = 10,000 sec.

์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์ธ Case 1์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” Fig. 9์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 10,000์ดˆ ํ›„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1.32 m์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋’ค์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์นจ์‹์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f9.gifFig. 9.Scour phenomenon around jacket substructure(Case 1).

3.2 Case 2

์„œํ•ด์•ˆ์€ ์กฐ์„ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์ƒํ•ด์—ญ์€ -1~1 m/s์˜ ์œ ์†๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋‹ค์Œ Fig. 10์€ X-Z ํ‰๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„์ด๋ฉฐ Fig. 11์€ X-Y ํ‰๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„์ด๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f10.gifFig. 10.Current speed distribution in computational domain of case 2 at t = 10,000 sec (Xโ€“Z plane).
jkscoe-27-6-373f11.gifFig. 11.Current speed distribution in computational domain of case 2 at t = 10,000 sec (Xโ€“Y plane).

์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์ธ Case 2์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” Fig. 12์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 10,000์ดˆํ›„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1.44 m์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์นจ์‹ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f12.gifFig. 12.Sea-bed elevation change of case 2 at t = 10,000 sec.

Fig. 13์€ 3์ฐจ์› ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f13.gifFig. 13.Scour phenomenon around jacket substructure(Case 2).

3.3 ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด HeMOSU-1ํ˜ธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ํƒ€์›Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ 2013๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.HeMOSU-1ํ˜ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์€ Knudsen sounder 1620๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ Trimble์‚ฌ์˜ DGPS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งค ์ž‘์—…์‹œ Bar-Check๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ŒํŒŒ์†๋„๋Š” 1,500 m/s๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์œ„ ๋ณด์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์„ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ์œ„์น˜์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” DGPS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ UTM ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ•ด๋ฉด์ด ์ •์˜จํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์ธก ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2013๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ 10์‹œ~13์‹œ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์— ๊ตญ๋ฆฝํ•ด์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ์œ„๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์กฐ์œ„ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ Fig. 14๋Š” ์œ„๋„ ์กฐ์œ„ ๊ด€์ธก์†Œ์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ๊ด€์ธก์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ์กฐ์œ„ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ด๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f14.gifFig. 14.Time series of tidal data at Wido (2013.7.1).

2013๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 10์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 1์‹œ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 0.5 m ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Fig. 15์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ƒํƒ‘ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ•ด์—ญ์€ ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  Blanking ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

jkscoe-27-6-373f15.gifFig. 15.Iso-depth contour map around HeMOSU-1.

๋Œ€์ƒ ํ•ด์—ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ -15 m์ด๋‚˜ 4๊ฐœ์˜ Jacket ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ L-3, L-4 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1.5~2.0 m์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, L-4 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ถ๋™, ๋‚™์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, L-4 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์„ธ๊ตดํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์›ํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด ์‹ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.๊ด€์ธก๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1.5~2.0 m์ธ ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ชจ์˜์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋” ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.Go to : Goto

4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ† ์˜

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์ผ“๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ธฐ์ƒํƒ‘ HeMOSU-1 ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตดํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 2013๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € 1 m/s์˜ ์œ ์†์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ -1~1 m/s์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 10,000 ์ดˆ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์„ ๋•Œ 1.32 m, ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 1.44 m์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 1.5~2.0 m๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์–ด ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์™•๋ณต์„ฑ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋” ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Fig. 8์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ›„๋ฉด์— ํ‡ด์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์ €์ž…์ž์˜ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆผ์ด ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์ ธ ํ•ด์ € ์ง€๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆผ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์ด ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝํ•ด์ ธ ์„ธ๊ตด์ด ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ํ˜•์‹ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ตด์„ ์ €๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.Go to : GotoInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (2009). IEC 61400-3: Wind turbines – Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, Edition 1.0, IEC.

๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€์‹๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์‚ฌ์—…์ธ โ€œ์Šน๊ฐ•์‹ ํ•ด์ƒํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜์ง ์ง„์ž์šด๋™ํ˜• 30kW๊ธ‰ ํŒŒ๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ(๊ณผ์ œ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ :20133010071570)โ€์™€ ์ฒจ๋‹จํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์ธ โ€œํ•ด์ƒํ’๋ ฅ ์ง€์ง€๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์ง€์ง€๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ(๊ณผ์ œ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ:20120093)โ€์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.Go to : Goto

References

American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). (2013). Guide for Building and Classing Bottom-Founded Offshore Wind turbine Installations.

API RP 2A WSD. (2005). Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design, API.

Det Norske Veritas (DNV). (2010). OS-J101 Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures.

Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). (2007). Standard. Design of Offshore Wind Turbines.

FLOW SCIENCE. (2014). FLOW-3D Userโ€™s Manual, Version 11.0.4.5.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (2009). IEC 61400-3: Wind turbines – Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, Edition 1.0, IEC.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2007). ISO 19902: Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Fixed Steel Offshore Structures.

Kim, YS, Kang, GO. (2011). Experimental Study on Hydraulic Resistance of Sea Ground Considering Tidal Current Flow, Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers. 23(1):118-125 (in Korean).

Kim, YS, Han, BD, Kang, GO. (2012). Effect of Incidence Angle of Current on the Hydraulic Resistance Capacity of Clayey Soil, Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers. 24(1):26-35 (in Korean).

KORDI. (2011). BSPN64710-2275-2. An Analysis on the Marine Characteristics and Design Supporting for Offshore Wind Power Plant (in Korean).

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. (2005). Harbor and fishery design criteria (in Korean).

Soulsby, R. (1997). Dynamics of marine sands. Thomas Telford Publications, London.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2006). Coastal Engineering Manual, Part II : Coastal Hydrodynamics, Chapter IIโ€“2, Meteorology and Wave Climate.

van Rijn, L. (1984). Sediment transport, Part II:bed load transport, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 110(10):1431-1456.

Figure 1. Sketch map of the port Laozi on Lake Hongze

FLOW-3D software for substantiation the layout of the port water area

ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์•„์›ƒ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ FLOW-3D ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด

B Pan1

  • and N Belyaev2
    1 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
    pan3.b@edu.spbstu.ru

Abstract

๋ฐฉํŒŒ์ œ ์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์—ญ ๋ฐ ์ ‘์•ˆ ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW โ€“ 3D ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด์„ค์ ์ธ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Introduction

ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์„ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์•„์›ƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์—ญ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์—ญ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋กœ, ํŽ˜์–ด์›จ์ด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋™ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค [1, 2].

ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๋ฌผ์€ ํŒŒ๋„, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ถ•์  ๋ฐ ์–ผ์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ, ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๊ธฐ๋™ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ ์  ๋ฐ ํ•˜์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์— ์„ ๋ฐ• ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋„๋ก ํŒŒ๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ํฌํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค [2]. ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋œ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณตํ•™ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ ํญํ’์˜ ํŒŒ๋„ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (๋ชจ๋ธ)์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค [3].

Figure 1. Sketch map of the port Laozi on Lake Hongze
Figure 1. Sketch map of the port Laozi on Lake Hongze
Figure 2. The location of the port entrance on Lake Hongze: a โ€“ variant 1; b โ€“ variant 2; c โ€“ variants 3-5
Figure 2. The location of the port entrance on Lake Hongze: a โ€“ variant 1; b โ€“ variant 2; c โ€“ variants 3-5
Figure 3. Port water area plan
Figure 3. Port water area plan
Figure 4. Modeling of variant 1 with the movement of waves in the port water area
Figure 4. Modeling of variant 1 with the movement of waves in the port water area
Figure 5. Modeling of variant 2: a is prevailing movement of water towards the enclosed water area; b is prevailing reverse movement of water
Figure 5. Modeling of variant 2: a is prevailing movement of water towards the enclosed water area; b is prevailing reverse movement of water
Figure 6. Modeling of variant 3
Figure 6. Modeling of variant 3
Figure 7. Modeling of variant 4
Figure 7. Modeling of variant 4
Figure 8. Modeling of variant 5
Figure 8. Modeling of variant 5
Figure 9. Plan of the port water area with design points
Figure 9. Plan of the port water area with design points
Figure 10. Change in water depth at point A: a โ€“ variant 1; b โ€“ variant 2
Figure 10. Change in water depth at point A: a โ€“ variant 1; b โ€“ variant 2
Figure 11. Change in water depth at point A: a โ€“ variant 3; b โ€“ variant 4; c โ€“ variant 5
Figure 11. Change in water depth at point A: a โ€“ variant 3; b โ€“ variant 4; c โ€“ variant 5
Figure 12. Change in water depth at points A (a) and C (b) for variant 3
Figure 12. Change in water depth at points A (a) and C (b) for variant 3
Figure 13. Change in water depth at points A (a) and B (b) for variant 3
Figure 13. Change in water depth at points A (a) and B (b) for variant 3
Figure 14. Scheme of vessel traffic: a โ€“ variant 3; b โ€“ variant 4
Figure 14. Scheme of vessel traffic: a โ€“ variant 3; b โ€“ variant 4

References
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Figure 2.12: (Top) The sequence in the DISAMATIC process (1)-(5). (Middle) The performed experiments placed on the Mohr circle (I)-(V). (Bottom) The five names of the mechanical behaviours.

Numerical simulation of flow and compression of green sand

Abstract

์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ์ฃผ์กฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์— ์ตœ์ข… ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์ฃผํ˜• (๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜)์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์กฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธˆํ˜• ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” โ€‹โ€‹๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋…น์‚ฌ(์ฃผ๋ฌผ์‚ฌ)์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํ‡ด์ ์„ ํŠน์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์ฃผํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ • ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์ƒท ์ค‘์— ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋กœ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ํ˜ธํผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฒคํ† ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์˜ ์–‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œ ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํž˜์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธˆํ˜• ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์ฑ„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ธˆํ˜•์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•„ ์ฃผ์กฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒคํ† ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์Šต์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒคํ† ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์™€ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์‘์ง‘๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์•Œ๊ฐฑ์ด๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์งœ ๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ธˆํ˜•์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธˆํ˜•์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ถฉ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒŒ๋“œ ์ƒท ์ค‘์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ›„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์••์ฐฉ ๊ณต์ • ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ธˆํ˜•์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ์—ญ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๊ณ ,ํŠน์ • ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒŒ๋“œ ์ƒท ์ค‘์— ๊ธˆํ˜• ์ถฉ์ง„์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด์‚ฐ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (DEM)์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ด์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์˜ ์ž…์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋กค๋ง ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„ ๊ตฌํ˜• ์„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋กค๋ง ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‘์ง‘์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒคํ† ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ƒŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ณต ๊ถค์ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ง ์ „๋‹จ ํ…Œ์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์•ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง ์ „๋‹จ ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ๋Š” DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ •์  ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ธก์ •๋œ ๋†’์ด์—์„œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ๋”๋ฏธ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋†’์ด์—์„œ DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ์ €ํ•ญ ๊ฐ’์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์‘์ง‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ • ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” DISAMATIC ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์ƒŒ๋“œ ์ƒท์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์ฃผํ˜•์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ํ‡ด์ ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ํ‡ด์ ์€ ์บ๋น„ํ‹ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ํ†ตํ’๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์บ๋น„ํ‹ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์—์–ด ๋ฒคํŠธ๋Š” ์ƒŒ๋“œ ์ƒท ์ค‘์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์™€ ์บ๋น„ํ‹ฐ์˜ ์—์–ด ๋ฒคํŠธ ์„ค์ •์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์บ๋น„ํ‹ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ข์€ ํ†ต๋กœ์˜ ์ถฉ์ง„์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์ƒŒ๋“œ ๋ชฐ๋“œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์บ๋น„ํ‹ฐ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒŒ๋“œ ์ƒท์€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํ†ตํ’๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์ „์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ (CFD)๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (DEM)์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ DISAMATIC ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์™€์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ตํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋™์ธต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์œ ๋™ํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋œ Anton Paar Powder Cell์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋™ ์ ๋„๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ƒ์—…์  ์ธก๋ฉด ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์บ๋น„ํ‹ฐ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ƒŒ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋“œ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์–ด ํƒฑํฌ์— ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—์–ด ๋ฒคํŠธ์˜ ์„ค์ •์€ ์บ๋น„ํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ถฉ์ง„์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ธˆํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋œCFD-DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ STAR-CCM +์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ 3D ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์Šค ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ DISAMATIC ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. DISAMATIC ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์ƒŒ๋“œ ์ƒท์€ ๋ง ์ „๋‹จ ํ…Œ์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ์†์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 1.1: The DISAMATIC process: 1. The sand shot. 2. Squeezing the mold. 3. Moving the mold to the chamber front and stripping off the swing plate (SP). 4. Mold close-up where the pressure plate (PP) pushes the mold out of the molding chamber. 5. Stripping off the PP where the PP is stripped from the mold and returns to its starting position in the molding chamber. 6. Closing the molding chamber and repeating a new cycle. The edited figure and text are from [8]
Figure 1.1: The DISAMATIC process: 1. The sand shot. 2. Squeezing the mold. 3. Moving the mold to the chamber front and stripping off the swing plate (SP). 4. Mold close-up where the pressure plate (PP) pushes the mold out of the molding chamber. 5. Stripping off the PP where the PP is stripped from the mold and returns to its starting position in the molding chamber. 6. Closing the molding chamber and repeating a new cycle. The edited figure and text are from [8]
Figure 2.1: The green sand mixture. The figure is from [8]
Figure 2.1: The green sand mixture. The figure is from [8]
Figure 2.2: The size distribution of the green sand applied in the project. The figure is from [9]
Figure 2.2: The size distribution of the green sand applied in the project. The figure is from [9]
Figure 2.3: The wet bridges created in the bentonite from the water make the bentonite
cohesive and thereby the sand grains will stick together. The pictures are from the slides
in [10](http://www.sut.ac.th/engineering/Metal/ru/GREEN20%SAND.pdf).
Figure 2.3: The wet bridges created in the bentonite from the water make the bentonite cohesive and thereby the sand grains will stick together
Figure 2.11: The density as a function of compactability with respect to the number of rammings 1-10. The first ramming starts from the left indicated by the number. The cross placed in the middle shows the average value of the batches with an individual color. The dotted lines are the standard deviations of compactability % as a horizontal line and the standard deviations of density [ kg m3 ] as a vertical line.
Figure 2.11: The density as a function of compactability with respect to the number of rammings 1-10. The first ramming starts from the left indicated by the number. The cross placed in the middle shows the average value of the batches with an individual color. The dotted lines are the standard deviations of compactability % as a horizontal line and the standard deviations of density [ kg m3 ] as a vertical line.
Figure 2.12: (Top) The sequence in the DISAMATIC process (1)-(5). (Middle) The performed experiments placed on the Mohr circle (I)-(V). (Bottom) The five names of the mechanical behaviours.
Figure 2.12: (Top) The sequence in the DISAMATIC process (1)-(5). (Middle) The performed experiments placed on the Mohr circle (I)-(V). (Bottom) The five names of the mechanical behaviours.
Figure 2.13: The high load flow in the DISAMATIC process and the ring shear test placed on the Mohr circle
Figure 2.13: The high load flow in the DISAMATIC process and the ring shear test placed on the Mohr circle
Figure 2.27: (Left side) The low load flow in the DISAMATIC process. (Right side) The performed experiments placed on the Mohr circle.
Figure 2.27: (Left side) The low load flow in the DISAMATIC process. (Right side) The performed experiments placed on the Mohr circle.

Conclusion

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์™€ ์ถฉ์ „์ œ์˜ ๋น„ ์ค‘๋ณต ์ž…์ž ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋ณ€ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‡„ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์ถฉ์ „์ œ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•„๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ข…ํšก๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•„๋Ÿฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋ถ„์œจ ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ๋ฆ„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ 10 % ์ด๋‚ด ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋ถ„์œจ ์ž„๊ณ„ ๊ฐ’์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ง ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Liquid Metal 3D Printing

Liquid Metal 3D Printing

This article was contributed by V.Sukhotskiy1,2, I. H. Karampelas3, G. Garg 1, A. Verma1, M. Tong 1, S. Vader2, Z. Vader2, and E. P. Furlani1
1
University at Buffalo SUNY, 2Vader Systems, 3Flow Science, Inc.

