낮은 레이놀즈 수 유압 점프의 수치 모델링에서 OpenFOAM 및 FLOW-3D의 성능 평가
ArnauBayona DanielValerob RafaelGarcía-Bartuala Francisco JoséVallés-Morána P. AmparoLópez-Jiméneza
Abstract
A comparative performance analysis of the CFD platforms OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D is presented, focusing on a 3D swirling turbulent flow: a steady hydraulic jump at low Reynolds number. Turbulence is treated using RANS approach RNG k-ε. A Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method is used to track the air–water interface, consequently aeration is modeled using an Eulerian–Eulerian approach. Structured meshes of cubic elements are used to discretize the channel geometry. The numerical model accuracy is assessed comparing representative hydraulic jump variables (sequent depth ratio, roller length, mean velocity profiles, velocity decay or free surface profile) to experimental data. The model results are also compared to previous studies to broaden the result validation. Both codes reproduced the phenomenon under study concurring with experimental data, although special care must be taken when swirling flows occur. Both models can be used to reproduce the hydraulic performance of energy dissipation structures at low Reynolds numbers.
CFD 플랫폼 OpenFOAM 및 FLOW-3D의 비교 성능 분석이 3D 소용돌이치는 난류인 낮은 레이놀즈 수에서 안정적인 유압 점프에 초점을 맞춰 제시됩니다. 난류는 RANS 접근법 RNG k-ε을 사용하여 처리됩니다.
VOF(Volume Of Fluid) 방법은 공기-물 계면을 추적하는 데 사용되며 결과적으로 Eulerian-Eulerian 접근 방식을 사용하여 폭기가 모델링됩니다. 입방체 요소의 구조화된 메쉬는 채널 형상을 이산화하는 데 사용됩니다. 수치 모델 정확도는 대표적인 유압 점프 변수(연속 깊이 비율, 롤러 길이, 평균 속도 프로파일, 속도 감쇠 또는 자유 표면 프로파일)를 실험 데이터와 비교하여 평가됩니다.
모델 결과는 또한 결과 검증을 확장하기 위해 이전 연구와 비교됩니다. 소용돌이 흐름이 발생할 때 특별한 주의가 필요하지만 두 코드 모두 실험 데이터와 일치하는 연구 중인 현상을 재현했습니다. 두 모델 모두 낮은 레이놀즈 수에서 에너지 소산 구조의 수리 성능을 재현하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.
Keywords
CFDRANS, OpenFOAM, FLOW-3D ,Hydraulic jump, Air–water flow, Low Reynolds number
References
Ahmed, F., Rajaratnam, N., 1997. Three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers: a
review. J. Hydraulic Res. 35 (1), 81e98.
Ashgriz, N., Poo, J., 1991. FLAIR: Flux line-segment model for advection and interface
reconstruction. Elsevier J. Comput. Phys. 93 (2), 449e468.
Bakhmeteff, B.A., Matzke, A.E., 1936. .The hydraulic jump in terms dynamic similarity. ASCE Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 101 (1), 630e647.
Balachandar, S., Eaton, J.K., 2010. Turbulent dispersed multiphase flow. Annu. Rev.
Fluid Mech. 42 (2010), 111e133.
Bayon, A., Lopez-Jimenez, P.A., 2015. Numerical analysis of hydraulic jumps using
OpenFOAM. J. Hydroinformatics 17 (4), 662e678.
Belanger, J., 1841. Notes surl’Hydraulique, Ecole Royale des Ponts et Chaussees
(Paris, France).
Bennett, N.D., Crok, B.F.W., Guariso, G., Guillaume, J.H.A., Hamilton, S.H.,
Jakeman, A.J., Marsili-Libelli, S., Newhama, L.T.H., Norton, J.P., Perrin, C.,
Pierce, S.A., Robson, B., Seppelt, R., Voinov, A.A., Fath, B.D., Andreassian, V., 2013.
Characterising performance of environmental models. Environ. Model. Softw.
40, 1e20.
Berberovic, E., 2010. Investigation of Free-surface Flow Associated with Drop
Impact: Numerical Simulations and Theoretical Modeling. Imperial College of
Science, Technology and Medicine, UK.
Bidone, G., 1819. Report to Academie Royale des Sciences de Turin, s eance. Le
Remou et sur la Propagation des Ondes, 12, pp. 21e112.
