Figure 2. Simulation of droplet separation by EWOD

Non-Linear Electrohydrodynamics in Microfluidic Devices

미세 유체 장치의 비선형 전기 유체 역학

by Jun ZengHewlett-Packard Laboratories, Hewlett-Packard Company, 1501 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USAInt. J. Mol. Sci.201112(3), 1633-1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12031633Received: 24 January 2011 / Revised: 10 February 2011 / Accepted: 24 February 2011 / Published: 3 March 2011

Abstract

Since the inception of microfluidics, the electric force has been exploited as one of the leading mechanisms for driving and controlling the movement of the operating fluid and the charged suspensions. Electric force has an intrinsic advantage in miniaturized devices. Because the electrodes are placed over a small distance, from sub-millimeter to a few microns, a very high electric field is easy to obtain. The electric force can be highly localized as its strength rapidly decays away from the peak. This makes the electric force an ideal candidate for precise spatial control. The geometry and placement of the electrodes can be used to design electric fields of varying distributions, which can be readily realized by Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) fabrication methods. In this paper, we examine several electrically driven liquid handling operations. The emphasis is given to non-linear electrohydrodynamic effects. We discuss the theoretical treatment and related numerical methods. Modeling and simulations are used to unveil the associated electrohydrodynamic phenomena. The modeling based investigation is interwoven with examples of microfluidic devices to illustrate the applications. 

Keywords: dielectrophoresiselectrohydrodynamicselectrowettinglab-on-a-chipmicrofluidicsmodelingnumerical simulationreflective display

요약

미세 유체학이 시작된 이래로 전기력은 작동 유체와 충전 된 서스펜션의 움직임을 제어하고 제어하는 ​​주요 메커니즘 중 하나로 활용되어 왔습니다. 전기력은 소형 장치에서 본질적인 이점이 있습니다. 전극이 밀리미터 미만에서 수 미크론까지 작은 거리에 배치되기 때문에 매우 높은 전기장을 쉽게 얻을 수 있습니다. 

전기력은 강도가 피크에서 멀어지면서 빠르게 감소하기 때문에 고도로 국부화 될 수 있습니다. 이것은 전기력을 정밀한 공간 제어를 위한 이상적인 후보로 만듭니다.

전극의 기하학적 구조와 배치는 다양한 분포의 전기장을 설계하는 데 사용될 수 있으며, 이는 MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) 제조 방법으로 쉽게 실현할 수 있습니다. 

이 논문에서 우리는 몇 가지 전기 구동 액체 처리 작업을 검토합니다. 비선형 전기 유체 역학적 효과에 중점을 둡니다. 이론적 처리 및 관련 수치 방법에 대해 논의합니다. 모델링과 시뮬레이션은 관련된 전기 유체 역학 현상을 밝히는 데 사용됩니다. 모델링 기반 조사는 응용 분야를 설명하기 위해 미세 유체 장치의 예와 결합됩니다. 

키워드 : 유전 영동 ; 전기 유체 역학 ; 전기 습윤 ; 랩 온어 칩 ; 미세 유체 ; 모델링 ; 수치 시뮬레이션 ; 반사 디스플레이

Droplet processing array Droplet based BioFlip
igure 1. Example of droplet-based digital microfluidics architecture. Above is an elevation view showing the layered structure of the chip. Below is a diagram illustrating the system (Adapted from [4]).
Figure 2. Simulation of droplet separation by EWOD
Figure 2. Simulation of droplet separation by EWOD. The top two figures illustrate the device configuration. Electric voltages are applied to all four electrodes embedded in the insulating material. The bottom left figure shows transient simulation solution. It illustrates the process of separating one droplet into two via EWOD. The bottom right figure shows the electric potential distribution inside the device. The color indicates the electric potential; the iso-potential surfaces are also drawn. The image shows the electric field is absent within the droplet body indicating the droplet is either conductive or highly polarizable.
Figure 4. Transient sequence of the Taylor cone formation
Figure 4. Transient sequence of the Taylor cone formation: simulation and experiment comparison. Experimental images are shown in the top row. Simulation results are shown in the bottom row. Their correspondence is indicated by the vertical alignment (Adapted from [4]).
Figure 6. Simulation of charge screening effect using a parallel-plate cell
Figure 6. Simulation of charge screening effect using a parallel-plate cell. Top-left image shows the electric current as function of time and driving voltage, top-right image shows the evolution of the species concentration as function of time and space, the bottom image shows the electric current readout after switching the applied voltage.
Figure 7. Transient simulation of electrohydrodynamic instability and the development of the cellular convective flow pattern.
Figure 7. Transient simulation of electrohydrodynamic instability and the development of the cellular convective flow pattern.
Figure 3. Simulation of dielectrophoresis driven axon migration
Figure 3. Simulation of dielectrophoresis driven axon migration. The set of small images on the left shows a transient simulation of single axon migration under an electric field generated by a pin electrode. The image on the right is a snapshot of a simulation where two axons are fused by dielectrophoresis using a pin electrode. Axons are outlined in white. Also shown are the iso-potential curves.