Drop-on-demand ์ž‰ํฌ์ ฏ ์ธ์‡„๋Š” ์ƒ์—… ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž˜ ์ •๋ฆฝ ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์‡„ ๋ฐ ์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ž‰ํฌ์ ฏ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒจํ„ดํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋งค์ฒด, ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค [1, 2]. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ์ž‰ํฌ์ ฏ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ 3D ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ธˆ์† ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ธ์‡„๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค [3, 4]. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ 3D ๊ธˆ์† ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € [6] ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ž ๋น” [7]๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ง€ํ–ฅ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์›์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋œ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ถ„๋ง ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์šฉ์œต์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ์•ž์„œ ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ง‘์•ฝ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” MHD (์ž๊ธฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™) drop-on-demand ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ๋ฐ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์•ก์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์šธ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ 3D ๊ธˆ์† ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” MHD ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ํ—ค๋“œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ Lorentz ํž˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋œ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ • ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ FLOW-3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ก์  ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์—ญํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์•ก์  ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FLOW-3D ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฝ”์ผ์€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽ„์Šค๋˜์–ด ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†์„ ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ํ์‡„ ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ. ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„์žฅ์— ์—ญ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์žํ™ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™์  ๋กœ๋ Œ์ธ  ํž˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํž˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ˜• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค์—์„œ ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ๋ถ„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ถœ๋œ ์•ก์ ์€ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ์‘๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ณ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ 3 ์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ž…์‚ฌ ์•ก์ ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด ์ฆ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธต๋ณ„๋กœ ์ธ์‡„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช… MagnetoJet์œผ๋กœ Vader Systems (www.vadersystems.com)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

MagnetoJet ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์†๋„์™€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ 3D ๊ธˆ์† ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค [8, 9]. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์† ์ž…์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ธ์‡„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

Vader Systems์˜ 3D ์ธ์‡„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋…ธ์ฆ๊ณผ ์†”๋ ˆ๋…ธ์ด๋“œ ์ฝ”์ผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ํ—ค๋“œ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ก์ฒดํ™”๋Š” ๋…ธ์ฆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 100ฮผm ~ 500ฮผm ์ธ ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ƒ‰์‹ ์†”๋ ˆ๋…ธ์ด๋“œ ์ฝ”์ผ์€ ์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋„์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ). ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ํ—ค๋“œ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฑฐ๋™๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ์ถฉ์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ถœ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๊ธฐํ•˜์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ 3D ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‡„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์•ก์  ์ง๊ฒฝ, ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™, ํ† ์ถœ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 50 ฮผm์—์„œ 500 ฮผm๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งง์€ ๋ฒ„์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 5000 Hz๊นŒ์ง€ 40-1000 Hz์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์šธ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Computational Models

ํ”„๋กœํ†  ํƒ€์ž… ์žฅ์น˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ, ์„ฑ๋Šฅ (์˜ˆ : ์•ก์  ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์—ญํ•™, ์•ก์ -๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์•ก์ -๊ธฐ์งˆ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์ œ์ž‘ ์ „์— ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด CFD ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ(CE)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด์™„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„ CE ๋ฐ CFD ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ MHD ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์•ก์  ๋ถ„์ถœ ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์••๋ ฅ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด-์œ ์ฒด CFD ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํŒ์ƒ์˜ ์•ก์  ํŒจํ„ดํ™”, ์œ ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

MHD ๋ถ„์„ ํ›„, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€ ์••๋ ฅ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์  ๋ถ„์ถœ ๋ฐ ์•ก์ -๊ธฐ์งˆ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๊ณผ๋„ ์—ญํ•™์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ FLOW-3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์•ก์  ๋ถ„์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์Šต์œค ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฆฌํ”ผ์Šค ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์œ ์ฒด ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽ„์Šค ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ํŽ„์Šค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์ถœ ๋œ ์•ก ์ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Droplet ์ƒ์„ฑ

MagnetoJet ์ธ์‡„ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์—์„œ, ๋ฐฉ์šธ์€ ์ „์•• ํŽ„์Šค ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 1 – 10m/s ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ์ƒ์˜ ์•ก์ ๋“ค์˜ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹ ๋ฐ ์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” โ€‹โ€‹๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ 3D ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ 3D ๋ชจ์…˜๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ Droplet ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ๊ณผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋ง artifacts๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ž˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ 3D ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” โ€‹โ€‹๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œ ์•ก์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์˜ ์—ด ํ™•์‚ฐ,
  • ํ† ์ถœ๋œ ์•ก์ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ,
  • ์•ก์  ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ฐ
  • ์ด๋ฏธ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ 3D ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ด ํ™•์‚ฐ.

์ด๋“ค ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ธ์‡„๋œ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž‘์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์•ก์ ๋“ค ๋ฐ ์ธต๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์œ ์ฐฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์—ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์œต์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฉ์šธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ด์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋Šฆ์ถค์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์ฐฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ž…์ฒด 3D ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆญ CFD ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†๋ฐฉ์šธ ์‘์ง‘๊ณผ ์‘๊ณ 

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†๋ฐฉ์šธ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†๋ฐฉ์šธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ธต์˜ ๊ธˆ์†๋ฐฉ์šธ ์œ ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์•ก์ฒด ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์šธ์€ 3mm ๋†’์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ด ๋œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฐ• ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์ถฉ๋Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ก์  ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ (100)๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋  ๋•Œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด 973 K์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๊ธฐํŒ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ 943 K.๋„ 3์˜ ์‘๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค 900 K๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์„ ์˜ ์ธ์‡„ ์ค‘์— ์•ก์  ์œ ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œ 50ใŽ›์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 500ใŽ›์—์„œ 400ใŽ›๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ† ์ถœ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” 500Hz์—์„œ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐฉ์šธ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 250ฮผm๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‘๊ณ ๋œ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 350ฮผm ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์„ ์ด ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์˜ˆ: 600K, 700K ๋“ฑ). 3D ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฟจ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์— ์ธ์‡„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ›„์†์ ์ธ ํ‡ด์  ๊ธˆ์† ์ธต๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณต์˜ˆํ’ˆ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์นจ์ „๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ์—ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†์‹ค๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์„ ํƒ์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์šฉ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ธ์‡„ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„ ์ค‘์— ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ์ปค์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์—ด ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ

์œ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ ์ƒ์— ์ธ์‡„๋œ ์ปต ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์ธ์‡„๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 733K (430 ยฐ C)์—์„œ 833K (580 ยฐ C)๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์—ด ํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„์˜ ๋†’์€ ์—ด์ „๋„์œจ์€ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธต๋‚ด ์œ ์ฐฉ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๋ก 

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, Vader System์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„ค์Š˜ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† Drop-on-demand 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœํ†  ํƒ€์ž…์€ ์ž„์˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ 3D ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ์ธต ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํŒจํ„ดํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‡„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 540 ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์†๋„๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋…ธ์ฆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ƒ์—…ํ™”๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰, ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์„ ํƒ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ธ์‡„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ธ์‡„ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๊ณผ๋„ ์—ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์Šค์ปค์Šค ๋™์ž‘๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ์‡„๋œ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

References
[1] Roth, E.A., Xu, T., Das, M., Gregory, C., Hickman, J.J. and Boland, T., โ€œInkjet printing for high-throughput cell patterning,โ€ Biomaterials 25(17), 3707-3715 (2004).

[2] Sirringhaus, H., Kawase, T., Friend, R.H., Shimoda, T., Inbasekaran, M., Wu, W. and Woo, E.P., โ€œHigh-resolution inkjet printing of all-polymer transistor circuits,โ€ Science 290(5499), 2123-2126 (2000).

[3] Tseng, A.A., Lee, M.H. and Zhao, B., โ€œDesign and operation of a droplet deposition system for freeform fabrication of metal parts,โ€ Transactions-American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 123(1), 74-84 (2001).

[4] Suter, M., Weingรคrtner, E. and Wegener, K., โ€œMHD printhead for additive manufacturing of metals,โ€ Procedia CIRP 2, 102-106 (2012).

[5] Loh, L.E., Chua, C.K., Yeong, W.Y., Song, J., Mapar, M., Sing, S.L., Liu, Z.H. and Zhang, D.Q., โ€œNumerical investigation and an effective modelling on the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process with aluminium alloy 6061,โ€ International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 80, 288-300 (2015).

[6] Simchi, A., โ€œDirect laser sintering of metal powders: Mechanism, kinetics and microstructural features,โ€ Materials Science and Engineering: A 428(1), 148-158 (2006).

[7] Murr, L.E., Gaytan, S.M., Ramirez, D.A., Martinez, E., Hernandez, J., Amato, K.N., Shindo, P.W., Medina, F.R. and Wicker, R.B., โ€œMetal fabrication by additive manufacturing using laser and electron beam melting technologies,โ€ Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 28(1), 1-14 (2012).

[8] J. Jang and S. S. Lee, โ€œTheoretical and experimental study of MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) micropump,โ€ Sensors & Actuators: A. Physical, 80(1), 84-89 (2000).

[9] M. Orme and R. F. Smith, โ€œEnhanced aluminum properties by means of precise droplet deposition,โ€ Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 122(3), 484-493, (2000)

Simulation Gallery

Simulation Gallery

Simulation Gallery | ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ FLOW-3D  ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค .

์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ

FLOW-3D AM ์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŒŒ์šฐ๋” ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์œตํ•ฉ, ๋ฐ”์ธ๋” ์ œํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D AM ์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๊ณต์ • ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ง ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์••์ถ•, ์šฉ์œต ํ’€ ์—ญํ•™, L-PBF ๋ฐ DED์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ๋ฐ”์ธ๋” ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง€ ์นจํˆฌ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

Multi-material Laser Powder Bed Fusion | FLOW-3D AM

Micro and meso scale simulations using FLOW-3D AM help us understand the mixing of different materials in the melt pool and the formation of potential defects such as lack of fusion and porosity. In this simulation, the stainless steel and aluminum powders have independently-defined temperature dependent material properties that FLOW-3D AM tracks to accurately capture the melt pool dynamics. Learn more about FLOW-3D AM’s mutiphysics simulation capabilities at https://www.flow3d.com/products/flow3…

Laser Welding Simulation Gallery

FLOW-3D WELD ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์ ‘ ๊ณต์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ • ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ณต์ • ์ œ์–ด๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ, ์—ด ์˜ํ–ฅ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์ ‘ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FLOW-3D WELD ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์—ด์›, ๋ ˆ์ด์ €-์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ, ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„, ์—ด ์ „๋‹ฌ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ, ์‘๊ณ , ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์œ„์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Keyhole welding simulation | FLOW-3D WELD

๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ

FLOW-3D ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ†ต๋กœ, ๋Œ ํŒŒ์†, ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ, ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์•• ์‚ฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์–ด๋ฅ˜ ํ†ต๋กœ, ์ˆ˜๋‘ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํก์ž…๊ตฌ, ํฌ ์ด๋ฒ ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ…Œ์ผ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ํ๋ฆ„์„์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์„ธ ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์  ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž…์„ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ธˆ์† ์ฃผ์กฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ

FLOW-3D CAST  ์—๋Š” ์บ์ŠคํŒ…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” lost foam casting, non-Newtonian fluids, and die cycling์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D CAST ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์—”์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

HPDC |Comparison of slow shot profiles and entrained air during a filling simulation |FLOW-3D CAST

Shown is a video comparing two slow shot profiles. The graphs highlight the shot profiles through time and the difference in entrained air between the slow shots. Note the lack of air entrained in shot sleeve with calculated shot profile which yields a much better controlled flow within the shot sleeve.

Coastal & Maritime Applications | FLOW-3D

FLOW-3D๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ• ์„ค๊ณ„, ์Šฌ๋กœ์‹ฑ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚ด๋ฏน์Šค, ํŒŒ๋™ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์–‘ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ FLOW-3D๋Š” ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํญํ’๊ณผ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ํ™์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ™์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์†์ƒ ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 11: Computational 3D snapshots of droplet impact on a sphere; W e = 26.14, Re = 42.48, density ratio=328, contact angle=76โ—ฆ, Bo = 0.0908.

Application of a high density ratio lattice-Boltzmann model for the droplet impingement on flat and spherical surfaces

ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ฐ ๊ตฌํ˜• ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์•ก์  ์ถฉ๋Œ์„์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋น„์œจ ๊ฒฉ์ž-๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ ์šฉ

Duo Zhang1,2, K. Papadikis1โˆ—, Sai Gu1
1Xiโ€™an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, No. 111 Renโ€™ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education
Town, Suzhou, China 215123.
2The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, United Kingdom.
Tel: 0086-512-88161752
Email: Konstantinos.Papadikis@xjtlu.edu.cn
โˆ—Corresponding author

ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” 3 ์ฐจ์› ๊ฒฉ์ž Boltzmann ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ํ‰๋ฉด ๋ฐ ๊ตฌํ˜• ํƒ€๊ฒŸ์— ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Weber ๋ฐ Reynolds ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šด๋™ ํ•™์ , ํ™•์‚ฐ, ์ด์™„ ๋ฐ ํ‰ํ˜• ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์  ์ถฉ๋Œ์˜ 4 ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ก์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๊ตฌํ˜• ํƒ€๊ฒŸ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ€๊ฒŸ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์—ญํ•™์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์œ„์ƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‚™ํ•˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์œ„์ƒ, ๊ด€์„ฑ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์œ„์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ ๋„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ก์  ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋Œ€ ๋“œ๋กญ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋น„์œจ์ด ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ๋ฆ„ ์—ญํ•™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ๋•…์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋น—๋ฐฉ์šธ, ์ž‰ํฌ์ ฏ ์ธ์‡„, ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ, ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด ํŽ˜์ธํŒ… ๋ฐ ์ฝ”ํŒ…, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด, ์—ฐ์†Œ์‹ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด, ๊ณ ์ •์‹ ์ด‰๋งค ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋“œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ฑ„๋„ [1]. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์˜ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Rein [2]์€์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Rioboo ๋“ฑ [3]์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฑด์‹ ๋ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚™ํ•˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์˜ 6 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฆ‰ ํ‡ด์ , ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์Šคํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ์Šคํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ, ํ›„ํ‡ด ์ดํƒˆ, ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐ˜๋™ ๋ฐ ์™„์ „ ๋ฐ˜๋™์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Keywords: Multiphase flow, Lattice Boltzmann, high-density-ratio, droplet impact, spread
factor, film thickness

Figure 2: Computational snapshots of the droplet impact on a flat surface; W e = 52, Re = 41, density ratio=240, contact angle=96โ—ฆ .
Figure 2: Computational snapshots of the droplet impact on a flat surface; W e = 52, Re = 41, density ratio=240, contact angle=96โ—ฆ .
Figure 6: Time evolution of the spread factor for Oh = 0.177.
Figure 6: Time evolution of the spread factor for Oh = 0.177.
Figure 11: Computational 3D snapshots of droplet impact on a sphere; W e = 26.14, Re = 42.48, density ratio=328, contact angle=76โ—ฆ, Bo = 0.0908.
Figure 11: Computational 3D snapshots of droplet impact on a sphere; W e = 26.14, Re = 42.48, density ratio=328, contact angle=76โ—ฆ, Bo = 0.0908.
Table 2: Summary of the simulation parameters for the cases of droplet impact onto a sphere.
Table 2: Summary of the simulation parameters for the cases of droplet impact onto a sphere.