Biswas, R., Strawn, R.C., 1998. Tetrahedral and hexahedral mesh adaptation for CFD
problems. Elsevier Appl. Numer. Math. 26 (1), 135e151.
Blocken, B., Gualtieri, C., 2012. Ten iterative steps for model development and
evaluation applied to computational fluid dynamics for environmental fluid
mechanics. Environ. Model. Softw. 33, 1e22.
Bombardelli, F.A., Meireles, I., Matos, J., 2011. Laboratory measurements and multiblock numerical simulations of the mean flow and turbulence in the nonaerated skimming flow region of steep stepped spillways. Springer Environ.
Fluid Mech. 11 (3), 263e288.
Bombardelli, F.A., 2012. Computational multi-phase fluid dynamics to address flows
past hydraulic structures. In: 4th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic
Structures, 9e11 February 2012, Porto, Portugal, 978-989-8509-01-7.
Borges, J.E., Pereira, N.H., Matos, J., Frizell, K.H., 2010. Performance of a combined
three-hole conductivity probe for void fraction and velocity measurement in
airewater flows. Exp. fluids 48 (1), 17e31.
Borue, V., Orszag, S., Staroslesky, I., 1995. Interaction of surface waves with turbulence: direct numerical simulations of turbulent open channel flow. J. Fluid
Mech. 286, 1e23.
Boussinesq, J., 1871. Theorie de l’intumescence liquide, applelee onde solitaire ou de
translation, se propageantdans un canal rectangulaire. Comptes Rendus l’Academie Sci. 72, 755e759.
Bradley, J.N., Peterka, A.J., 1957. The hydraulic design of stilling Basins : hydraulic
jumps on a horizontal Apron (Basin I). In: Proceedings ASCE, J. Hydraulics
Division.
Bradshaw, P., 1996. Understanding and prediction of turbulent flow. Elsevier Int. J.
heat fluid flow 18 (1), 45e54.
Bung, D.B., 2013. Non-intrusive detection of airewater surface roughness in selfaerated chute flows. J. Hydraulic Res. 51 (3), 322e329.
Bung, D., Schlenkhoff, A., 2010. Self-aerated Skimming Flow on Embankment
Stepped Spillways-the Effect of Additional Micro-roughness on Energy Dissipation and Oxygen Transfer. IAHR European Congress.
Caisley, M.E., Bombardelli, F.A., Garcia, M.H., 1999. Hydraulic Model Study of a Canoe
Chute for Low-head Dams in Illinois. Civil Engineering Studies, Hydraulic Engineering Series No-63. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Carvalho, R., Lemos, C., Ramos, C., 2008. Numerical computation of the flow in
hydraulic jump stilling basins. J. Hydraulic Res. 46 (6), 739e752.
Celik, I.B., Ghia, U., Roache, P.J., 2008. Procedure for estimation and reporting of
uncertainty due to discretization in CFD applications. ASME J. Fluids Eng. 130
(7), 1e4.
Chachereau, Y., Chanson, H., 2011. .Free-surface fluctuations and turbulence in hydraulic jumps. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 35 (6), 896e909.
Chanson, H. (Ed.), 2015. Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Structures. CRC Press.
Chanson, H., 2007. Bubbly flow structure in hydraulic jump. Eur. J. Mechanics-B/
Fluids 26.3(2007) 367e384.
Chanson, H., Carvalho, R., 2015. Hydraulic jumps and stilling basins. Chapter 4. In:
Chanson, H. (Ed.), Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Structures. CRC Press, Taylor
& Francis Group, ABalkema Book.
Chanson, H., Gualtieri, C., 2008. Similitude and scale effects of air entrainment in
hydraulic jumps. J. Hydraulic Res. 46 (1), 35e44.
Chanson, H., Lubin, P., 2010. Discussion of “Verification and validation of a
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for air entrainment at spillway
aerators” Appears in the Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36(5): 826-838.
Can. J. Civ. Eng. 37 (1), 135e138.
Chanson, H., 1994. Drag reduction in open channel flow by aeration and suspended
load. Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 32, 87e101.
Chanson, H., Montes, J.S., 1995. Characteristics of undular hydraulic jumps: experimental apparatus and flow patterns. J. hydraulic Eng. 121 (2), 129e144.
