Fig. 3. Experimental angled top-view setup for laser welding of zinc-coated steel with a laser illumination.

Yu Hao a, Nannan Chen a,b, Hui-Ping Wang c,*, Blair E. Carlson c, Fenggui Lu a,*
a Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modification, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
200240, PR China b Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Eng

ABSTRACT

A three-dimensional thermal-fluid numerical model considering zinc vapor interaction with the molten pool was developed to study the occurrence of zinc vapor-induced spatter in partial penetration laser overlap welding of zinc-coated steels. The zinc vapor effect was represented by two forces: a jet pressure force acting on the keyhole rear wall as the vapor bursts into the keyhole and a drag force on the upper keyhole wall as the vapor escapes upwards. The numerical model was calibrated by comparing the predicted keyhole shape with the keyhole shape observed by high-speed X-ray imaging and applied for various weld schedules. The study showed that large jet pressure forces induced violent fluctuations of the keyhole rear wall, resulting in an unstable keyhole and turbulent melt flow. A large drag force pushed the melt adjacent to the keyhole surface upward and accelerated the movement of the melt whose velocities reached 1 m/s or even higher, potentially inducing spatter. Increased heat input facilitated the occurrence of large droplets of spatter, which agreed with experimental observations captured by high-speed camera.

아연도금강의 부분용입 레이저 겹침용접에서 아연증기유도 스패터의 발생을 연구하기 위하여 용융풀과의 아연증기 상호작용을 고려한 3차원 열유체 수치모델을 개발하였습니다.

아연 증기 효과는 증기가 열쇠 구멍으로 폭발할 때 키홀 뒤쪽 벽에 작용하는 제트 압력력과 증기가 위쪽으로 빠져나갈 때 위쪽 키홀 벽에 작용하는 항력의 두 가지 힘으로 표시됩니다.

수치 모델은 예측된 열쇠 구멍 모양과 고속 X선 영상으로 관찰된 키홀 모양을 비교하여 보정하고 다양한 용접 일정에 적용했습니다.

이 연구는 큰 제트 압력이 키홀 뒷벽의 격렬한 변동을 유발하여 불안정한 열쇠 구멍과 난류 용융 흐름을 초래한다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 큰 항력은 키홀 표면에 인접한 용융물을 위로 밀어올리고 속도가 1m/s 이상에 도달한 용융물의 이동을 가속화하여 잠재적으로 스패터를 유발할 수 있습니다.

증가된 열 입력은 고속 카메라로 포착한 실험적 관찰과 일치하는 큰 방울의 스패터 발생을 촉진했습니다.

Fig. 1. Schematic of zero-gap laser welding of zinc-coated steel.
Fig. 1. Schematic of zero-gap laser welding of zinc-coated steel.
Fig. 2. Experimental setup for capturing a side view of the laser welding of zinc-coated steel enabled by use of high-temperature glass.
Fig. 2. Experimental setup for capturing a side view of the laser welding of zinc-coated steel enabled by use of high-temperature glass.
Fig. 3. Experimental angled top-view setup for laser welding of zinc-coated steel with a laser illumination.
Fig. 3. Experimental angled top-view setup for laser welding of zinc-coated steel with a laser illumination.
Fig. 4. Schematic of the rotating Gaussian body heat source.
Fig. 4. Schematic of the rotating Gaussian body heat source.
Fig. 5. Schematic of jet pressure force caused by zinc vapor: (a) locating the outlet of zinc vapor (point A), (b) schematic of assigning the jet pressure force.
Fig. 5. Schematic of jet pressure force caused by zinc vapor: (a) locating the outlet of zinc vapor (point A), (b) schematic of assigning the jet pressure force.
Fig. 6. Schematic of drag force caused by zinc vapor.
Fig. 6. Schematic of drag force caused by zinc vapor.
Fig. 7. Procedure for calculating the outgassing velocity of zinc vapor.
Fig. 7. Procedure for calculating the outgassing velocity of zinc vapor.
Fig. 8. Schematic related to calculating the zone of vaporized zinc.
Fig. 8. Schematic related to calculating the zone of vaporized zinc.
Fig. 9. The meshed domains for the thermal-fluid simulation of laser welding.
Fig. 9. The meshed domains for the thermal-fluid simulation of laser welding.
Fig. 10. The calculated temperature field and validation: (a) 3-D temperature field; (b)-(f) Comparison of experimental and simulated weld cross section: (b) P = 2000 W, v = 50 mm/s; (c) P = 2500 W, v = 50 mm/s; (d) P = 3000 W, v = 50 mm/s; (e) P = 3000 W, v = 60 mm/s; (f) P = 3000 W, v = 70 mm/s.
Fig. 10. The calculated temperature field and validation: (a) 3-D temperature field; (b)-(f) Comparison of experimental and simulated weld cross section: (b) P = 2000 W, v = 50 mm/s; (c) P = 2500 W, v = 50 mm/s; (d) P = 3000 W, v = 50 mm/s; (e) P = 3000 W, v = 60 mm/s; (f) P = 3000 W, v = 70 mm/s.
Fig. 11. Comparison of X-Ray images of in-process keyhole profiles and the numerical predictions: (a) Single sheet penetration (P = 480 W, v = 150 mm/s); (b) Two sheet penetration (P = 532 W, v = 150 mm/s).
Fig. 11. Comparison of X-Ray images of in-process keyhole profiles and the numerical predictions: (a) Single sheet penetration (P = 480 W, v = 150 mm/s); (b) Two sheet penetration (P = 532 W, v = 150 mm/s).
Fig. 12. High-speed images of dynamic keyhole in laser welding of steels: (a) without zinc coating (b) with zinc coating.
Fig. 12. High-speed images of dynamic keyhole in laser welding of steels: (a) without zinc coating (b) with zinc coating.
Fig. 13. Mass loss and molten pool observation under different laser power and welding velocity for 1.2 mm + 1.2 mm HDG 420LA stack-up
Fig. 13. Mass loss and molten pool observation under different laser power and welding velocity for 1.2 mm + 1.2 mm HDG 420LA stack-up
Fig. 14. Numerical results of keyhole and flow field in molten pool: (a) without zinc vapor forces, (b) with zinc vapor forces.
Fig. 14. Numerical results of keyhole and flow field in molten pool: (a) without zinc vapor forces, (b) with zinc vapor forces.
Fig. 18. Calculated velocity fields for different welding parameters: (a) P = 2 kW, v = 50 mm/s, (b) P = 2.5 kW, v = 50 mm/s, (c) P = 3 kW, v = 50 mm/s, (d) P = 3 kW, v = 60 mm/s, (e) P = 3 kW, v = 70 mm/s.
Fig. 18. Calculated velocity fields for different welding parameters: (a) P = 2 kW, v = 50 mm/s, (b) P = 2.5 kW, v = 50 mm/s, (c) P = 3 kW, v = 50 mm/s, (d) P = 3 kW, v = 60 mm/s, (e) P = 3 kW, v = 70 mm/s.
Fig. 19. Schematic of the generation of spatter in different sizes: (a) small size, (b) large size.
Fig. 19. Schematic of the generation of spatter in different sizes: (a) small size, (b) large size.

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