References

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์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์„ ์ด ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •

FLOW-3D Output variables(์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜)

Output variables(์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜)

FLOW-3D์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์œ„์ ฏ์— ์ •์˜๋œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ณ„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” FLOW-3D์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D Additional output
FLOW-3D Additional output

Distance Traveled by Fluid(์œ ์ฒด๋กœ ์ด๋™ ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ)

๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • โ€ฃ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์œ„์ ฏ์—์„œ ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฆ„ ์˜์—ญ(๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด)์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ฆ„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์œ„์ ฏ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ โ€œDistance traveled by fluidโ€ ์˜†์˜ ์ฒดํฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

 ๋…ธํŠธ

์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์„น์…˜์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์œ„์ ฏ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์œ ์ฒด ๋„์ฐฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„

์œ ์ฒด ๋„์ฐฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ์กฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ž… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์€ ์ถฉ์ „ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ๋น„์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์…€์ด ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๊ณ , ํ›„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์œ„์ ฏ๊ณผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์„น์…˜ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ ์ฒด ๋„์ฐฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ™•์ธ๋ž€์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 ๋…ธํŠธ

์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์˜ต์…˜์€ 1 ์œ ์ฒด ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ๋ฆ„์—๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์œ ์ฒด ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„

๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ โ€ฃ Output โ€ฃ Additional Output โ€ฃ Fluid residence time ํ™•์ธ๋ž€์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ S๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋œ ์ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์†ก ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์†Œ์Šค ํ•ญ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ Solve๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์œ ์ฒด ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„(Fluid residence time)
์œ ์ฒด ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„(Fluid residence time)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ t๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ u๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ์†๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

S์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ S์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์€ 0์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ second order์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์˜ต์…˜์€ 1 ์œ ์ฒด ๋ฐ 2 ์œ ์ฒด ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 ๋…ธํŠธ

๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค์—์„œ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์™€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋  ๋•Œ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Wall Contact Time

๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ์ ‘์ด‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ (1)๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์œ ์ฒด ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ (2)ํŠน์ • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ฒด์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์†์ด ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์˜ค์—ผ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” proxy ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ์ตœ์ข… ์ฃผ์กฐ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์ด‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์€, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์— ์ž ๊ธด ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ์€ Model Setup โ€ฃ Output โ€ฃ Wall contact time ๋ฐ•์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Model Setup โ€ฃ Output โ€ฃ Geometry Data section์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” Contact time flag๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด

Wall Contact Time with Fluid and Component Properties: Contact Time with Fluid for more information on the input variables๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

 ๋…ธํŠธ

์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ณ ์ฒด, ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๋งค์ฒด, ์ฝ”์–ด ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์ „ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์ด‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์œ ์ฒด # 1๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2. ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
2. ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ

Component wetted are

Fluid 1๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜์—ญ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Model Setup โ€ฃ Output โ€ฃ Geometry Data โ€ฃ Wetted area ์˜ต์…˜์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ History Data๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ํž˜๊ณผ ํ† ํฌ

Forces

Model Setup โ€ฃ Output โ€ฃ Geometry Data โ€ฃ Forces ์˜ต์…˜์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ, ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ, ํƒ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฒฝ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์„ History Data์— ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์…€(์ฆ‰, ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์…€)์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฐ ์…€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ ์˜์—ญ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์ž‘์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์…€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์••๋ ฅ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฌดํšจ ์••๋ ฅ์ธ PVOID๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„ค์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š”, ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” Reference pressure is code calculated ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ด๋™ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทœ์ •๋œ/์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ํž˜์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Torques

Model Setup โ€ฃ Output โ€ฃ Force ์˜ต์…˜์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ํ† ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  History Data์— ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ํฌ๋Š” ํž˜-๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์  X, ํž˜-๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์  Y, ์ •์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํž˜-๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ž…๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์  Z์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€์ •๋œ ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์กฐ์ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์›์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

General Moving Objects์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ† ํฌ๋Š” (1) 6-DOF ๋™์ž‘์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„์น˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋˜๋Š” (2)๊ณ ์ •์ถ• ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ •์  ํšŒ์ „์˜ ํšŒ์ „ ์ถ•/์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํž˜์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๊ทœ์ •๋œ/์ œํ•œ๋œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ† ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ํ† ํฌ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 ๋…ธํŠธ

ํž˜ ๋ฐ ํ† ํฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฐ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํž˜/ํ† ํฌ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ (์˜ˆ: ์••๋ ฅ, ์ „๋‹จ, ํƒ„์„ฑ, ๋ฒฝ ์ ‘์ฐฉ) ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ/ํ† ํฌ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Buoyancy center and metacentric height (๋ถ€๋ ฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋†’์ด)

์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ด๋™ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ€๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • Setup ์ถœ๋ ฅ โ€ฃ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ โ€ฃ ๋ถ€๋ ฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๋„๋Ÿ‰ํ˜• ๋†’์ด ์˜ต์…˜์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ History Data์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  1. Advanced

FLOW-3D Advanced Output Option
FLOW-3D Advanced Output Option

Fluid vorticity & Q-criterion(์œ ์ฒด ์™€๋™ ๋ฐ Q ๊ธฐ์ค€)

์™€๋™๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์™€๋™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Q-criterion์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด Model Setup โ€ฃ Output โ€ฃ Advanced ํƒญ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ™•์ธ๋ž€์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ฒด ์™€๋™ & Q-criterion์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ:

:  ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ

 Q-criterion์€ ์†๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ ํ…์„œ์˜ 2์ฐจ ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์œ ์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์™€๋ฅ˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์™€๋ฅ˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์™€๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Hydraulic Data and Total Hydraulic Head 3D

Hydraulic Data

๊นŠ์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์œ ์•• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถœ๋ ฅ โ€ฃ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ํ›„ ์œ ์•• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์˜†์˜ ํ™•์ธ๋ž€์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค(์‹ฌ์ธต ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ -Z ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •).

์ด ์˜ต์…˜์€ FLOW-3D๊ฐ€ ์œ ์•• ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์œ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์ด ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • Flow depth
  • Maximum flow depth
  • Free surface elevation
  • Velocity
  • Offset velocity
  • Froude number
  • Specific hydraulic head
  • Total hydraulic head

์ด ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ’ ์ด ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  (x, y) ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ง ์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์…€์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์ด ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊นŠ์ด ํ‰๊ท ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— z ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค). ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—,  ๊นŠ์ด ํ‰๊ท  ์†๋„, z- ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ  ์˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€์†๋„, ์œ ์ฒด ๊นŠ์ด, ๋ฐ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ ๋‚ด ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ z- ์ขŒํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์˜ ๋งจ ์œ„ ์œ ์ฒด ์š”์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ z-์ขŒํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • The Froude number ์€   

์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์œ ์ฒด ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” ๊นŠ์ด ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠน์ • ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ 

๋ฐ ์ด ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ

๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.  

 ๋…ธํŠธ

  • ๊นŠ์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์œ ์•• ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์˜ต์…˜์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ์Œ์˜ z ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋งŒ ์œ ์ฒด 1์— ์œ ํšจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์œ ๋…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์žฌ์ˆœํ™˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ๋Š” ํ—ค๋“œ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Total Hydraulic Head 3D(์ด ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ 3D)

๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ 3D ์˜ต์…˜์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ (3D) ์†๋„ ํ•„๋“œ, ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ์•• ์—๋„ˆ์ง€(๋ฐฐํ”Œ ์ฐธ์กฐ) ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ฒด 1์˜ ์ด ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3D ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ(์ฆ‰, ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์œ ์ฒด ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ) ์›ํ†ต ์ขŒํ‘œ์™€ ํ˜ธํ™˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 ๋…ธํŠธ

  • ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์œ ๋…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์žฌ์ˆœํ™˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ๋Š” ํ—ค๋“œ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • 3D ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ํŒŒ์ผ์— ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ •์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 1๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Flux-averaged hydraulic head

ํŠน์ • ์œ„์น˜ (์ฆ‰, ๋ฐฐํ”Œ)์˜ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Flux-averaged hydraulic head
Flux-averaged hydraulic head

์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์„ ์ด ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์žฌ์ˆœํ™˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (์˜ˆ: ์•„๋ž˜์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด) ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์„ ์ด ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •




์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์„ ์ด ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •

์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ๋Š” ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D์—๋Š” History Probes, Flux surface, Sampling Volumes์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธก์ • ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • ์„น์…˜์— ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ธก์ • ์žฅ์น˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํŽธ์ง‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ flsgrf ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์— ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Analyze โ€ฃ Probe ํƒญ์—์„œ Probe Plots์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • ์„น์…˜์— ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๊ธฐ๋ก ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ History Probe์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ FSI/TSE๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์‘๋ ฅ/์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฒด ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ˜•์ƒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋œ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰(์˜ˆ: ๋ฒฝ ์˜จ๋„)๋งŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ ์ขŒํ‘œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–‘์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ณด๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ถœ๋ ฅ

ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • ์„น์…˜์— ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ฐธ์กฐ). ๊ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • Volume flow rate for fluid #1
  • Volume flow rate for fluid #2 (for two-fluid problems only)
  • Combined volume flow rate (for two-fluid problems only)
  • Total mass flow rate
  • Flux surface area wetted by fluid #1
  • Flux-averaged hydraulic head when 3D Hydraulic Head is requested from additional output options
  • Hydraulic energy flow when hydraulic data output is requested
  • Total number of particles of each defined species in each particle class crossing flux surface when the particle model is active
  • Flow rate for all active and passive scalars this includes scalar quantities associated with active physical models (eg. suspended sediment, air entrainment, ect.)

 ๋…ธํŠธ

  • ์œ ์†๊ณผ ์ž…์ž์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์œ ๋™ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ๋ฆ„์ด๋‚˜ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์Œ์—์„œ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจํ•  ๋•Œ ์–‘์˜ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๊ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ž…์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์…€์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์œ ์•• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ด ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ 3D ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์œ ๋…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์žฌ์ˆœํ™˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์•• ํ—ค๋“œ๋Š” ํ—ค๋“œ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ์ถœ๋ ฅ

์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” 3 ์ฐจ์› ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์˜์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • ์„น์…˜์— ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ๊ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์ฑ„์ทจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ด์—์„œ #1 ์œ ์ฒด ์ด๋Ÿ‰
  • ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์ฑ„์ทจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋‚ด #1 ์œ ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘์‹ฌ
  • ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์šฉ์  ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์šฉ์  ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์˜ ์›์ ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์œ ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ.
  • ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์šฉ์  ๋‚ด ์ด ์Šค์นผ๋ผ ์ข…๋Ÿ‰: ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ์ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์Šค์นผ๋ผ ์–‘์ด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์šฉ์  ๋‚ด์˜ ์ด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ’์ด ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ž…์ž ์ˆ˜: ๊ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ž…์ž ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์˜ ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฐ ์ข…๋ณ„ ์ž…์ž ์ˆ˜(์ž…์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)
  • ์šด๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์†Œ์‹ค์œจ ๋ฐ ์™€๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‰๊ท 
  • ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ฒด์ ์˜ 6๊ฐœ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด ์œ ์†: ์œ ์ฒด ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜, ์œ ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์ „๋„ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด/๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ์—ด ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ขŒํ‘œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์—ด ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค๋„ ์–‘์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ํ™•์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋””๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋””๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ fsplt์— ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D ๋ฐTruVOF๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋“ฑ๋ก ์ƒํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 5. 3D view of scour under square tide conditions (every 300 s).

์กฐ์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ์—์„œ scour CFD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

CFD simulation of local scour in complex piers under tidal flow

J. A. Vasquez1,2, and B. W. Walsh1,3
1 Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, 30 Gostick Place, North Vancouver, BC, Canada,
V7M 3G3; PH (604) 980-6011; FAX (604) 980-9264;
2 email: JVasquez@nhc-van.com
3 email: BWalsh@nhc-van.com

ABSTRACT

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉ CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) ๋ชจ๋ธ Flow-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ scour์˜ ์งˆ์  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• piles ์บก๊ณผ 10 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• piles๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‘์—์„œ scour ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Flow-3D๋Š” piles ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌํ˜„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ˜ ํ•˜์—์„œ 3- piles ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ scour ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—๋ณด๊ณ  ๋œ ์ธก์ •์น˜์™€ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ Flow-3D๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ์„์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์•• ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

INTRODUCTION

์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ฐด์ฟ ๋ฒ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํ”ผํŠธ ๊ฐ• ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„ค ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ณ  300m์—์„œ 1000m ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฐ ๊ต๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ง€์›๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ€์ด์Šจ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”ํผ ๋Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๋ง๋š ์œ„์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ต๊ฐ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋–  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ง€์„ ์—์„œ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ๋ง๋š์„ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด์–ด ์ง€์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ง๋š ์ƒ๋‹จ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๋ง๋š ์บก์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ง๋š ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํž˜์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. piles ์บก์˜ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋‹จ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ € ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ๋ชจ๋“  ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

piles ์บก์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ piles์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์•„์›ƒ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ณต์žก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋กœ์ปฌ scour ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ • ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ๊ต๊ฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1์€ 6 ๊ฐํ˜• ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋œ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ piles ์œ„์— ์•„๋ น ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ piles ์บก์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ต๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋‘์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ ๊ณตํ•™ (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2) ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ 10 ๊ฐœ์˜ piles ์œ„์— ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๋์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• piles ์บก์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ”ผํŠธ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ต๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋‘. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ์—์„œ scour์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, HEC-18 ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ (Richardson and Davis 2001)์€ ๊ต๊ฐ ์Šคํ…œ, piles ์บก ๋ฐ piles ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ scour ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด scour ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ง๋š ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ํญ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง๋š์˜ ํˆฌ์˜๋œ ํญ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ง๋š์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ๋ง๋š ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ํ–‰ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Ataie-Ashtiani์™€ Beheshti (2006)๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ scour (piles ์บก์ด ์—†๋Š”)์—์„œ piles ๊ทธ๋ฃนํ™”์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๋ง๋š์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ scour ๊นŠ์ด๊ฐ€ 50 % ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ ๋ค ๋ฐฐ์—ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ฉด piles์˜ scour์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฉด ์ฐจํ piles์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๋ง๋š ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ S๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋š ์ง๊ฒฝ D์˜ 4 ๋ฐฐ (S/D> 4)๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋ฉด scour ์ฆํญ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์‹์€ piles์ด ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์•„์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1๊ณผ 2์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ต๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํŠนํžˆ ํ”ผํŠธ ๊ฐ•์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 1. Example of bridge pier with dumbbell-shaped pile cap and hexagonal pile layout, showing also scour hole measured in a physical model.

๊ต๊ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์„ scour์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ scour๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Escarameia (1998)๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, ์กฐ์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ, ๊ต๊ฐ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์ „์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹จ์ผ ์›ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๊ต๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ scour์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ scour์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ถ€ scour ๊นŠ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์„ธ ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋“œ ํผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ‰ํ˜• scour ๊นŠ์ด ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๋ง‘์€ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๋ฏธ). ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๊ต๊ฐ์˜ scour ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๊ต๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 10 ~ 14 % ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๊ต๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ต๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ scour ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ต๊ฐ์ด ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

May and Escarameia (2002)๋Š” ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ์กฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ scour์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ง‘์€ ๋ฌผ scour์—์„œ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํ˜• scour์ด ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ๋™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” scour๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ฒ ๋“œ scour์—์„œ ํ‰ํ˜• ๊นŠ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ scour ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์–ธ๋•์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ฐ’์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Margheritini et al. (2006) ์€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ (์‚ด์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ๋ง๋š ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ scour ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ํ‰ํ˜• scour์€ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ scour ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์€ ๋Œ€์นญ์ด๋ฉฐ ์›ํ˜• ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ scour ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ scour ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ต๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋กœ์ปฌ scour๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

3 ์ฐจ์› (3D) ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ๋ง๋š์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ scour์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ scour์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ๋ฅ˜ ํ•˜์˜ ๋ง๋š ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๋Š” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ 3D ์ „์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ (CFD) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‘์™€ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ์—ญ์ „ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ 3 ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ scour์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

NUMERICAL MODELING OF PIER SCOUR

Olsen๊ณผ Melaan (1993)์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž‘์—… ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ 3D ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ๋ถ€๋‘์—์„œ ๊ตญ์†Œ scour์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (Roulund et al. 2005์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์ฐธ์กฐ). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ์—์„œ 3D scour ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ๊ณก์„  ํ˜• ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋งž์ถค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋กœ์ปฌ scour ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ํฐ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‰ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ฃผ ์‚ฐํƒ€ํŽ˜์˜ Flow Science์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ Flow-3D์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Flow-3D๋Š” ์œ ์•• ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ƒ์šฉ CFD ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์ง๊ต ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์…€์ด ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” FAVOR (fractional area/volume method)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด (์˜ˆ: ์ˆ˜์•• ์ ํ”„, ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์ž์œ  ์ œํŠธ)์€ VOF (Volume-of-Fluid) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Flow-3D๋Š” Brethour (2001)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…๋œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ scour์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ  ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์— ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋ง‘์€ ๋ฌผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‘์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ scour ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‘๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 51.5m, ๋„ˆ๋น„ 12.5m, ๋‘๊ป˜ 6.7m์˜ ๋์ด ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ผ ์บก์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ผ ์บก ์•„๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 2.4m ์ธ 3 ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน (U & D)์€ ํŒŒ์ผ ์บก์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ๋์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 4 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ 1.8m ํŒŒ์ผ (C)์€ ์ค‘์•™ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŒŒ์ผ ์บก์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์€ ์นจ๋Œ€ ์œ„ ์•ฝ 13m์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 115m, ๋„ˆ๋น„ 50m, ๋†’์ด 22m์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ท ์ผ ํ•œ ์…€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 0.5m (46,176 ์…€)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ 15.8m, ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์œ ์† 1.5m/s, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํฌ๊ธฐ 0.35mm์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Flow-3D๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ scour์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ 1 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ scour ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋งŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ง๋š ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ S/D๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ Flow3D ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Ataie-Ashtiani์™€ Beheshti (2006)๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ง๋š ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ C ๋ง๋š์ด 2 ์Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์™ผ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ง์ด์—ˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ์Œ์˜ ๋ง๋š ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (C1-C2 ๋ฐ C3-C4, S/D = 4); ํŒŒ์ผ C1 (C2)์€ scour (S/D = 2.3)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ C3 (C4)๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ์ผ ์บก์˜ ์–‘์ชฝ ๋์— ์žˆ๋Š” 3 ๊ฐœ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน U ๋ฐ D์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ณต ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด 3 ๊ฐœ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (S/D = 0.9). ๋˜ํ•œ 3- ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน U๋Š” ๋” ์ž‘์€ ํŒŒ์ผ C๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (S/D> 5).