Chanson, H., Brattberg, T., 2000. Experimental study of the airewater shear flow in
a hydraulic jump. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 26 (4), 583e607.
Chanson, H., 2013. Hydraulics of aerated flows: qui pro quo? Taylor & Francis
J. Hydraulic Res. 51 (3), 223e243.
Chaudhry, M.H., 2007. Open-channel Flow, Springer Science & Business Media.
Chen, L., Li, Y., 1998. .A numerical method for two-phase flows with an interface.
Environ. Model. Softw. 13 (3), 247e255.
Chow, V.T., 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, New
York.
Daly, B.J., 1969. A technique for including surface tension effects in hydrodynamic
calculations. Elsevier J. Comput. Phys. 4 (1), 97e117.
De Padova, D., Mossa, M., Sibilla, S., Torti, E., 2013. 3D SPH modeling of hydraulic
jump in a very large channel. Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 51 (2), 158e173.
Dewals, B., Andre, S., Schleiss, A., Pirotton, M., 2004. Validation of a quasi-2D model
for aerated flows over stepped spillways for mild and steep slopes. Proc. 6th Int.
Conf. Hydroinformatics 1, 63e70.
Falvey, H.T., 1980. Air-water flow in hydraulic structures. NASA STI Recon Tech. Rep.
N. 81, 26429.
Fawer, C., 1937. Etude de quelquesecoulements permanents
a filets courbes (‘Study
of some Steady Flows with Curved Streamlines’). Thesis. Imprimerie La Concorde, Lausanne, Switzerland, 127 pages (in French).
Gualtieri, C., Chanson, H., 2007. .Experimental analysis of Froude number effect on
air entrainment in the hydraulic jump. Springer Environ. Fluid Mech. 7 (3),
217e238.
Gualtieri, C., Chanson, H., 2010. Effect of Froude number on bubble clustering in a
hydraulic jump. J. Hydraulic Res. 48 (4), 504e508.
Hager, W., Sinniger, R., 1985. Flow characteristics of the hydraulic jump in a stilling
basin with an abrupt bottom rise. Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 23 (2),
101e113.
Hager, W.H., 1992. Energy Dissipators and Hydraulic Jump, Springer.
Hager, W.H., Bremen, R., 1989. Classical hydraulic jump: sequent depths. J. Hydraulic
Res. 27 (5), 565e583.
Hartanto, I.M., Beevers, L., Popescu, I., Wright, N.G., 2011. Application of a coastal
modelling code in fluvial environments. Environ. Model. Softw. 26 (12),
1685e1695.
Hirsch, C., 2007. Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows: the Fundamentals of Computational Fluid Dynamics. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1.
Hirt, C., Nichols, B., 1981. .Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free
boundaries. J. Comput. Phys. 39 (1), 201e225.
Hyman, J.M., 1984. Numerical methods for tracking interfaces. Elsevier Phys. D.
Nonlinear Phenom. 12 (1), 396e407.
Juez, C., Murillo, J., Garcia-Navarro, P., 2013. Numerical assessment of bed-load
discharge formulations for transient flow in 1D and 2D situations.
J. Hydroinformatics 15 (4).
Keyes, D., Ecer, A., Satofuka, N., Fox, P., Periaux, J., 2000. Parallel Computational Fluid
Dynamics’ 99: towards Teraflops, Optimization and Novel Formulations.
Elsevier.
Kim, J.J., Baik, J.J., 2004. A numerical study of the effects of ambient wind direction
on flow and dispersion in urban street canyons using the RNG keε turbulence
model. Atmos. Environ. 38 (19), 3039e3048.
Kim, S.-E., Boysan, F., 1999. Application of CFD to environmental flows. Elsevier
J. Wind Eng. Industrial Aerodynamics 81 (1), 145e158.
Liu, M., Rajaratnam, N., Zhu, D.Z., 2004. Turbulence structure of hydraulic jumps of
low Froude numbers. J. Hydraulic Eng. 130 (6), 511e520.
Lobosco, R., Schulz, H., Simoes, A., 2011. Analysis of Two Phase Flows on Stepped
Spillways, Hydrodynamics – Optimizing Methods and Tools. Available from. :
http://www.intechopen.com/books/hyd rodynamics-optimizing-methods-andtools/analysis-of-two-phase-flows-on-stepped-spillways. Accessed February
27th 2014.