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Electrokinetics

Dielectrophoresis

유전 영동은 분극성 입자에 힘을 생성하여 균일하지 않은 전기장 (일반적으로 AC 전기장)에서 움직임을 유도합니다. 유전 영동력은 마이크로스케일 및 나노스케일 바이오 입자를 특성화, 처리 또는 조작하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 여기에는 세포, 바이러스, 박테리아, DNA 등의 분류, 포획 및 분리가 포함될 수 있습니다. 유전 영동은 FLOW-3D에서 완전히 설명 할 수 있으며 날카로운 인터페이스가 있거나 없는 단일 유체 또는 2 유체 흐름과 같이 코드에서 사용할 수있는 다른 모든 유체 흐름 옵션과 함께 활성화 될 수 있습니다.

Electro-wetting

전도성 액적에서 액체와 전극 사이에 인가되는 얇은 유전체 코팅 전위를 갖는 전극 상에 배치되면, 드롭 평면화와 전극 표면 확산이 일어납니다. 이 현상은 종종electro-wetting라 부릅니다. 현상은 전하 층의 발달과 관련되어 있으므로, 외부 전기장을 그들을 이동, 합체, 깨지거나 하는 원인을 조작하기 위해 사용될 수 있습니다.

 

Lab-On-Chip Electro-wetting Applications

Lab-on-chip 기반electro-wetting 은 분리된 물방울을 조절할 수 있어 설계자들이 복잡한 절차를 전통적인 실험실 장치를 달지만 훨씬 작은 volumes 으로 비슷한 실험을 수행할 수 있습니다. 이러한 기기는 효율적으로 운송, 병합되어 있으며 분리된 물방울들이 요구합니다. FLOW-3D는 사용자가이 장치를 조작하는 데 사용되는 기하학적 파라미터들 및 전압의 영향을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있도록 하여 설계 프로세스에 유용한 도구가 될 수 있습니다.

아래의 애니메이션은 수송 시뮬레이션 병합 및 분할 방울에 FLOW-3D의 기능을 보여줍니다. Lab-on-chip은 약 300 ㎛로 분리 된 두 개의 평행 한 플레이트로 구성됩니다. 바닥 판은 방울을 조작하기 위해 사용되는 그 안에 삽입 된 전극을 보유하고 있습니다. 액 적은 물 (약간 도전성) 실리콘 오일에 의해 둘러싸여 있습니다. 액체 방울의 부피가 800nl 관한 것입니다.

This lab-on-a-chip electrowetting simulation demonstrates an electric field being applied in order to split a small droplet.

Here an electric field is being applied in order to merge two small droplets.

This simulation shows an electric field being applied to a small droplet to control its motion.

Electro (&magneto) hydro-dynamics

Electro (&magneto) hydro-dynamics 사례

  • FLOW-3D models
  • Electrophoresis
  • Dielecrophoresis
  • Conductive fluid model
  • Electro-wetting
  • Electro-osmosis
  • Joules heating

Electrophoresis

  • Electric charge / electrophoresis
  • Particle sorting

Electro-wetting

  • Integrates effects of electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis
  • Induced charges manipulate fluid at micro/nano volumes
  • Electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD).

Dielectrophoresis (DEP)

DEP는 particle/fluid의 dielectric 특성이 주변 매체의 dielectric 특성과 다를 때만 발생한다.

Inputs required:

  • Dielectric constant of the fluid and or particles
  • Dielectric constant of any components, that may influence the electric field
  • Define electric potential on the components or on the mesh boundaries
  • Permittivity of vacuum.

섬세한 경계를 가진 두 개의 유체, 표면 장력, electric potential, fluid electric charge, dielectrophoresis, newtonian viscosity

Electro osmosis

Micro-pump example

  • Zeta potential
  • Electric field defined by the electric potential on the components or on the mesh boundaries.
  • Permittivity of vacuum
  • Flow rate control through device

Inputs required:

  • Zeta potential
  • Electric field defined by the electric potential on the components or on the mesh boundaries.
  • Permittivity of vacuum
  • Flow rate control through device

Electro-thermal effects (Joules heating)

  • 전류가 물질을 통해 흐를 때 그 저항성은 물질을 가열하게 하며, 이 효과를 joule heating이라고 한다.
  • 온도 구배 설정 속도 필드 및 장치의 유체 순환

Magneto Hydrodynamics

  • 자력에 의해 입자가 유선으로부터 이탈한다.

Xiaozheng Xue1, Ioannis H. Karampelas1, Chenxu Liu2 and Edward P. Furlani1,2
1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
2 Department of Electrical Engineering
SUNY at Buffalo
FLOW-3D Americas User Conference , Toronto, 2014

Magneto Hydrodynamics

  • 자기 제어로 유체 혼합 사용

Use of magnetic field to align beads

John Wendelbo MEng, MSc.
Senior CFD Engineer, Flow Science
john.wendelbo@flow3d.com

Dielectrophoresis

Dielectrophoresis

Dielectrophoresis(유전이동)는 불균일한 전기장(보통 AC전기장)안에서 활동을 유도하기 위해 편광 시킬 수 있는 입자들에게 힘의 구축을 수반합니다. Dielectrophoretic 힘을 해결 및/또는 나노 크기의 미소 규모의 bioparticles 조작들을 특징 짓는데 사용될 수 있습니다. 이러한 것들 중에 세포나 바이러스, 박테리아, DNA 등을sorting, trapping, separating 하는 것을 포함될 수 있습니다. FLOW-3D안에서 Dielectrophoresisone-fluid 또는 two-fluid flow, with or without sharp interfaces 등의 기능들을 이용하여 설명될 수 있습니다.