Figure 2. Initial scour development computed by Flow-3D in complex pier.

์ตœ๋Œ€ ํ‰ํ˜• scour ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‘์—์„œ ๋ง๋š๊ณผ ๋ง๋š ์บก ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ป์€ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์€ scour ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ scour ๋Œ€์ฑ…์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

MODELING TIDAL SCOUR OF PILE GROUP

์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ง๋š ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Flow-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ •์„ฑ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ „์ฒด ๊ต๊ฐ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์ƒํ™”๋œ 3- piles ๊ทธ๋ฃน (piles ์บก ์—†์Œ)์ด ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›ํ†ตํ˜• piles์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์€ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ S / D = 0.95๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜• ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ๋œ 2m์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์…€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 0.5m์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” piles ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  3D ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์ • ์„ฑ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ Flow-3D์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 40m, ๋„ˆ๋น„ 16m, ๋†’์ด 6.5m์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…๊ตฌ / ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 10m๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

3 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ง๋š์ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ 0.75mm์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์€ 2.5m์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์†์˜ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฐ˜์ „์€ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ ์กฐ์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3). ์ œ๊ณฑ ์กฐ๋Š” Escarameia (1998)์™€ Margheritini et al. (2006). ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ํ”ผํฌ (2m / s)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 3. idealized tidal velocity used for numerical simulations.

900 ์ดˆ์—์„œ ์ฑ„๋„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ๋กœ๋กœ ๋œ ๋ฒ ๋“œ ํ”„๋กœpiles์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ณก์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ์ œ๊ณฑ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 300 ์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ผ๋ จ์˜ 3D ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ scour์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 4. Computed centerline bed profiles after 900 s for unidirectional flow (left) and sinusoidal tide (right).

Figure 5. 3D view of scour under square tide conditions (every 300 s).
Figure 5. 3D view of scour under square tide conditions (every 300 s).
Figure 6. Temporal evolution of maximum scour depth under steady and tidal flow conditions (grid resolution is 0.5 m)
Figure 6. Temporal evolution of maximum scour depth under steady and tidal
flow conditions (grid resolution is 0.5 m)

๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ scour๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์€ ๋”๋ฏธ ๋’ค์— ์ถ•์ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4). ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ˜์ „์€ ์ด์ „ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋œ scour hole์„ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. scour์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์ง„ํ™” (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6)๋Š” Margheritini et al.์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(2006). ์กฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์กฐ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์—ญ์ „๋˜๋ฉด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ผ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Flow-3D๋Š” Escarameia (1998)์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๋ง‘์€ ๋ฌผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์„ ์ •์ฐฐ์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ •์ฐฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์นœ 0.5m ๋ฉ”์‹œ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ scour ๊ฐ์†Œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ‰ํ˜• scour ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ํ• ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

CONCLUSION

Flow-3D๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋งž์ถค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ œํ•œ์—†์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋กœ์ปฌ scour์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ CFD ์ƒ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํฐ piles ์บก๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ piles๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‘์— ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ Flow-3D๋Š” piles ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Flow-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง‘์€ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ 3- piles ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ • ์„ฑ์  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†๋„์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ˜์ „์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ scour ๊นŠ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ Flow-3D ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ œํ•œ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํ‰ํ˜• ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์›๋ณธ ๋งํฌ : CFD simulation of local scour in complex piers under tidal flow

๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ : https://flow3d.co.kr/scouring-knowledge/

REFERENCES

Ataie-Ashtiani, B. and Beheshti, A.A. (2006). โ€œExperimental investigation of clearwater local scour at pile groupsโ€. J. Hyd. Eng., ASCE, 132(10), 1100-1104.
Brethour, J. M. (2001). Transient 3-D model for lifting, transporting and depositing
solid material. 2001 International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics,
Tempe, Arizona (http://flow3d.info/pdfs/tp/wat_env_tp/FloSci-Bib28-01.pdf).
Escarameia, M. (1998). Laboratory investigation of scour around large structures in
tidal waters. Conf. Basics of Sediment Transport and Scouring. HR
Wallingford (http://kfki.baw.de/conferences/ICHE/1998-Cottbus/55.pdf).
May, R.W.P. and Escarameia, M. (2002). Local scour around structures in tidal flows.
First International Conference on Scour Foundations, Texas A&M University.
Margheritini, L., Martinelli, L., Lamberti, A. and Frigaard, P. (2006). Erosione
indotta da onde e correnti di marea attorno a pali di grande diametro. XXX
Convegni di Idraulica e Construzioni Idrauliche, Rome, September 2006
(http://www.idra2006.it/referee/files/L356.pdf).

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2025R1

FLOW-3D HYDRO

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2025R1
FLOW-3D HYDRO 2025R1

FLOW-3Dย HYDROย 2025R1ย ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2025R1์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด์‚ฐ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(DEM) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž…์ž-์ž…์ž ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ผ๊ทธ๋ž‘์ง€์•ˆ ์ž…์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—๋Š” ์•”์„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฆฝ๋žฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ž์—ฐ ์ฑ„๋„ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋‚˜ ์ฑ„๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์•”์„์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•๋‘‘ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Simulation image of river bank showing new DEM model
FLOW-3D HYRO์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋‘‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€

์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฟ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ๋น—๋ฌผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Simulation of a stormwater separator
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด DEM ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น—๋ฌผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ

์ฐธ๊ณ : ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ํ† ํฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย 

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2024R1 ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2024R1์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„(์˜ˆ: UTM)์— ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„(์˜ˆ: BIM ์ขŒํ‘œ)์— ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ขŒํ‘œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(์ผ๋ช… ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ขŒํ‘œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•จ)์˜ ๋„์ž…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ขŒํ‘œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์™€ Revit ๊ณต์œ  ์ขŒํ‘œ ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜๋™ ์ขŒํ‘œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Site coordinate system
๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„(๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ถ•)๊ฐ€
์ •์˜๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ UTM ์ขŒํ‘œ(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ฐธ์กฐ)๋กœ
์ •์˜๋œ LandXML ํŒŒ์ผ

FLOW-3D HYDRO์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ LandXML๊ณผ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜• ๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ EXODUS II ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŒŒ์ผ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ ์ „์ฒด ์ง€ํ˜•/์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ์ธก์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Land XML support
๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•(์™ผ์ชฝ)๊ณผ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ). ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์˜์—ญ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋“ค ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2023R2 ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹

FLOW-3D POST 2023R2๋Š” EXODUS II ํ˜•์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—(ํ‰๊ท  ์ตœ๋Œ€ 5๋ฐฐ!) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋„๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D POST 2023R2 ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ flsgrf  ๋˜๋Š” EXODUS II ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด EXODUS II ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์€ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜ธํ™˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ ๋ฐ FEA ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ FLOW-3D HYDRO ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์›Œํฌํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„์˜ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์‹ฑ, ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

ํ˜ผ์ž… ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜
FLOW-3D POST ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด EXODUS II ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์—์„œ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .

์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์€ hydr3d ์†”๋ฒ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ flsgrf ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ์ž‘์—… ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์†๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์†๋„์™€ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

FLOW-3D POST ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š” .

๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ์„ 

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2023R2๋Š” 2๋ฐฉ์ •์‹(RANS) ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ธต๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ • ์ œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ œํ•œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋™์  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜) ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋” ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ ‘์ด‰์‹ ํƒฑํฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜
์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณ ์ • ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ด‰ ํƒฑํฌ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋™์  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋™์  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๊ต

์ •์ˆ˜์•• ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜๋œ ์œ ์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ •์ˆ˜์••์„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์ •์ˆ˜์•• ์†”๋ฒ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋А๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D HYDRO 2023R2๋Š” ์ •์ˆ˜์•• ์†”๋ฒ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 6๋ฐฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์ง€ํ˜• ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ง€์›

GeoTIFF ์ง€์›

2023R2 ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ FLOW-3D HYDRO๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ GeoTIFF(.tif) ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” GeoTIFF ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

GeoTIFF ๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์˜ˆ
FLOW-3D HYDRO ์—์„œ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง๋œ GeoTIFF(.tif) ๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์˜ˆ

LandXML ์ง€์›

์ธก๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ TIN ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ LandXML(.xml) ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ง€ํ˜• ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D HYDRO 2023R2๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ LandXML ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ

๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ผ์€ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์—์„œ ๋„“์€ ์ง€ํ˜• ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ 3D ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋А๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” 3D ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2023R1 ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

FLOW-3D ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ œํ’ˆ์€ 2023R1์—์„œ IT ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐœ์„  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2023R1์€ ์ด์ œ Windows 11 ๋ฐ RHEL 8์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Linux ์„ค์น˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฃจํŠธ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์›Œํฌํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™ํ™”ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž…๋ ฅ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ช…๋ น์ค„ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„ ์›Œํฌํ”Œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ

๋‚œ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ๋ฆ„์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธก๋ฉด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋„, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ Smagorinsky ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์ œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2022R2 ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2022R2 ์ถœ์‹œ๋กœ Flow Science๋Š” FLOW-3D HYDRO ์˜ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๊ณผ HPC ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋…ธ๋“œ CPU ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋…ธ๋“œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์†”๋ฒ„ ์—”์ง„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์‹คํ–‰. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์†”๋ฒ„

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” FLOW-3D ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋‹จ์ผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์†”๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋งˆ์ด๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์ด๋‚˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋” ํฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2022R2 ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์†”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ HPC ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์˜ OpenMP/MPI ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌํ™”์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ด์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ์˜ˆ
์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” CPU ์ฝ”์–ด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ์˜ˆ
๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ๋ถ„ํ•ด - 2์†Œ์ผ“ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜
2์†Œ์ผ“ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ OpenMP/MPI ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์˜ ์˜ˆ

๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ์†Œ์ผ“ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜

๋‹ค์ค‘ ์†Œ์ผ“ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์€ ์ด์ œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์†”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ HPC ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ OpenMP/MPI ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฃจํ‹ด์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค

๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ 10~20% ์ •๋„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š” 20%๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ์ด์ ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ •์ œ๋œ ์ฒด์  ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ•œ๊ณ„

์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ œํ•œ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, 2022R2์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ œํ•œ์ธ 3D ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ œํ•œ์„ ์ˆซ์ž ์œ„์ ฏ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ(cx, cy ๋˜๋Š” cz ์ œํ•œ) ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒˆ ์˜ต์…˜์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์†๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ 30% ์ •๋„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์••๋ ฅ ์†”๋ฒ„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ปจ๋””์…”๋„ˆ

๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ ์†”๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2022R2์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด FLOW-3D๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์ „ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์••๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์„ ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„์€ 1.9์—์„œ 335๊นŒ์ง€ ๋” ๋นจ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!

์ ํƒ„์„ฑ ์œ ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ ํ…์„œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

์ ํƒ„์„ฑ ์œ ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†”๋ฒ„ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๋†’์€ Weissenberg ์ˆ˜์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D HYDRO ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์„ 

FLOW-3D HYDRO 2022R2 ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ์„  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water)์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ž…๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •๊ฒฉ ๊ณก์„  ์™„ํ™” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†๋„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ
์ž…๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์˜ˆ

ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

๋””ํ“จ์ € ๋ฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐํฌ ํ๋ฆ„ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์ œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋™๋ฐ˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์กด ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’์ด ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋””ํ“จ์ € ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์˜ˆ
๋””ํ“จ์ € ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์˜ˆ: ์ด์ œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D HYDRO ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

LOW-3D HYDRO 2022R1 ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

FLOW-3D HYDRO ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ์š”

์ตœ๊ทผ FLOW Science, Inc์—์„œ๋Š” ํ† ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์‚ฐ์—…์„์œ„ํ•œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ธ FLOW-3D HYDRO ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด FLOW-3D ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ์•• ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ๊ด€ํ–‰์— CFD ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์•„๋ž˜ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
์—ฐ๋ฝ์ฒ˜ : 02-2026-0442
์ด๋ฉ”์ผ : flow3d@stikorea.co.kr

FLOW-3D HYDRO ๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 3D ๋น„ ์œ ์•• ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์†Œํ˜• ๋Œ / ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™, ๋ณต์žกํ•œ 3D ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™, ์—ด ๋ถ€๋ ฅ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

FLOW-3D HYDRO์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ „์ฒด 3D ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D HYDRO  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ํŠนํ™”๋œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ

FLOW-3D HYDRO ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค . ์ž‘์—… ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ์†์„ฑ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋“œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž‘์—… ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์€ 7 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํด๋ž˜์Šค์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด โ€“ TruVOF (๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’)
  • ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž…
  • ์—ด ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ
  • ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก
  • ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water)
  • ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด โ€“ 2 ์œ ์ฒด VOF
  • ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์—†์Œ

์‚ฌ์ „๋กœ๋“œ ๋œ ์˜ˆ์ œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

FLOW-3D HYDRO ์˜ 40 ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „๋กœ๋“œ ๋œ ๋ฌผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์˜ˆ์ œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„์œ„ํ•œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „๋กœ๋“œ ๋œ ์˜ˆ์ œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋Ÿฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๋กœ๋“œ๋งต๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ด์ „๋‹ค์Œ

๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŠœํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ผ

๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ž์Šต์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D HYDRO ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŠœํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ :

  • ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„์œ„ํ•œ AZ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก
  • “์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•”์ •๋ณด
  • ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ์œ„ํ•œ ํŒ
  • CAD / GIS ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ฐ ํ›„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ์ผ

๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์†”๋ฒ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

Tailings Model

์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด Tailings Model์€ tailings dam failure๋กœ ์ธํ•œ tailings runout์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. tailings์ •์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ธต ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ž…์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋œ tailings ๋Œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water), 3D ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ 3D / ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–•์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์ธต tailings์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ฉ”์‹œ์— 2 ์ธต Herschel-Bulkley ์ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ

  • ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ž…์ž ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ž…์ž ๊ด‘๋ฏธ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„์œ„ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ
  • ์นจ์ „, ํŒจํ‚น ๋ฐ ์ž…์ž ์ข…์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ Tailings  ์ˆ˜์†ก
  • ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ์œ„ํ•œ 2 ์ธต Herschel-Bulkley ์ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ
  • 3D, ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water), 3D / ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹
  • Multi-layer, variable composition tailings for general definition of tailings dam construction

Shallow Water

FLOW-3D HYDRO ์˜ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ 3D ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ฉ”์‹œ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ  ํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์••๋ ฅ ์†”๋ฒ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋‹จ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ˜•์— ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” Strickler, Chezy, Nikuradse, Colebrook-White, Haaland ๋ฐ Ramette ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Two-Fluid VOF Model

sharp ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—†๋Š” ์••์ถ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์••์ถ•์„ฑ 2 ์œ ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ 1 ์œ ์ฒด ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ FLOW-3D ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์‚ฌ์‹ค, sharp ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” TruVOF ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์šฉ CFD ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์—์„œ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” 2- ํ•„๋“œ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์˜ค์ผ / ๋ฌผ, ์•ก์ฒด / ์ฆ๊ธฐ, ๋ฌผ / ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ 2 ์ƒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D HYDRO ๋Š” 2- ์œ ์ฒด ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์กด ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์•ก์ฒด / ๊ธฐ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์กด์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์••์ถ•์„ฑ ํ•ญ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ ๋œ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๊ฐ’์€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ 2 ์œ ์ฒด ์••๋ ฅ ์†”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒคํ”„ํŠธ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์•• ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋‘ FLOW-3D HYDRO ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ์ ์‹œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋งˆํ•˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์••์ถ•์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ฐ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ

๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… FLOW-3D HYDRO

์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์›Œํฌ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋žฉํ†ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ™”์งˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ CPU ์ฝ”์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด์ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D CLOUD ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„๊ณผ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜

TRANSPORTATION HYDRAULICS
SMALL DAMS AND DIVERSIONS
RIVER HYDRAULICS
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION
OUTFALLS EFFLUENTS
THERMAL PLUMES BUOYANT FLOWS

Case Studies

Advances in Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing

Advances in Magnetohydrodynamic Liquid Metal Jet Printing

Scott Vader1, Zachary Vader1, Ioannis H. Karampelas2 and Edward P. Furlani2, 3
1Vader Systems, Buffalo, NY
2Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3 Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
University at Buffalo SUNY, NY 14260, Office: (716) 645-1194, Fax: (716) 645-3822, efurlani@buffalo.edu