Long, D., Rajaratnam, N., Steffler, P.M., Smy, P.R., 1991. Structure of flow in hydraulic
jumps. Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 29 (2), 207e218.
Ma, J., Oberai, A.A., Lahey Jr., R.T., Drew, D.A., 2011. Modeling air entrainment and
transport in a hydraulic jump using two-fluid RANS and DES turbulence
models. Heat Mass Transf. 47 (8), 911e919.
Matos, J., Frizell, K., Andre, S., Frizell, K., 2002. On the performance of velocity
measurement techniques in air-water flows. Hydraulic Meas. Exp. Methods
2002, 1e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40655(2002)58.
Meireles, I.C., Bombardelli, F.A., Matos, J., 2014. .Air entrainment onset in skimming
flows on steep stepped spillways: an analysis. J. Hydraulic Res. 52 (3), 375e385.
McDonald, P., 1971. The Computation of Transonic Flow through Two-dimensional
Gas Turbine Cascades.
Mossa, M., 1999. On the oscillating characteristics of hydraulic jumps, Journal of
Hydraulic Research. Taylor &Francis 37 (4), 541e558.
Murzyn, F., Chanson, H., 2009a. Two-phase Gas-liquid Flow Properties in the Hydraulic Jump: Review and Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers.
Murzyn, F., Chanson, H., 2009b. Experimental investigation of bubbly flow and
turbulence in hydraulic jumps. Environ. Fluid Mech. 2, 143e159.
Murzyn, F., Mouaze, D., Chaplin, J.R., 2007. Airewater interface dynamic and free
surface features in hydraulic jumps. J. Hydraulic Res. 45 (5), 679e685.
Murzyn, F., Mouaze, D., Chaplin, J., 2005. Optical fiber probe measurements of
bubbly flow in hydraulic jumps. Elsevier Int. J. Multiph. Flow 31 (1), 141e154.
Nagosa, R., 1999. Direct numerical simulation of vortex structures and turbulence
scalar transfer across a free surface in a fully developed turbulence. Phys. Fluids
11, 1581e1595.
Noh, W.F., Woodward, P., 1976. SLIC (Simple Line Interface Calculation), Proceedings
of the Fifth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics
June 28-July 2. 1976 Twente University, Enschede, pp. 330e340.
Oertel, M., Bung, D.B., 2012. Initial stage of two-dimensional dam-break waves:
laboratory versus VOF. J. Hydraulic Res. 50 (1), 89e97.
Olivari, D., Benocci, C., 2010. Introduction to Mechanics of Turbulence. Von Karman
Institute for Fluid Dynamics.
Omid, M.H., Omid, M., Varaki, M.E., 2005. Modelling hydraulic jumps with artificial
neural networks. Thomas Telford Proc. ICE-Water Manag. 158 (2), 65e70.
OpenFOAM, 2011. OpenFOAM: the Open Source CFD Toolbox User Guide. The Free
Software Foundation Inc.
Peterka, A.J., 1984. Hydraulic design of spillways and energy dissipators. A water
resources technical publication. Eng. Monogr. 25.
Pope, S.B., 2000. Turbulent Flows. Cambridge university press.
Pfister, M., 2011. Chute aerators: steep deflectors and cavity subpressure, Journal of
hydraulic engineering. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 137 (10), 1208e1215.
Prosperetti, A., Tryggvason, G., 2007. Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow.
Cambridge University Press.
Rajaratnam, N., 1965. The hydraulic jump as a Wall Jet. Proc. ASCE, J. Hydraul. Div. 91
(HY5), 107e132.
Resch, F., Leutheusser, H., 1972. Reynolds stress measurements in hydraulic jumps.
Taylor & Francis J. Hydraulic Res. 10 (4), 409e430.
Romagnoli, M., Portapila, M., Morvan, H., 2009. Computational simulation of a
hydraulic jump (original title, in Spanish: “Simulacioncomputacional del
resaltohidraulico”), MecanicaComputacional, XXVIII, pp. 1661e1672.
Rouse, H., Siao, T.T., Nagaratnam, S., 1959. Turbulence characteristics of the hydraulic jump. Trans. ASCE 124, 926e966.
