17-4 PH 스테인리스강의 레이저 분말 베드 융합: 열처리가 미세조직의 진화 및 기계적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대한 비교 연구
panelS.Saboonia, A.Chaboka, S.Fenga,e, H.Blaauwb, T.C.Pijperb,c, H.J.Yangd, Y.T.Peia
aDepartment of Advanced Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
bPhilips Personal Care, Oliemolenstraat 5, 9203 ZN, Drachten, The Netherlands
cInnovation Cluster Drachten, Nipkowlaan 5, 9207 JA, Drachten, The Netherlands
dShi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
eSchool of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
Abstract
17-4 PH (precipitation hardening) stainless steel is commonly used for the fabrication of complicated molds with conformal cooling channels using laser powder bed fusion process (L-PBF). However, their microstructure in the as-printed condition varies notably with the chemical composition of the feedstock powder, resulting in different age-hardening behavior. In the present investigation, 17-4 PH stainless steel components were fabricated by L-PBF from two different feedstock powders, and subsequently subjected to different combinations of post-process heat treatments. It was observed that the microstructure in as-printed conditions could be almost fully martensitic or ferritic, depending on the ratio of Creq/Nieq of the feedstock powder. Aging treatment at 480 °C improved the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the as-printed components. However, specimens with martensitic structures exhibited accelerated age-hardening response compared with the ferritic specimens due to the higher lattice distortion and dislocation accumulation, resulting in the “dislocation pipe diffusion mechanism”. It was also found that the martensitic structures were highly susceptible to the formation of reverted austenite during direct aging treatment, where 19.5% of austenite phase appeared in the microstructure after 15 h of direct aging. Higher fractions of reverted austenite activates the transformation induced plasticity and improves the ductility of heat treated specimens. The results of the present study can be used to tailor the microstructure of the L-PBF printed 17-4 PH stainless steel by post-process heat treatments to achieve a good combination of mechanical properties.
17-4 PH(석출 경화) 스테인리스강은 레이저 분말 베드 융합 공정(L-PBF)을 사용하여 등각 냉각 채널이 있는 복잡한 금형 제작에 일반적으로 사용됩니다. 그러나 인쇄된 상태의 미세 구조는 공급원료 분말의 화학적 조성에 따라 크게 달라지므로 시효 경화 거동이 다릅니다.
현재 조사에서 17-4 PH 스테인리스강 구성요소는 L-PBF에 의해 두 가지 다른 공급원료 분말로 제조되었으며, 이후에 다양한 조합의 후처리 열처리를 거쳤습니다. 인쇄된 상태의 미세구조는 공급원료 분말의 Creq/Nieq 비율에 따라 거의 완전히 마르텐사이트 또는 페라이트인 것으로 관찰되었습니다.
480 °C에서 노화 처리는 인쇄된 구성 요소의 수율과 극한 인장 강도를 개선했습니다. 그러나 마텐자이트 구조의 시편은 격자 변형 및 전위 축적이 높아 페라이트 시편에 비해 시효 경화 반응이 가속화되어 “전위 파이프 확산 메커니즘”이 발생합니다.
또한 마르텐사이트 구조는 직접 시효 처리 중에 복귀된 오스테나이트의 형성에 매우 민감한 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 여기서 15시간의 직접 시효 후 미세 조직에 19.5%의 오스테나이트 상이 나타났습니다.
복귀된 오스테나이트의 비율이 높을수록 변형 유도 가소성이 활성화되고 열처리된 시편의 연성이 향상됩니다. 본 연구의 결과는 기계적 특성의 우수한 조합을 달성하기 위해 후처리 열처리를 통해 L-PBF로 인쇄된 17-4 PH 스테인리스강의 미세 구조를 조정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.
Keywords
Laser powder bed fusion17-4 PH stainless steelPost-process heat treatmentAge hardeningReverted austenite
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