ABSTRACT

์ž๊ธฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™์  ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ์ œํŠธ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ 3D ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• DOD(Drop-on-Demand) ์ธ์‡„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธˆ์† ์™€์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‡„ ํ—ค๋“œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํŽ„์Šค ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ ์šฉ๋œ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์— ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์ƒ ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚ด์— ์ž๊ธฐ ์œ ์••(MHD) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์••๋ ฅ ํŽ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์† ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ฆ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋™๋œ ํ›„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ถ„์ถœ๋œ ๊ธˆ์† ์œ„์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง„ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ ๋‹น ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž ์‹œ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๊ธฐ์งˆ์— ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋กญ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 3D ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ MHD ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ์น˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Computational model of magnetohydrodynamic-based drop generation
Computational model of magnetohydrodynamic-based drop generation (printhead reservoir and ejection chamber
not shown): (a) the magnetic field generated by a pulsed coil is shown

INTRODUCTION

์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• ๋“œ๋กญ์˜จ ์ž‰ํฌ์ ฏ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์€ ์ƒ์—… ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์žฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ธ์‡„ ๋ฐ ์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Early stage prototype of a single nozzle printhead
Early stage prototype of a single nozzle printhead

๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ž‰ํฌ์ ฏ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒจํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋งค์ฒด, ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‰ํฌ์ ฏ ์ธ์‡„๋ฅผ 3D ๊ธˆ์† ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜„์žฌ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ 3D ๊ธˆ์† ์ธ์‡„ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์ €(์˜ˆ: ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์†Œ๊ฑฐ [1] ๋ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ธˆ์† ์†Œ๊ฑฐ[2]) ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ž ๋น”(์˜ˆ: ์ „์ž ๋น” ์šฉํ•ด [3])๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…น๋Š” ํ‡ด์  ๊ธˆ์† ๋ถ„๋ง์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ณต์ •์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ๋ถ„์‡„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์œ ์•• ์—ญํ•™ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์Šคํ’€๋ง๋œ ๊ณ ์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ์™€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์‡„ ํ—ค๋“œ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ์ฆ์—์„œ ์—…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ์˜ˆ์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ฆ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด ์•ก์ฒด ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋„ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽ„์Šค ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋œ ํ•„๋“œ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๋กœ๋ Œ์ธ  ํž˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ธ๊ฐ€๋œ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์šฉ์œต ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ๋‚ด์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐฉ์šธ์€ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋œ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์— ํˆฌ์˜๋˜์–ด ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3D ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‡„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ์นจ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‘๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ๋งํ•œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ, ๋†’์€ ์ œ์กฐ์œจ ๋ฐ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ์ธต ์ œ์กฐ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 3D ์ธ์‡„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ธ์‡„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋“œ๋กญ ์ƒ์„ฑ-๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์‡„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Moving Boundaries: An Eulerian Approach

Moving Boundaries: An Eulerian Approach

๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ, ์œ ์ฒด ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ณ ์ • ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”์‹ฑ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ ์ ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณ ์ • ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ ์ฒด ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค, ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ, ์‘๊ณ  ๋œ ์œ ์ฒด ๋ฐ ํƒ„์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ด๋™์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฒด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์ด๋™์€ VOF (Volume-of-Fluid) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์…€์—์„œ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์–‘์ด ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์นจ์‹ ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ ์€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ์ธ ์นจ์‹ ์†๋„๋Š” ํŒจํ‚น ๋œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ / ์œ ์ฒด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ์ธ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ์ฐฉ์€ Stokes ์œ ๋™ ๊ทผ์‚ฌ์น˜๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Emptying of gravure cell (same cell dimensions as filling case); a
three-dimensional perspective is shown. The transfer roll surface
(block at top) is moving away from the gravure roll at 0.5m/s. The
static contact of the fluid with all surfaces is 30ยฐ. The elapsed time
is 150

์ถฉ์ง„ ์ธต ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋†๋„์™€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ํฌ์žฅ ๋ถ„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์œต ๊ธˆ์†์€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น™์  ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ตณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‘๊ณ  ๋œ “์œ ์ฒด”๋Š” ๋™๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์œต์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์œ ์†์˜ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํƒ„์„ฑ ์‘๋ ฅ์€ ์‘๊ณ  ๋œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ / ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” VOF ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณ ์ • ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‚ด์˜ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๊ท ํ˜•์— ํƒ„์„ฑ ์‘๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๊ณ  ๋œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งค์šฐ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ์ฒด์™€ ๊ณต๊ทน ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์—ญํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ค‘์— ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ค‘์— ์ƒˆ ๋ฉ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ํ›„์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. VOF (Vol-of-fluid) ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ์ด ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

<์›๋ฌธ๋ณด๊ธฐ> Moving-Boundaries-an-Eularian-Approach.pdf

์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์˜ ์ดํ•ด(Contact Line Insights)

์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์˜ ์ดํ•ด(Contact Line Insights)

FLOW-3D๋Š” ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด์žˆ๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‚ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ํ๋ฆ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ ๋ณผ๋ › ํ˜•์„ฑ(rivulet formation), ํ•‘๊ฑฐ๋ง(fingering), ์ฆ๋ฐœ, ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„  ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ํก์ˆ˜์™€ย  ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์  ๋ฐ ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ FLOW-3D์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์ •์  ๋ฐ ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ(Static and Dynamic Contact Angles)

FLOW-3D๋Š” ์ •์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํž˜์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์บก์ฒ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์ •์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์ด ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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ํก์ˆ˜(Absorption)

์ข…์ด ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์•ก ์ ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ํก์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ „์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ FLOW-3D๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ์ธต์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ, ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์ฒด ์ „๋ฉด์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์•„๋ž˜์˜ FLOW-3D ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ, ๋‚™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 40 ๋ฏธํฌ๋ก ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ์†๋„๋Š” 300 cm / s์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ด์ด๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ด 30 % ์ธ 20 ๋ฏธํฌ๋ก  ๋‘๊ป˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์•ก์ฒด ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•‘๊ฑฐ๋ง(Fingering in Liquid Films)

FLOW-3D์—์„œ ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์€ ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹์ง€์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”์—†์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ ์ฒด์—์„œ ์œ ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™์  ํž˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์€ ์•ก์ฒด-๊ณ ์ฒด ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์„ ํŠน์„ฑํ™” ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์•ก์ฒด ์‹œํŠธ์˜ ํ•‘๊ฑฐ๋ง. ์™ผ์ชฝ์€ 0 ยฐ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ 70 ยฐ

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ํž˜์˜ ์ ์šฉ์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ํ•„๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋œ ํ•‘๊ฑฐ๋ง์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ํ•‘๊ฑฐ๋ง ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ •์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ(์ฆ‰, ์Šต์œค ์กฐ๊ฑด)์ด๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ•˜ํ•œ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์๊ธฐํ˜• ํ•‘๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ํฐ ์ •์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ(์ฆ‰, ์Šต์œค ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์—ด์•…ํ•จ)์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ํญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธด ํ•‘๊ฑฐ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์€ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์ฆ๋ฐœ ํšจ๊ณผ(Evaporative Effects)

ํ‡ด์ (Deposit)

๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋œ ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ก ์ ์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋  ๋•Œ, ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚จ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ์‡„ ๊ณต์ •, ์ฒญ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๊ณต์ •์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—Ž์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ง„ ์ปคํ”ผ ํŒจ์น˜์˜ ๋‘˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ง ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” “์ปคํ”ผ ๋ง” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ง ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์€ ์•ก์ฒด์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋™ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚™ํ•˜ ๋‘˜๋ ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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๊ฑด์กฐ(Drying)

FLOW-3D์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ์•ก์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„ ํ†จ๋ฃจ์—”์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋œ ๋ฌผ์˜ 3Dํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (30 ๋ฐฐ ํ™•๋Œ€)

๊ฑด์กฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑด์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ๋„ํฌ ๋œ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ทจ์†Œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์กฐ ์ค‘์— ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์งˆ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋‚ด ์œ ๋™์„ ์œ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฝ”ํŒ… ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ดด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ’ ๋น„์‹ผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹คํ—˜์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ง ํ˜•์„ฑ(Modeling Ring Formation)

์ฆ๋ฐœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋œ ํ๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜

์œ—์ชฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ FLOW-3D๋Š” ์ฆ๋ฐœ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—์ง€ ํ”ผ๋‹(edge pinning)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๋ฐœ์€ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ด ์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์ƒ‰์ƒ์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„). ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์ „๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์ด‰์„  ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค์„œ, ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ์ •์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์žฌ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ํ˜„ํƒ ๋œ ๊ณ ์ฒด์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์ฐธ๊ณ 
[1] Deegan, R., Bakajin, O., Dupont, T. et al. Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops, Nature 389, 827โ€“829 (1997).

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FLOW-3D What’s New Ver.12.0

FLOW-3D v12๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค (GUI)์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ •์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์›Œํฌ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ Immersed Boundary Method(์นจ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)์€ย FLOW-3Dย v12 ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์นจ๊ฐ• ๋ชจ๋ธ, 2-Fluid 2-Temperature ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ Steady State Accelerator๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Physical and Numerical Model

Immersed boundary method

ํž˜๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ƒˆ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค FLOW-3D v12์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ ์ŠคํŠธ ์…€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ Immersed Boundary Method (IBM)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย IBM์€ ๋‚ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ๋ฆ„ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ฒฝ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์•ค ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ํž˜์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํž˜๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†์‹ค์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณตํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Two-field temperature for the two-fluid model

2 ์œ ์ฒด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฐ ์œ ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์œ ์ฒด๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ž์ฒด ์˜จ๋„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์—ด ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ์ด์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‘œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

Sludge settling model

์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์ •์ฐฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํƒฑํฌ์™€ ํด๋ž˜๋ฆฌํผ์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜• ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ์—ญํ•™์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นจ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ƒ์˜ ์•ก์  ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์ธ ๋“œ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ-ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์นจ์ „ ์†๋„๋Š” ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋†๋„์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋…ธํŠธ ์ฝ๊ธฐ

Steady-state accelerator for free surface flows

์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์ƒํƒœ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ง„ํญ ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‡ ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ๋ฆ„์—๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋…ธํŠธ ์ฝ๊ธฐ

Void particles

Void particles ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํฌ ๋ฐ ์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Void particles๋Š” ๋ถ•๊ดด ๋œ Void ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ฒด์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐํฌ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์œ ์ฒด ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Sediment scour model

ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋ฐ ์นจ์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋น„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ข…์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณด์กด์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋…ธํŠธ ์ฝ๊ธฐ>

Outflow pressure boundary condition

๊ณ ์ • ์••๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ‘์œ ์ถœ’์˜ต์…˜์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ถœ ์••๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๊ณ ์ • ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์† ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Moving particle sources

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ค‘์— ์ž…์ž ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์ง„ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์ „ ์†๋„๋Š” ํ‘œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…์ž ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ์šด๋™์€ ์†Œ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ๋œ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์†๋„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Variable center of gravity

๊ธฐ๋ณ€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ์ค‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ด€ ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๋กœ์„œ ์ •์˜ ๋  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ์ผ“๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž… ๋ชจ๋ธ

๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž… ๋ชจ๋ธ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์œ ์ฒด ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํก์ž…๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ณด์กด๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Tracer diffusion

์œ ๋™ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ถ”์  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์‹ค์ œ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค.

Model Setup

Simulation units

์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธธ์ด ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋„ ์ง€์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์„ค์ •์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด FLOW-3D ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ”์šฉ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Shallow water model

Manningโ€™s roughness in shallow water model

Manning์˜ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ˜• ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํ•จ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋งค๋‹ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ž˜์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Mesh generation

ํ•˜๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ขŒํ‘œ์˜ ์ •์˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ ์„ค์ •์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Component transformations

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ํšŒ์ „, ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์„ค์ • ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GMO (General Moving Object) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ ์ถ•๊ณผ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜๋„๋ก ์‹ ์ฒด์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Changing the number of threads at runtime

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ค‘์— ์†”๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ์˜ต์…˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ƒ์ž์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒœ์Šคํฌ์— ์ž์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Probe-controlled heat sources

ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์ƒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ heat sources๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋กœ ์—ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ์ œ์–ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Time-dependent temperature at sources     

์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ / ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์ฒด ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์ด์ œ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ์ž…๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ •์˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Emissivity coefficients

๊ณต๊ทน์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ ์—ด ์ „๋‹ฌ์„์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์œจ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์œจ๊ณผ ์Šคํ…ŒํŒ-๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘ ์ •์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ž๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์†”๋ฒ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Output

  • ๋“ฑ์† ํ•„๋“œ ์†”๋ฒ„ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
  • ๋ฒฝ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง€์˜ค๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ํ† ํฌ ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฒฝ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ด๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”์ฒญ ๋  ๋•Œ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „๋‹จ ์†๋„ ๋ฐ y +๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ž๋™ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
  • ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž… ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์…€์—์„œ ํ˜ผ์ž… ๋œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒด์  ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์ž… ๋ฐ ํƒˆ์„ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์ด ๋‘ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์†”๋ฒ„์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŒŒ์ผ flsgrf ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๋ณด ๊ณ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • 2 ์œ ์ฒด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ์œ ์ฒด ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์œ ์ฒด # 1 ๋ฐ # 2์™€ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ ์ข…์˜ ์ด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์™€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜์–ด ์ž…์ž ์ข… ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฏธ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํƒฑํฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ๊ฐ€์Šค ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์˜ต์…˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์–‘์€ ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์…€์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฐ„๊ทน ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์—ด ๋ฒ„๋ธ” ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

New Customizable Source Routines

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ์Šค ๋ฃจํ‹ด์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์†Œ์Šค ๋ฃจํ‹ด ์ด๋ฆ„์„ค๋ช…
cav_prod_cal์บ๋น„ ํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์†๋„
sldg_uset์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์ •์ฐฉ ์†๋„
phchg_mass_flux์ฆ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‘์ถ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ๋ฆ„
flhtccl์œ ์ฒด#1๊ณผ#2์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ด ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜
dsize_cal2์ƒ ์œ ๋™์—์„œ์˜ ๋™์  ๋‚™ํ•˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋ฐ ์ดํƒˆ์œจ
elstc_custom.์ ํƒ„์„ฑ ์œ ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์†Œ์Šค ์šฉ์–ด

Brand New User Interface

FLOW-3D์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ž‘์—… ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ํƒ€์ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Dock widgets ์„ค์ •

Physics, Fluids, Mesh ๋ฐ FAVOR โ„ข๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ค์ • ์ž‘์—…์ด ํ˜•์ƒ ์ฐฝ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ dock widgets์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ •์„ ๋‹จ์ผ ํƒญ์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถ• ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ์„ค์ • ํƒญ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

New Model Setup icons
With our new Model Setup design comes new icons, representing each step of the setup process.
New Physics icons
Our Physics icons are designed to be easily differentiated from one another at a glance, while providing clear visual representation of each modelโ€™s purpose and use.

RSS feed

์ƒˆ RSS ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ FLOW-3D v12.0 ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ํƒญ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . FLOW-3D ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ Flow Science์˜ ์ตœ์‹  ๋‰ด์Šค, ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ฐ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Configurable simulation monitor

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3Dv12.0์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก Simulation Manager์˜ ํ”Œ๋กœํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•  ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ตœ์†Œ/์ตœ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ฒด ์˜จ๋„
  • ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„
  • ์œ ๋™ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰
  • ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ง„๋‹จ(์˜ˆ:์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ•œ๊ณ„)
Runtime plots of the flow rate at the gates of the large dam / Large dam with flux surfaces at the gates

Conforming mesh visualization

์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด FAVOR โ„ข ๋… ์œ„์ ฏ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ๋ธ”๋ก์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .

Large raster and STL data

๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํฐ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ง€์˜ค๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ FLOW-3D๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๋‹จ์—†๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ์ž‘์—… ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Sediment Transport Model

Sediment Transport Model

Sediment Transport Model

FLOW-3D์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์ด์†ก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ฐ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 3์ฐจ์› ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ตด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Flow-3D์˜ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์œ ์ฒด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋†€์ฆˆ-ํ‰๊ท ํ™”๋œ Navier-Stokes ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™์  ์†”๋ฒ„๋Š” ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๊ณผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ ๋น„์ ‘์ฐฉ ํ† ์–‘์˜ ๋ถ€์œ ์‹ ์นจ์‹, ์ธํฌํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ฐ ์นจ์‹์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(Wei et al., 2014). ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ๋“œ, ์ธํฌํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฐฉ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์ข…(๊ณก๋ฌผ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ€๋„, ์ž„๊ณ„ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„)์„ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D๋Š” ์งง์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ™๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ์Šค์ฟ ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3Dโ€˜s Sediment Transport model can be used to evaluate scour and deposition, where three-dimensional flow components are driving the scouring process. FLOW-3Dโ€™s hydrodynamic model solves the full unsteady non-hydrostatic Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations that describe the flow physics. The hydrodynamic solver is fully coupled with a sediment transport module that simulates bedload and suspended sediment transport, entrainment and erosion for non-cohesive soils (Wei et al., 2014). All empirical relationships used in bedload, entrainment and settling processes are fully customizable, and up to 10 different sediment species (with different properties such as grain size, mass density and critical shear stress) can be defined. FLOW-3D is ideal for simulating local scour over short episodic time scales.