Rusche, H., 2002. Computational Fluid Dynamics of Dispersed Two-phase Flows at
High Phase Fractions. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UK.
Saint-Venant, A., 1871. Theorie du movement non permanent des eaux, avec
application aux crues des riviereset a l’introduction de mareesdansleurslits.
Comptesrendus des seances de l’Academie des Sciences.
Schlichting, H., Gersten, K., 2000. Boundary-layer Theory. Springer.
Spalart, P.R., 2000. Strategies for turbulence modelling and simulations. Int. J. Heat
Fluid Flow 21 (3), 252e263.
Speziale, C.G., Thangam, S., 1992. Analysis of an RNG based turbulence model for
separated flows. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 30 (10), 1379eIN4.
Toge, G.E., 2012. The Significance of Froude Number in Vertical Pipes: a CFD Study.
University of Stavanger, Norway.
Ubbink, O., 1997. Numerical Prediction of Two Fluid Systems with Sharp Interfaces.
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UK.
Valero, D., García-Bartual, R., 2016. Calibration of an air entrainment model for CFD
spillway applications. Adv. Hydroinformatics 571e582. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1007/978-981-287-615-7_38. P. Gourbesville et al. Springer Water.
Valero, D., Bung, D.B., 2015. Hybrid investigations of air transport processes in
moderately sloped stepped spillway flows. In: E-Proceedings of the 36th IAHR
World Congress, 28 June e 3 July, 2015 (The Hague, the Netherlands).
Van Leer, B., 1977. Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme III. Upstream-centered finite-difference schemes for ideal compressible flow. J.
Comput. Phys 23 (3), 263e275.
Von Karman, T., 1930. MechanischeAhnlichkeit und Turbulenz, Nachrichten von der
Gesellschaft der WissenschaftenzuGottingen. Fachgr. 1 Math. 5, 58 € e76.
Wang, H., Murzyn, F., Chanson, H., 2014a. Total pressure fluctuations and two-phase
flow turbulence in hydraulic jumps. Exp. Fluids 55.11(2014) Pap. 1847, 1e16
(DOI: 10.1007/s00348-014-1847-9).
Wang, H., Felder, S., Chanson, H., 2014b. An experimental study of turbulent twophase flow in hydraulic jumps and application of a triple decomposition
technique. Exp. Fluids 55.7(2014) Pap. 1775, 1e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
s00348-014-1775-8.
Wang, H., Chanson, H., 2015a. .Experimental study of turbulent fluctuations in
hydraulic jumps. J. Hydraul. Eng. 141 (7) http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)
HY.1943-7900.0001010. Paper 04015010, 10 pages.
Wang, H., Chanson, H., 2015b. Integral turbulent length and time scales in hydraulic
jumps: an experimental investigation at large Reynolds numbers. In: E-Proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress 28 June e 3 July, 2015, The
Netherlands.
Weller, H., Tabor, G., Jasak, H., Fureby, C., 1998. A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques. Comput. Phys.
12, 620e631.
Wilcox, D., 1998. Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW Industries. La Canada, California (USA).
Witt, A., Gulliver, J., Shen, L., June 2015. Simulating air entrainment and vortex
dynamics in a hydraulic jump. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 72, 165e180. ISSN 0301-
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.02.012. http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301932215000336.
Wood, I.R., 1991. Air Entrainment in Free-surface Flows, IAHR Hydraulic Design
Manual No.4, Hydraulic Design Considerations. Balkema Publications, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Yakhot, V., Orszag, S., Thangam, S., Gatski, T., Speziale, C., 1992. Development of
turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique, Physics of
Fluids A: fluid Dynamics (1989-1993). AIP Publ. 4 (7), 1510e1520.
Youngs, D.L., 1984. An interface tracking method for a 3D Eulerian hydrodynamics
code. Tech. Rep. 44 (92), 35e35.
Zhang, G., Wang, H., Chanson, H., 2013. Turbulence and aeration in hydraulic jumps:
free-surface fluctuation and integral turbulent scale measurements. Environ.
fluid Mech. 13 (2), 189e204.
Zhang, W., Liu, M., Zhu, D.Z., Rajaratnam, N., 2014. Mean and turbulent bubble
velocities in free hydraulic jumps for small to intermediate froude numbers.
J. Hydraulic Eng.