Modeling Capabilities
– Unsteady 3D mobile bed modeling
– Bedload and suspended sediment transport
– Non-cohesive sediment
– 10 individual grain size fractions
– Suspended sediment settling and entrainment
– Critical angle of repose
Applications
– River and coastal morphodynamics
– Bridge pier and abutment scour
– Local scour at hydraulic structures
– Sedimentation basins
– Reservoir flushing

Sediment Transport Model

Sentral Transport ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 8.0 ๋ฒ„์ „(Brethour, 2009๋…„)์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 11.1 ๋ฒ„์ „(Wei et al., 2014๋…„), ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” 12.0 ๋ฒ„์ „(Flow Science, 2019๋…„)์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆซ์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋žต๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The Sediment Transport model was first introduced in version 8.0 (Brethour, 2009), and has gone through extensive revisions in version 11.1 (Wei et al., 2014), and most recently in version 12.0 (Flow Science, 2019). A schematic of the physical processes simulated in the numerical model is illustrated below.

The different processes modeled by the Sediment Transport Model.

์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์€ ํฌ์žฅ๋œ Bed๋กœ์„œ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์žฅ๋œ Bed๋Š” PRIPTโ„ข ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„(Hirt ๋ฐ Sicilian, 1985)์— ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ฐ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์šฉํ•ด๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์žฅ๋œ Bed์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณด์กด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ขŒ์šฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

In the numerical model, sediment can exist as packed bed and in a suspended state. A packed bed is an erodible solid object that is represented using the FAVORโ„ข technique for complex solid boundaries (Hirt and Sicilian, 1985). This is the same method used to represent solid objects in the hydrodynamic solver. The morphological change in the packed bed is governed by the conservation of sediment mass.

ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์—๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ๋“œ ์šด์†ก, ์ธํฌํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ๋“œ ์ด์†ก์€ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์ด ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธํฌํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ๋ž€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์—๋””๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ‚น ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ƒ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์žฅ์ด๋ž€ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜„์ˆ˜๋ง‰์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ํฌ์žฅ๋œ ์นจ๋Œ€์— ํ‡ด์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํฌ์žฅ๋œ ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The morphological changes are governed by several different physical processes that are represented numerically in the model. These processes include bedload transport, entrainment and deposition. Bedload transport is the physical process of sediment moving laterally along the channel without being carried into suspension. Entrainment is the process by which turbulent eddies remove the grains from the top of the packed bed and transition to the suspended state. Packing is the process of grains settling out of suspension and depositing onto the packed bed. In the numerical model, this is the transition from the suspended to the packed bed state.

์ธํฌํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ฐ ํŒจํ‚น์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋น„์œจ์€ ํฌ์žฅ๋œ ๋ฒ ๋“œ์™€ ๋ถ€์œ  ์ƒํƒœ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ Meyer-Peter Mรผler(1948), Nielsen(1992) ๋˜๋Š” Van Rijn(1984)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ ์…€์—์„œ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ๋“œ ์ „์†ก์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์…€์—์„œ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์…€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธํฌํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŒ… ์†๋„๋Š” Winterwerp ๋“ฑ(1992)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ฐฉ ์†๋„๋Š” Soulsby(1997๋…„)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ ์…€์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ, ๋ฌด์ฐจ์› ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ, ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ๋“œ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„ ๋ฐ ์ธํฌํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3D ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฒฝ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋“œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The relative rates of entrainment and packing control the exchange of sediment mass between the packed bed and suspended states. The model calculates bedload transport in each mesh cell containing the bed interface using the equation of Meyer-Peter Mรผller (1948), Nielsen (1992) or Van Rijn (1984). A sub-mesh method is employed to determine the amount of grains moving from the mesh cell into each mesh cell in its neighbor. The lifting velocity of grains in entrainment is calculated using the equation of Winterwerp et al. (1992). The settling velocity is calculated using Soulsby (1997). In the mesh cells containing the bed interface, location, orientation and area of the interface are calculated to determine the bed shear stress, dimensionless shear stress, bedload transport rates and entrainment rates. Bed shear stress in 3D turbulent flows is evaluated using the standard wall function with consideration of bed surface roughness that is proportional to the median grain size.

๋ถ€์œ ๋œ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์€ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์Šค์นผ๋ผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋†๋„๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์…€์—์„œ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ์œ ์ฒด ์…€ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ์ ๋„์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๋ถ€์œ  ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The suspended sediment is represented as a scalar mass concentration in the fluid. The concentration is assumed to be uniform in a given cell and is coupled with the fluid cell density and viscosity. For each species, the suspended sediment concentration is calculated by solving a transport equation.

Validations

๋‹ค์Œ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ FLOW-3D์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์ด์†ก ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์˜ค(1986๋…„)
Mao๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์•„๋ž˜ ์นจ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ A๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ scour๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ B ~ F๋Š” ์Šคํ„ฐ๋””์˜ scourํ”„๋กœํ•„(๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋จ)๊ณผ FLOW-3D ํ”„๋กœํ•„์„ ์˜ค๋ฒ„๋ ˆ์ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Chatterjee et al. (1994)

์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์ œํŠธ ์นจ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์Šค์ฟ ์–ด ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ scour๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ๋‘”๋ถ€ ๋†’์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€ FLOW-3D์˜ ์ˆซ์ž ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์€ scour๊ตฌ๋ฉ๊ณผ ๋‘”๋ถ€ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Gladstone et al. (1998)

In these experiments the propagation and deposition patterns of particle-laden flows were studied. The plot below compares experimental versus FLOW-3D simulation results from three different setups, labeled case A (100% 0.025mm size particles), case D (50% 0.069mm and 50% 0.025mm size particles), and case G (100% 0.069mm size particles).

Faruque et al. (2006)

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ, ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 3์ฐจ์› ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์— ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์•…์ทจ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ…Œ์ผ์›Œํ„ฐ ๋น„์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ scour ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ 3D ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ FLOW-3D ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Equilibrium bed elevation changes predicted by the numerical model for a cylindrical pier. (A) Isometric view of scour and deposition adjacent to the pier. (B) Comparison between numerical results (top) and physical model measurements (bottom).
Equilibrium bed elevation changes predicted by the numerical model for the diamond pier. (A) Isometric view of scour and deposition adjacent to the pier. (B) Comparison between numerical results (top) and physical model measurements (bottom).

In this paper, the authors studied local scour by submerged three-dimensional wall jets via experiments. The table below compares the experimental versus FLOW-3D numerical results for 3D morphological changes in the scour hole for three different tailwater ratios.

References

Brethour, J.M., Hirt, C.W., 2009, Drift Model for Two-Component Flows,  FSI-14-TN-83, Flow Science, Inc.

Chatterjee, S.S., Ghosh, S.N., and Chatterjee M., 1994, Local scour due to submerged horizontal jet, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 120(8), pp. 973-992.

Faruque, M.A.A., Sarathi, P., and Balachandar R., 2006, Clear Water Local Scour by Submerged Three-Dimensional Wall Jets : Effect of Tailwater Depth, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 132(6), pp. 575-580.

Flow Science, 2019, FLOW-3D Version 12.0 User Manual, Santa Fe, NM: Flow Science, Inc. https://www.flow3d.com

Fox, B. and Feurich, R., 2019, CFD Analysis of Local Scour at Bridge PiersFederal Interagency Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling Conference (SEDHYD), Reno, NV.

Gladstone, C., Phillips, J.C., and Sparks R.S.J., 1998, Experiments on bidisperse, constant-volume gravity currents: propagation and sediment deposition, Sedimentology 45, pp. 833-843.

Hirt, C.W. and Sicilian, J.M., 1985, A porosity technique for the definition of obstacles in rectangular cell meshes, 4th International Conference on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Washington, D.C.

Khosronejad, A., Kang, S., & Sotiropoulos, F., 2012. Experimental and computational investigation of local scour around bridge piers, Advances in Water Resources, 37, pp. 73-85.

Mao, Y., 1986. The interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed, PhD thesis, Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.

Meyer-Peter, E. and Mรผller, R., 1948, Formulas for bed-load transport, Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the International Association for Hydraulic Structures Research. pp. 39โ€“64.

Nielsen, P., 1992, Coastal bottom boundary layers and sediment transport (Vol. 4). World scientific.

Soulsby, R., 1997, Dynamics of Marine Sands, Thomas Telford Publications, London.

Van Rijn, L. C., 1984, Sediment Transport, Part I: Bed load transport, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 110(10), pp. 1431-1456.

Wei, G., Brethour, J.M., Grรผenzner M., and Burnham, J., 2014, The Sediment Scour Model in FLOW-3D, Technical Note FSI-14-TN-99, Flow Science, Inc.

Winterwerp, J.C., Bakker, W.T., Mastbergen, D.R. and Van Rossum, H., 1992, Hyperconcentrated sand-water mixture flows over erodible bed, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 118(11), pp. 1508โ€“1525.

Coastal applications using FLOW-3D/์—ฐ์•ˆ(ํ•ด๋ณ€) FLOW-3Dํ•ด์„์‚ฌ๋ก€

๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜(Backwaters)์ด๋ก 

  • Air entrainment(๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ˜ผ์ž… ๋ชจ๋ธ)
  • Turbulence(๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ)
  • Waves(ํŒŒ๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ)
  • Sediment scour and deposition(์„ธ๊ตด ๋ชจ๋ธ)

ํ•˜๊ตฌ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(Estuarine mechanisms)

  • Air entrainment(๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ˜ผ์ž… ๋ชจ๋ธ)
  • Turbulence(๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ)
  • Density Evaluation(๋ฐ€๋„ ์œ ๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ)
  • Wind

Wave generation

  • Solitary Wave
  • Linear Wave
  • JONSWAP
  • Pierson-Moskowitz
  • Stokes Wave

Wave ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์œ„์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์œ„์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ํ•ด์„์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ถ€๋‘์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ถ”์ •, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด Wave์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ  2์ฐจ์› ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋“ฑ์˜ FLOW-3D๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • Eillott, T., and Fullarton, M., “Cyclone wave loads on wharf structure using the new wave approach”, FLOW-3D Americas User conference, 2014

์„ธ๊ตด ๋ชจ๋ธ(Sediment scour and deposition)

  • Critical Shields number definition(์ž„๊ณ„ Shields ์ˆ˜) : 0.05
  • Bed Load Transport Rate equation : Meyer-Peter & Muller equation
  • Richardson-Zaki coefficient multipller : 1
  • ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด Wave์™€ ์„ธ๊ตด(Sediment)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    – ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ํƒฑํฌ์˜ ํŒŒ๋™(Solitary wave)
    – ๋ฌด์—ฐํƒ„ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ž˜
    – ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ํŒŒ๋„

ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

Landslide-Induced Wave Hazard

Landslide-Induced Wave Hazardย 

Figure 1. The outskirts of Chungtangh village

์ธ๋„ Sikkim์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ The Teesta III Hydropower Project๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ข์€ ํžˆ๋ง๋ผ์•ผ ๊ณ„๊ณก์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ 60m์˜ Concrete Face Rockfill Dam (CFRD)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„๊ณก์€ ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์€ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ CFRD๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ ์ด์ƒ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด CFRD๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๋Œ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ Chungtangh์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ชฝ ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์€ ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Teesta๊ฐ• ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์€ ๋Œ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์— ๋„˜์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Moving Objects Model Used to Simulate Landslideย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

Tecsult๋Š” ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D์˜ Moving Objects๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ VOF๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์›จ์ด๋ธŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํŒŒ๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ํ•„๋“œ ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ์€ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šคํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. CFRD๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ ์ด์ƒ overflow๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ง€ํ˜• ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์™„์ „ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ 3 ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž์œ  ๋‚™ํ•˜ ๋ธ”๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜ ๋™์˜์ƒ์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ํŒŒ๋„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ STLํŒŒ์ผ์€ FLOW-3D๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ƒ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 30,000mยณ, 100m๋†’์ด์˜ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ 310๋งŒ ์…€์˜ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 1m์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด 3m์˜ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์…€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋”ฉ ์†๋„๋Š” ์ง„์ž… ์ง€์ ์—์„œ 23m/s์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋„๋Š” ๋†’์ด 8m, ์†๋„ 10m/s๋กœ ๋Œ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฒ”๋žŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 3. Prediction of wave height in the splash zone and near field in a small reservoir, with refraction.

Figure 4. Wave heights plotted against each other

Figure 5. Downstream view of TEEST III dam and water intake CATIA model

Conclusions

์ด ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ์˜ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ๊ณผ Chungtangh ๋งˆ์„์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋Œ์€ ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ๋ฒ”๋žŒํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋„๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์— ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Chungtangh๋งˆ์„์€ ๊ฐ• ์œ„์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ํŒŒ๋„์˜ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

Modeling Local Bridge Scour

Modeling Local Bridge Scour

 

This article was contributed by Ying-Chieh Lin, Hervรฉ Capart, and Der-Liang Young of Department of Civil Engineering and Hydrotech Research Institute/National Taiwan Universityย in Taipei, Taiwan, the winner of the 2nd Flow Science 30th Anniversary Simulation Contest.

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๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ํƒœํ’ Sinlaku(2008๋…„ 9์›”)์™€ Morakot(2009๋…„ 8์›”)์€ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์„ธ๊ตด ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ํ† ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๋น ๋ฅธ ์นจ์‹๋ฅ , ๊ณต๋™ ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ์  ์กฐ์ ˆ, ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ฐ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•˜์ฒœ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

The Houfeng Bridge Failure in Taiwan

2008๋…„ 9์›”์˜ Houfeng๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๊ณต๊ธ‰ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์†ก์œ ๊ด€์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, 3D ํ•ด์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ง€์ ์ธ ์ž…์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ํ๋ฆ„ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์€ FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ฒ™๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 1:200).

Figure 1. Collapse of Houfeng Bridge in September 2008, due to general scour of the Tachia river reach

Figure 2a. Local scour due to the exposure of a sill immediately upstream of the bridge. Photo courtesy of Zoe Lin, TBS.

Figure 2b. Local sill (water supply pipeline) exposed by river degradation, which caused a sudden drop in water surface and enhanced scour immediately downstream of the sill, where the failed bridge piles were located.

 

Three Dimensional Local Flow Modeling

3์ฐจ์› ์ „์‚ฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ FLOW-3D๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜ ๊ด€๋กœ ๋์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง ์†๋„ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 3์ฐจ์› ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ์ˆ˜์ง ์†๋„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ๋ฆ„ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๊ต๊ฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ ˆ์‚ญ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ง€์˜ Sill์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๊ต๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ mesh(0.25cm3)๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 70๋งŒ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Pure water์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ FLOW-3D๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ต๊ฐ ์ „๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์œ„ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๋†’์ด๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋†’์ด์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. The non-bedrock์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์œ ์ž… ๋ฐ ์œ ์ถœ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌ ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋†’์ด์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์นจ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Figure 3. The pure water simulation results (left). The water height evolution in front of the first pier to compare with measured data (right).

 

Testing Numerical Modeling Approaches

 

๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์„ธ๊ตด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์Œํ–ฅ ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฐ’์„ ์–ป์„ ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Houfeng Bridge๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ FLOW-3D๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4์ฐธ์กฐ). ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์•”์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ‰์ƒ ๋“ฑ๊ณ ์„ ์€ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ท ๋ณ€ํ™”์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋†’์ด์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์นจ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

FLOW-3Dย Simulation Resultsย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

Figure 4. Views of a preliminary small-scale experiment and FLOW-3D modeling performed to simulate the conditions of the Houfeng Bridge collapse. (a)T=10 sec.; (b)T=20 sec.; (c)T=40 sec.; (d)T=80 sec.

 

์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ(์ƒ์ˆ˜๋„ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ)์ด ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์•”์˜ ์นจ์‹์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์œ ๋™์žฅ ์†๋„, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋†’์ด ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ alluvial river ์ง€์—ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ๊ต๊ฐ, ์›จ์–ด ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ฝ”์Šค์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(a)ย  ย  (b)

(c)ย  (d)

Figure 5. The packed sediment surface and the color contours present the packed sediment height average rate of change. (a)T=10 sec.; (b)T=20 sec.; (c)T=40 sec.; (d)T=80 sec.

Water & Environmental Case Studies

FLOW-3D in Archaeology

This article was contributed byย Charles Ortloff,ย Research Associate, Anthropology Department at University of Chicago

์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™์˜ ๊ณตํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ œ ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์œ ์•• ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์œ ์•• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์œ ์•• ์šด๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์œ ์•• ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์ง€์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋จผ์ € ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ์šดํ•˜, ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ FLOW-3D ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ด€๋ง๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„ ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์˜๋„์™€ ์ž‘๋™์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์œ ์•• ๋ฐ ํ† ๋ชฉ ๊ณตํ•™ ์ง€์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŽ˜๋ฃจ, ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„, ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ, ํ„ฐํ‚ค, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ, ์š”๋ฅด๋‹จ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ฐ ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, 2009๋…„ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ โ€œWater Engineering in the Ancient World: Archaeological and Climate Perspectives on Ancient Societies of South America, the Middle East and South East Asia.โ€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฝค ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์œ ์••์‹ ๋ช…๋ช… ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์•• ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์ฑ…์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋ถ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ Chimu ์‚ฌํšŒ(AD800-1400)๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์ด 50mile์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ฑ„๋„ ์œ ์•• ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” FLOW-3D ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Froude Number(Fr) ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ ์ฑ„๋„ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธด Moche-Challey Intervalley Canal์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 100BC-AD300์— ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ(์š”๋ฅด๋‹จ)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ FLOW-3Dย ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ๋ฆ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์••์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 0.5m์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ 5km ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 10,000๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ ์กฐ์ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ๋ฌผ ์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์••๋œ ์ „์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” Roman Pont du Garde ์ˆ˜๋กœ(ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š”)์˜ ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž„๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 10๋ถ€๊ทผ์— ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜, ์š•์‹ค, ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€, ์ •์›, ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์˜ ์„ค์น˜, ์ฃผํƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

castellemย ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ FLOW-3D ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ด์ „ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“  Nimes์— ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ 4๋งŒ m3/day ๋กœํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 3D ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ์˜ ํฌํš๊ณผ ์ €์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•™์ฝ”๋ฅด(800~1400AD)์˜ ๊ฑด๊ธฐ ์Œ€ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์›์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€(๊ธธ์ด 5๋งˆ์ผ, ๋„ˆ๋น„ 1.5๋งˆ์ผ)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ›„์† ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ธ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์œ„๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ธฐ์— ์Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ Chimu ์šดํ•˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ FLOW-3D์˜ ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ ํ™์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์šดํ•˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ ์ดˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆํฌ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์šดํ•˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์›จ์–ด๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์–ด, ์ฃผ ์šดํ•˜์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ ๋ฑ…ํฌ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ œํ•œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 100 BC~AD 400 Roman Ephesos(ํ„ฐํ‚ค)์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ FLOW-3D ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ์ง„๊ณต ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„๋งŒํ•œ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ํ™€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Ephesos๋‚ด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„(300-1100 AD ํ‹ฐ์™€๋‚˜์ฟ )์˜ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” FLOW-3D ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ˆ˜ ์šดํ•˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Tiwanaku’s์—์„œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2,000km2์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๋†์—… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ-๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋“คํŒ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ Altiplano ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ž์›์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ FLOW-3D๋Š” ํ‹ฐ์™€๋‚˜์ฟ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์œ ์•• ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ์˜ ์นด๋ฏธ๋‚ ๋‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์„ ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์•ผ ์šดํ•˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ์•ผ ์šดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 1ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์œ ์•• ์ ํ”„์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œ์ผœ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ˜„์žฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ Mamshish์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ Nabataeanํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋†์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น—๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋น—๋ฌผ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€, ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ ์ถœํŒ ์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ณง ์ถœํŒ๋  ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ถœํŒ ์ฑ…์— ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์•• ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํ•˜์ดํผ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์‹  ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ๊ณตํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์šฉ์—ญ ์‹ค์ 

FLOW-3D Case Studies
FLOW-3D Case Studies

์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹ค์ 

์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์—์Šคํ‹ฐ์•„์ด์”จ์•ค๋””์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์ปจ์„คํŒ… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ๋งŽ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์ปจ์„คํŒ…์„ ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•œ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ž์›๊ณต์‚ฌ ,๋„ํ™”์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ž์›๊ณต์‚ฌ ,๋Œ€์šฐ๊ฑด์„ค ,๋„ํ™”์ข…ํ•ฉ, ์‚ผ์•ˆ๊ฑด์„ค, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ,๋„ํ™”์ข…ํ•ฉ, ์‚ผ์•ˆ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ,์‚ผ์•ˆ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ์„ค์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ณต๋‹จ ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์ข…ํ•ฉ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ,ํ˜„๋Œ€์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ,SK๊ฑด์„ค ,์„ ์ง„์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ,์—˜์ง€๊ฑด์„ค ,ํ•œ๊ตญ๋™์„œ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณต์‚ฌ ,๋ฒฝ์‚ฐ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ,๋ถ€๊ฐ•ํ…Œํฌ(GS๊ฑด์„ค) ,์‹ ์šฐ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ,์œ ์‹ ์ฝ”ํผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ,ํ•œํ™”๊ฑด์„ค ,ํ•ญ๋„์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง(ํฌ์Šค์ฝ”๊ฑด์„ค) ,(์ฃผ)์‚ผ์•ˆ ,๊ฑดํ™”์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ,์‚ผ์„ฑ๊ฑด์„ค ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ ฅ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง€์งˆ์ž์›์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ,๋Œ€๋ฆผ๊ธฐ์—…(์ฃผ) ,์—์Šค์ผ€์ด๊ฑด์„ค ,์—˜์ง€์ „์ž ,ํฌ์Šค์ฝ” ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ์„ค์•ˆ์ „๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต๋‹จ ,ํ•œ์ˆ˜ํ…Œํฌ๋‹ˆ์ปฌ์„œ๋น„์Šค ,ํ˜„๋Œ€์ž๋™์ฐจ ,์ œ์ด์Šจ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‹จ ,(์ฃผ)๋ฐ”์…ˆ ,๊ณ„๋ฃก๊ฑด์„ค์‚ฐ์—… ,(์ฃผ)๊ฑดํ™” ,(์ฃผ)๋Œ€์šฐ๊ฑด์„ค ,(์ฃผ)๋„ํ™”์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ,(์ฃผ)์—”์ง€๋น„ ,(์ฃผ)์œ ์‹  ,ํƒœ์˜๊ฑด์„ค ,๋„ํ™” ,๋งคํƒˆ์  ํ…(POSCO) ,๋งคํƒˆ์  ํ…(RIST) ,์ด์‚ฐ ,์ฝ”๋‹ค์ฝ”(์บ์ŠคํŠธ๋งจ ๋งค์ถœ) ,ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ธฐ์•„๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ,ํ˜„๋Œ€์ œ์ฒ  ,ํƒœ์„ฑ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ,์„ ์ง„ENG ,๊ทธ๋ ˆ๋„ฅ์Šค ,์—”๋ฐ”์ด๋กœ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜ ,๊ธฐ์•„์ฐจ ,๋†์–ด์ดŒ๊ณต์‚ฌ(์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ง€์‚ฌ) ,๋†์–ด์ดŒ๊ณต์‚ฌ(์ถฉ๋‚จ๋„๋ณธ๋ถ€) ,์ง€์ž์ฒด(์ˆ˜์›์‹œ) ,์ง€์ž์ฒด(์ „๋‚จ๊ณตํฅ๊ตฐ) ,ํ•ดํ”ผ์ฝœ ,HMK ,๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ,๋Œ€๋ฆผ์‚ฐ์—… ,๋„ํ™”์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ,์‚ผ์ง„์ •๋ฐ€ ,์˜คํˆฌ์—”๋น„ ,ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ฑด์„ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ,ํ•ด์•ˆํ•ด์–‘๊ธฐ์ˆ  ,E&H์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ ,GS์นผํ…์Šค ,์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ,์„ ์ผ์—”๋ฐ”์ด๋กœ ,์•Œ์ด๋”” ,์˜คํˆฌ์•ค๋น„ ,์ „๋‚จ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ,์ œ์ด์—์Šคํ…Œํฌ ,ํ•œ๊ตญ๋†์–ด์ดŒ๊ณต์‚ฌ ,๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ…ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ปจ์„คํŒ… ,์ œ์ผํ…Œํฌ ,์ฐฝ์›๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(ADD) ,ํ•œ๊ตญ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ,ํ•œ๊ตญํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ,GS๊ฑด์„ค ,์œ ์‹  ,๋‘์‚ฐ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ,์„ธ๋ฉ”์Šค ,(์žฌ)ํฌํ•ญ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ,(์ฃผ)๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ…ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ปจ์„คํŒ… ,LG์ „์ž(ํ‰ํƒ) ,LG์ „์ž(์ฐฝ์›)

 ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ/์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ถ„์•ผ
01 ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์„ค์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•˜์ฒœํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ตด์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€ํ† 
์ปจ์„คํŒ…๋‚ด์šฉ
  • ๊ต๋Ÿ‰ ์„ค์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€ํ† 
  • ์„ธ๊ตด๋ฐฉ์ง€๊ณต ์„ค์น˜๋กœ ๊ต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด
ํ•„์š”๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ๊ต๊ฐ 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฉด
  • ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ง€ํ˜•๋„
  • ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ƒ/ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ํ™์ˆ˜์œ„ ๋ฐ ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰
ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ํ›„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์œ ์†์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต๊ฐ ์„ ์ •
  • ์„ ์ •๊ต๊ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ์šฉ
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ
  • ํ•˜์ฒœ ์œ ๋™ํ๋ฆ„, ์ˆ˜์œ„๋ถ„์„
  • ํ‰ํ˜•์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ ๋„๋‹ฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„
  • ์ตœ๋Œ€์„ธ๊ตด์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ‡ด์ ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ
02 ๋Œ์ฒด ์›”๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ/์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ† 
์ปจ์„คํŒ…๋‚ด์šฉ
  • ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ๋Œ ๋ถ•๊ดด ์‹œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ๋Œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ์ฒด ์›”๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ/์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ฒ€ํ† 
ํ•„์š”๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ๊ณต๋„๊ต ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ƒ์„ธ ๋„๋ฉด
  • ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์ธก๋Ÿ‰์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ง€ํ˜•๋„
  • ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ƒ/ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ํ™์ˆ˜์œ„ ๋ฐ ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰
ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ๋Œ ๋ถ•๊ดด์‹œ ํ™์ˆ˜์œ„/ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋ ฅ
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ/์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ›„ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ์„ ์ •
  • ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ Total ํž˜ ๋ถ„์„
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ
  • ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ/๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํž˜ ๋ถ„์„
  • ๊ตฅ๋„๊ต ์›”๋ฅ˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์œ„/์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ
  • ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์•• ๋“ฑ
 ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ
01 ์ •์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ตœ์ ์„ค๊ณ„
์ปจ์„คํŒ…๋‚ด์šฉ
  • ์ •์ˆ˜์‹œ์„ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ๋™, ์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ์••๋ ฅ, ์˜จ๋„๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ถ„์„
  • ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋ถ„์„
ํ•„์š”๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ์ •์ˆ˜์‹œ์„ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ œ์›
  • ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ์นจ์ „์ง€ ๋“ฑ ๋„๋ฉด ๋ฐ 3D CAD ์ž๋ฃŒ
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์œ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ
ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • ์ •์ˆ˜์‹œ์„ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด ์„ค์ •
  • ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋™ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์กฐ๊ฑด 
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ
  • ์ •์ˆ˜์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ™•์ธ
  • ์œ ๋™ ์œ ์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋™์–‘์ƒ, ์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ์œ ์†๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„
  • ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋™ ๋ฐ ์นจ์ „ํšจ์œจ ๋ถ„์„

02 ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋™์–‘์ƒ ๋ถ„์„
์ปจ์„คํŒ…๋‚ด์šฉ
  • ํ† ์ถœ์ˆ˜์กฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์œ„ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋™ํ˜„์ƒ๊ฒ€ํ† 
  • ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜ Box์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ์œ ์†๋ถ„์„ 
ํ•„์š”๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ค๊ณ„๋„๋ฉด ์ž๋ฃŒ
  • ์ „์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜• ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ์œ ์ฒด ์œ ์ž…๋Ÿ‰, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์œ„๊ด€๋ จ ์ž๋ฃŒ
ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • ์‹œ์„ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด ์„ค์ •
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์œ„์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์œ ๋™ํ˜„์ƒ ๋“ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ™•์ธ
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ
  • ํ† ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์กฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์œ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋™ํ๋ฆ„
  • ์œ ๋™ ์œ ์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ์œ ์†๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
 
 ์ฃผ์กฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ
01 ์ˆ˜์ถ• ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์กฐํ•ด์„
์ปจ์„คํŒ…๋‚ด์šฉ
  • ์ฃผ์กฐ ์‹œ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ํ˜ผ์ž…๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„
  • ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ฒฐํ•จ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” 
ํ•„์š”๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • Frameํ˜•์ƒ ์ œ์›
  • ๊ธˆํ˜•, ํ˜•์ƒ ๋„๋ฉด์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ 3D CAD์ž๋ฃŒ
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฉํƒ• ์ฃผ์ž…์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ถฉ์ง„์†๋„, ์˜จ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • ๊ธˆํ˜•ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์กฐํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์กฐ๊ฑด ์„ค์ •
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ค์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ถ„์„
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ
  • ์ถฉ์ง„์‹œ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณต ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„์น˜
  • Solidification ํ™•์ธ, ๊ฒฐํ•จ๋ถ€ ํ˜„์ƒ๋ถ„์„
  • Gate, Runner ์œ„์น˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”
         
02 ๊ธˆํ˜• ์ตœ์ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์กฐํ•ด์„
์ปจ์„คํŒ…๋‚ด์šฉ
  • ์ถฉ์ง„ ์˜จ๋„์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์„ค๊ณ„
ํ•„์š”๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ๊ธˆํ˜•๊ด€๋ จ ์ œ์›
  • ๊ธˆํ˜•, ํ˜•์ƒ ๋„๋ฉด์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ 3D CAD์ž๋ฃŒ
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • ๊ธˆํ˜•ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋งž๋Š” Runner, Gate ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง
  • ์šฉํƒ•์˜จ๋„, ์†๋„, ์••๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ตœ์ ์„ค๊ณ„
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ
  • ์ถฉ์ง„์‹œ ์••๋ ฅ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„์น˜๋ถ„์„
  • Solid Fraction, Solidification ๋“ฑ ํ˜„์ƒ๋ถ„์„
  • ๊ฒฐํ•จ๋ถ€์œ„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Gate, Runner ์œ„์น˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”
 ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋ถ„์•ผ
01 Nozzle ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ Slit Coating ํ•ด์„
์ปจ์„คํŒ…๋‚ด์šฉ
  • ํ‘œ๋ฉด Coating์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ Nozzle ํ˜•์ƒ ์„ค๊ณ„
  • Coating ๊ตฌ๋™์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์••๋ ฅ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ถ„์„
ํ•„์š”๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ Nozzle ํ˜•์ƒ ์ œ์›
  • ํ˜•์ƒ ๋„๋ฉด์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ 3D CAD์ž๋ฃŒ
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ Coating ๋„ํฌํ˜„์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋™์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • Nozzle ๊ตฌ๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Coating ๋ถ„์„
  • ์•ก์ƒ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Coating ๋„ํฌํ˜•์ƒ ๋ถ„์„
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ
  • Nozzle ํ˜•์ƒ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Coating ํ˜„์ƒ๋ถ„์„
  • Coating ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋†’์ด ๊ท ์ผ์„ฑ ํ™•์ธ
  • ์•ก์ƒ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋„ํฌ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„
  
 MEMS ๋ถ„์•ผ
01 ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ตœ์ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ๋™ํ•ด์„
์ปจ์„คํŒ…๋‚ด์šฉ
  • ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋™์žฅ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์กฐ๊ฑด ์„ค๊ณ„
ํ•„์š”๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
  • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋„๋ฉด์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ 3D CAD์ž๋ฃŒ
  • ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฑด
  • Actuator์˜ ์ž‘๋™, ํ† ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰, ์œ ๋™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ
ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • Micro-Channel์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋™๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ์„ค์ •
  • ์•ก์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ† ์ถœ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ™•์ธ
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ
  • Actuator์˜ ์†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋™๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„
  • Micro-Channel์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋™์–‘์ƒ
  • ๊ณต๋™ํ˜„์ƒ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์กฐ๊ฑด

ํ‡ด์ , ์„ธ๊ตด(์‡„๊ตด) / Sediment Scour

ํ‡ด์ -์„ธ๊ตด(์‡„๊ตด) / Sediment Scour

์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ FLOW-3D ์˜ sediment scour model์€ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก, ๋ถ€์œ ๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜, ์ธ์ž… ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„ ์ ์ฐฉ์„ฑ ํ† ์–‘์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (Wei ๋“ฑ, 2014). ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ์ž„๊ณ„ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ข…์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ž˜, ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ฐˆ์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 3D ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ 2D ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ถฉ์ง„ ์ธต์€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ „๋œ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” FAVORTM ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์…€์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์˜ ์œ„์น˜, ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ, ์ž„๊ณ„ ์‹ค๋“œ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์นจ์‹ ์†๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3 ์ฐจ์› ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์œ ๋™์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋งค์ฒด ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ 50 ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธต ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฒฝ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2D ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธต ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ํ•ญ๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •์˜์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ธต ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋œ 2 ์ฐจ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1. t = 8 ๋ถ„์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰
์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ Meyer-Peter์™€ Muller (1948)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์…€์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ๋“œ ์ด์†ก์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ (submesh) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์…€์—์„œ ์ด์›ƒ์—์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์…€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ž์˜ ์–‘์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์œ  ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋†๋„๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ’€์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ป์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นจ์‹์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์œ ์ž… ๋ฐ ์นจ์ „์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. entrainment์—์„œ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŒ… ์†๋„๋Š” Winterwerp et al. (1992). ํ‡ด์ ์‹œ์˜ ์นจ๊ฐ• ์†๋„๋Š” 3D ์œ ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜ ์†๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ์–•์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์กด ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (Soulsby, 1997). ๋“œ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค ์ด๋ก  (Breitour and Hirt, 2009)์€ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2. t = 8 ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์ฑ„์ทจ
์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” 3 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ๊ต๊ฐ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ, ๋ง‘์€ ๋ฌผ ์ •ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต๊ฐ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์€ 1.5m์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ต๊ฐ์€ 2m ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์™€ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ 2m/s์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋“œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜ (์ง๊ฒฝ 5mm), ์ž๊ฐˆ (10mm) ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ž๊ฐˆ (20mm) ์ธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1, 2 ๋ฐ 3์€ 8 ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„, ์ฑ„์ทจ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๋ฐ ์ฑ„์ทจ ๊นŠ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3. t = 8min์—์„œ์˜ ์ •๋ จ ๊นŠ์ด (์–‘์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’) ๋ฐ ์นจ์ „ ๋†’์ด (์–‘์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’)
์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ํ‡ด์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ Flow Science Report๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ / Water & Environmental Models

๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ

3D ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ๋•Œ FLOW-3D์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œย ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  FLOW-3Dย ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„ ์—ญํ•™,ย  ํ๋ฆ„/๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—…๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D์˜ ์ ์šฉ์—๋Š”ย ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ , ํ•˜์ฒœ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๋ณต์› , ๋Œ ์•ˆ์ „, ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ ์ž‘์—… , ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™”, ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํš, ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•˜๊ตฌ ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋„๊ตฌ

ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ 3D/์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ํ•ด์„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ƒ ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์ˆ˜(shallow water) ๋ชจ๋ธ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ (์ˆ˜ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด์ƒ)์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  hydraulic jumps ๋ฐ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ ์ด์†ก์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๊ต๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์ง ํ๋ฆ„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ 3D ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜๊ณผ ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋“ฑ๊ฐ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ (conformal meshing)๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋Šฅ๋ฅ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ

FLOW-3D๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ จ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก, ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ธตํ™” ๋ฐ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ, ๊ธฐํฌ ๋ฐ ์บ๋น„ํ…Œ์ด์…˜, ์ฆ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ํ™”ํ•™์  ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก, ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ 3 ์ฐจ์› ์œ ๋™ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด FLOW-3D ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ย ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋‰ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Œ๋ฆผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ฐ›๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ 3D ์œ ์•• ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D ์˜ ๋‹ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Contact Line Insights

Contact Line Insights

FLOW-3D์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ํ๋ฆ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„น์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ํ˜•์„ฑ(rivulet formation), ํ•‘๊ฑฐ๋ง(fingering), ์ฆ๋ฐœ, ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„  ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ฒด ํก์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ FLOW-3D์˜ ์ •์  ๋ฐ ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Static and Dynamic Contact Angles

FLOW-3D๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ •์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ž์œ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ ํž˜์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์บก์ฒ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์ด ๋™์  ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

L.M. Hocking ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์„œ [โ€œA moving fluid interface on a rough surface,โ€ J. Fluid Mech., 76, 801, (1976)]์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์š”์ฒ ์ด ํ๋ฆ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Contact line์ด ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ “velocity slipโ€๋กœ ํ•ด์„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์‚ฐ ํ•ด์„์€ FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ๋œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ, ๊ทœ์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒฉ ๋œ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์Šฌ๋กฏ ํŒจํ„ด ์ด์ฐจ์› ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šฌ๋กฏ์€ 2mm ๊นŠ์ด 10mm ํญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด ํญ 10mm ๊ณ ์ฒด ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒฉ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ธํžŒ ๋ชจ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ก์ฒด์™€ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ •์ ์ธ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ฐ์ด 60 ยฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ ํƒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋™ ์œ ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†๋„30cm / s์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฌผ๋†’์ด 15mm์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ์€ free-slip boundary๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Hocking์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋Œ€๋กœ micro-scale ๊ต๋ž€์ด Large scale ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์†๋„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด velocity slip์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ์„œ ํ•ด์„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ„์— ์ œ์–ด ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ์ธต์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” X-Y ํ”Œ๋กฏ์— ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์œ—์ชฝ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šฌ๋กฏ๋“ค ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์†๋„๋Š” ์˜์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์ฒ  ์œ„์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์†๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” non-zero ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ์ด์†ก ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Evaporative Effects

๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ์‡„, ์ฒญ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๊ณต์ •์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์™ผ์ชฝ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์ถœ ๋œ ์ปคํ”ผ ์กฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‘˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ง ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” “์ปคํ”ผ ๋ง”๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ง ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์€ ์•ก์ฒด์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋™ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์šธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค [1].

Drying

๊ฑด์กฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž˜ ๋„ํฌ๋œ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์€ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์†์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์กฐ ์ค‘์— ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ์šฉ์งˆ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋‚ด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์œ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ์†์ƒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ’ ๋น„์‹ผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹คํ—˜์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D’s evaporation residue model simulates a 3D view of residue formed from toluene after drying (magnified 30x)

Modeling Ring Formation

FLOW-3D๋Š” ์ฆ๋ฐœ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—์ง€ ๊ณ ์ •์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ง ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง
์ฆ๋ฐœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋œ ํ๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜
์ฆ๋ฐœ์€ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ด ์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์ƒ‰์ƒ์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„). ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์ „๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๋ฐœ์€ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ผ์ธ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถ€์œ  ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์„  ๊ณ ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

Simulation of flow generated at a contact line by evaporation

Breakwater Structures

Breakwater Structures

๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฐ ์ง„ํญ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” FLOW-3D์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์„ ํ˜• ํŒŒ์—์„œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํŒŒ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™์  ๋ฐฉํŒŒ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹  ํŒŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šด๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ FLOW-3D๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ „์†ก์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉํŒŒ์ œ ์š”์†Œ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์š”๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ FLOW-3D๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ํ๋ฆ„ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Rubble-mound Breakwaters Simulation

Rubble-mound Breakwaters Simulation

ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํฌ๋“œ ๋ฐฉํŒŒ์ œ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ํŒŒ๋™ ํ•˜์ค‘์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธด ํ•ด์•ˆ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋Š” FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด, ํŒŒ๋™ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ overtopping volumes ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Water Rivers Bridge Piers

Bridge Piers

FLOW-3D์˜ Sediment Scour Model ์€ ๊ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ต๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋†’์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ FLOW-3D ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D์˜ Shallow Water Model๋กœ ๋” ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Bridge piers scour simulation using FLOW-3D

๊ต๊ฐ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์„ธ๊ตด ํ•ด์„

์„ธ๊ตด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ deposition, packing, entrainment and drift-flux ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D v11 ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ์ธต์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ FAVOR ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ bed net ๋†’์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ€์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค, ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ/์œ ์ฒด ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Modeling Hydraulic Control Structures

In addition to the flow rates and detail of hydraulic behaviors associated with the control gate structures and powerhouse operation, FLOW-3Dโ€˜s sediment and scour model allows users to identify regions of high scour both near the control structure and further downstream in the vicinity of the bridge piers.

Bridge Pier Simulations

The first video shows a FLOW-3D simulation of the erosion that occurs around a group of three 2.4 m diameter piers as river water flows past at 1.5 m/s. The river depth is 15.8 m and the mean sediment size was presumed to be 0.35 mm.

Water Rivers

Rivers

ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์—ญํ•™์€ ๋ฌผ, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์œ ์ž… ๋ฐ ์œ ์ถœ, ์ƒํƒœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋žต์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ด ๋ฐ ์œ ๋™ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D๋Š”๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์—ญํ•™๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ž์› ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D๋Š” ์ž์œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„, ๊ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ด, ์—ผ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด๋™, ์ธต๋ฅ˜, ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐ ์ด๋™(๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ), ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ž…๊ณผ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜(์นจ์‹๊ณผ ํ‡ด์  ํฌํ•จ) ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ด๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

High flow condition hydraulic analysis of San Antonio river junction

FLOW-3D Bibliography

FLOW-3D Bibliography

๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฃŒ | Bibliography

FLOW-3D ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” FLOW-3D ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๋งํฌ๋‚˜ ์›๋ฌธ์ œ๊ณต ์„œ๋ฒ„์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก์—์„œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆํƒ€๊น์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์  ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ท€ํ•˜๊ป˜์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ FLOW-3D ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์•Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ž๋ฃŒ

์ธ๊ณต ๋ฐ•์ฐจ ๋ฐ ํ™ˆ ์•”์ดˆ ํ˜•์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ ์•”์ดˆ ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ

Emilee Wissmach, ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™, 2023.

์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ์‡  ๋ฐ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ƒ์ฒด๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ˜• SAG(์ƒ์ฒด๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์Šคํผ ์•ค ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ) ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ๋ฐฉํŒŒ์ œ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. FLOW-3D HYDRO๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต SAG ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„  ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

FLOW-3D HYDRO๋Š” FLOW-3D ํ•™์ˆ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

“์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žƒ์œผ๋ฉด ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์†์‹ค๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ์‡  ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋„ ์†์‹ค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๋ฐ/๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•”์ดˆ ๊ณต ๋ฐ ๋ฆฝ ๋žฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๊ณต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ ์•”์ดˆ๋งŒํผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ โ€‹โ€‹๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ์•”์ดˆ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์•”์ดˆ ๋Šฅ์„  ๋ฐ ๋ฐ•์ฐจ ๋ฐ ํ™ˆ(SAG) ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ธ๊ณต ์•”์ดˆ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. […] ์•”์ดˆ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ 3D ๋ Œ๋”๋ง์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์œ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ CFD ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ FLOW-3D HYDRO ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.”

Biomimicry of natural reef hydrodynamics in an artificial spur and groove reef formation(Wissmach, 2023๋…„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ทŒ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ.)

์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ ๋”๋ฏธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„

John Petrie, et al.ย (2020) ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด ๊ตํ†ต ์„ผํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 20-019, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ FHWA-ICT-20-012.

  • Illinois Center for Transportation์€ FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ CFD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ ๋“œ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ˆˆ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ธ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ (LSF) ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์„ค ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์Ÿ๊ธฐ์งˆ, ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐ ๋„๋กœ ํ์‡„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋„๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย LSF๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ˆˆ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ˆˆ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์—๋Š” ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๋†’์ด, ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ, ๊ธธ์ด, ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ํ’ํ–ฅ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ LSF์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ๋†’์ด ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Diagram. The fetch concept used to estimate snow transport/ Diagram. Schematic design of a living snow fence
Diagram. The fetch concept used to estimate snow transport/ Diagram. Schematic design of a living snow fence
๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ : ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜, ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์†๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ๊ณ ์„ 

CFD ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ธ FLOW-3D๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ’๋™์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํ›„, ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ์ค„์˜ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ํ‰ํƒ„ํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํ‰๊ท  ํ’์† ๋ฐ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„ ์ „๋‹จ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆˆ ํ‡ด์  ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

CFD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ˆˆ ํ‡ด์ ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” LSF์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

์—ฐ๋ฝ์ฒ˜ : 02-2026-0455
์ด๋ฉ”์ผ : flow3d@stikorea.co.kr

์ œํ’ˆ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ์š”์ฒญ

์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์‹œ์—ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋งํฌ์—์„œ ์‹ ์ฒญ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ณ„ ํ•ด์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€

์ฃผ์กฐ๋ถ„์•ผ
Gravity Pour ์ค‘๋ ฅ ์ฃผ์กฐ
High Pressure Die Casting ๊ณ ์•• ๋‹ค์ด์บ์ŠคํŒ…
Tilt Casting ๊ฒฝ๋™ ์ฃผ์กฐ
Centrifugal Casting ์›์‹ฌ ์ฃผ์กฐ
Investment Casting ์ •๋ฐ€ ์ฃผ์กฐ
Vacuum Casting ์ง„๊ณต ์ฃผ์กฐ
Continuous Casting ์—ฐ์† ์ฃผ์กฐ
Lost Foam Casting ์†Œ์‹ค ๋ชจํ˜• ์ฃผ์กฐ
Fill and Defects Tracking ์šฉํƒ• ์ฃผ์ž… ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์ถ”์ 
Solidification and Shrinkage ์‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ถ• ํ•ด์„
Thermal Stress Evolution and Deformation ์—ด์‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํ•ด์„
๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ
Wastewater Treatment and Recovery ํ์ˆ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณต๊ตฌ
Pump Stations ํŽŒํ”„์žฅ
Dams, Weirs, Spillways ๋Œ, ์œ„์–ด, ์—ฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ
River Hydraulics ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ
Inundation & Flooding ์นจ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ
Open Channel Flow ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ๋ฆ„
Sediment and Scour ํ‡ด์  ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ตด(์‡„๊ตด)
Plumes, Hydraulic Zones of Influence ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ, ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ตฌ์—ญ
Coastal and Critical Infrastructure Wave Run-Up ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์›จ์ด๋ธŒ ๋Ÿฐ์—…
์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„์•ผ
Fuel/cargo sloshing in oceangoing containers ํ•ด์–‘ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์šฉ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ /ํ™”๋ฌผ ์Šฌ๋กœ์‹ฑ
Offshore platform wave effects ๊ทผํ•ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ํŒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ
Separation devices undergoing 6 DOF motion 6 ์ž์œ ๋„ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์žฅ์น˜
Wave energy converters ํŒŒ๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ
๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด
Continuous-Flow ์—ฐ์† ํ๋ฆ„
Droplet, Digital ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ
Molecular Biology ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™
Opto-Microfluidics ๊ด‘ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์œ ์ฒด
Cell Behavior ์„ธํฌ ํ–‰๋™
Fuel Cells ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ „์ง€๋“ค
์šฉ์ ‘ ์ œ์กฐ
Laser Welding ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์ ‘
Laser Metal Deposition ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ธˆ์† ์ฆ์ฐฉ
Additive Manufacturing ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ ์ œ์กฐ
Multi-Layer Build ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋นŒ๋“œ
Polymer 3D Printing ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…
์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋ถ„์•ผ
Curtain Coating ์ปคํŠผ ์ฝ”ํŒ…
Dip Coating ๋”ฅ ์ฝ”ํŒ…
Gravure Printing ๊ทธ๋ผ๋น„์•„ ์ฝ”ํŒ…
Roll Coating ๋กค ์ฝ”ํŒ…
Slide Coating ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ์ฝ”ํŒ…
Slot Coating ์Šฌ๋กฏ ์ฝ”ํŒ…
Contact Insights ์ ‘์ด‰๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„
์—ฐ์•ˆ / ํ•ด์–‘๋ถ„์•ผ
Breakwater Structures ๋ฐฉํŒŒ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ
Offshore Structures ํ•ญ๋งŒ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ
Ship Hydrodynamics ์„ ๋ฐ• ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™
Sloshing & Slamming ์Šฌ๋กœ์‹ฑ & ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ฐ
Tsunamis ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ํ•ด์„
์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ
Active Mixing ์•กํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฏน์‹ฑ
Chemical Reactions ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘
Dissolution ์šฉํ•ด
Drug Delivery ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ
Drug Particles ๋งˆ์•ฝ ์ž…์ž
Microdispensers ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋””์ŠคํŽœ์„œ
Passive Mixing ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ ๋ฏน์‹ฑ
Piezo Driven Pumps ํ”ผ์—์กฐ ๊ตฌ๋™ ํŽŒํ”„
์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ถ„์•ผ
Fuel Tanks ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํƒฑํฌ
Early Fuel Shut-Off ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ฐจ๋‹จ
Gear Interaction ๊ธฐ์–ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ
Filters ํ•„ํ„ฐ
Degas Bottles ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šค์ œ๊ฑฐ